316 relations: Access to Medicine Index, Acromegaly, Acronym, Active ingredient, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Adenosine, Adenosine A2A receptor, Advanced Accelerator Applications, Agribusiness, Air conditioning, Aktiengesellschaft, Albert Hofmann, Alcoholism, Alcon, Alfred Kern, Aliskiren, Aliskiren/amlodipine, Alizarin, Allergic conjunctivitis, Alzheimer's disease, Amlodipine, Amlodipine/benazepril, Amlodipine/valsartan, Amoebiasis, Antazoline, Antipsychotic, Aptamer, Ardsley, New York, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Artemether/lumefantrine, Arthur Stoll, Aspirin, Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine, Asthma, AstraZeneca, Atrazine, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Auramine O, Baby food, Baclofen, Basal-cell carcinoma, Basel, Basiliximab, Bevacizumab, Binimetinib, Biology, Biosimilar, Biotechnology, Bipolar disorder, BRAF (gene), ..., Breast cancer, Buckley's, Caffeine, Caffeine/ergotamine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Canakinumab, Carbamazepine, Carbidopa, CD20, Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, Chennai, ChestEze, Chiron Corporation, Chlortalidone, Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Ciclosporin, Clariant, Clemastine, Clioquinol, Clomipramine, Clopamide, Clozapine, Compounding, Contact lens, Corporate integrity agreement, Counterion, Crispbread, Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, CSL Limited, Cushing's disease, Cyhalothrin, Cyromazine, Cystic fibrosis, Damages, DDT, Deferasirox, Delmark Records, Deracoxib, Dexmethylphenidate, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Diclofenac, Dihydralazine, Dye, Dyewoods, Encorafenib, Entacapone, Enuresis, Epilepsy, Ergot, Ergotamine, European Commission, European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, Everolimus, False Claims Act, Famciclovir, Fenistil, Fever, Fibre supplements, Fingolimod, Fluvastatin, Food and Drug Administration, Formoterol, Frank Gehry, Fuchsine, Genentech, Generic drug, Genetically modified crops, Genetically modified organism, Gerber Products Company, Germany, GlaxoSmithKline, Glucocorticoid, Growth hormone, Gurgaon, Harvard University, Heart failure, Hepatitis B, Herpes simplex, Hives, Hoechst AG, Hoffmann-La Roche, Holly Springs, North Carolina, Hyderabad, Hydrochlorothiazide, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension, Iloperidone, Imatinib, Imipramine, Indacaterol, India, Indication (medicine), Inflammation, Influenza vaccine, Innovative Medicines Initiative, International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations, Iron overload, Isostar, Ivermectin, Jenny Holzer, Kazuyo Sejima, Keri, Ketotifen, L-DOPA, Lansoprazole, Laxative, Leather, Letrozole, List of pharmaceutical companies, Lufenuron, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Maalox, Macular degeneration, Magnesium salicylate, Major depressive disorder, Malaria, Management, Maprotiline, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Medical diagnosis, Medication, MEK inhibitor, Mental disorder, Mesoridazine, Mesylate, Metformin, Methods in Molecular Biology, Methylphenidate, Michael Cohen (lawyer), Miconazole, Microorganism, Migraine, Milbemycin oxime, Milbemycin oxime/lufenuron, Mobile technology, Monoclonal antibody, Multinational corporation, Multiple sclerosis, Mycophenolic acid, Mycosis, Myelofibrosis, Nateglinide, National Health Service, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Nestlé, Nicorette, Nicotine replacement therapy, Nilotinib, Nitenpyram, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Novartis, Novartis v. Union of India & Others, Obsessive–compulsive disorder, Octreotide, Ofatumumab, Off-label use, Omalizumab, Oncology, Opposition proceeding, Organ transplantation, Osteoporosis, Ovaltine, Over-the-counter drug, Oxcarbazepine, Paracetamol, Paraphilia, Parkinson's disease, Pasireotide, Paul Hermann Müller, Penciclovir, Pentavalent vaccine, Pesticide, Peter Walker (landscape architect), Pharmaceutical formulation, Pharmaceutical industry, Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Phenazone, Platelet-derived growth factor, Potassium peroxymonosulfate, Praziquantel, Pre-clinical development, Pregnancy, Presbyopia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Psoriasis, Psychedelic drug, Psychiatry, Public Eye (organization), Public limited company, Pune, Qui tam, Rafael Moneo, Ranibizumab, Reserpine, Reuters, Rheumatoid arthritis, Rhine, Richard Serra, Rivastigmine, RNA interference, Ruxolitinib, Ryue Nishizawa, Saccharin, Sacubitril/valsartan, Sales, Salt (chemistry), SANAA, Sandoz chemical spill, Savlon, Schizophrenia, Science 37, Secukinumab, Sexual orientation discrimination, Shingles, Silk, Simeticone, Sonidegib, Spasticity, Speciality