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2001 anthrax attacks

Index 2001 anthrax attacks

The 2001 anthrax attacks, also known as Amerithrax from its Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) case name, occurred within the United States over the course of several weeks beginning on September 18, 2001, one week after the September 11 attacks. [1]

184 relations: ABC News, Agence France-Presse, Ahmed al-Haznawi, Al-Qaeda, Alberto Gonzales, American Broadcasting Company, American Media, Inc., Ames strain, Anthrax, Anthrax hoaxes, Anthrax vaccine adsorbed, Anthrax War, Antibody, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2013 ricin letters, Arlington County, Virginia, Asparagine, Associated Press, Austin serial bombings, Ayaad Assaad, Base pair, Battelle Memorial Institute, Bentonite, Berkley Books, Biological agent, Bioterrorism, Boca Raton, Florida, Brentwood (Washington, D.C.), Brian Ross (journalist), Broadcasting, Bruce Edwards Ivins, C. Frank Figliuzzi, CBS News, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chemical & Engineering News, Chlorine dioxide, Chuck Grassley, Counterpoint (publisher), Current members of the United States Senate, Defamation, Democratic Party (United States), Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Domestic terrorism in the United States, Donald Wayne Foster, Exoneration, False positives and false negatives, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federation of American Scientists, Fort Detrick, Franklin Park, New Jersey, ..., Frederick, Maryland, Freedom of Information Act (United States), Frontline (U.S. TV series), Fumed silica, Fumigation, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Genetic code, Government Accountability Office, Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey, HarperCollins, Harvard University Press, Health crisis, Homeland Security Advisor, Involuntary commitment, Iowa State University, Iraq, Irradiated mail, J. Craig Venter Institute, Jeffrey A. Taylor, Jihad, John Ashcroft, John McCain, Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, Ken Alibek, Late Show with David Letterman, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Legal liability, List of journalists killed in the United States, List of unsolved deaths, List of ZIP code prefixes, Los Angeles Times, Marwan al-Shehhi, Matthew Meselson, Microbiological culture, Mohamed Atta, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, Monoclonal antibody, MSNBC, Nassau Street (Princeton, New Jersey), National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Enquirer, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Nature (journal), NBC News, New York City, New York Post, Newsmax, Newsweek, Nicholas Kristof, Non-denial denial, Office of Management and Budget, Osama bin Laden, Oxford, Connecticut, Paracetamol, Patrick Leahy, Patriot Act, Person of interest, Peter R. Orszag, Phenylalanine, Postmark, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, Privacy Act of 1974, Project Bioshield Act, ProPublica, Radiocarbon dating, Raxibacumab, Reader's Digest, Richard O. Spertzel, Robert Mueller, Robert Stevens (photo editor), Rush Holt Jr., Saddam Hussein, Salon (website), Science (journal), Sectional center facility, September 11 attacks, Shanksville, Pennsylvania, Silicon, Silicon dioxide, Skyhorse Publishing, Slate (magazine), South Brunswick, New Jersey, Sterling, Virginia, Steven Hatfill, Strain (biology), Suicide, Sun (supermarket tabloid), Syria, Ted Kaczynski, The Atlantic, The Baltimore Sun, The Daily Beast, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The New York Sun, The New York Times, The Pentagon, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, ThinkProgress, Tin, Tom Daschle, Tom Ridge, Trenton, New Jersey, Tyler Cymet, Tyrosine, Under seal, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, United States Attorney General, United States Constitution, United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States Postal Inspection Service, United States Senate, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Today, Vanity Fair (magazine), Vassar College, Vietnam, Virology, Washington, D.C., Weapon of mass destruction, West Palm Beach, Florida, WGBH-TV, White House, World Trade Center (1973–2001), ZIP Code, 107th United States Congress, 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack, 2003 invasion of Iraq, 2003 ricin letters, 9/11 conspiracy theories. Expand index (134 more) »

ABC News

ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.

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Agence France-Presse

Agence France-Presse (AFP) is an international news agency headquartered in Paris, France.

