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Celtic polytheism

Index Celtic polytheism

Celtic polytheism, commonly known as Celtic paganism, comprises the religious beliefs and practices adhered to by the Iron Age people of Western Europe now known as the Celts, roughly between 500 BCE and 500 CE, spanning the La Tène period and the Roman era, and in the case of the Insular Celts the British and Irish Iron Age. [1]

208 relations: Afterlife, Aix-en-Provence, Alexander Macbain, Ancient history, Ancient Rome, Anglesey, Animal sacrifice, Animism, Anthropomorphism, Apollo, Artio, Augustus, Barbarian, Bard, Barry Cunliffe, Battersea Shield, Bavaria, Beltane, Bernhard Maier, Bias, Boudica, Brahmin, Brigantia (goddess), Brigid, Brigid of Kildare, British Iron Age, Burgundy, Cassius Dio, Cú Chulainn, Celtic Christianity, Celtic deities, Celtic mythology, Celtic nations, Celtic neopaganism, Celtic Revival, Celts, Celts (modern), Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Cernunnos, Chamalières, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Christian monasticism, Christianization, Cicero, Classical antiquity, Clergy, Clermont-Ferrand, Clootie well, Coin, Coligny calendar, ..., Commentarii de Bello Gallico, Common Era, Comparative mythology, Conall Cernach, Curse, Cybele, Dawn goddess, Diodorus Siculus, Divination, Druid, Druidry (modern), Eburonian, Edward Anwyl, Eisteddfod, Entremont (oppidum), Epigraphy, Epona, Esus, Excavation (archaeology), Fairy, Feis, Fergus mac Róich, Filí, Gaelic calendar, Gallia Belgica, Gallo-Roman culture, Gallo-Roman religion, Gaul, Gauls, Glossary of ancient Roman religion, Gloucestershire, God, Goddess, Gournay-sur-Aronde, Great St Bernard Pass, Greco-Roman mysteries, Grove (nature), Hampshire, Hanging, Hayling Island, Hieros gamos, Hill of Tara, Hispania, Horned God, Human sacrifice, Imbolc, Imperial cult of ancient Rome, India, Insular Celts, Internet Sacred Text Archive, Interpretatio graeca, Ireland, Irish mythology, Iron Age, Isis, James George Frazer, Jan de Vries (linguist), John Rhys, Joseph Vendryes, Julius Caesar, Jupiter (mythology), Kent, La Tène culture, Lenus, Lindow Man, List of Graeco-Roman geographers, Lists of deities, Literature, Lleu Llaw Gyffes, Llyn Cerrig Bach, Londinium, Lucan, Lugdunum, Lugh, Lugus, Mac Cuilinn, Magic (supernatural), Mars (mythology), Matres and Matronae, Medb, Mercury (mythology), Middle Ages, Minerva, Miranda Aldhouse-Green, Miranda Green, Mithraism, Modern Paganism, Mythology, Natural environment, New Age, Nigel Pennick, Noricum, Numen, Oise, Oral tradition, Orpheus, Otherworld, Paganism, Peter Berresford Ellis, Pliny the Elder, Poetry, Polytheism, Polytheistic reconstructionism, Prehistoric Ireland, Proto-Celtic language, Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European religion, Raetia, Reincarnation, Religion in ancient Rome, River Thames, Roman Britain, Roman conquest of Britain, Roman Empire, Roman mythology, Roman province, Roman Republic, Romanization, Ronald Hutton, Rosmerta, Sacred grove, Saint-Germain-le-Rocheux, Samhain, Sanas Cormaic, Satire, Scriptorium, Seine, Sequana, Shamanism, Sirona, Social status, Strabo, Stuart Piggott, Superman, Supernatural, Syncretism, Tacitus, Taranis, Taxus, Telesphorus (mythology), Tollund Man, Torc, Toutatis, Trier, Triple deity, Tuatha Dé Danann, Uley, Vates, Vendeuil-Caply, Vernacular literature, Viereckschanze, Votive offering, Walbrook, Wales, Wandsworth Shield, Waterloo Helmet, Wicker man, Worth, Kent. Expand index (158 more) »

Afterlife

Afterlife (also referred to as life after death or the hereafter) is the belief that an essential part of an individual's identity or the stream of consciousness continues to manifest after the death of the physical body.

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Aix-en-Provence

Aix-en-Provence (Provençal Occitan: Ais de Provença in classical norm, or Ais de Prouvènço in Mistralian norm,, Aquae Sextiae), or simply Aix (medieval Occitan Aics), is a city-commune in the south of France, about north of Marseille.

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Alexander Macbain

Alexander Macbain (or Alexander MacBain) (22 July 1855 – 4 April 1907) was a Scottish philologist, best known today for An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language (1896).

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Ancient history

Ancient history is the aggregate of past events, "History" from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the post-classical history.

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Ancient Rome

In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.

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Anglesey

Anglesey (Ynys Môn) is an island situated on the north coast of Wales with an area of.

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Animal sacrifice

Animal sacrifice is the ritual killing and offering of an animal usually as part of a religious ritual or to appease or maintain favour with a deity.

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Animism

Animism (from Latin anima, "breath, spirit, life") is the religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.

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Anthropomorphism

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.

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Apollo

Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology.

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Artio

Artio (Dea Artio in the Gallo-Roman religion) was a Celtic bear goddess.

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Augustus

Augustus (Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14 AD) was a Roman statesman and military leader who was the first Emperor of the Roman Empire, controlling Imperial Rome from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.

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Barbarian

A barbarian is a human who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive.

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Bard

In medieval Gaelic and British culture, a bard was a professional story teller, verse-maker and music composer, employed by a patron (such as a monarch or noble), to commemorate one or more of the patron's ancestors and to praise the patron's own activities.

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Barry Cunliffe

Sir Barrington Windsor Cunliffe (born 10 December 1939), known as Barry Cunliffe, is a British archaeologist and academic.

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Battersea Shield

The Battersea Shield is one of the most significant pieces of ancient Celtic art found in Britain.

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Bavaria

Bavaria (Bavarian and Bayern), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner.

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Beltane

Beltane is the anglicised name for the Gaelic May Day festival.

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Bernhard Maier

Bernhard Maier (born 1963 in Oberkirch (Baden)) is a German professor of religious studies, who publishes mainly on Celtic culture and religion.

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Bias

Bias is disproportionate weight in favour of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

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Boudica

Boudica (Latinised as Boadicea or Boudicea, and known in Welsh as Buddug) was a queen of the British Celtic Iceni tribe who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61, and died shortly after its failure, having supposedly poisoned herself.

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Brahmin

Brahmin (Sanskrit: ब्राह्मण) is a varna (class) in Hinduism specialising as priests, teachers (acharya) and protectors of sacred learning across generations.

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Brigantia (goddess)

Brigantia was a goddess in Celtic (Gallo-Roman and Romano-British) religion of Late Antiquity.

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Brigid

Brigit, Brigid or Bríg (meaning 'exalted one')Campbell, Mike See also Xavier Delamarre, brigantion / brigant-, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise (Éditions Errance, 2003) pp.

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Brigid of Kildare

Saint Brigid of Kildare or Brigid of Ireland (Naomh Bríd; Brigida; 525) is one of Ireland's patron saints, along with Patrick and Columba.

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British Iron Age

The British Iron Age is a conventional name used in the archaeology of Great Britain, referring to the prehistoric and protohistoric phases of the Iron Age culture of the main island and the smaller islands, typically excluding prehistoric Ireland, which had an independent Iron Age culture of its own.

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Burgundy

Burgundy (Bourgogne) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France.

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Cassius Dio

Cassius Dio or Dio Cassius (c. 155 – c. 235) was a Roman statesman and historian of Greek origin.

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Cú Chulainn

Cú Chulainn, also spelled Cú Chulaind or Cúchulainn (Irish for "Culann's Hound") and sometimes known in English as Cuhullin, is an Irish mythological hero who appears in the stories of the Ulster Cycle, as well as in Scottish and Manx folklore.

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Celtic Christianity

Celtic Christianity or Insular Christianity refers broadly to certain features of Christianity that were common, or held to be common, across the Celtic-speaking world during the Early Middle Ages.

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Celtic deities

The gods and goddesses of the pre-Christian Celtic peoples are known from a variety of sources, including ancient places of worship, statues, engravings, cult objects and place or personal names.

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Celtic mythology

Celtic mythology is the mythology of Celtic polytheism, the religion of the Iron Age Celts.

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Celtic nations

The Celtic nations are territories in western Europe where Celtic languages or cultural traits have survived.

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Celtic neopaganism

Celtic Neopaganism refers to Contemporary Pagan or contemporary polytheist movements based on Celtic polytheism.

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Celtic Revival

The Celtic Revival (also referred to as the Celtic Twilight or Celtomania) was a variety of movements and trends in the 19th and 20th centuries that saw a renewed interest in aspects of Celtic culture.

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Celts

The Celts (see pronunciation of ''Celt'' for different usages) were an Indo-European people in Iron Age and Medieval Europe who spoke Celtic languages and had cultural similarities, although the relationship between ethnic, linguistic and cultural factors in the Celtic world remains uncertain and controversial.

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Celts (modern)

The modern Celts (see pronunciation of ''Celt'') are a related group of ethnicities who share similar Celtic languages, cultures and artistic histories, and who live in or descend from one of the regions on the western extremities of Europe populated by the Celts.

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Centre national de la recherche scientifique

The French National Center for Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique, CNRS) is the largest governmental research organisation in France and the largest fundamental science agency in Europe.

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Cernunnos

Cernunnos is the conventional name given in Celtic studies to depictions of the "horned god" of Celtic polytheism.

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Chamalières

Chamalières (Auvergnat: Chamalèira) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

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Châtillon-sur-Seine

Châtillon-sur-Seine is a commune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Christian monasticism

Christian monasticism is the devotional practice of individuals who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship.

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Christianization

Christianization (or Christianisation) is the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire groups at once.

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Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher, who served as consul in the year 63 BC.

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Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th or 6th century AD centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.

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Clergy

Clergy are some of the main and important formal leaders within certain religions.

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Clermont-Ferrand

Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergnat Clharmou, Augustonemetum) is a city and commune of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, with a population of 141,569 (2012).

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Clootie well

Clootie wells (also Cloutie or Cloughtie wells) are places of pilgrimage in Celtic areas.

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Coin

A coin is a small, flat, (usually) round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender.

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Coligny calendar

The Coligny calendar is a Gaulish peg calendar or ''parapegma'' made in Roman Gaul in the 2nd century, giving a five-year cycle of a lunisolar calendar with intercalary months.

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Commentarii de Bello Gallico

Commentāriī dē Bellō Gallicō (italic), also Bellum Gallicum (italic), is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative.

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Common Era

Common Era or Current Era (CE) is one of the notation systems for the world's most widely used calendar era – an alternative to the Dionysian AD and BC system.

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Comparative mythology

Comparative mythology is the comparison of myths from different cultures in an attempt to identify shared themes and characteristics.

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Conall Cernach

Conall Cernach (modern spelling: Conall Cearnach) is a hero of the Ulaid in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology.

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Curse

A curse (also called an imprecation, malediction, execration, malison, anathema, or commination) is any expressed wish that some form of adversity or misfortune will befall or attach to some other entity: one or more persons, a place, or an object.

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Cybele

Cybele (Phrygian: Matar Kubileya/Kubeleya "Kubileya/Kubeleya Mother", perhaps "Mountain Mother"; Lydian Kuvava; Κυβέλη Kybele, Κυβήβη Kybebe, Κύβελις Kybelis) is an Anatolian mother goddess; she may have a possible precursor in the earliest neolithic at Çatalhöyük, where statues of plump women, sometimes sitting, have been found in excavations.

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Dawn goddess

A dawn goddess is a deity in a polytheistic religious tradition who is in some sense associated with the dawn.

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Diodorus Siculus

Diodorus Siculus (Διόδωρος Σικελιώτης Diodoros Sikeliotes) (1st century BC) or Diodorus of Sicily was a Greek historian.

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Divination

Divination (from Latin divinare "to foresee, to be inspired by a god", related to divinus, divine) is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual.

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Druid

A druid (derwydd; druí; draoidh) was a member of the high-ranking professional class in ancient Celtic cultures.

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Druidry (modern)

Druidry, sometimes termed Druidism, is a modern spiritual or religious movement that generally promotes harmony, connection, and reverence for the natural world.

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Eburonian

The Eburonian (Eburon or Eburonium), or, much less commonly, the Eburonian Stage, is a glacial complex in the Calabrian stage of the Pleistocene epoch and lies between the Tegelen and the Waalian interglacial.

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Edward Anwyl

Sir Edward Anwyl (5 August 1866 – 8 August 1914) was a Welsh academic, specializing in the Celtic languages.

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Eisteddfod

In Welsh culture, an eisteddfod (plural eisteddfodau) is a Welsh festival of literature, music and performance.

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Entremont (oppidum)

Entremont is a 3.5 hectare archaeological site three kilometres from Aix-en-Provence at the extreme south of the Puyricard plateau.

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Epigraphy

Epigraphy (ἐπιγραφή, "inscription") is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers.

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Epona

In Gallo-Roman religion, Epona was a protector of horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules.

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Esus

Esus, Hesus, or Aisus was a Gaulish god known from two monumental statues and a line in Lucan's Bellum civile.

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Excavation (archaeology)

In archaeology, excavation is the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains.

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Fairy

A fairy (also fata, fay, fey, fae, fair folk; from faery, faerie, "realm of the fays") is a type of mythical being or legendary creature in European folklore, a form of spirit, often described as metaphysical, supernatural, or preternatural.

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Feis

A Feis or Fèis is a traditional Gaelic arts and culture festival.

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Fergus mac Róich

Fergus mac Róich (son of Ró-ech or "great horse"; also mac Róig, mac Rossa) is a character of the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology.

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Filí

A filí was a member of an elite class of poets in Ireland, up until the Renaissance.

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Gaelic calendar

The Irish calendar is the Julian calendar as it was in use in Ireland, but also incorporating Irish cultural festivals and views of the division of the seasons, presumably inherited from earlier Celtic calendar traditions.

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Gallia Belgica

Gallia Belgica ("Belgic Gaul") was a province of the Roman empire located in the north-eastern part of Roman Gaul, in what is today primarily Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

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Gallo-Roman culture

The term "Gallo-Roman" describes the Romanized culture of Gaul under the rule of the Roman Empire.

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Gallo-Roman religion

Gallo-Roman religion was a fusion of the traditional religious practices of the Gauls, who were originally Celtic speakers, and the Roman and Hellenistic religions introduced to the region under Roman Imperial rule.

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Gaul

Gaul (Latin: Gallia) was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine.

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Gauls

The Gauls were Celtic people inhabiting Gaul in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD).

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Glossary of ancient Roman religion

The vocabulary of ancient Roman religion was highly specialized.

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Gloucestershire

Gloucestershire (formerly abbreviated as Gloucs. in print but now often as Glos.) is a county in South West England.

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God

In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and the principal object of faith.

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Goddess

A goddess is a female deity.

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Gournay-sur-Aronde

Gournay-sur-Aronde is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

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Great St Bernard Pass

Great St Bernard Pass (Col du Grand St-Bernard, Colle del Gran San Bernardo, Grosser Sankt Bernhard) is the third highest road pass in Switzerland.

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Greco-Roman mysteries

Mystery religions, sacred mysteries or simply mysteries were religious schools of the Greco-Roman world for which participation was reserved to initiates (mystai).

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Grove (nature)

A grove is a small group of trees with minimal or no undergrowth, such as a sequoia grove, or a small orchard planted for the cultivation of fruits or nuts.

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Hampshire

Hampshire (abbreviated Hants) is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom.

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Hanging

Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck.

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Hayling Island

Hayling Island is an island off the south coast of England, in the borough of Havant in the county of Hampshire, near Portsmouth.

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Hieros gamos

Hieros gamos or Hierogamy (Greek ἱερὸς γάμος, ἱερογαμία "holy marriage") is a sexual ritual that plays out a marriage between a god and a goddess, especially when enacted in a symbolic ritual where human participants represent the deities.

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Hill of Tara

The Hill of Tara (Teamhair or Teamhair na Rí), located near the River Boyne, is an archaeological complex that runs between Navan and Dunshaughlin in County Meath, Ireland.

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Hispania

Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula.

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Horned God

The Horned God is one of the two primary deities found in Wicca and some related forms of Neopaganism.

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Human sacrifice

Human sacrifice is the act of killing one or more humans, usually as an offering to a deity, as part of a ritual.

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Imbolc

Imbolc or Imbolg, also called (Saint) Brigid's Day (Lá Fhéile Bríde, Là Fhèill Brìghde, Laa'l Breeshey), is a Gaelic traditional festival marking the beginning of spring.

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Imperial cult of ancient Rome

The Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority (auctoritas) of the Roman State.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Insular Celts

The Insular Celts are the speakers of the Insular Celtic languages, which comprise all the living Celtic languages as well as their precursors, but the term is mostly used in reference to the peoples of the British Iron Age prior to the Roman conquest, and their contemporaries in Ireland.

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Internet Sacred Text Archive

The Internet Sacred Text Archive (ISTA) is a Santa Cruz, California based website dedicated to the preservation of electronic public domain texts, specifically those with significant cultural value.

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Interpretatio graeca

Interpretatio graeca (Latin, "Greek translation" or "interpretation by means of Greek ") is a discourse in which ancient Greek religious concepts and practices, deities, and myths are used to interpret or attempt to understand the mythology and religion of other cultures.

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Ireland

Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic.

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Irish mythology

The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity.

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Iron Age

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age system, preceded by the Stone Age (Neolithic) and the Bronze Age.

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Isis

Isis was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world.

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James George Frazer

Sir James George Frazer (1 January 1854 – 7 May 1941) was a Scottish social anthropologist influential in the early stages of the modern studies of mythology and comparative religion.

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Jan de Vries (linguist)

Jan Pieter Marie Laurens de Vries (11 February 1890 – 23 July 1964) was a Dutch scholar of Germanic linguistics and Germanic mythology, from 1926 to 1945 ordinarius at Leiden University and author of reference works still in use today.

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John Rhys

Sir John Rhys, (also spelled Rhŷs; 21 June 1840 – 17 December 1915) was a Welsh scholar, fellow of the British Academy, Celticist and the first Professor of Celtic at Oxford University.

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Joseph Vendryes

Joseph Vendryes (13 January 1875, Paris – 30 January 1960) was a French Celtic linguist.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), known by his cognomen Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician and military general who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

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Jupiter (mythology)

Jupiter (from Iūpiter or Iuppiter, *djous “day, sky” + *patēr “father," thus "heavenly father"), also known as Jove gen.

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Kent

Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties.

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La Tène culture

The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland, where thousands of objects had been deposited in the lake, as was discovered after the water level dropped in 1857.

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Lenus

Lenus (Ληνός) was a Celtic healing god worshipped mainly in eastern Gaul, where he was almost always identified with the Roman god Mars.

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Lindow Man

Lindow Man, also known as Lindow II and (in jest) as Pete Marsh, is the preserved bog body of a man discovered in a peat bog at Lindow Moss near Wilmslow in Cheshire, North West England.

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List of Graeco-Roman geographers

;Pre-Hellenistic Classical Greece.

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Lists of deities

This is an index to deities of the different religions, cultures and mythologies of the world, listed by type and by region.

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Literature

Literature, most generically, is any body of written works.

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Lleu Llaw Gyffes

Lleu Llaw Gyffes (sometimes misspelled Llew Llaw Gyffes) is a hero of Welsh mythology.

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Llyn Cerrig Bach

Llyn Cerrig Bach is a small lake in the north-west of the island of Anglesey, Wales.

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Londinium

Londinium was a settlement established on the current site of the City of London around 43.

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Lucan

Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (November 3, 39 AD – April 30, 65 AD), better known in English as Lucan, was a Roman poet, born in Corduba (modern-day Córdoba), in Hispania Baetica.

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Lugdunum

Colonia Copia Claudia Augusta Lugdunum (modern: Lyon, France) was an important Roman city in Gaul.

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Lugh

Lugh or Lug (Modern Irish: Lú) is an important god of Irish mythology.

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Lugus

Lugus was a deity of the Celtic pantheon.

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Mac Cuilinn

MacCuillinn or Mac Cuillann is an Irish surname.

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Magic (supernatural)

Magic is a category in Western culture into which have been placed various beliefs and practices considered separate from both religion and science.

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Mars (mythology)

In ancient Roman religion and myth, Mars (Mārs) was the god of war and also an agricultural guardian, a combination characteristic of early Rome.

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Matres and Matronae

The Matres (Latin "mothers"Lindow (2001:224).) and Matronae (Latin "matrons") were female deities venerated in Northwestern Europe, of whom relics are found dating from the first to the fifth century.

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Medb

Medb (pronounced)—later forms Meadhbh and Méabh—is queen of Connacht in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology.

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Mercury (mythology)

Mercury (Latin: Mercurius) is a major god in Roman religion and mythology, being one of the Dii Consentes within the ancient Roman pantheon.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Minerva

Minerva (Etruscan: Menrva) was the Roman goddess of wisdom and strategic warfare, although it is noted that the Romans did not stress her relation to battle and warfare as the Greeks would come to, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy.

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Miranda Aldhouse-Green

Miranda Jane Aldhouse-Green, (née Aldhouse; born 24 July 1947) is a British archaeologist and academic.

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Miranda Green

Miranda Green is a British journalist, the former Press Secretary to then Liberal Democrats party leader Paddy Ashdown.

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Mithraism

Mithraism, also known as the Mithraic mysteries, was a mystery religion centered around the god Mithras that was practised in the Roman Empire from about the 1st to the 4th century CE.

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Modern Paganism

Modern Paganism, also known as Contemporary Paganism and Neopaganism, is a collective term for new religious movements influenced by or claiming to be derived from the various historical pagan beliefs of pre-modern Europe, North Africa and the Near East.

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Mythology

Mythology refers variously to the collected myths of a group of people or to the study of such myths.

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Natural environment

The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial.

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New Age

New Age is a term applied to a range of spiritual or religious beliefs and practices that developed in Western nations during the 1970s.

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Nigel Pennick

Nigel Campbell Pennick (born 1946 in Guildford, Surrey, England) is an author publishing on occultism, magic, natural magic, divination, subterranea, rural folk customs, traditional performance and Celtic art as well as runosophy.

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Noricum

Noricum is the Latin name for a Celtic kingdom, or federation of tribes, that included most of modern Austria and part of Slovenia.

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Numen

Numen, pl.

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Oise

Oise is a department in the north of France.

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Oral tradition

Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication where in knowledge, art, ideas and cultural material is received, preserved and transmitted orally from one generation to another.

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Orpheus

Orpheus (Ὀρφεύς, classical pronunciation) is a legendary musician, poet, and prophet in ancient Greek religion and myth.

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Otherworld

The concept of an otherworld in historical Indo-European religion is reconstructed in comparative mythology.

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Paganism

Paganism is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for populations of the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, either because they were increasingly rural and provincial relative to the Christian population or because they were not milites Christi (soldiers of Christ).

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Peter Berresford Ellis

Peter Berresford Ellis (born 10 March 1943) is a historian, literary biographer, and novelist who has published over 98 books to date either under his own name or his pseudonyms Peter Tremayne and Peter MacAlan.

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Pliny the Elder

Pliny the Elder (born Gaius Plinius Secundus, AD 23–79) was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, a naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and friend of emperor Vespasian.

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Poetry

Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, poiesis, "making") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.

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Polytheism

Polytheism (from Greek πολυθεϊσμός, polytheismos) is the worship of or belief in multiple deities, which are usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with their own religions and rituals.

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Polytheistic reconstructionism

Polytheistic reconstructionism (or simply Reconstructionism) is an approach to paganism first emerging in the late 1960s to early 1970s, which gathered momentum starting in the 1990s.

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Prehistoric Ireland

The prehistory of Ireland has been pieced together from archaeological and genetic evidence; it begins with the first evidence of humans in Ireland around 12,500 years ago and finishes with the start of the historical record around 400 AD.

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Proto-Celtic language

The Proto-Celtic language, also called Common Celtic, is the reconstructed ancestor language of all the known Celtic languages.

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Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world.

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Proto-Indo-European religion

Proto-Indo-European religion is the belief system adhered to by the Proto-Indo-Europeans.

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Raetia

Raetia (also spelled Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, named after the Rhaetian (Raeti or Rhaeti) people.

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Reincarnation

Reincarnation is the philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different physical body or form after each biological death.

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Religion in ancient Rome

Religion in Ancient Rome includes the ancestral ethnic religion of the city of Rome that the Romans used to define themselves as a people, as well as the religious practices of peoples brought under Roman rule, in so far as they became widely followed in Rome and Italy.

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River Thames

The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London.

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Roman Britain

Roman Britain (Britannia or, later, Britanniae, "the Britains") was the area of the island of Great Britain that was governed by the Roman Empire, from 43 to 410 AD.

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Roman conquest of Britain

The Roman conquest of Britain was a gradual process, beginning effectively in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, whose general Aulus Plautius served as first governor of Roman Britain (Britannia).

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.

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Roman mythology

Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories pertaining to ancient Rome's legendary origins and religious system, as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans.

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Roman province

In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin: provincia, pl. provinciae) was the basic and, until the Tetrarchy (from 293 AD), the largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside Italy.

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Roman Republic

The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire.

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Romanization

Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of writing from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so.

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Ronald Hutton

Ronald Hutton (born 1953) is an English historian who specialises in the study of Early Modern Britain, British folklore, pre-Christian religion and contemporary Paganism.

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Rosmerta

In Gallo-Roman religion, Rosmerta was a goddess of fertility and abundance, her attributes being those of plenty such as the cornucopia.

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Sacred grove

A sacred grove or sacred woods are any grove of trees that are of special religious importance to a particular culture.

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Saint-Germain-le-Rocheux

Saint-Germain-le-Rocheux is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Samhain

Samhain is a Gaelic festival marking the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter or the "darker half" of the year.

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Sanas Cormaic

Sanas Cormaic (or Sanas Chormaic, Irish for "Cormac's narrative"), also known as Cormac's Glossary, is an early Irish glossary containing etymologies and explanations of over 1,400 Irish words, many of which are difficult or outdated.

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Satire

Satire is a genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement.

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Scriptorium

Scriptorium, literally "a place for writing", is commonly used to refer to a room in medieval European monasteries devoted to the writing, copying and illuminating of manuscripts by monastic scribes.

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Seine

The Seine (La Seine) is a river and an important commercial waterway within the Paris Basin in the north of France.

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Sequana

In Gallo-Roman religion, Sequana was the goddess of the river Seine, particularly the springs at the source of the Seine, and the Gaulish tribe the Sequani.

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Shamanism

Shamanism is a practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to perceive and interact with what they believe to be a spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world.

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Sirona

In Celtic polytheism, Sirona was a goddess worshipped predominantly in East Central Gaul and along the Danubian limes.

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Social status

Social status is the relative respect, competence, and deference accorded to people, groups, and organizations in a society.

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Strabo

Strabo (Στράβων Strábōn; 64 or 63 BC AD 24) was a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

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Stuart Piggott

Stuart Ernest Piggott,, FRSE FSA Scot (28 May 1910 – 23 September 1996) was a British archaeologist, best known for his work on prehistoric Wessex.

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Superman

Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

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Supernatural

The supernatural (Medieval Latin: supernātūrālis: supra "above" + naturalis "natural", first used: 1520–1530 AD) is that which exists (or is claimed to exist), yet cannot be explained by laws of nature.

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Syncretism

Syncretism is the combining of different beliefs, while blending practices of various schools of thought.

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Tacitus

Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (–) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire.

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Taranis

In Celtic mythology Taranis was the god of thunder worshipped primarily in Gaul, Gallaecia, the British Isles, but also in the Rhineland and Danube regions, amongst others.

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Taxus

Taxus is a small genus of coniferous trees or shrubs in the yew family Taxaceae.

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Telesphorus (mythology)

In ancient Greek religion, Telesphorus (Τελεσφόρος Telesphoros) was a son of Asclepius.

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Tollund Man

Tollund Man is a naturally mummified corpse of a man who lived during the 4th century BC, during the period characterised in Scandinavia as the Pre-Roman Iron Age.

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Torc

A torc, also spelled torq or torque, is a large rigid or stiff neck ring in metal, made either as a single piece or from strands twisted together.

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Toutatis

Toutatis or Teutates was a Celtic god worshipped in ancient Gaul and Britain.

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Trier

Trier (Tréier), formerly known in English as Treves (Trèves) and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city in Germany on the banks of the Moselle.

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Triple deity

A triple deity (sometimes referred to as threefold, tripled, triplicate, tripartite, triune or triadic, or as a trinity) is three deities that are worshipped as one.

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Tuatha Dé Danann

The Tuath(a) Dé Danann (usually translated as "people(s)/tribe(s) of the goddess Dana or Danu", also known by the earlier name Tuath Dé ("tribe of the gods"),Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. pp.1693-1695 are a supernatural race in Irish mythology. They are thought to represent the main deities of pre-Christian Gaelic Ireland. The Tuatha Dé Danann constitute a pantheon whose attributes appeared in a number of forms all across the Celtic world. The Tuath Dé dwell in the Otherworld but interact with humans and the human world. Their traditional rivals are the Fomoire (or Fomorii), sometimes anglicized as Fomorians, who seem to represent the harmful or destructive powers of nature. Each member of the Tuath Dé has been associated with a particular feature of life or nature, but many appear to have more than one association. Many also have bynames, some representing different aspects of the deity and others being regional names or epithets. Much of Irish mythology was recorded by Christian monks, who modified it to an extent. They often depicted the Tuath Dé as kings, queens and heroes of the distant past who had supernatural powers or who were later credited with them. Other times they were explained as fallen angels who were neither good nor evil. However, some medieval writers acknowledged that they were once gods. A poem in the Book of Leinster lists many of them, but ends "Although enumerates them, he does not worship them". The Dagda's name is explained as meaning "the good god"; Brigit is called "a goddess worshipped by poets"; while Goibniu, Credne and Luchta are referred to as Trí Dé Dána ("three gods of craftsmanship"), Characters such as Lugh, the Morrígan, Aengus and Manannán mac Lir appear in tales set centuries apart, showing all the signs of immortality. They also have parallels in the pantheons of other Celtic peoples: for example Nuada is cognate with the British god Nodens; Lugh is cognate with the pan-Celtic god Lugus; Brigit with Brigantia; Tuirenn with Taranis; Ogma with Ogmios; and the Badb with Catubodua. The Tuath Dé eventually became the Aos Sí or "fairies" of later folklore.

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Uley

Uley is a village and civil parish in the county of Gloucestershire, England.

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Vates

The English-Latin noun vates is a term for a prophet and a natural philosopher following the Latin term.

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Vendeuil-Caply

Vendeuil-Caply is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

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Vernacular literature

Vernacular literature is literature written in the vernacular—the speech of the "common people".

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Viereckschanze

A Viereckschanze (from German "four-corner-rampart"; plural -en) is a rectangular ditched enclosure that was constructed during the Iron Age in parts of Celtic Western Europe.

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Votive offering

A votive deposit or votive offering is one or more objects displayed or deposited, without the intention of recovery or use, in a sacred place for broadly religious purposes.

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Walbrook

Walbrook is a subterranean river in the City of London that gave its name to a City ward and a minor street in its vicinity.

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Wales

Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain.

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Wandsworth Shield

The Wandsworth Shield is a circular bronze Iron Age shield boss or mount decorated in La Tène style that was found in the River Thames at Wandsworth in London sometime before 1849.

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Waterloo Helmet

The Waterloo Helmet (also known as the Waterloo Bridge Helmet) is a pre-Roman Celtic bronze ceremonial horned helmet with repoussé decoration in the La Tène style, dating to circa 150–50 BC, that was found in 1868 in the River Thames by Waterloo Bridge in London, England.

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Wicker man

A wicker man was a large wicker statue reportedly used by the ancient Druids (priests of Celtic paganism) for sacrifice by burning it in effigy.

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Worth, Kent

Worth is a civil parish located in the shire county of Kent and English district of Dover.

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Ancient Celtic religion, British paganism, Celtic Polytheism, Celtic pagan, Celtic paganism, Celtic pantheism, Celtic times, Druidic polytheism, Gaulish religion, Proto-Celtic theonyms, Romano-Celtic religion.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism

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