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Abdul Hamid II

Index Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II (عبد الحميد ثانی, `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî; İkinci Abdülhamit; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. [1]

306 relations: Abdülaziz, Abdulmejid I, Abdurrahman Nurettin Pasha, Abkhazians, Adapazarı, Aegean Sea, Ahmed Arifi Pasha, Ahmed ‘Urabi, Ahmed Cevad Pasha, Ahmed Hamdi Pasha, Ahmed Niyazi Bey, Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, Albania, Albania under the Ottoman Empire, Aleppo, Alexander Gorchakov, Alexandria, Amir al-Mu'minin, Ammiyya, Anatolia, Ankara, April Uprising of 1876, Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Armenians, Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Artvin, Athens, Austria, Austrians, Çırağan Palace, Üsküdar, İstinye, İzmit, Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir, Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim, Şehzade Mehmed Abid, Şehzade Mehmed Selim, Balkans, Battle of Langfang, Battle of Peking (1900), Batumi, Beşiktaş, Bedrifelek Kadın, Behice Hanım, Beirut, Belgium, Bergen op Zoom, Berlin Conference, Berlin–Baghdad railway, ..., Bey, Beylerbeyi Palace, Beylik of Tunis, Beyoğlu, Bidar Kadın, Bobigny, Bobigny cemetery, Bogotá, Bosporus, Boxer Rebellion, Budapest, Bulgarian unification, Cairo, Caliphate, Cannes, Captain (armed forces), Carpentry, Caucasus, Censorship, Central Powers, Chambers Biographical Dictionary, Chemins de fer Orientaux, Chemins de fer Ottomans d'Anatolie, Circassia, Circassians, Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, Committee of Union and Progress, Congress of Berlin, Constantinople, Constantinople Conference, Crown prince, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, Cyprus, Damascus, Damat, Dündar Ali Osman, Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire, Default (finance), Dhikr, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Dobruja, Dolmabahçe Palace, Druze, Dutch people, Eastern Rumelia, Enver Pasha, Erman Kunter, Ertuğrul Osman, Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque, Eunuch, Eyüp Sultan Mosque, Fatih, Ferzan Özpetek, First Battle of Bud Dajo, France, French Third Republic, Galatasaray University, Ganja, Azerbaijan, Gaselee Expedition, General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire, Georgia (country), Georgians, Germans, Giuseppe Donizetti, Giza, Golden Horn, Grand vizier, Great Eastern Crisis, Greco-Turkish War (1897), Greeks, Halil Rifat Pasha, Halki (Greece), Hamide Ayşe Sultan, Hamidian massacres, Hamidiye (cavalry), Harem, Harem Suare, Hatt-i humayun, Hayreddin Pasha, Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha, Hejaz railway, Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877), History of Sudan (1821–1885), Hopa, Ibrahim Edhem Pasha, India, Islam, Istanbul, Istanbul University, Jean Pascal Sébah, John Hay, Kabardians, Kadıköy, Kadri Pasha, Kansu Braves, Kâmil Pasha, Khedivate of Egypt, Khedive, Kingdom of Greece, Kurdish population, Kurdistan, L'Illustration, League of Prizren, Lebanon, Library of Congress, Libreville, List of Caliphs, List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: A, List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, London, Macedonia (region), Mahmud II, Marquess of Queensberry, Maslak, Mat District, Müşfika Kadın, Mediterranean Sea, Mehmed Ferid Pasha, Mehmed Orhan, Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Mehmed Sadık Pasha, Mehmed Said Pasha, Mehmed V, Merzifon, Mezidimestan Kadın, Middlesex, Midhat Pasha, Military of the Ottoman Empire, Monte Carlo, Moro people, Moro Rebellion, Morocco, Murad V, Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, Nabil, Naciye Hanım, Names of God in Islam, Natukhajs, Nazikeda Kadın, Nişantaşı, Nice, Nobility, Oil wrestling, Opera, Order of Glory (Ottoman Empire), Order of Osmanieh, Order of the Black Eagle, Order of the Crescent, Order of the Golden Fleece, Order of the Medjidie, Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, Order of the Royal House of Chakri, Order of the Tower and Sword, Orient Express, Ortaköy, Oscar Straus (politician), Ottoman Bulgaria, Ottoman Caliphate, Ottoman constitution of 1876, Ottoman Crete, Ottoman dynasty, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Iraq, Ottoman Navy, Ottoman public debt, Ottoman Public Debt Administration, Ottoman Syria, Ottomanism, Padishah, Palace, Pan-Islamism, Paranoia, Paris, Pasha, Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Payitaht: Abdülhamid, Perestu Kadın, Pesend Hanım, Peyveste Hanım, Pilgrimage, Political prisoner, Poti, Pour le Mérite, Prince George of Greece and Denmark, Princess Senije Zogu, Principality of Bulgaria, Principality of Montenegro, Principality of Serbia, Rail transport in Lebanon, Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı, Reichstadt Agreement, Rio de Janeiro, Royal Order of Kamehameha I (decoration), Royal Order of the Seraphim, Russian Empire, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Saffet Pasha, Salzburg, Sarah Bernhardt, Sciences Po, Sea of Marmara, Secret police, Seymour Expedition, Shaykh al-Islām, Sheikh, Sherlock Holmes, Sick man of Europe, Siege of the International Legations, Sivas, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Sofia, Sublime Porte, Sukhumi, Sultanate of Sulu, Sunni Islam, Sword of Osman, Tanzimat, Tatars, Tausūg people, Tawfiq of Egypt, Tbilisi, The Economist, The New York Times, The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors, Theodor Herzl, Theresian Military Academy, Thessaloniki, Tirana, Tirimüjgan Kadın, Tokat, Topkapı Palace, Toulouse, Treaty of Constantinople (1897), Treaty of San Stefano, Triple Entente, Tughra, Turkey, United Kingdom, United Principalities, United States Secretary of State, Valide sultan, Vienna, Viroflay, Vlas Doroshevich, Weber, Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Yıldız assassination attempt, Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque, Yıldız Palace, Yemen Vilayet, Young Ottomans, Young Turk Revolution, Young Turks, Zionism, Zog I of Albania, 31 March Incident. Expand index (256 more) »

Abdülaziz

Abdülaziz (Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز / `Abdü’l-`Azīz, Abdülaziz; 8 February 18304 June 1876) was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and reigned between 25 June 1861 and 30 May 1876.

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Abdulmejid I

Abdülmecid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد اول ‘Abdü’l-Mecīd-i evvel; 23/25 April 182325 June 1861), also known as Abdulmejid and similar spellings, was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839.

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Abdurrahman Nurettin Pasha

Abdurrahman Nurettin Pasha, also known as Nurettin Pasha (1833, Kütahya – 1912, Istanbul), was an Ottoman statesman.

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Abkhazians

Abkhazians or the Abkhaz (Abkhaz: Аҧсуа, Apswa; აფხაზები) are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, a disputed region on the Black Sea coast.

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Adapazarı

Adapazarı is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of Sakarya Province.

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Aegean Sea

The Aegean Sea (Αιγαίο Πέλαγος; Ege Denizi) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the Greek and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey.

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Ahmed Arifi Pasha

Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1819 or 1830–1895/96) was an Ottoman statesman, who served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire in 1879.

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Ahmed ‘Urabi

Colonel Ahmed ‘Urabi or Ourabi (أحمد عرابى, ˈæħmæd ʕouˈɾɑːbi in Egyptian Arabic; 31 March 1841 – 21 September 1911), widely known in English (and by himself) as Ahmad Ourabi, was an Egyptian nationalist, revolutionary and an officer of the Egyptian army.

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Ahmed Cevad Pasha

Ahmed Javad Pasha (Kabaağaçlızade Ahmet Cevat Paşa), also known as Kabaaghachlyzadeh Ahmed Javad Pasha and Javad Shakir Pasha (1851 – 10 August 1900), was an Ottoman career officer and statesman.

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Ahmed Hamdi Pasha

Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1826–1885) was an Ottoman statesman.

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Ahmed Niyazi Bey

Ahmed Niyazi Bey (1873 – 1913), (Resneli Niyazi Bey, Ahmet Niyazi Bey; Ahmet Njazi Bej Resnja; "Ahmet Niyazi Bey from Resen"), was the Ottoman bey of the Resne (now Resen, Republic of Macedonia) area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Ahmed Vefik Pasha

Ahmed Vefik Pasha (احمد وفیق پاشا.) (3 July 1823, Constantinople2 April 1891, Constantinople), was an Ottoman statesman, diplomat, scholar, playwright, and translator during the Tanzimat and First Constitutional periods.

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Ahmet Tevfik Pasha

Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (احمد توفیق پاشا‎; 11 February 1845 – 8 October 1936), known as Ahmet Tevfik Okday after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934, was an Ottoman-born Turkish statesman of ethnic Crimean Tatar origin.

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Albania

Albania (Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Shqipni/Shqipnia or Shqypni/Shqypnia), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe.

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Albania under the Ottoman Empire

Albania was ruled by the Ottoman Empire in different periods from 1480 to 1912.

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Aleppo

Aleppo (ﺣﻠﺐ / ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, serving as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most-populous Syrian governorate.

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Alexander Gorchakov

Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Горчако́в), (15 July 179811 March 1883) was a Russian diplomat and statesman from the Gorchakov princely family.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (or; Arabic: الإسكندرية; Egyptian Arabic: إسكندرية; Ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ; Ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ) is the second-largest city in Egypt and a major economic centre, extending about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country.

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Amir al-Mu'minin

Amir al-Mu'minin (أمير المؤمنين), usually translated "Commander of the Faithful" or "Leader of the Faithful", is the Arabic style of some Caliphs and other independent sovereign Muslim rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims.

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Ammiyya

The Ammiyya (ʿĀmmiyya) was a revolt against Ottoman rule in Syria in 1889–1890.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.

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Ankara

Ankara (English; Turkish Ottoman Turkish Engürü), formerly known as Ancyra (Ἄγκυρα, Ankyra, "anchor") and Angora, is the capital of the Republic of Turkey.

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April Uprising of 1876

The April Uprising (Априлско въстание, Aprilsko vǎstanie) was an insurrection organised by the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire from April to May 1876, which indirectly resulted in the re-establishment of Bulgaria in 1878.

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Armenian Revolutionary Federation

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) (classical Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, ՀՅԴ), also known as Dashnaktsutyun (in a short form, Dashnak), is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party founded in 1890 in Tiflis, Russian Empire (now Tbilisi, Georgia) by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian.

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Armenians

Armenians (հայեր, hayer) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian Highlands.

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Armenians in the Ottoman Empire

Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (or Ottoman Armenians) mostly belonged to either the Armenian Apostolic Church or the Armenian Catholic Church.

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Artvin

Artvin (ართვინი,; Laz: ართვინი Artvini, Armenian: Արդվին Ardvin) is a city in northeastern Turkey about 30 km inland from the Black Sea.

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Athens

Athens (Αθήνα, Athína; Ἀθῆναι, Athênai) is the capital and largest city of Greece.

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Austria

Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.

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Austrians

Austrians (Österreicher) are a Germanic nation and ethnic group, native to modern Austria and South Tyrol that share a common Austrian culture, Austrian descent and Austrian history.

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Çırağan Palace

Çırağan Palace (Çırağan Sarayı), a former Ottoman palace, is now a five-star hotel in the Kempinski Hotels chain.

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Üsküdar

Üsküdar, traditionally known in Italian and English as Scutari (Σκουτάριον in Greek), is a large and densely populated district and municipality of Istanbul, Turkey, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus.

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İstinye

İstinye is a neighbourhood in Istanbul, on the European side of the city.

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İzmit

İzmit, known as Nicomedia in antiquity, is a city in Turkey, the administrative center of the Kocaeli Province as well as the Metropolitan Municipality.

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Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir

Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir (شہزادہ محمد عبدلقادر; 16 January 1878 – 16 March 1944) was an Ottoman prince, the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and his wife Bidar Kadın.

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Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim

Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim (27 June 1906 – 3 August 1935) was an Ottoman prince, grandson of the 34th Ottoman sultan, Abdul Hamid II by his third son Şehzade Mehmed Selim.

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Şehzade Mehmed Abid

Şehzade Mehmed Abid (17 September 1905 – 8 December 1973) was an Ottoman prince, the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and his wife Naciye Hanım.

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Şehzade Mehmed Selim

Şehzade Mehmed Selim (شہزادہ محمد سلیم; 11 January 1870 – 5 May 1937) was an Ottoman prince, the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and his wife Bedrifelek Kadın.

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Balkans

The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.

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Battle of Langfang

The Battle of Langfang was a battle in the Seymour Expedition during the Boxer Rebellion, in June 1900, involving Chinese imperial troops, the Chinese Muslim Kansu Braves and Boxers ambushing and defeating the Eight-Nation Alliance expeditionary army on its way to Beijing, pushing the Alliance forces to retreat back to Tientsin (Tianjin).

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Battle of Peking (1900)

The Battle of Peking, or historically the Relief of Peking, was the battle on 14–15 August 1900, in which a multi-national force, led by Britain, relieved the siege of foreign legations in Peking (now Beijing) during the Boxer Rebellion.

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Batumi

Batumi (ბათუმი) is the second-largest city of Georgia, located on the coast of the Black Sea in the country's southwest.

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Beşiktaş

Beşiktaş (pronounced) is a district and municipality of Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European shore of the Bosphorus strait.

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Bedrifelek Kadın

Bedrifelek Kadın (4 January 1851 – 6 February 1930) was a principal consort of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.

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Behice Hanım

Behice Hanım (بھیجه خانم; born Behiye Maan; 10 October 1882 – 22 October 1969) was an imperial consort of the Ottoman Empire as the twelfth wife of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

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Beirut

Beirut (بيروت, Beyrouth) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.

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Bergen op Zoom

Bergen op Zoom (called Berrege in the local dialect) is a municipality and a city located in the south of the Netherlands.

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Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

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Berlin–Baghdad railway

The Baghdad railway, also known as the Berlin–Baghdad railway (Bağdat Demiryolu, Bagdadbahn, سكة حديد بغداد, Chemin de Fer Impérial Ottoman de Bagdad), was built from 1903 to 1940 to connect Berlin with the (then) Ottoman Empire city of Baghdad, from where the Germans wanted to establish a port in the Persian Gulf, with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, linked to Europe by a bridge crossing the Bosphorous.

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Bey

“Bey” (بك “Beik”, bej, beg, بيه “Beyeh”, بیگ “Beyg” or بگ “Beg”) is a Turkish title for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders or rulers of various sized areas in the Ottoman Empire.

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Beylerbeyi Palace

The Beylerbeyi Palace (Beylerbeyi Sarayı), Beylerbeyi meaning "Lord of Lords", is located in the Beylerbeyi neighbourhood of Üsküdar district in Istanbul, Turkey at the Asian side of the Bosphorus.

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Beylik of Tunis

The Beylik of Tunis was a largely autonomous beylik of the Ottoman Empire founded on July 15, 1705, after the Husainid Dynasty led by Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki defeated the Turkish Deys, that controlled what is now Tunisia.

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Beyoğlu

Beyoğlu is a district located on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the Golden Horn.

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Bidar Kadın

Bidar Kadın (5 May 1858 – 1 January 1918) was a principal consort of the Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.

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Bobigny

Bobigny is a ''commune'', or town, in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France.

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Bobigny cemetery

Bobigny cemetery is a Muslim-only burial ground near Paris in the town of Bobigny, Seine-Saint-Denis, France.

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Bogotá

Bogotá, officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca.

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Bosporus

The Bosporus or Bosphorus;The spelling Bosporus is listed first or exclusively in all major British and American dictionaries (e.g.,,, Merriam-Webster,, and Random House) as well as the Encyclopædia Britannica and the.

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Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion (拳亂), Boxer Uprising or Yihetuan Movement (義和團運動) was a violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty.

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Budapest

Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary, and one of the largest cities in the European Union.

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Bulgarian unification

The Unification of Bulgaria (Съединение на България, Saedinenie na Balgariya) was the act of unification of the Principality of Bulgaria and the province of Eastern Rumelia in the autumn of 1885.

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Cairo

Cairo (القاهرة) is the capital of Egypt.

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Caliphate

A caliphate (خِلافة) is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (خَليفة), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (community).

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Cannes

Cannes (Canas) is a city located on the French Riviera.

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Captain (armed forces)

The army rank of captain (from the French capitaine) is a commissioned officer rank historically corresponding to the command of a company of soldiers.

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Carpentry

Carpentry is a skilled trade in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc.

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Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region located at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.

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Censorship

Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient" as determined by government authorities.

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Central Powers

The Central Powers (Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttifak Devletleri / Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit), consisting of Germany,, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria – hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance (Vierbund) – was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18).

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Chambers Biographical Dictionary

Chambers Biographical Dictionary provides concise descriptions of over 18,000 notable figures from Britain and the rest of the world.

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Chemins de fer Orientaux

The Chemins de fer Orientaux (English: Oriental Railway; Turkish: Rumeli Demiryolu or İstanbul-Viyana Demiryolu) (reporting mark: CO) was an Ottoman railway company operating in Rumelia (the European part of the Ottoman Empire, corresponding to the Balkan peninsula) and later European Turkey, from 1870 to 1937.

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Chemins de fer Ottomans d'Anatolie

The Chemins de Fer Ottomans d'Anatolie (Osmanlı Anadolu Demiryolları, Anatolian Railway), founded on 4 October 1888, was a railway company that operated in the Ottoman Empire.

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Circassia

Circassia (Адыгэ Хэку, Черке́сия, ჩერქეზეთი, شيركاسيا, Çerkesya) is a region in the and along the northeast shore of the Black Sea.

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Circassians

The Circassians (Черкесы Čerkesy), also known by their endonym Adyghe (Circassian: Адыгэхэр Adygekher, Ады́ги Adýgi), are a Northwest Caucasian nation native to Circassia, many of whom were displaced in the course of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus in the 19th century, especially after the Russian–Circassian War in 1864.

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Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz

Freiherr Wilhelm Leopold Colmar von der Goltz (12 August 1843 – 19 April 1916), also known as Goltz Pasha, was a Prussian Field Marshal and military writer.

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Committee of Union and Progress

The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti إتحاد و ترقى جمیعتی), later Party of Union and Progress (İttihad ve Terakki Fırkası, Birlik ve İlerleme Partisi) began as a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti) in Istanbul on February 6, 1889 by medical students Ibrahim Temo, Mehmed Reshid, Abdullah Cevdet, İshak Sükuti, Ali Hüseyinzade, Kerim Sebatî, Mekkeli Sabri Bey, Nazım Bey, Şerafettin Mağmumi, Cevdet Osman and Giritli Şefik.

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Congress of Berlin

The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of six great powers of the time (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro).

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Constantinople

Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis; Constantinopolis) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923) empires.

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Constantinople Conference

The 1876–77 Constantinople Conference (Tersane Konferansı "Shipyard Conference", after the venue Tersane Sarayı "Shipyard Palace") of the Great Powers (Britain, Russia, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) was held in Constantinople (now Istanbul) from 23 December 1876 until 20 January 1877.

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Crown prince

A crown prince is the male heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy.

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Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (abbreviation CTHM) (خَـادِم الْـحَـرَمَـيْـن الـشَّـرِيْـفَـيْـن,; İki Kutsal Cami'nin Hizmetkârı), sometimes translated as Servant of the Two Noble Sanctuaries or Protector of the Two Holy Cities, is a royal style that has been used by many Islamic rulers, including the Ayyubids, the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt, the Ottoman Sultans, and in the modern age, Saudi Arabian kings.

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Cyprus

Cyprus (Κύπρος; Kıbrıs), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean.

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Damascus

Damascus (دمشق, Syrian) is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city.

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Damat

Damat (damat, from داماد (dâmâd) "bridegroom") was an official Ottoman title describing men that entered the imperial House of Osman by means of marriage, literally becoming the bridegroom to the Ottoman sultan and the dynasty.

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Dündar Ali Osman

Dündar Ali Osman (born 30 December 1930), also known as Dündar Ali Osman Osmanoğlu (دوندار علي عثمان), is the 45th Head of the fallen House of Osman, which ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922.

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Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire

Beginning from the late eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire faced challenges defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation.

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Default (finance)

In finance, default is failure to meet the legal obligations (or conditions) of a loan, for example when a home buyer fails to make a mortgage payment, or when a corporation or government fails to pay a bond which has reached maturity.

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Dhikr

Dhikr (also Zikr, Zekr, Zikir, Jikir, and variants; ḏikr; plural أذكار aḏkār, meaning "mentioning") is the name of devotional acts in Islam in which short phrases or prayers are repeatedly recited silently within the mind or aloud.

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Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

The period of the defeat and end of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era with the Young Turk Revolution.

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Dobruja

Dobruja or Dobrudja (Добруджа, transliterated: Dobrudzha or Dobrudža; Dobrogea or; Dobruca) is a historical region in Eastern Europe that has been divided since the 19th century between the territories of Bulgaria and Romania.

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Dolmabahçe Palace

Dolmabahçe Palace (Dolmabahçe Sarayı) located in the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul, Turkey, on the European coast of the Bosphorus, served as the main administrative center of the Ottoman Empire from 1856 to 1887 and 1909 to 1922 (Yıldız Palace was used in the interim).

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Druze

The Druze (درزي or, plural دروز; דרוזי plural דרוזים) are an Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group originating in Western Asia who self-identify as unitarians (Al-Muwaḥḥidūn/Muwahhidun).

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Dutch people

The Dutch (Dutch), occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, "Nederlanders"—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands.

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Eastern Rumelia

Eastern Rumelia (Източна Румелия, Iztochna Rumeliya; روم الى شرقى, Rumeli-i Şarkî; Ανατολική Ρωμυλία, Anatoliki Romylia) was an autonomous territory (oblast in Bulgarian, vilayet in Turkish) in the Ottoman Empire, created in 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin and de facto ended in 1885, when it was united with the principality of Bulgaria, also under Ottoman suzerainty.

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Enver Pasha

Ismail Enver Pasha (اسماعیل انور پاشا; İsmail Enver Paşa; 22 November 1881 – 4 August 1922) was an Ottoman military officer and a leader of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution.

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Erman Kunter

Erman Kunter (born 8 October 1956) is a Turkish-French former professional basketball player and coach.

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Ertuğrul Osman

Ertuğrul Osman (ارطغرل عثمان), also known as Osman Ertuğrul Osmanoğlu with a surname as required by the Turkish Republic (18 August 1912 – 23 September 2009), was an Imperial Prince (or Şehzade) of the Ottoman Empire and the 43rd Head of the Imperial House of Osman from 1994 until his death.

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Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque

The Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque, (Ertuğrul Tekke Camii), is an Ottoman imperial mosque located in Yıldız neighbourhood, Serencebey rise of Beşiktaş district in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Eunuch

The term eunuch (εὐνοῦχος) generally refers to a man who has been castrated, typically early enough in his life for this change to have major hormonal consequences.

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Eyüp Sultan Mosque

The Eyüp Sultan Mosque (Eyüp Sultan Camii) is situated in the Eyüp district of Istanbul, outside the city walls near the Golden Horn.

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Fatih

Fatih, historically Constantinople, is the capital district and a municipality (belediye) in Istanbul, Turkey which hosts all the provincial authorities, including the governor's office, police headquarters, metropolitan municipality and tax office while encompassing the peninsula coinciding with old Constantinople.

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Ferzan Özpetek

Ferzan Özpetek (born 3 February 1959, Turkey) is a Turkish-Italian film director and screenwriter, residing in Italy.

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First Battle of Bud Dajo

The First Battle of Bud Dajo, also known as the Moro Crater Massacre, was a counter insurgency action fought by the United States Army against Moros in March 1906, during the Moro Rebellion in the southwestern Philippines.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.

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Galatasaray University

Galatasaray University (Galatasaray Üniversitesi, Université Galatasaray) is a Turkish university established in İstanbul, Turkey in 1992, following an agreement signed in the presence of President François Mitterrand of France and President Turgut Özal of Turkey during a ceremony at Galatasaray High School, the mother school of the university.

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Ganja, Azerbaijan

Ganja (Gəncə) is Azerbaijan's second largest city, with a population of around 331,400.

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Gaselee Expedition

The Gaselee Expedition was a successful relief by a multi-national military force to march to Beijing and protect the diplomatic legations and foreign nationals in the city from attacks in 1900.

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General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire

The General Assembly (Meclis-i Umumî or Genel Parlamento) of the Ottoman Empire was the first attempt at representative democracy at the imperial level in the Ottoman Empire.

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Georgia (country)

Georgia (tr) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Georgians

The Georgians or Kartvelians (tr) are a nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to Georgia.

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Germans

Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history.

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Giuseppe Donizetti

Giuseppe Donizetti (6 November 1788 – 12 February 1856) was an Italian musician.

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Giza

Giza (sometimes spelled Gizah or Jizah; الجيزة; ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ, ⲅⲓⲍⲁ) is the third-largest city in Egypt and the capital of the Giza Governorate.

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Golden Horn

The Golden Horn (Altın Boynuz; Χρυσόκερας, Chrysókeras; Sinus Ceratinus), also known by its modern Turkish name as Haliç, is a major urban waterway and the primary inlet of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Grand vizier

In the Ottoman Empire, the Grand Vizier (Sadrazam) was the prime minister of the Ottoman sultan, with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissible only by the sultan himself.

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Great Eastern Crisis

The Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–78 began in the Ottoman Empire's territories on the Balkan peninsula in 1875, with the outbreak of several uprisings and wars that resulted in the meddling of international powers, and was ended with the Treaty of Berlin in July 1878.

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Greco-Turkish War (1897)

The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 (Mauro '97) or the Unfortunate War (Ατυχής πόλεμος, Atychis polemos) (Turkish: 1897 Osmanlı-Yunan Savaşı or 1897 Türk-Yunan Savaşı), was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire.

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Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.. Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods. Most ethnic Greeks live nowadays within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.CIA World Factbook on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, Greek Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%. Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture, arts, exploration, literature, philosophy, politics, architecture, music, mathematics, science and technology, business, cuisine, and sports, both historically and contemporarily.

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Halil Rifat Pasha

Halil Rifat Pasha (Modern Turkish: Halil Rıfat Paşa; 1820According to the obituary in The Times, he was born about 1807. This would make him almost 95 years old at the time of his death. Other sources give 1820.–9 November 1901) was an Ottoman statesman and a Grand Vizier for six years between 1895 until his death in 1901, during the reign of Abdul Hamid II.

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Halki (Greece)

Halki (Χάλκη; alternatively Chalce or Chalki) is a Greek island and municipality in the Dodecanese archipelago in the Aegean Sea, some west of Rhodes.

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Hamide Ayşe Sultan

Hamide Ayşe Sultan (2 November 1887 – 10 August 1960) was an Ottoman princess, daughter of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and his eighth wife Müşfika Kadın, the daughter of Gazi Şehid Mahmud Bey Ağır and his wife Emine Hanım.

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Hamidian massacres

The Hamidian massacres (Համիդյան ջարդեր, Hamidiye Katliamı), also referred to as the Armenian Massacres of 1892–1896.

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Hamidiye (cavalry)

The Hamidiye corps (literally meaning "belonging to Hamid", full official name Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları, Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments) were well-armed, irregular mainly Sunni Kurdish, but also Turkish, Circassian,Palmer, Alan, Verfall und Untergang des Osmanischen Reiches, Heyne, München 1994 (engl. Original: London 1992), pp.

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Harem

Harem (حريم ḥarīm, "a sacred inviolable place; harem; female members of the family"), also known as zenana in South Asia, properly refers to domestic spaces that are reserved for the women of the house in a Muslim family and are inaccessible to adult males except for close relations.

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Harem Suare

Harem Suare is a 1999 Turkish drama film directed by Ferzan Özpetek.

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Hatt-i humayun

Hatt-i humayun (Ottoman Turkish: خط همايون, Turkish: hatt-ı hümayun or hatt-ı hümâyûn), also known as hatt-i sharif (hatt-ı şerîf), is the diplomatics term for a document or handwritten note of an official nature composed by an Ottoman Sultan.

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Hayreddin Pasha

Hayreddin Pasha (خير الدين باشا التونسي Khayr ed-Din Pasha et-Tunsi; تونسلى حيرالدين پاشا; Tunuslu Hayreddin Paşa; 1820 – 30 January 1890) was an Ottoman-Tunisian politician who was born to a Circassian family.

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Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha

Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (حسین حلمی پاشا Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa, also spelled Hussein Hilmi Pasha) (1 April 1855 – 1922) was an Ottoman statesman and imperial administrator.

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Hejaz railway

The Hejaz (or Hedjaz) railway (Hicaz Demiryolu) was a narrow-gauge railway (track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea.

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Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)

The Herzegovina uprising (Hercegovački ustanak, Херцеговачки устанак) was an uprising led by ethnic Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, firstly and predominantly in Herzegovina (hence its name), from where it spread into Bosnia.

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History of Sudan (1821–1885)

The History of Sudan under Muhammad Ali and his successors traces the period from Muhammad Ali Pasha's invasion of Sudan in 1820 until the fall of Khartoum in 1885 to Muhammad Ahmad, the self-proclaimed Mahdi.

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Hopa

Hopa (ხოფა, ხუფათი) is a city and district of Artvin Province in northeast Turkey.

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Ibrahim Edhem Pasha

Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1819–1893) was an Ottoman statesman, who held the office of Grand Vizier in the beginning of Abdul Hamid II's reign between 5 February 1877 and 11 January 1878.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Islam

IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).

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Istanbul

Istanbul (or or; İstanbul), historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center.

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Istanbul University

Istanbul University (İstanbul Üniversitesi) is a prominent Turkish university located in Istanbul.

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Jean Pascal Sébah

Jean Pascal Sébah (1872– 6 June 1947), son of Syriac-Armenian photographer Pascal Sébah, continued the family's photographic legacy after his father's death in 1886.

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John Hay

John Milton Hay (October 8, 1838July 1, 1905) was an American statesman and official whose career in government stretched over almost half a century.

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Kabardians

The Kabardians (Highland Adyghe: Къэбэрдей адыгэхэр; Lowland Adyghe: Къэбэртай адыгэхэр; Кабардинцы), or Kabardinians, are the largest one of the twelve Adyghe (Circassian) tribes (sub-ethnic groups).

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Kadıköy

Kadıköy (in Byzantine Chalcedon, in Χαλκηδών), is a large, populous, and cosmopolitan district in the Asian side of Istanbul, Turkey on the northern shore of the Sea of Marmara, facing the historic city centre on the European side of the Bosporus.

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Kadri Pasha

Mehmed Kadri Pasha also known as Kadri Pasha (1832 – 1884) was an Ottoman statesman and reformer.

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Kansu Braves

The Kansu Braves or Gansu Army was a unit of 10,000 Chinese Muslim troops from the northwestern province of Kansu (now Gansu) in the last decades the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).

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Kâmil Pasha

Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (محمد كامل پاشا; Kıbrıslı Mehmet Kâmil Paşa, "Mehmed Kamil Pasha the Cypriot"), also spelled as Kiamil Pasha (1833 – 14 November 1913), was an Ottoman statesman of Turkish Cypriot origin in the late-19th-century and early-20th-century, who became, as aside regional or international posts within the Ottoman state structure.

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Khedivate of Egypt

The Khedivate of Egypt (خدیویت مصر) was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces which brought an end to the short-lived French occupation of Lower Egypt.

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Khedive

The term Khedive (خدیو Hıdiv) is a title largely equivalent to the English word viceroy.

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Kingdom of Greece

The Kingdom of Greece (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος) was a state established in 1832 at the Convention of London by the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, Kingdom of France and the Russian Empire).

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Kurdish population

The Kurdish people live in the historical Kurdistan region, which today is split between Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. The estimated population is 35 million. A rough estimate by the CIA Factbook has Kurdish populations of 14.5 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 5 to 6 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 28 million Kurds in Kurdistan and adjacent regions. Recent emigration has resulted in a Kurdish diaspora of about 1.5 million people, about half of them in Germany. A special case are the Kurdish populations in the Transcaucasus and Central Asia, displaced there mostly in the time of the Russian Empire, who underwent independent developments for more than a century and have developed an ethnic identity in their own right. This group's population was estimated at close to 0.4 million in 1990.

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Kurdistan

Kurdistan (کوردستان; lit. "homeland of the Kurds") or Greater Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural historical region wherein the Kurdish people form a prominent majority population and Kurdish culture, languages and national identity have historically been based.

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L'Illustration

L'Illustration was a weekly French newspaper published in Paris from 1843 to 1944.

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League of Prizren

The League of Prizren (Besëlidhja e Prizrenit), officially the League for the Defense of the Rights of the Albanian Nation (Lidhja për mbrojtjen e të drejtave te kombit Shqiptar), was an Albanian political organization officially founded on June 10, 1878 in the old town of Prizren, in the Kosova Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire.

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Lebanon

Lebanon (لبنان; Lebanese pronunciation:; Liban), officially known as the Lebanese RepublicRepublic of Lebanon is the most common phrase used by Lebanese government agencies.

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Library of Congress

The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States.

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Libreville

Libreville is the capital and largest city of Gabon, in western central Africa.

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List of Caliphs

This is a list of people who have held the title of Caliph, the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the Islamic Ummah, as the political successors to Muhammad.

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List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: A

No description.

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List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Macedonia (region)

Macedonia is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe.

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Mahmud II

Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثانى Mahmud-u sānī, محمود عدلى Mahmud-u Âdlî) (İkinci Mahmut) (20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839.

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Marquess of Queensberry

Marquess of Queensberry is a title in the Peerage of Scotland.

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Maslak

Maslak is one of the main business districts of Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European side of the city.

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Mat District

Mat District was one of the thirty-six districts of Albania (which were dissolved in 2000) that is now part of Dibër County.

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Müşfika Kadın

Müşfika Kadın (مشفقه قادين; born Ayşe Ağırba; 10 December 1867 – 16 July 1961; meaning "the compassionate one") was an imperial consort of the Ottoman Empire as the eighth wife of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

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Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant.

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Mehmed Ferid Pasha

Mehmed Ferid Pasha (Avlonyalı Ferit Paşa or Avlonyalı Mehmet Ferit Paşa) (1851, Yanya (Ioannina) - 1914, Sanremo) was an Ottoman statesman of ethnic Albanian background.

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Mehmed Orhan

Mehmed Orhan (Ottoman Turkish محمد اورخان; 11 July 1909 – 12 March 1994) was the 42nd head of the Ottoman dynasty from 1983 to 1994.

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Mehmed Rushdi Pasha

Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (Mehmet Rüşdi Paşa or Mütercim Rüşdi Paşa, 1811, Ayancik - 1882, Manisa) was an Ottoman statesman.

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Mehmed Sadık Pasha

Mehmed Sadık Pasha (1825 - 1901) was an Ottoman statesman.

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Mehmed Said Pasha

Mehmed Said Pasha (محمد سعيد پاشا.‎; 1830–1914), also known as Küçük Said Pasha ("Said Pasha the Younger") or Şapur Çelebi or in his youth as Mabeyn Başkatibi Said Bey, was an Ottoman statesman and editor of the Turkish newspaper Jerid-i-Havadis.

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Mehmed V

Mehmed V. Reşâd (Ottoman Turkish: محمد خامس Meḥmed-i ẖâmis, Beşinci Mehmet Reşat or Reşat Mehmet) (2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) was the 35th and penultimate Ottoman Sultan.

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Merzifon

Merzifon (Marzvan, Old Persian:; Mersyphòn) is a town and district in Amasya Province in the central Black Sea region of Turkey.

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Mezidimestan Kadın

Mezidimestan Kadın (3 March 1869 – 21 January 1909) was a consort of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.

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Middlesex

Middlesex (abbreviation: Middx) is an historic county in south-east England.

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Midhat Pasha

Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha (18 October 1822 – 26 April 1883), was one of the leading Ottoman statesmen during the late Tanzimat period.

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Military of the Ottoman Empire

The history of the military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods.

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Monte Carlo

Monte Carlo (Monte-Carlo, or colloquially Monte-Carl; Monégasque: Monte-Carlu) officially refers to an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco, specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues, where the Monte Carlo Casino is located.

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Moro people

The Moro, also called the Bangsamoro or Bangsa Moro, are the Muslim population of the Philippines, forming the largest non-Catholic group in the country and comprising about 11% (as of the year 2012) of the total Philippine population.

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Moro Rebellion

The Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) was an armed conflict between the Moro people and the United States military during the Philippine-American War.

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Morocco

Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.

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Murad V

Murad V (مراد خامس) (21 September 1840 – 29 August 1904) was the 33rd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire who reigned from 30 May to 31 August 1876.

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Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem

The Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı; متصرفية القدس الشريف), also known as the Sanjak of Jerusalem, was an Ottoman district with special administrative status established in 1872.

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Nabil

Nabīl or Nabeel (نبيل) is a male given name of Arabic origin, meaning "noble".

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Naciye Hanım

Naciye Hanım (1882 – 4 December 1923) was a consort of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.

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Names of God in Islam

According to a hadith, there are at least 99 names of God in Islam, known as the (Beautiful Names of God).

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Natukhajs

The Natukhai (translit, with the possible sense нэ-тхуэ-джэ eye-white-with, 'With Light Eye(s)', the /-a-/s in the name being phonologically predictable) are one of the twelve main Adyghe tribes.

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Nazikeda Kadın

Nazikeda Kadın (نازك ادا قادین; 1848 – 11 April 1895) was a principal consort of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.

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Nişantaşı

Nişantaşı is a quarter of the Şişli district on the European side of Istanbul, Turkey.

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Nice

Nice (Niçard Niça, classical norm, or Nissa, nonstandard,; Nizza; Νίκαια; Nicaea) is the fifth most populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes département.

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Nobility

Nobility is a social class in aristocracy, normally ranked immediately under royalty, that possesses more acknowledged privileges and higher social status than most other classes in a society and with membership thereof typically being hereditary.

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Oil wrestling

Oil wrestling (Yağlı güreş), also called grease wrestling, is the Turkish national sport.

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Opera

Opera (English plural: operas; Italian plural: opere) is a form of theatre in which music has a leading role and the parts are taken by singers.

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Order of Glory (Ottoman Empire)

The Order of Glory (Nişan-i İftihar) was an order of the Ottoman Empire founded 19 August 1831 by Sultan Mahmud II.

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Order of Osmanieh

The Order of Osmanieh or Osmaniye (Osmanlı Devlet Nişanı) was a military decoration of the Ottoman Empire.

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Order of the Black Eagle

The Order of the Black Eagle (Hoher Orden vom Schwarzen Adler) was the highest order of chivalry in the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Order of the Crescent

The Imperial Order of the Crescent (in Ottoman Turkish Hilal Nişanı) was a chivalric order of the Ottoman Empire.

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Order of the Golden Fleece

The Order of the Golden Fleece (Orden del Toisón de Oro, Orden vom Goldenen Vlies) is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry founded in Bruges by the Burgundian duke Philip the Good in 1430, to celebrate his marriage to the Portuguese princess Isabella.

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Order of the Medjidie

Medjidie or Mejidie (Mecidiye Nişanı, August 29, 1852 – 1922) is the name of a military and knightly order of the Ottoman Empire.

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Order of the Most Holy Annunciation

The Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Ordo SS.), also known as Turchine Nuns or Blue Nuns, is a Roman Catholic religious order of contemplative nuns formed in honour of the mystery of the Incarnation of Christ at Genoa, in Italy, by Blessed Maria Vittoria De Fornari Strata.

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Order of the Royal House of Chakri

The Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri (เครื่องขัตติยราชอิสริยาภรณ์อันมีเกียรติคุณรุ่งเรืองยิ่งมหาจักรีบรมราชวงศ์) was established in 1882 by King Rama V of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) to commemorate the Bangkok Centennial.

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Order of the Tower and Sword

The Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit (Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada do Valor, Lealdade e Mérito) is a Portuguese order of knighthood and the pinnacle of the Portuguese honours system.

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Orient Express

The Orient Express was a long-distance passenger train service created in 1883 by Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL).

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Ortaköy

Ortaköy (literally Middle Village in Turkish) in Greek known as Agios Fokas (Άγιος Φωκάς) in the Byzantine period and Mesachorion (Μεσαχώριον, meaning "middle village") later, is a neighbourhood, formerly a small village, within the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul, Turkey, located in the middle of the European bank of the Bosphorus.

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Oscar Straus (politician)

Oscar Solomon Straus (December 23, 1850 – May 3, 1926) was United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor under President Theodore Roosevelt from 1906 to 1909.

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Ottoman Bulgaria

The history of Ottoman Bulgaria spans nearly 500 years, from the conquest by the Ottoman Empire of the smaller kingdoms emerging from the disintegrating Second Bulgarian Empire in the late 14th century, to the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878.

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Ottoman Caliphate

The Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924), under the Ottoman dynasty of the Ottoman Empire, was the last Sunni Islamic caliphate of the late medieval and the early modern era.

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Ottoman constitution of 1876

The Ottoman constitution of 1876 (قانون اساسى; Kanûn-u Esâsî; "Basic Law") was the first constitution of the Ottoman Empire.

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Ottoman Crete

The island of Crete (گریت Girīt) was declared an Ottoman province (eyalet) in 1646, after the Ottomans managed to conquer the western part of the island as part of the Cretan War, but the Venetians maintained their hold on the capital Candia until 1669, when Francesco Morosini surrendered the keys of the town.

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Ottoman dynasty

The Ottoman dynasty (Osmanlı Hanedanı) was made up of the members of the imperial House of Osman (خاندان آل عثمان Ḫānedān-ı Āl-ı ʿOsmān), also known as the Ottomans (Osmanlılar).

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Ottoman Iraq

Ottoman Iraq refers to the period of the history of Iraq when the region was ruled by the Ottoman Empire (1534–1704 and 1831–1920).

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Ottoman Navy

The Ottoman Navy (Osmanlı Donanması or Donanma-yı Humâyûn), also known as the Ottoman Fleet, was established in the early 14th century after the Ottoman Empire first expanded to reach the sea in 1323 by capturing Karamürsel, the site of the first Ottoman naval shipyard and the nucleus of the future Navy.

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Ottoman public debt

The Ottoman public debt was a term which dated back to 24 August 1855, when the Ottoman Empire first entered into loan contracts with its European creditors shortly after the beginning of the Crimean War.

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Ottoman Public Debt Administration

The Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA) (Ottoman Turkish: Düyun-u Umumiye-i Osmaniye Varidat-ı Muhassasa İdaresi, or simply Düyun-u Umumiye as it was popularly known), was a European-controlled organization that was established in 1881 to collect the payments which the Ottoman Empire owed to European companies in the Ottoman public debt.

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Ottoman Syria

Ottoman Syria refers to the parts of modern-day Syria or of Greater Syria which were subjected to Ottoman rule, anytime between the Ottoman conquests on the Mamluk Sultanate in the early 16th century and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1922.

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Ottomanism

Ottomanism (Turkish: Osmanlılık or Osmanlıcılık) was a concept which developed prior to the First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire.

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Padishah

Padishah, sometimes rendered as Padeshah or Padshah (پادشاه, padişah) is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin, composed of the Persian pād "master" and the widespread shāh "king", which was adopted by several monarchs claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to the ancient Persian notion of "The Great" or "Great King", and later adopted by post-Achaemenid and Christian Emperors.

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Palace

A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop.

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Pan-Islamism

Pan-Islamism (الوحدة الإسلامية) is a political movement advocating the unity of Muslims under one Islamic state – often a Caliphate – or an international organization with Islamic principles.

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Paranoia

Paranoia is an instinct or thought process believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of delusion and irrationality.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Pasha

Pasha or Paşa (پاشا, paşa), in older works sometimes anglicized as bashaw, was a higher rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries and others.

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Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Pau is a commune on the northern edge of the Pyrenees, and capital of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques Département in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.

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Payitaht: Abdülhamid

Payitaht: "Abdülhamid", named The Last Emperor in English, is a Turkish historical television drama series starring Bulent Inal and Ozlem Conker depicting historical events during the reign of the 34th Ottoman Sultan, Abdul Hamid II.

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Perestu Kadın

Perestu Kadın (1826 – 11 December 1904) was a consort of Sultan Abdülmecid I of the Ottoman Empire.

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Pesend Hanım

Pesend Hanım (born Fatma Kadriye Achba; 13 February 1876 – 5 November 1924) was an imperial consort of the Ottoman Empire as the eleventh wife of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

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Peyveste Hanım

Peyveste Hanım (10 May 1873 – 1943; پیوسته خانم) was a consort of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.

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Pilgrimage

A pilgrimage is a journey or search of moral or spiritual significance.

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Political prisoner

A political prisoner is someone imprisoned because they have opposed or criticized the government responsible for their imprisonment.

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Poti

Poti (ფოთი; Mingrelian: ფუთი; Laz: ჶაში/Faşi or ფაში/Paşi) is a port city in Georgia, located on the eastern Black Sea coast in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti in the west of the country.

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Pour le Mérite

The Pour le Mérite (French, literally "For Merit") is an order of merit (Verdienstorden) established in 1740 by King Frederick II of Prussia.

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Prince George of Greece and Denmark

Prince George of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Πρίγκιπας Γεώργιος; 24 June 1869 – 25 November 1957) was the second son of George I of Greece and Olga Konstantinovna of Russia, and is remembered chiefly for having once saved the life of the future Emperor of Russia, Nicholas II in 1891 during their visit to Japan together.

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Princess Senije Zogu

Princess Senije Zogu also called Sanije Zogu (1903–1969), was an Albanian princess.

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Principality of Bulgaria

The Principality of Bulgaria (Княжество България, Knyazhestvo Balgariya) was a de facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.

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Principality of Montenegro

The Principality of Montenegro (Књажевина Црнa Горa/Knjaževina Crna Gora) was a former realm in Southeastern Europe that existed from 13 March 1852 to 28 August 1910.

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Principality of Serbia

The Principality of Serbia (Кнежевина Србија / Kneževina Srbija) was a semi-independent state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of the Serbian Revolution, which lasted between 1804 and 1817.

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Rail transport in Lebanon

Rail transport in Lebanon began in the 1890s as French projects under the Ottoman Empire but largely ceased in the 1970s owing to the country's civil war.

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Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı

Rıza Tevfik (Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934; 1869 – 31 December 1949) was a Turkish philosopher, poet, politician of liberal signature and a community leader (for some members among the Bektashi community) of the late-19th-century and early-20th-century.

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Reichstadt Agreement

The Reichstadt agreement was an agreement made between Austria-Hungary and Russia in July 1876, who were at that time in an alliance with each other and Germany in the League of the Three Emperors, or Dreikaiserbund.

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Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro (River of January), or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas.

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Royal Order of Kamehameha I (decoration)

The Order of Kamehameha I was the second Knightly Order of the Kingdom of Hawaiokinai.

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Royal Order of the Seraphim

The Royal Order of the Seraphim (Swedish: Kungliga Serafimerorden; Seraphim being a category of Angels) is a Swedish order of chivalry created by King Frederick I on 23 February 1748, together with the Order of the Sword and the Order of the Polar Star.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Руско-турска Освободителна война, Russian-Turkish Liberation war) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.

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Saffet Pasha

Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha, also known as Saffet Pasha (1814 – 1883) was an Ottoman statesman and reformer, who served as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Abdul Hamid II.

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Salzburg

Salzburg, literally "salt fortress", is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of Salzburg state.

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Sarah Bernhardt

Sarah Bernhardt (22 or 23 October 1844 – 26 March 1923) was a French stage actress who starred in some of the most popular French plays of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including La Dame Aux Camelias by Alexandre Dumas, ''fils'', Ruy Blas by Victor Hugo, Fédora and La Tosca by Victorien Sardou, and L'Aiglon by Edmond Rostand.

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Sciences Po

The Paris Institute of Political Studies (Institut d'études politiques de Paris), commonly referred as Sciences Po, is a highly selective French university (legally a grande école).

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Sea of Marmara

The Sea of Marmara (Marmara Denizi), also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, and in the context of classical antiquity as the Propontis is the inland sea, entirely within the borders of Turkey, that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating Turkey's Asian and European parts.

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Secret police

The term secret police (or political police)Ilan Berman & J. Michael Waller, "Introduction: The Centrality of the Secret Police" in Dismantling Tyranny: Transitioning Beyond Totalitarian Regimes (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. xv.

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Seymour Expedition

The Seymour Expedition was an attempt by a multi-national military force to march to Beijing and protect the diplomatic legations and foreign nationals in the city from attacks by Boxers in 1900.

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Shaykh al-Islām

Shaykh al-Islām (شيخ الإسلام, Šayḫ al-Islām; Şeyḫülislām) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.

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Sheikh

Sheikh (pronounced, or; شيخ, mostly pronounced, plural شيوخ)—also transliterated Sheik, Shykh, Shaik, Shayk, Shaykh, Cheikh, Shekh, and Shaikh—is an honorific title in the Arabic language.

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Sherlock Holmes

Sherlock Holmes is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

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Sick man of Europe

"Sick man of Europe" is a label given to a European country experiencing a time of economic difficulty or impoverishment.

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Siege of the International Legations

The Siege of the International Legations occurred in the summer of 1900 in Peking (today Beijing), the capital of the Qing Empire, during the Boxer Rebellion.

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Sivas

Sivas (Latin and Greek: Sebastia, Sebastea, Sebasteia, Sebaste, Σεβάστεια, Σεβαστή) is a city in central Turkey and the seat of Sivas Province.

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Social Democrat Hunchakian Party

The Social Democrat Party (SDHP) (Սոցիալ Դեմոկրատ Հնչակյան Կուսակցություն; ՍԴՀԿ), is the first Armenian political party, founded in 1887 by a group of students in Geneva, Switzerland.

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Sofia

Sofia (Со́фия, tr.) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.

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Sublime Porte

The Sublime Porte, also known as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte (باب عالی Bāb-ı Ālī or Babıali, from باب, bāb "gate" and عالي, alī "high"), is a synecdochic metonym for the central government of the Ottoman Empire.

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Sukhumi

Sokhumi or Sukhumi (Аҟәа, Aqwa; სოხუმი,; Сухум(и), Sukhum(i)) is a city on the Black Sea coast.

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Sultanate of Sulu

The Sultanate of Sulu (Tausūg: Kasultanan sin Sūg, Jawi: کسلطانن سولو دار الإسلام, Kesultanan Sulu, سلطنة سولك) was a Muslim state that ruled the islands in the Sulu Archipelago, parts of Mindanao, certain portions of Palawan and north-eastern Borneo (present-day the certain parts of Sabah and North Kalimantan).

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam.

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Sword of Osman

The Sword of Osman (Taklid-i Seyf; Osman'ın Kılıcı) was an important sword of state used during the enthronement ceremony (Kılıç alayı) of the sultans of the Ottoman Empire.

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Tanzimat

The Tanzimât (lit) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.

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Tatars

The Tatars (татарлар, татары) are a Turkic-speaking peoples living mainly in Russia and other Post-Soviet countries.

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Tausūg people

The Tausūg or Suluk people are an ethnic group of the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia.

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Tawfiq of Egypt

Mohamed Tewfik Pasha (محمد توفيق باشا, Muhammed Tevfik Paşa; April 30 or November 15, 1852 – January 7, 1892), also known as Tawfiq of Egypt, was khedive of Egypt and the Sudan between 1879 and 1892 and the sixth ruler from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty.

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Tbilisi

Tbilisi (თბილისი), in some countries also still named by its pre-1936 international designation Tiflis, is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million people.

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The Economist

The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors

The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors is a 2013 BBC Two documentary in three parts presented by Rageh Omaar.

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Theodor Herzl

Theodor Herzl (תאודור הֶרְצֵל Te'odor Hertsel, Herzl Tivadar; 2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904), Hebrew name given at his brit milah Binyamin Ze'ev (בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב), also known in Hebrew as, Chozeh HaMedinah (lit. "Visionary of the State") was an Austro-Hungarian journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer who was the father of modern political Zionism.

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Theresian Military Academy

The Theresian Military Academy (Theresianische Militärakademie, TherMilAk) is a military academy in Austria, where the Austrian Armed Forces train their officers.

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Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη, Thessaloníki), also familiarly known as Thessalonica, Salonica, or Salonika is the second-largest city in Greece, with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of Greek Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.

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Tirana

Tirana (—; Tiranë; Tirona) is the capital and most populous city of Albania.

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Tirimüjgan Kadın

Tirimüjgan Kadın (16 August 1819 – 3 October 1852; تیرمژکان قادین) was a consort of Sultan Abdülmecid I of the Ottoman Empire.

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Tokat

Tokat is the capital city of Tokat Province of Turkey in the mid-Black Sea region of Anatolia.

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Topkapı Palace

The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in طوپقپو سرايى, Ṭopḳapu Sarāyı), or the Seraglio, is a large museum in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Toulouse

Toulouse (Tolosa, Tolosa) is the capital of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the region of Occitanie.

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Treaty of Constantinople (1897)

The Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece signed on 4 December 1897 following the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.

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Treaty of San Stefano

The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano (Russian: Сан-Стефанский мир; Peace of San-Stefano, Сан-Стефанский мирный договор; Peace treaty of San-Stefano, Turkish: Ayastefanos Muahedesi or Ayastefanos Antlaşması) was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at San Stefano, then a village west of Constantinople, on by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Aleksandr Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and Foreign Minister Safvet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.

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Triple Entente

The Triple Entente (from French entente "friendship, understanding, agreement") refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907.

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Tughra

A tughra (طغرا tuğrâ) is a calligraphic monogram, seal or signature of a sultan that was affixed to all official documents and correspondence.

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Turkey

Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United Principalities

The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia was the official name of the personal union which later became Romania, adopted in 1859 when Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the Domnitor (Ruling Prince) of both territories, which were still vassals of the Ottoman Empire.

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United States Secretary of State

The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America, and as head of the U.S. Department of State, is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs.

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Valide sultan

Valide sultan (والده سلطان, lit. "mother sultan") was the title held by the "legal mother" of a ruling Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

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Vienna

Vienna (Wien) is the federal capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria.

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Viroflay

Viroflay is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France.

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Vlas Doroshevich

Vlas Mikhailovich Doroshevich (Влас Миха́йлович Дороше́вич), born April 17, 1864 – died February 22, 1922, was one of Russia's most popular and widely read journalists, and a novelist, essayist, drama critic, and short story writer.

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Weber

Weber (or; German) is a surname of German origin, derived from the noun meaning "weaver".

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Wilhelm II, German Emperor

Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.

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Yıldız assassination attempt

A failed assassination attempted on Sultan Abdul Hamid II by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation at Yıldız Mosque took place on 21 July 1905 in the Ottoman capital Constantinople.

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Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque

The Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque (Yıldız Hamidiye Camii), also called the Yıldız Mosque (Yıldız Camii), is an Ottoman imperial mosque located in Yıldız neighbourhood of Beşiktaş district in Istanbul, Turkey, on the way to Yıldız Palace.

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Yıldız Palace

Yıldız Palace (Yıldız Sarayı) is a vast complex of former imperial Ottoman pavilions and villas in Istanbul, Turkey, built in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Yemen Vilayet

Yemen Vilayet (Ottoman Turkish: ولايت یمن Vilâyet-i Yemen) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.

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Young Ottomans

The Young Ottomans were a secret society established in 1865 by a group of Ottoman Turkish intellectuals who were dissatisfied with the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, which they believed did not go far enough.

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Young Turk Revolution

The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908) of the Ottoman Empire was when the Young Turks movement restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and ushered in multi-party politics in a two stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament.

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Young Turks

Young Turks (Jön Türkler, from Les Jeunes Turcs) was a Turkish nationalist party in the early 20th century that consisted of Ottoman exiles, students, civil servants, and army officers.

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Zionism

Zionism (צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut after Zion) is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine).

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Zog I of Albania

Zog I, King of the Albanians (Nalt Madhnija e Tij Zogu I, Mbreti i Shqiptareve,; 8 October 18959 April 1961), born Ahmet Muhtar Zogolli, taking the surname Zogu in 1922, was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939.

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31 March Incident

The 31 March Incident (31 Mart Vakası, 31 Mart Olayı, 31 Mart Hadisesi, or 31 Mart İsyanı) was the defeat of the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 by the Hareket Ordusu ("Army of Action"), which was the 11th Salonika Reserve Infantry Division of the Third Army stationed in the Balkans and commanded by Mahmud Shevket Pasha on 24 April 1909.

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Redirects here:

'Abd al-Hamid II, 'Abdu'l-Hamid II, Abd Al-Hamid II, Abd Al-Hamid II Khan Ghazi, Abd al-Hamid II, Abd al-hamid II, Abd-ul-Hamid II, Abd-ul-hamid II, Abdal Hamid II, Abdel Hamid II, Abdu'l-Hamid II, Abduelhamid II, Abduelhamit II, Abdul Hameed II, Abdul Hamit II, Abdul the Damned, Abdul-Hamid II, Abdulhamid II, Abdulhamit II, Abdül Hamid II, Abdülhamid II, Abdülhamit II, Al Hamid II, Hamid II, His Imperial Majesty, The Sultan Abdülhamid II, Emperor of the Ottomans, Caliph of the Faithful, Sultan Abduelhamit II, Sultan Abdulhamit II, `Abd Al-Hamid the Second, ‘Abdu’l-Hamid II.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II

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