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Ahmed al-Haznawi

Ahmed Ibrahim al-Haznawi (احمد ابراهيم الحزناوي) (October 11, 1980 – September 11, 2001) was one of four hijackers of United Airlines Flight 93 as part of the September 11 attacks.

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Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda (القاعدة,, translation: "The Base", "The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988.

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Alberto Gonzales

Alberto R. Gonzales (born August 4, 1955) is an American lawyer who served as the 80th United States Attorney General, appointed in February 2005 by President George W. Bush, becoming the highest-ranking Hispanic American in executive government to date.

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American Broadcasting Company

The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of Disney–ABC Television Group, a subsidiary of the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.

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American Media, Inc.

American Media, Inc., is a publisher of magazines, supermarket tabloids, and books based in New York City.

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Ames strain

The Ames strain is one of 89 known strains of the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis).

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Anthrax

Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.

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Anthrax hoaxes

Anthrax hoaxes involving the use of white powder or labels to falsely suggest the use of anthrax are frequently reported in the United States and globally.

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Anthrax vaccine adsorbed

Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) is the only FDA-licensed human anthrax vaccine in the United States.

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Anthrax War

Anthrax War is a 2009 documentary film about the 2001 anthrax attacks and the rise of today's biomilitary industrial complex that was co-produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and ARTE-France.

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Antibody

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Applied and Environmental Microbiology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society for Microbiology.

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April 2013 ricin letters

On April 15, 2013, an envelope that preliminarily tested positive for ricin, a highly toxic protein, was intercepted at the US Capitol's off-site mail facility in Washington, D.C. According to reports, the envelope was addressed to the office of Mississippi Republican Senator Roger Wicker.

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Arlington County, Virginia

Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia, often referred to simply as Arlington or Arlington, Virginia.

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Asparagine

Asparagine (symbol Asn or N), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Austin serial bombings

The Austin serial bombings occurred between March 2 and 20, 2018, mostly in the American city of Austin, Texas.

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Ayaad Assaad

Ayaad Assaad, Ph.D. (born 1948), is an Egyptian-American microbiologist and toxicologist.

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Base pair

A base pair (bp) is a unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.

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Battelle Memorial Institute

Battelle Memorial Institute (more widely known as simply Battelle) is a private nonprofit applied science and technology development company headquartered in Columbus, Ohio.

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Bentonite

Bentonite (/ˈbɛntənʌɪt/) is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite.

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Berkley Books

Berkley Books is an imprint of Penguin Group (USA) that began as an independent company in 1955.

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Biological agent

A biological agent—also called bio-agent, biological threat agent, biological warfare agent, biological weapon, or bioweapon—is a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, or fungus that can be used purposefully as a weapon in bioterrorism or biological warfare (BW).

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Bioterrorism

Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents.

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Boca Raton, Florida

Boca Raton (lit) is the southernmost city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States, first incorporated on August 2, 1924 as "Bocaratone," and then incorporated as "Boca Raton" in 1925.

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Brentwood (Washington, D.C.)

Brentwood is a neighborhood in Northeast Washington, D.C. and is named after the Brentwood Mansion built at Florida Avenue and 6th Street NE in 1817 by Robert Brent, the first mayor of Washington City.

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Brian Ross (journalist)

Brian Elliot Ross (born October 23, 1948) is an American investigative journalist who serves as Chief Investigative Correspondent for ABC News.

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Broadcasting

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model.

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Bruce Edwards Ivins

Bruce Edwards Ivins (April 22, 1946 – July 29, 2008) was an American microbiologist, vaccinologist, senior biodefense researcher at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland, and the key suspect in the 2001 anthrax attacks.

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C. Frank Figliuzzi

Cesare Frank Figliuzzi (born in 1962) is the former Assistant Director for Counterintelligence at the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

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CBS News

CBS News is the news division of American television and radio service CBS.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.

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Chemical & Engineering News

Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN) is a weekly trade magazine published by the American Chemical Society, providing professional and technical information in the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering.

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Chlorine dioxide

Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2.

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Chuck Grassley

Charles Ernest Grassley (born September 17, 1933) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Iowa, a seat he was first elected to in 1980.

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Counterpoint (publisher)

Counterpoint LLC is a publishing company distributed by Perseus Books Group launched in 2007.

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Current members of the United States Senate

The United States Senate consists of 100 members, two from each of the 50 states.

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Defamation

Defamation, calumny, vilification, or traducement is the communication of a false statement that, depending on the law of the country, harms the reputation of an individual, business, product, group, government, religion, or nation.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party (nicknamed the GOP for Grand Old Party).

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Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is the head of the FBI, the United States' primary federal law enforcement agency, and is responsible for its day-to-day operations.

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Domestic terrorism in the United States

Domestic terrorism in the United States consists of incidents confirmed as terrorist acts.

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Donald Wayne Foster

Donald Wayne Foster (born 1950) is a professor of English at Vassar College in New York.

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Exoneration

Exoneration occurs when the conviction for a crime is reversed, either through demonstration of innocence, a flaw in the conviction, or otherwise.

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False positives and false negatives

In medical testing, and more generally in binary classification, a false positive is an error in data reporting in which a test result improperly indicates presence of a condition, such as a disease (the result is positive), when in reality it is not present, while a false negative is an error in which a test result improperly indicates no presence of a condition (the result is negative), when in reality it is present.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), formerly the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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Federation of American Scientists

The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) is a 501(c)(3) organization with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make the world more secure.

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Fort Detrick

Fort Detrick is a United States Army Medical Command installation located in Frederick, Maryland.

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Franklin Park, New Jersey

Franklin Park is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Franklin Township, in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States.

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Frederick, Maryland

Frederick is a city in, and the county seat of, Frederick County in the U.S. state of Maryland.

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Freedom of Information Act (United States)

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA),, is a federal freedom of information law that allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government.

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Frontline (U.S. TV series)

Frontline (styled by the program as FRONTLINE) is the flagship investigative journalism series of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), producing in-depth documentaries on a variety of domestic and international stories and issues, and broadcasting them on air and online.

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Fumed silica

Fumed silica (CAS number 112945-52-5), also known as pyrogenic silica because it is produced in a flame, consists of microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles.

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Fumigation

Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides—or fumigants—to suffocate or poison the pests within.

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Gödel, Escher, Bach

Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, also known as GEB, is a 1979 book by Douglas Hofstadter.

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Genetic code

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.

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Government Accountability Office

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) is a legislative branch government agency that provides auditing, evaluation, and investigative services for the United States Congress.

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Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey

Hamilton Township is a township in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States.

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HarperCollins

HarperCollins Publishers L.L.C. is one of the world's largest publishing companies and is one of the Big Five English-language publishing companies, alongside Hachette, Macmillan, Penguin Random House, and Simon & Schuster.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Health crisis

A health crisis or public health crisis is a difficult situation or complex health system that affects humans in one or more geographic areas (mainly occurred in natural hazards), from a particular locality to encompass the entire planet.

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Homeland Security Advisor

The Deputy Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, commonly referred to as the Homeland Security Advisor and formerly holding the title of Deputy National Security Advisor for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, is a senior aide in the Executive Office of the President, based in the West Wing of the White House, who serves as the chief in-house advisor to the President of the United States on homeland security and counterterrorism issues.

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Involuntary commitment

Involuntary commitment or civil commitment (also known informally as sectioning or being sectioned in some jurisdictions, such as the UK) is a legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qualified agent to have symptoms of severe mental disorder is court-ordered into treatment in a psychiatric hospital (inpatient) or in the community (outpatient).

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Iowa State University

Iowa State University of Science and Technology, generally referred to as Iowa State, is a public flagship land-grant and space-grant research university located in Ames, Iowa, United States.

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Iraq

Iraq (or; العراق; عێراق), officially known as the Republic of Iraq (جُمُهورية العِراق; کۆماری عێراق), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.

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Irradiated mail

Irradiated mail is mail that has been deliberately exposed to radiation, typically in an effort to disinfect it.

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J. Craig Venter Institute

The J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) is a non-profit genomics research institute founded by J. Craig Venter, Ph.D. in October 2006.

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Jeffrey A. Taylor

Jeffrey A. Taylor is the former interim United States Attorney for the District of Columbia.

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Jihad

Jihad (جهاد) is an Arabic word which literally means striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim.

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John Ashcroft

John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is an American lawyer and former politician who served as the 79th U.S. Attorney General (2001–2005), in the George W. Bush Administration.

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John McCain

John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Arizona, a seat he was first elected to in 1986.

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Johns Hopkins

Johns Hopkins (May 19, 1795 – December 24, 1873) was an American entrepreneur, abolitionist and philanthropist of 19th-century Baltimore, Maryland.

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Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security

The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (abbreviated CHS; previously the UPMC Center for Health Security, the Center for Biosecurity of UPMC, and the Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies) is an independent, nonprofit organization of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health that works in the area of health consequences from epidemics and disasters.

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Ken Alibek

Colonel Kanatzhan "Kanat" Alibekov (Қанатжан Әлібеков, Qanatzhan Älibekov; Канатжан Алибеков, Kanatzhan Alibekov; born 1950) – known as Kenneth "Ken" Alibek since 1992 – is a former Soviet physician, microbiologist, and biological warfare (BW) expert.

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Late Show with David Letterman

Late Show with David Letterman is an American late-night talk show hosted by David Letterman on CBS, the first iteration of the ''Late Show'' franchise.

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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is an American federal research facility in Livermore, California, United States, founded by the University of California, Berkeley in 1952.

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Legal liability

In law, liable means "esponsible or answerable in law; legally obligated." Legal liability concerns both civil law and criminal law and can arise from various areas of law, such as contracts, torts, taxes, or fines given by government agencies.

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List of journalists killed in the United States

Numerous journalists have been murdered or killed in the United States while reporting, covering a military conflict, or because of their status as a journalist.

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List of unsolved deaths

This list of unsolved deaths includes notable cases where victims have been murdered or have died under unsolved circumstances, including murders committed by unknown serial killers.

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List of ZIP code prefixes

This is a list of ZIP code prefixes.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.

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Marwan al-Shehhi

Marwan Yousef Mohamed Rashid Lekrab al-Shehhi (مروان يوسف محمد رشيد لكراب الشحي,, also transliterated as Alshehhi; 9 May 1978 – 11 September 2001) was the hijacker-pilot of United Airlines Flight 175, crashing the plane into the South Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the September 11 attacks.

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Matthew Meselson

Matthew Stanley Meselson (born May 24, 1930) is a geneticist and molecular biologist currently at Harvard University, known for his demonstration, with Franklin Stahl, of the semi-conservative DNA replication.

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Microbiological culture

A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions.

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Mohamed Atta

Mohamed Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta (محمد محمد الأمير عوض السيد عطا; September 1, 1968 – September 11, 2001) was an Egyptian hijacker and one of the ringleaders of the September 11 attacks in which four United States commercial aircraft were commandeered with the intention of destroying specific civilian targets.

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Monmouth Junction, New Jersey

Monmouth Junction is an unincorporated community and census designated place (CDP) located within South Brunswick Township, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

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Monoclonal antibody

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.

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MSNBC

MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events.

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Nassau Street (Princeton, New Jersey)

Nassau Street is the main downtown thoroughfare of Princeton, New Jersey famous for its history, high-end stores, restaurants, and college town street life.

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (also known as "NASEM" or "the National Academies") is the collective scientific national academy of the United States.

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National Academy of Sciences

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.

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National Enquirer

The National Enquirer (also commonly known as the Enquirer) is an American supermarket tabloid published by American Media Inc (AMI).

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.

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NBC News

NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC, formerly known as the National Broadcasting Company when it was founded on radio.

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New York City

The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.

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New York Post

The New York Post is the fourth-largest newspaper in the United States and a leading digital media publisher that reached more than 57 million unique visitors in the U.S. in January 2017.

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Newsmax

Newsmax or Newsmax.com, previously styled NewsMax, is an American news and opinion website founded by Christopher Ruddy and operated by Newsmax Media.

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Newsweek

Newsweek is an American weekly magazine founded in 1933.

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Nicholas Kristof

Nicholas Donabet Kristof (born April 27, 1959) is an American journalist and political commentator.

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Non-denial denial

A non-denial denial is a statement that, at first hearing, seems a direct, clearcut and unambiguous denial of some alleged accusation, but on carefully parsing turns out not to be a denial at all, and is thus not explicitly untruthful if the allegation is in fact correct.

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Office of Management and Budget

The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP).

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Osama bin Laden

Usama ibn Mohammed ibn Awad ibn Ladin (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن), often anglicized as Osama bin Laden (March 10, 1957 – May 2, 2011), was a founder of, the organization responsible for the September 11 attacks in the United States and many other mass-casualty attacks worldwide.

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Oxford, Connecticut

Oxford is a residential town located in western New Haven County, Connecticut, United States.

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Paracetamol

--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.

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Patrick Leahy

Patrick Joseph Leahy (born March 31, 1940) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Vermont, a seat he was first elected to in 1974.

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Patriot Act

The USA PATRIOT Act is an Act of Congress signed into law by US President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001.

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Person of interest

"Person of interest" is a term used by U.S. law enforcement when identifying someone involved in a criminal investigation who has not been arrested or formally accused of a crime.

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Peter R. Orszag

Peter Richard Orszag (born December 16, 1968) is an American banker and economist, and a Vice Chairman of investment banking and Managing Director at Lazard, where he also serves as Global Co-Head of Healthcare.

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Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula.

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Postmark

USS ''Texas'' A postmark is a postal marking made on a letter, package, postcard or the like indicating the date and time that the item was delivered into the care of the postal service.

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Princeton University

Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.

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Princeton, New Jersey

Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, that was established in its current form on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township.

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Privacy Act of 1974

The Privacy Act of 1974, a United States federal law, establishes a Code of Fair Information Practice that governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personally identifiable information about individuals that is maintained in systems of records by federal agencies.

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Project Bioshield Act

The Project Bioshield Act was an act passed by the United States Congress in 2004 calling for $5 billion for purchasing vaccines that would be used in the event of a bioterrorist attack.

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ProPublica

ProPublica is an American nonprofit organization based in New York City.

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Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

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Raxibacumab

Raxibacumab is a human monoclonal antibody intended for the prophylaxis and treatment of inhaled anthrax.

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Reader's Digest

Reader's Digest is an American general-interest family magazine, published ten times a year.

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Richard O. Spertzel

Richard Oscar Spertzel (9 February 1933 – 24 March 2016) was a veterinarian, microbiologist and expert in the area of biological warfare.

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Robert Mueller

Robert Swan Mueller III (born August 7, 1944) is an American attorney who served as the sixth Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 2001 to 2013.

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Robert Stevens (photo editor)

Robert K. "Bob" Stevens (June 20, 1938 – October 5, 2001), an American photojournalist for the Sun, a subsidiary of American Media, located in Boca Raton, Florida, United States was the first journalist killed in the 2001 anthrax attacks when letters containing anthrax were mailed to multiple media outlets in the United States.

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Rush Holt Jr.

Rush Dew Holt Jr. (born October 15, 1948) is an American scientist and politician.

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Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.

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Salon (website)

Salon is an American news and opinion website, created by David Talbot in 1995 and currently owned by the Salon Media Group.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Sectional center facility

A destination Sectional Center Facility (SCF) is a Processing and Distribution Center (P&DC) of the United States Postal Service (USPS) that serves a designated geographical area defined by one or more three-digit ZIP Code prefixes.

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September 11 attacks

The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

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Shanksville, Pennsylvania

Shanksville is a borough in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States, with a population of 237, as of the 2010 census.

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Silicon

Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.

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Silicon dioxide

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.

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Skyhorse Publishing

Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. is an American independent book publishing company founded in 2006 and headquartered in New York City.

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Slate (magazine)

Slate is an online magazine that covers current affairs, politics, and culture in the United States from a liberal perspective.

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South Brunswick, New Jersey

South Brunswick is a township in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

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Sterling, Virginia

Sterling, Virginia is a census-designated place (CDP) in Loudoun County, Virginia.

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Steven Hatfill

Steven Jay Hatfill (born October 24, 1953) is an American physician, virologist and biological weapons expert.

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Strain (biology)

In biology, a strain is a low-level taxonomic rank used at the intraspecific level (within a species).

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Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.

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Sun (supermarket tabloid)

Sun was a supermarket tabloid owned by American Media, Inc. It ceased publication after the issue bearing a July 2, 2012 cover date.

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Syria

Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.

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Ted Kaczynski

Theodore John Kaczynski (born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber, is an American domestic terrorist.

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The Atlantic

The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher, founded in 1857 as The Atlantic Monthly in Boston, Massachusetts.

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The Baltimore Sun

The Baltimore Sun is the largest general-circulation daily newspaper based in the American state of Maryland and provides coverage of local and regional news, events, issues, people, and industries.

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The Daily Beast

The Daily Beast is an American news and opinion website focused on politics and pop culture.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The New York Sun

The New York Sun was an American daily newspaper published in Manhattan from 2002 to 2008.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Pentagon

The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. As a symbol of the U.S. military, The Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U.S. Department of Defense.

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The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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ThinkProgress

ThinkProgress is an American news website.

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Tin

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.

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Tom Daschle

Thomas Andrew Daschle (born December 9, 1947) is a retired American politician and lobbyist who served as a United States Senator from South Dakota from 1987 to 2005.

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Tom Ridge

Thomas Joseph Ridge (born August 26, 1945) is an American politician and author who served as the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security from 2001 to 2003, and the first United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2003 to 2005.

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Trenton, New Jersey

Trenton is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County.

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Tyler Cymet

Tyler C. Cymet, D.O., FACOFP (born 1963 Smithtown, New York) is a physician in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Tyrosine

Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.

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Under seal

Filing under seal is a procedure allowing sensitive or confidential information to be filed with a court without becoming a matter of public record.

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United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID; pronounced: you-SAM-rid) is the U.S Army’s main institution and facility for defensive research into countermeasures against biological warfare.

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United States Attorney General

The United States Attorney General (A.G.) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per, concerned with all legal affairs, and is the chief lawyer of the United States government.

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United States Constitution

The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.

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United States Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection.

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United States Postal Inspection Service

The United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS) is the law enforcement arm of the United States Postal Service.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprise the legislature of the United States.

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University of California, Los Angeles

The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public research university in the Westwood district of Los Angeles, United States.

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USA Today

USA Today is an internationally distributed American daily, middle-market newspaper that serves as the flagship publication of its owner, the Gannett Company.

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Vanity Fair (magazine)

Vanity Fair is a magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States.

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Vassar College

Vassar College is a private, coeducational, liberal arts college in the town of Poughkeepsie, New York, in the United States.

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Vietnam

Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.

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Virology

Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.

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Weapon of mass destruction

A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere.

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West Palm Beach, Florida

West Palm Beach is a city in and the county seat of Palm Beach County, Florida, United States.

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WGBH-TV

WGBH-TV, virtual channel 2 (UHF digital channel 19), is a PBS member television station located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States.

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White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States.

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World Trade Center (1973–2001)

The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States.

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ZIP Code

ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS) since 1963.

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107th United States Congress

The One Hundred Seventh United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives.

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1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack

The 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack was the food poisoning of 751 individuals in The Dalles, Oregon, through the deliberate contamination of salad bars at ten local restaurants with Salmonella.

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2003 invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War (also called Operation Iraqi Freedom).

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2003 ricin letters

The 2003 ricin letters refer to two ricin-laden letters found on two separate occasions between October and November 2003.

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9/11 conspiracy theories

There are many conspiracy theories that attribute the planning and execution of the September 11 attacks against the United States to parties other than, or in addition to, al-Qaeda including that there was advance knowledge of the attacks among high-level government officials.

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Redirects here:

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks

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