chemicals, Spinal muscular atrophy, Supreme Court of India, Sweden, Switzerland, Syngenta, Tegaserod, Telbivudine, Telemedicine, Terbinafine, Tetryzoline, The Jakarta Post, The Wall Street Journal, Theraflu, Thiethylperazine, Thioridazine, Time (magazine), Timothy Leary, Tioconazole, Tipi, Tisagenlecleucel, Tixylix, Tizanidine, Tobramycin, Tokyo, Transplant rejection, Treble damages, Triclabendazole, TRIPS Agreement, Tropisetron, United States, United States Department of Health and Human Services, University of California, Berkeley, Vaccine, Valsartan, Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide, Vasant Narasimhan, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Verteporfin, Veterinary medicine, Vildagliptin, Wasabröd, World Trade Organization, Xylometazoline, Zoledronic acid. Expand index (266 more) »
Access to Medicine Index
The Access to Medicine Index is a ranking system published biennially since 2008 by the Access to Medicine Foundation in Haarlem, The Netherlands, an international not-for-profit organisation, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
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Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a disorder that results from excess growth hormone (GH) after the growth plates have closed.
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Acronym
An acronym is a word or name formed as an abbreviation from the initial components in a phrase or a word, usually individual letters (as in NATO or laser) and sometimes syllables (as in Benelux).
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Active ingredient
An active ingredient (AI) is the ingredient in a pharmaceutical drug that is biologically active.
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes.
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Adenosine
Adenosine is both a chemical found in many living systems and a medication.
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Adenosine A2A receptor
The adenosine A2A receptor, also known as ADORA2A, is an adenosine receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it.
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Advanced Accelerator Applications
Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) is a pharmaceutical group specialized in the field of nuclear medicine.
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Agribusiness
Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production.
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Air conditioning
Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A/C, or air con) is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space, to improve the comfort of occupants.
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Aktiengesellschaft
Aktiengesellschaft (abbreviated AG) is a German word for a corporation limited by share ownership (i.e. one which is owned by its shareholders) and may be traded on a stock market.
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Albert Hofmann
Albert Hofmann (11 January 1906 – 29 April 2008) was a Swiss scientist known best for being the first person to synthesize, ingest, and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
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Alcoholism
Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in mental or physical health problems.
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Alcon
Alcon is an American global medical company specializing in eye care products and headquartered in Hünenberg, Switzerland.
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Alfred Kern
Alfred Kern (August 8, 1924 – June 2, 2009) was an American novelist and professor.
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Aliskiren
Aliskiren (trade names Tekturna and Rasilez) is the first in a class of drugs called direct renin inhibitors.
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Aliskiren/amlodipine
The drug combination aliskiren/amlodipine (INNs, trade name Tekamlo) is an antihypertensive.
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Alizarin
Alizarin or 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone (also known as Mordant Red 11 and Turkey Red) is an organic compound with formula that has been used throughout history as a prominent red dye, principally for dyeing textile fabrics.
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Allergic conjunctivitis
Allergic conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva (the membrane covering the white part of the eye) due to allergy.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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Amlodipine
Amlodipine, sold under the brand name Norvasc among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and coronary artery disease.
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Amlodipine/benazepril
Amlodipine/benazepril, marketed in the U.S. as Lotrel by Novartis and manufactured as a generic drug by Teva and Sandoz, is an antihypertensive medication which combines a calcium channel blocker (amlodipine besilate) with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (benazepril).
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Amlodipine/valsartan
Amlodipine/valsartan is of an oral blood pressure lowering combination drug which combines two medications in a film-coated tablet.
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Amoebiasis
Amoebiasis, also known amoebic dysentery, is an infection caused by any of the amoebae of the Entamoeba group.
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Antazoline
Antazoline is a 1st generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to relieve nasal congestion and in eye drops, usually in combination with naphazoline, to relieve the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis.
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Antipsychotic
Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Aptamer
Aptamers (from the Latin aptus – fit, and Greek meros – part) are oligonucleotide or peptide molecules that bind to a specific target molecule.
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Ardsley, New York
Ardsley is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States.
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Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals
Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals is a publicly traded (NASDAQ: ARWR) biopharmaceutical company based in Pasadena, California.
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Artemether/lumefantrine
Artemether/lumefantrine, sold under the trade name Coartem among others, is a combination of the two medications artemether and lumefantrine.
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Arthur Stoll
Arthur Stoll (8 January 1887 – 13 January 1971) was a Swiss biochemist.
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Aspirin
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.
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Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine
Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine is a combination drug for the treatment of pain, especially tension headache and migraine.
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Asthma
Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.
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AstraZeneca
AstraZeneca plc is an Anglo–Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical company.
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Atrazine
Atrazine is a herbicide of the triazine class.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type.
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Auramine O
Auramine O is a diarylmethane dye used as a fluorescent stain.
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Baby food
Baby food is any soft, easily consumed food other than breastmilk or infant formula that is made specifically for human babies between four to six months and two years old.
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Baclofen
Baclofen, sold under the brand name Lioresal among others, is a medication used to treat spasticity.
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Basal-cell carcinoma
Basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), also known as basal-cell cancer, is the most common type of skin cancer.
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Basel
Basel (also Basle; Basel; Bâle; Basilea) is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine.
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Basiliximab
Basiliximab (trade name Simulect) is a chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibody to the α chain (CD25) of the IL-2 receptor of T cells.
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Bevacizumab
Bevacizumab, sold under the trade name Avastin, is medication used to treat a number of types of cancers and a specific eye disease.
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Binimetinib
Binimetinib (MEK162, ARRY-162) is a MEK inhibitor being developed by Array Biopharma to treat various cancers.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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Biosimilar
A biosimilar (also known as follow-on biologic or subsequent entry biologic) is a biologic medical product which is almost an identical copy of an original product that is manufactured by a different company.
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).
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Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood.
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BRAF (gene)
BRAF is a human gene that encodes a protein called B-Raf.
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Breast cancer
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.
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Buckley's
W.
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Caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.
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Caffeine/ergotamine
Caffeine/ergotamine (trade name Cafergot) is the proprietary name of a medication consisting of ergotamine tartrate and caffeine.
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Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and part of the Boston metropolitan area.
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Canakinumab
Canakinumab (INN, trade name Ilaris, previously ACZ885) is a human monoclonal antibody targeted at interleukin-1 beta.
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Carbamazepine
Carbamazepine (CBZ), sold under the tradename Tegretol, among others, is a medication used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain.
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Carbidopa
Carbidopa (Lodosyn) is a drug given to people with Parkinson's disease in order to inhibit peripheral metabolism of levodopa.
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CD20
B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 or CD20 is an activated-glycosylated phosphoprotein expressed on the surface of all B-cells beginning at the pro-B phase (CD45R+, CD117+) and progressively increasing in concentration until maturity.
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Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common side-effect of many cancer treatments.
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Chennai
Chennai (formerly known as Madras or) is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
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ChestEze
ChestEze (or Do-Do ChestEze) is a British over-the-counter pharmaceutical product manufactured by Novartis for "relief of bronchial cough, wheezing, breathlessness and other symptoms of asthmatic bronchitis and to clear the chest of mucus following upper respiratory tract infection." It contains 30 mg caffeine, 18.31 mg ephedrine hydrochloride and 100 mg anhydrous theophylline.
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Chiron Corporation
Chiron Corporation was an American multinational biotechnology firm based in Emeryville, California that was acquired by Novartis International AG on April 20, 2006.
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Chlortalidone
Chlortalidone (INN/BAN) or chlorthalidone (USAN) is a diuretic medication used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), originally marketed as Hygroton in the USA.
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Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myeloid leukemia, is a cancer of the white blood cells.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.
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Ciba Specialty Chemicals
Ciba was a chemical company based in and near Basel, Switzerland.
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Ciclosporin
Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is an immunosuppressant medication and natural product.
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Clariant
Clariant is a speciality chemicals company, formed in 1995 as a spin-off from Sandoz.
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Clemastine
Clemastine, also known as meclastin, is an antihistamine and anticholinergic.
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Clioquinol
Clioquinol (iodochlorhydroxyquin) is an antifungal drug and antiprotozoal drug.
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Clomipramine
Clomipramine, sold under the brand name Anafranil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).
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Clopamide
Clopamide (trade name Brinaldix) is a piperidine diuretic.
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Clozapine
Clozapine, sold under the brand name Clozaril among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication.
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Compounding
Pharmaceutical compounding (done in compounding pharmacies) is the creation of a particular pharmaceutical product to fit the unique need of a patient.
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Contact lens
A contact lens, or simply contact, is a thin lens placed directly on the surface of the eye.
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Corporate integrity agreement
A corporate integrity agreement (CIA) is a document outlining the obligations that a company involved in health care in the United States makes with a federal government agency or a state government as part of a civil settlement.
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Counterion
Polystyrene sulfonate, a cation exchange resin, is typically supplied with Na+ as the counterion. A counterion (pronounced as two words, i.e. "counter" "ion", and sometimes written as two words) is the ion that accompanies an ionic species in order to maintain electric neutrality.
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Crispbread
Crispbread (knäckebröd, hårt bröd, hårdbröd, spisbröd, knäcke, knækbrød, knekkebrød, näkkileipä, näkileib, hrökkbrauð, knekkbreyð, 'Knäckebrot' or 'Knäcke', Knackbrood, knäckebröd) is a flat and dry type of bread or cracker, containing mostly rye flour.
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Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is a group of rare, heterogeneous autoinflammatory disease characterized by interleukin 1β-mediated systemic inflammation and clinical symptoms involving skin, joints, central nervous system, and eyes.
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CSL Limited
CSL Limited is a global specialty biotechnology company that researches, develops, manufactures, and markets products to treat and prevent serious human medical conditions.
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Cushing's disease
Cushing's disease is a cause of Cushing's syndrome characterised by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary (secondary hypercortisolism).
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Cyhalothrin
Cyhalothrin is an organic compound that is used as a pesticide.
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Cyromazine
Cyromazine is a triazine insect growth regulator used as an insecticide and an acaricide.
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Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine.
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Damages
In law, damages are an award, typically of money, to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury.
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DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochlorine, originally developed as an insecticide, and ultimately becoming infamous for its environmental impacts.
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Deferasirox
Deferasirox (marketed as Exjade, Desirox, Defrijet, Desifer, Rasiroxpine and Jadenu) is an oral iron chelator.
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Delmark Records
Delmark Records is the oldest American jazz and blues independent record label.
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Deracoxib
Deracoxib (trade name Deramaxx) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the coxib class, used in dogs to treat pain associated with osteoarthritis, or to prevent pain following orthopedic or dental surgery.
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Dexmethylphenidate
Dexmethylphenidate, sold under the trade names Focalin among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.
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Diabetes mellitus type 2
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
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Diclofenac
Diclofenac (sold under a number of trade names) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) taken or applied to reduce inflammation and as an analgesic reducing pain in certain conditions.
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Dihydralazine
Dihydralazine is a drug with antihypertensive properties.
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Dye
A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.
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Dyewoods
Dyewoods refers to a number of varieties of wood which provided dyes for textiles and other purposes.
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Encorafenib
Encorafenib, also known as Braftovi and LGX818 is a drug for the treatment of certain melanomas.
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Entacapone
Entacapone, sold under the brand name Comtan among others, is a medication commonly used in combination with other medications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Enuresis
Enuresis (from the Ancient Greek ἐνούρησις enoúrēsis) is a repeated inability to control urination.
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Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures.
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Ergot
Ergot (pron.) or ergot fungi refers to a group of fungi of the genus Claviceps.
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Ergotamine
Ergotamine is an ergopeptine and part of the ergot family of alkaloids; it is structurally and biochemically closely related to ergoline.
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European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.
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European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations
The European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) is a Brussels-based trade association founded in 1978 representing the research-based pharmaceutical industry operating in Europe.
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Everolimus
No description.
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False Claims Act
The False Claims Act, also called the "Lincoln Law") is an American federal law that imposes liability on persons and companies (typically federal contractors) who defraud governmental programs. It is the federal Government's primary litigation tool in combating fraud against the Government. The law includes a qui tam provision that allows people who are not affiliated with the government, called "relators" under the law, to file actions on behalf of the government (informally called "whistleblowing" especially when the relator is employed by the organization accused in the suit). Persons filing under the Act stand to receive a portion (usually about 15–25 percent) of any recovered damages. As of 2012, over 70 percent of all federal Government FCA actions were initiated by whistleblowers. Claims under the law have typically involved health care, military, or other government spending programs, and dominate the list of largest pharmaceutical settlements. The government recovered $38.9 billion under the False Claims Act between 1987 and 2013 and of this amount, $27.2 billion or 70% was from qui tam cases brought by relators.
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Famciclovir
Famciclovir is a guanosine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections, most commonly for herpes zoster (shingles).
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Fenistil
Fenistil is a brand name for some over the counter medications distributed by GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis.
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Fever
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.
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Fibre supplements
Fibre supplements (or fiber supplements) are considered to be a form of a subgroup of functional dietary fibre, and in the United States are defined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM).
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Fingolimod
Fingolimod (INN, trade name Gilenya, Novartis) is an immunomodulating drug, mostly used for treating multiple sclerosis (MS).
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Fluvastatin
Fluvastatin (INN, trade names Lescol, Canef, Vastin) is a member of the statin drug class, used to treat hypercholesterolemia and to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
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Formoterol
Formoterol (INN) or eformoterol (former BAN) is a long-acting β2 agonist (LABA) used in the management of asthma and COPD.
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Frank Gehry
Frank Owen Gehry,, FAIA (born Frank Owen Goldberg)Reinhart, Anthony (July 28, 2010), Globe and Mail is a Canadian-born American architect, residing in Los Angeles.
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Fuchsine
Fuchsine (sometimes spelled fuchsin) or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta dye with chemical formula C20H19N3·HCl.
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Genentech
Genentech, Inc., is a biotechnology corporation which became a subsidiary of Roche in 2009.
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Generic drug
A generic drug is a pharmaceutical drug that is equivalent to a brand-name product in dosage, strength, route of administration, quality, performance, and intended use, but does not carry the brand name.
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Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods.
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Genetically modified organism
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (i.e., a genetically engineered organism).
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Gerber Products Company
Gerber Products Company is a purveyor of baby food and baby products headquartered in Florham Park, New Jersey, with plans to relocate to Arlington, Virginia.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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GlaxoSmithKline
GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) is a British pharmaceutical company headquartered in Brentford, London.
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Glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.
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Growth hormone
Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin (or as human growth hormone in its human form), is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals.
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Gurgaon
Gurgaon, officially named Gurugram since 2016, is a satellite city of Delhi located in the Indian state of Haryana and is part of the National Capital Region of India.
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Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Heart failure
Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
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Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver.
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Herpes simplex
Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by the herpes simplex virus.
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Hives
Hives, also known as urticaria, is a kind of skin rash with red, raised, itchy bumps.
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Hoechst AG
Hoechst AG was a German chemicals then life-sciences company that became Aventis Deutschland after its merger with France's Rhône-Poulenc S.A. in 1999.
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Hoffmann-La Roche
F.
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Holly Springs, North Carolina
Holly Springs is a town in Wake County, North Carolina, United States.
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Hyderabad
Hyderabad is the capital of the Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh.
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Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ or HCT) is a diuretic medication often used to treat high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid build up.
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Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
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Hypertension
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
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Iloperidone
Iloperidone, also known as Fanapt, Fanapta, and previously known as Zomaril, is an atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Imatinib
Imatinib, sold under the brand names Gleevec among others, is a medication used to treat cancer.
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Imipramine
Imipramine, sold under the brand name Tofranil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which is used mainly in the treatment of depression.
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Indacaterol
Indacaterol (INN) is an ultra-long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist developed by Novartis.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Indication (medicine)
In medicine, an indication is a valid reason to use a certain test, medication, procedure, or surgery.
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Influenza vaccine
Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots or flu jabs, are vaccines that protect against infection by Influenza viruses.
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Innovative Medicines Initiative
The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) is a European initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of pharmaceutical research.
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International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations
The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations (IFPMA) represents the research-based pharmaceutical companies and associations across the globe.
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Iron overload
Iron overload (variously known as haemochromatosis, hemochromatosis, hemochromocytosis, Celtic curse, Irish illness, British gene, Scottish sickness and bronzing diabetes) indicates accumulation of iron in the body from any cause.
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Isostar
Isostar is a sports drink sold in Europe.
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Ivermectin
Ivermectin is a medication that is effective against many types of parasites.
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Jenny Holzer
Jenny Holzer (born July 29, 1950, Gallipolis, Ohio) is an American neo-conceptual artist, based in Hoosick Falls, New York.
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Kazuyo Sejima
is a Japanese architect.
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Keri
Keri is a Hebrew term which literally means "happenstance", "frivolity" or "contrariness" and has come to mean "seminal emission".
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Ketotifen
Ketotifen, sold under the brand name Zaditor among others, is a first-generation noncompetitive H1-antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer.
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L-DOPA
L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, as well as some animals and plants.
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Lansoprazole
Lansoprazole, sold under the brand name Prevacid among others, is a medication which inhibits the stomach's production of acid.
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Laxative
Laxatives, purgatives, or aperients are substances that loosen stools and increase bowel movements.
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Leather
Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning animal rawhides, mostly cattle hide.
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Letrozole
Letrozole, sold under the brand name Femara among others, is an aromatase inhibitor which is used in the treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer after surgery.
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List of pharmaceutical companies
It is limited to those companies notable enough to have articles in Wikipedia.
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Lufenuron
Lufenuron is the active ingredient in the veterinary flea control medication Program, and one of the two active ingredients in the flea, heartworm, ringworm and anthelmintic medicine milbemycin oxime/lufenuron (Sentinel).
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Lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects, which may include altered awareness of one's surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as sensations and images that seem real though they are not.
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Maalox
Maalox was a brand of antacid owned by Novartis.
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Macular degeneration
Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field.
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Magnesium salicylate
Magnesium salicylate is a common analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat mild to moderate muscular pain.
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Major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Management
Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body.
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Maprotiline
Maprotiline, sold under the brand name Ludiomil among others, is a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) that is used in the treatment of depression.
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Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. is a privately held independent publishing company founded by its president, Mary Ann Liebert, in 1980.
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Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx or DS) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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MEK inhibitor
A MEK inhibitor is a chemical or drug that inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase enzymes MEK1 and/or MEK2.
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Mental disorder
A mental disorder, also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.
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Mesoridazine
Mesoridazine (Serentil) is a piperidine neuroleptic drug belonging to the class of drugs called phenothiazines, used in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Mesylate
In chemistry, a mesylate is any salt or ester of methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H).
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Metformin
Metformin, marketed under the trade name Glucophage among others, is the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight.
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Methods in Molecular Biology
Methods in Molecular Biology is a book series published by Humana Press that covers molecular biology research methods and protocols.
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Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate, sold under various trade names, Ritalin being one of the most commonly known, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine and piperidine classes that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.
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Michael Cohen (lawyer)
Michael Dean Cohen (born August 25, 1966) is an American attorney who worked as a lawyer for U.S. President Donald Trump.
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Miconazole
Miconazole, sold under the brand name Monistat among others, is an antifungal medication used to treat ring worm, pityriasis versicolor, and yeast infections of the skin or vagina.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Migraine
A migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe.
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Milbemycin oxime
Milbemycin oxime (trade name Interceptor, marketed by Elanco) is a veterinary drug from the group of milbemycins, used as a broad spectrum antiparasitic.
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Milbemycin oxime/lufenuron
The combination milbemycin oxime/lufenuron (trade names Sentinel Flavor Tabs, by Novartis Animal Health, and Program plus) is a parasite control drug in which the active ingredient, milbemycin oxime, eliminates worms, while a second active ingredient, lufenuron, arrests the development of eggs and larvae, preventing them from maturing and continuing the infestation of an animal.
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Mobile technology
Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular communication.
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Monoclonal antibody
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.
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Multinational corporation
A multinational corporation (MNC) or worldwide enterprise is a corporate organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country.
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Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.
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Mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic acid, less accurately called mycophenolate, is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation.
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Mycosis
Mycosis is a fungal infection of animals, including humans.
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Myelofibrosis
Myelofibrosis, also known as osteomyelofibrosis, is a relatively rare bone marrow cancer.
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Nateglinide
Nateglinide (INN, trade name Starlix) is a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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National Health Service
The National Health Service (NHS) is the name used for each of the public health services in the United Kingdom – the National Health Service in England, NHS Scotland, NHS Wales, and Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland – as well as a term to describe them collectively.
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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health in the United Kingdom, which publishes guidelines in four areas.
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Nestlé
Nestlé S.A. is a Swiss transnational food and drink company headquartered in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland.
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Nicorette
Nicorette is the brand name of a number of products for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) that contain nicotine.
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Nicotine replacement therapy
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a medically-approved way to take nicotine by means other than tobacco.
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Nilotinib
Nilotinib (AMN107, trade name Tasigna), in the form of the hydrochloride monohydrate salt, is a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia.
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Nitenpyram
Nitenpyram is an insecticide used in agriculture and veterinary medicine to kill off external pests, like fleas.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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Novartis
Novartis International AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland.
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Novartis v. Union of India & Others
Novartis v. Union of India & Others is a landmark decision by a two-judge bench of the Indian Supreme Court on the issue of whether Novartis could patent Gleevec in India, and was the culmination of a seven-year-long litigation fought by Novartis.
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Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder where people feel the need to check things repeatedly, perform certain routines repeatedly (called "rituals"), or have certain thoughts repeatedly (called "obsessions").
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Octreotide
Octreotide (trade name Sandostatin, among others) is an octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though it is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone.
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Ofatumumab
Ofatumumab (trade name Arzerra, also known as HuMax-CD20) is a fully human monoclonal antibody (for the CD20 protein) which appears to inhibit early-stage B lymphocyte activation.
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Off-label use
Off-label use is the use of pharmaceutical drugs for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, dosage, or route of administration.
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Omalizumab
Omalizumab, sold under the trade name Xolair, is a medication originally designed to reduce sensitivity to allergens.
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Oncology
Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.
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Opposition proceeding
An opposition proceeding is an administrative process available under the patent and trademark law of many jurisdictions which allows third parties to formally challenge the validity of a pending patent application ("pre-grant opposition"), of a granted patent ("post-grant opposition"), or of a trademark.
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Organ transplantation
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of a broken bone.
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Ovaltine
Ovaltine (Ovomaltine) is a brand of milk flavoring product made with malt extract (except in the blue packaging in the United States), sugar (except in Switzerland), and whey.
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Over-the-counter drug
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a healthcare professional, as opposed to prescription drugs, which may be sold only to consumers possessing a valid prescription.
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Oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine is an anticonvulsant drug primarily used in the treatment of epilepsy. There is some evidence for oxcarbazepine as a mood-stabilizing agent and thus, it can be used as add-on therapy for bipolar disorder in patients that have failed or are unable to tolerate approved treatments. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, double vision and trouble with walking. Although not common, anaphylaxis may occur. Due to its structural similarities to carbamazepine there is approximately a 25–30% chance of cross-reactivity between the two medications. Oxcarbazepine is marketed as Trileptal by Novartis and available in some countries as a generic drug. There is also an extended-release formulation marketed as Oxtellar XR by Supernus Pharmaceuticals.
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Paracetamol
--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.
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Paraphilia
Paraphilia (previously known as sexual perversion and sexual deviation) is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.
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Pasireotide
Pasireotide (SOM230, trade name Signifor) is an orphan drug approved in the United States and Europe for the treatment of Cushing's disease in patients who fail or are ineligible for surgical therapy.
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Paul Hermann Müller
Paul Hermann Müller also known as Pauly Mueller (12 January 1899 – 13 October 1965) was a Swiss chemist who received the 1948 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for his 1939 discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases such as malaria and yellow fever.
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Penciclovir
Penciclovir is a guanosine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections.
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Pentavalent vaccine
A pentavalent vaccine is a combined vaccine with five individual vaccines conjugated into one, intended to actively protect people from multiple diseases.
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Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.
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Peter Walker (landscape architect)
Peter Walker is an American landscape architect and the founder of PWP Landscape Architecture.
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Pharmaceutical formulation
Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which different chemical substances, including the active drug, are combined to produce a final medicinal product.
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Pharmaceutical industry
The pharmaceutical industry (or medicine industry) is the commercial industry that discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as different types of medicine and medications.
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Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland
The pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland directly and indirectly employs about 135,000 people.
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Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA, pronounced), formerly known as the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, is a trade group representing companies in the pharmaceutical industry in the United States founded in 1958.
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Phenazone
Phenazone (INN and BAN; also known as phenazon, antipyrine (USAN), or analgesine) is an analgesic, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and an antipyretic.
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Platelet-derived growth factor
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one of numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division.
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Potassium peroxymonosulfate
Potassium peroxymonosulfate (also known as MPS, potassium monopersulfate, potassium caroate, and the trade names Caroat and Oxone) is widely used as an oxidizing agent.
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Praziquantel
Praziquantel, sold under the brandname Biltricide among others, is a medication used to treat a number of types of parasitic worm infections.
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Pre-clinical development
In drug development, preclinical development, also named preclinical studies and nonclinical studies, is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) can begin, and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected.
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Pregnancy
Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.
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Presbyopia
Presbyopia is a condition associated with the aging of the eye that results in progressively worsening ability to focus clearly on close objects.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.
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Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a long-lasting autoimmune disease characterized by patches of abnormal skin.
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Psychedelic drug
Psychedelics are a class of drug whose primary action is to trigger psychedelic experiences via serotonin receptor agonism, causing thought and visual/auditory changes, and altered state of consciousness.
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Psychiatry
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders.
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Public Eye (organization)
Public Eye (German: Erklärung von Bern, commonly shortened to EvB until September 2016; French: Déclartion de Berne; Italian: Dichiarazione di Bern) is a sustainability-oriented, politically and religiously independent solidarity development non-governmental organisation based in Switzerland.
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Public limited company
A public limited company (legally abbreviated to plc) is a type of public company under the United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth jurisdictions, and the Republic of Ireland.
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Pune
Pune, formerly spelled Poona (1857–1978), is the second largest city in the Indian state of Maharashtra, after Mumbai.
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Qui tam
In common law, a writ of qui tam is a writ whereby a private individual who assists a prosecution can receive all or part of any penalty imposed.
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Rafael Moneo
José Rafael Moneo Vallés (born 9 May 1937) is a Spanish architect.
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Ranibizumab
Ranibizumab (trade name Lucentis among others) is a monoclonal antibody fragment (Fab) created from the same parent mouse antibody as bevacizumab.
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Reserpine
Reserpine (also known by trade names Raudixin, Serpalan, