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Battle of Kosovo

Index Battle of Kosovo

The Battle of Kosovo took place on 15 June 1389 between an army led by the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Murad Hüdavendigâr. [1]

96 relations: Akinji, Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Anatolia, Archery, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary, Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881, Azap, Čedomir Antić, Đurađ II Balšić, Balkans, Battle of Ankara, Battle of Bileća, Battle of Dubravnica, Battle of Kosovo (1448), Battle of Maritsa, Battle of Nicopolis, Battle of Pločnik, Bayezid I, Bertrando de Mignanelli, Charles Simic, District of Branković, Edirne, Fall of the Serbian Empire, Florence, Gavrilo Princip, Gazimestan, Gazimestan speech, Gjilan, Gregorian calendar, Hungarians, Ihtiman, Isfendiyarids, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria, Janissaries, John of Palisna, Kingdom of Bosnia, Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102), Knight, Knights Hospitaller, Kosovo, Kosovo curse, Kosovo field (Kosovo), Kratovo, Macedonia, Kumanovo, Kyustendil, Lazar of Serbia, List of rulers of Bosnia, List of Serb countries and regions, List of Serbian–Turkish conflicts, ..., Miloš Obilić, Moravian Serbia, Murad I, Naples, Niš, Nišava, Ottoman architecture, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turks, Ottoman wars in Europe, Pasha Yiğit Bey, Plovdiv, Politika, Preševo, Prince Marko, Principality of Serbia, Principality of Zeta, Pristina, Prokuplje, Proleptic Gregorian calendar, Republic of Macedonia, Robert Elsie, Serbia in the Middle Ages, Serbian Despotate, Serbian national identity, Serbian nobility, Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876-1878), Serbs, Sipahi, Slobodan Milošević, Sofia, South Morava, Stanford J. Shaw, Stefan Dušan, Stefan Lazarević, Stefan Uroš V, Tomb of Sultan Murad, Tsar, Turkmens, Tvrtko I of Bosnia, Ulcinj, Vassal, Vidovdan, Vidovdan Constitution, Vlatko Vuković, Vuk Branković. Expand index (46 more) »

Akinji

Akinji or akindji (akıncı,; literally, "Warriors ", plural: akıncılar) were irregular light cavalry, scout divisions (deli) and advance troops of the Ottoman Empire's military.

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Alexander I of Yugoslavia

Alexander I (– 9 October 1934), also known as Alexander the Unifier, served as a prince regent of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1914 and later became King of Yugoslavia from 1921 to 1934 (prior to 1929 the state was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes).

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.

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Archery

Archery is the art, sport, practice or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows.

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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, occurred on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo when they were mortally wounded by Gavrilo Princip.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.

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Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881

The Austro–Serbian Convention of 1881 was a secret bilateral treaty signed in Belgrade on 28 June 1881 by Gabriel Freiherr Herbert-Rathkeal on behalf of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and by Čedomilj Mijatović″Austro-ugarsko-srpska tajna konvencija g. 1881.″ // Hrvatska Enciklopedija, Zagreb: Naklada Konzorcija Hrvatske Enciklopedije (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), 1941, Vol.

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Azap

Azabs (عزب, modern Turkish Azap, from Arabic, literally unmarried, meaning bachelor) also known as Asappes or Asappi, were a kind of peasant militia, originally made up of unmarried youths who served as irregular foot soldiers (light infantry) in the early Ottoman army.

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Čedomir Antić

Čedomir Antić (sr; born 9 October 1974) is a Serbian historian and political activist.

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Đurađ II Balšić

Đurađ Stracimirović (Ђурађ Страцимировић; 1385 – April 1403), or Đurađ II was the Lord of Zeta from 1385 to 1403, as a member of the Balšić noble family.

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Balkans

The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.

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Battle of Ankara

The Battle of Ankara (or Angora) was fought on 20 July 1402 at the Çubuk plain near Ankara between the forces of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and Timur (Tamerlane), ruler of the Timurid Empire.

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Battle of Bileća

The Battle of Bileća was fought in August 1388 between the forces of the Kingdom of Bosnia led by Duke Vlatko Vuković and the Ottoman Turks under the leadership of Lala Şahin Pasha.

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Battle of Dubravnica

The Battle of Dubravnica was fought in the summer of 1380 or December 1381, on the Dubravnica River near Paraćin in today's central Serbia, between the Serbian forces of Prince Lazar of Serbia led by commanders Vitomir and Crep and the invading Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I. The battle was the first historical mention of any Ottoman movements into Prince Lazar's territory.

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Battle of Kosovo (1448)

The Second Battle of Kosovo (Hungarian: második rigómezei csata, Turkish: İkinci Kosova Savaşı) (17–20 October 1448) was a land battle between a Hungarian-led Crusader army and the Ottoman Empire at Kosovo Polje.

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Battle of Maritsa

The Battle of Maritsa, or Battle of Chernomen (Маричка битка, бој код Черномена, Битката при Марица, битката при Черномен, Çirmen Muharebesi, İkinci Meriç Muharebesi in tr. Second Battle of Maritsa) took place at the Maritsa River near the village of Chernomen (today Ormenio in Greece) on September 26, 1371 between the forces of Ottoman commanders Lala Shahin Pasha and Evrenos and Serbian commanders King Vukašin Mrnjavčević and his brother Despot Jovan Uglješa who also wanted to get revenge after the First Battle of Maritsa.

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Battle of Nicopolis

The Battle of Nicopolis (Битка при Никопол, Bitka pri Nikopol; Niğbolu Savaşı, Nikápolyi csata, Bătălia de la Nicopole) took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied crusader army of Hungarian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Wallachian, French, English, Burgundian, German and assorted troops (assisted by the Venetian navy) at the hands of an Ottoman force, raising of the siege of the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis and leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. It is often referred to as the Crusade of Nicopolis as it was one of the last large-scale Crusades of the Middle Ages, together with the Crusade of Varna in 1443–1444.

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Battle of Pločnik

The Battle of Pločnik was a combat fought sometime between 1385 and 1387 near the village of Pločnik (near Prokuplje in today's southeastern Serbia), between the Serbian forces of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and the invading Ottoman Army of Sultan Murad I.

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Bayezid I

Bayezid I (بايزيد اول; I. (nicknamed Yıldırım (Ottoman Turkish: یلدیرم), "Lightning, Thunderbolt"); 1360 – 8 March 1403) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1389 to 1402.

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Bertrando de Mignanelli

Bertrando de Mignanelli or Beltramo Mignanelli di Siena (1370 – 1455 or 1460) was an adventurous and multilingual Italian merchant who lived in Damascus at the beginning of the 15th century and wrote the only Latin language primary source about Tamerlane's conquest of Damascus.

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Charles Simic

Charles Simic (Душан "Чарлс" Симић; born Dušan Simić; May 9, 1938) is a Serbian-American poet and was co-poetry editor of the Paris Review.

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District of Branković

The District of Branković (Земља Бранковића, Zemlja Brankovića) or Vuk's land (Вукова земља, Vukova zemlja) was one of the short lived semi-independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Serbian Empire in 1371, following the death of the last Emperor Uroš the Weak (1346-1371).

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Edirne

Edirne, historically known as Adrianople (Hadrianopolis in Latin or Adrianoupolis in Greek, founded by the Roman emperor Hadrian on the site of a previous Thracian settlement named Uskudama), is a city in the northwestern Turkish province of Edirne in the region of East Thrace, close to Turkey's borders with Greece and Bulgaria.

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Fall of the Serbian Empire

The fall of the Serbian Empire was a decades-long period in the late 14th century that marked the end of the once-powerful Serbian Empire.

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Florence

Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.

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Gavrilo Princip

Gavrilo Princip (Гаврило Принцип,; 28 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb member of Young Bosnia, a Yugoslavist organization seeking an end to Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Gazimestan

Gazimestan is the name of a memorial site and monument commemorating the Battle of Kosovo (1389), situated about 6-7 kilometres southeast of the actual battlefield, known as the Kosovo field.

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Gazimestan speech

The Gazimestan speech was a speech given on 28 June 1989 by Slobodan Milošević, the president of Serbia at the time.

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Gjilan

Gjilan (Gjilani) or Gnjilane (Serbian Cyrillic: Гњилане), is a city and municipality located in the Gjilan District in eastern Kosovo.

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Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used civil calendar in the world.

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Hungarians

Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary (Magyarország) and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history and speak the Hungarian language.

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Ihtiman

Ihtiman (Ихтиман) is a town in western Bulgaria, part of Sofia Province.

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Isfendiyarids

The Isfendiyarids or Isfendiyarid dynasty (Modern Turkish: İsfendiyaroğulları, İsfendiyaroğulları Beyliği), also known as the Beylik of Sinop, the Principality of Isfendiyar and Beylik of Isfendiyar (İsfendiyar Beyliği), its former name was Jandarids or Principality of Jandar (Candaroğulları, Candaroğulları Beyliği), was an Anatolian Turkoman beylik that ruled principally in the regions corresponding to present-day Kastamonu and Sinop provinces of Turkey, also covering parts of Zonguldak, Bartın, Karabük, Samsun, Bolu, Ankara and Çankırı provinces, between 1292–1461, in the Black Sea region of modern-day Turkey.

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Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria

Ivan Shishman (Иван Шишман) ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria in Tarnovo from 1371 to 3 June 1395.

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Janissaries

The Janissaries (يڭيچرى, meaning "new soldier") were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, bodyguards and the first modern standing army in Europe.

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John of Palisna

John of Palisna (Ivan od Paližne, Joannes de Palisna) (? – 23 March 1391) was a Croatian knight and warrior, prior of Vrana, and Ban of Croatia.

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Kingdom of Bosnia

The Kingdom of Bosnia (Bosansko Kraljevstvo) was a South Slavic medieval Kingdom that evolved from the Banate of Bosnia (1154–1377).

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Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)

The Kingdom of Croatia (Regnum Croatiae; Kraljevina Hrvatska, Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo) was a medieval kingdom in Central Europe comprising most of what is today Croatia (without western Istria and some Dalmatian coastal cities), as well as most of the modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Knight

A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch, bishop or other political leader for service to the monarch or a Christian Church, especially in a military capacity.

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Knights Hospitaller

The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), also known as the Order of Saint John, Order of Hospitallers, Knights Hospitaller, Knights Hospitalier or Hospitallers, was a medieval Catholic military order.

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Kosovo

Kosovo (Kosova or Kosovë; Косово) is a partially recognised state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe that declared independence from Serbia in February 2008 as the Republic of Kosovo (Republika e Kosovës; Република Косово / Republika Kosovo).

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Kosovo curse

The Kosovo curse (Косовска клетва/Kosovska kletva) or Prince's curse (Serbian: Кнежева клетва/Kneževa kletva), is according to legend, a curse said by Serbian Prince Lazar before the Battle of Kosovo.

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Kosovo field (Kosovo)

The Kosovo field (Косово поље / Kosovo polje, fusha e Kosovës, Amselfeld, Rigómező) is a large karst field (polje), a plain located in the eastern part of Kosovo (Kosovo proper).

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Kratovo, Macedonia

Kratovo (Кратово) is a small town in Macedonia.

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Kumanovo

Kumanovo (Куманово; also known by other alternative names) is a city in the Republic of Macedonia and is the seat of Kumanovo Municipality, the largest municipality in the country.

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Kyustendil

Kyustendil (Кюстендил) is a town in the far west of Bulgaria, the capital of the Kyustendil Province, a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see.

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Lazar of Serbia

Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović (Лазар Хребељановић; ca. 1329 – 15 June 1389) was a medieval Serbian ruler who created the largest and most powerful state on the territory of the disintegrated Serbian Empire.

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List of rulers of Bosnia

This is a list of rulers of Bosnia, containing bans and kings of Medieval Bosnia.

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List of Serb countries and regions

The term Serbian lands has been used for medieval Serbian state creations, for Serb-inhabited territories in the Ottoman period and in political-geopraphical use since the independence of Serbia and Montenegro.

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List of Serbian–Turkish conflicts

Serbian–Turkish conflicts or Serbian–Ottoman conflicts include those of medieval Serbia against the Ottoman Empire, until World War I (modern Turkey).

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Miloš Obilić

Miloš Obilić (Милош Обилић,; died June 15, 1389) was a Serbian knight in the service of Prince Lazar, during the invasion of the Ottoman Empire.

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Moravian Serbia

Moravian Serbia (Моравска Србија / Moravska Srbija) is the name used in historiography for the largest and most powerful Serbian principality to emerge from the ruins of the Serbian Empire (1371).

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Murad I

Murad I (مراد اول; I. (nicknamed Hüdavendigâr, from Persian: خداوندگار, Khodāvandgār, "the devotee of God" – but meaning "sovereign" in this context); 29 June 1326 – 15 June 1389) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1362 to 1389.

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Naples

Naples (Napoli, Napule or; Neapolis; lit) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy after Rome and Milan.

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Niš

Niš (Ниш) is the third-largest city in Serbia and the administrative center of the Nišava District.

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Nišava

The Nišava or Nishava (Bulgarian and Нишава) is a river in Bulgaria and Serbia, a right tributary, and with a length of 218 km also the longest one, of the South Morava.

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Ottoman architecture

Ottoman architecture is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Ottoman Turks

The Ottoman Turks (or Osmanlı Turks, Osmanlı Türkleri) were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes.

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Ottoman wars in Europe

The Ottoman wars in Europe were a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states dating from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century.

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Pasha Yiğit Bey

Pasha Yiğit Bey or Saruhanli Pasha Yiğit Bey (Pašait-beg, also Pasaythus or Basaitus d. 1413) was an Ottoman civil and military officer at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th century.

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Plovdiv

Plovdiv (Пловдив) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria, with a city population of 341,000 and 675,000 in the greater metropolitan area.

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Politika

Politika (Политика; Politics) is a Serbian daily newspaper, published in Belgrade.

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Preševo

Preševo (Прешево) or Presheva (Preshevë), is a town and municipality located in the Pčinja District of southern Serbia.

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Prince Marko

Marko Mrnjavčević (Марко Мрњавчевић,; – 17 May 1395) was the de jure Serbian king from 1371 to 1395, while he was the de facto ruler of territory in western Macedonia centered on the town of Prilep.

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Principality of Serbia

The Principality of Serbia (Кнежевина Србија / Kneževina Srbija) was a semi-independent state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of the Serbian Revolution, which lasted between 1804 and 1817.

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Principality of Zeta

The Principality of Zeta (Кнежевина Зета) (in modern-day Montenegro) is the historiographical name for a medieval state centered around Lake Skadar, ruled by the families of Balšić, Lazarević, Branković and Crnojević in succession from the second half of the 14th century until Ottoman conquest in 1498.

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Pristina

Pristina (Prishtina or Prishtinë) or Priština (Приштина), is the capital and largest city of Kosovo.

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Prokuplje

Prokuplje (Прокупље) is a city and the administrative center of the Toplica District in the southern Serbia.

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Proleptic Gregorian calendar

The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian calendar backward to dates preceding its official introduction in 1582.

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Republic of Macedonia

Macedonia (translit), officially the Republic of Macedonia, is a country in the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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Robert Elsie

Robert Elsie (June 29, 1950 – October 2, 2017) was a Canadian-born German scholar who specialized in Albanian literature and folklore.

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Serbia in the Middle Ages

The medieval history of Serbia begins in the 6th century with the Slavic invasion of the Balkans, and lasts until the Ottoman occupation of 1540.

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Serbian Despotate

The Serbian Despotate (Српска деспотовина / Srpska despotovina) was a medieval Serbian state in the first half of the 15th century.

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Serbian national identity

Serbia is the nation state of the Serbs, who are Serbia's dominant ethnic group.

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Serbian nobility

Serbian nobility (italic) refers to the historical privileged order or class (aristocracy) of Serbia, that is, the medieval Serbian states, and after the Ottoman conquests of Serbian lands in the 15th and 16th centuries, Serbian noble families of the Kingdom of Hungary, Republic of Venice, and the Habsburg Monarchy.

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Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876-1878)

The Serbian–Turkish Wars or Serbian–Ottoman Wars (српско-турски ратови / srpsko-turski ratovi), also known as the Serbian Wars for Independence (српски ратови за независност, srpski ratovi za nezavisnost), were two consequent wars (1876-1877 and 1877-1878), fought between the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire.

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Serbs

The Serbs (Срби / Srbi) are a South Slavic ethnic group that formed in the Balkans.

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Sipahi

Sipahi (translit) were two types of Ottoman cavalry corps, including the fief-holding provincial timarli sipahi, which constituted most of the army, and the regular kapikulu sipahi, palace troops.

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Slobodan Milošević

Slobodan Milošević (Слободан Милошевић; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was a Yugoslav and Serbian politician and the President of Serbia (originally the Socialist Republic of Serbia, a constituent republic within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) from 1989 to 1997 and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000.

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Sofia

Sofia (Со́фия, tr.) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.

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South Morava

South Morava or in the past Bulgarian Morava (Macedonian and Serbian Cyrillic: Јужна Морава, Serbian Latin: Južna Morava,; Lumi Morava; Българска Морава, Balgarska Morava) is a river in eastern Kosovo and in southern Serbia, which represents the shorter headwater of Great Morava.

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Stanford J. Shaw

Stanford Jay Shaw (May 5, 1930 – December 16, 2006) was an American historian, best known for his works on the late Ottoman Empire, Turkish Jews, and the early Turkish Republic.

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Stefan Dušan

Stefan Uroš IV Dušan (Стефан Урош IV Душан), known as Dušan the Mighty (Душан Силни/Dušan Silni; 1308 – 20 December 1355), was the King of Serbia from 8 September 1331 and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks from 16 April 1346 until his death.

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Stefan Lazarević

Stefan Lazarević (Стефан Лазаревић, 1377–19 July 1427), also known as Stefan the Tall (Стеван Високи), was the ruler of Serbia as prince (1389-1402) and despot (1402-1427).

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Stefan Uroš V

Saint Stefan Uroš V (Свети Стефан Урош V; 13362/4 December 1371), known in historiography as Uroš the Weak (Урош Нејаки/Uroš Nejaki), was the second Emperor (Tsar) of the Serbian Empire (1355–1371), and before that he was co-regent of his father Stefan Uroš IV Dušan ''Silni'' ("The Mighty") (1346-1355).

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Tomb of Sultan Murad

The Tomb of Sultan Murad (Tyrbja e Sulltan Muratit; Sultan I. Murad Türbesi, also known as Meşhed-i Hüdâvendigâr) is a mausoleum (türbe) dedicated to the Ottoman Sultan Murad I located in Kosovo.

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Tsar

Tsar (Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe.

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Turkmens

The Turkmens (Türkmenler, Түркменлер, IPA) are a nation and Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, primarily the Turkmen nation state of Turkmenistan.

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Tvrtko I of Bosnia

Stephen Tvrtko I (Stjepan/Stefan Tvrtko, Стефан/Стјепан Твртко; 1338 – 10 March 1391) was the first King of Bosnia.

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Ulcinj

Ulcinj (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Улцињ,; Albanian: Ulqin or Ulqini) is a town on the southern coast of Montenegro and the capital of Ulcinj Municipality.

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Vassal

A vassal is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe.

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Vidovdan

Vidovdan (Видовдан, "St. Vitus Day") is a Serbian national and religious holiday, a slava (feast day) celebrated on 28 June (Gregorian calendar), or 15 June according to the Julian calendar, in use by the Serbian Orthodox Church to venerate St.

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Vidovdan Constitution

The Vidovdan Constitution was the first constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

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Vlatko Vuković

Vlatko Vuković Kosača (died 1392) was a 14th-century Bosnian nobleman, duke of duchy of Hum, Grand Duke of Bosnia (Veliki vojvoda bosanski) and one of the best military commanders of King Tvrtko I.

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Vuk Branković

Vuk Branković (Вук Бранковић,, 1345 – October 6, 1397) was a Serbian medieval nobleman who, during the Fall of the Serbian Empire, inherited a province that extended over present-day southern and southwestern Serbia, the northern part of present day Macedonia, and northern Montenegro.

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Redirects here:

1389 Battle of Kosovo, Battle of Amsfeld, Battle of Kosova, Battle of Kosovo (1389), Battle of Kosovo Field, Battle of Kosovo Polja, Battle of Kosovo Polje, Battle of Kossovo, Battle of kosovo, Battle of the Field of Blackbirds, Battle of the Field of the Blackbirds, Kosovan Battle, Kosovan battle, Kosovo Battle, Kosovo battle, Kosovska bitka, Names of Battle of Kosovo in different languages, Serbian-Turkish War (1389), The Battle of Kosovo.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo

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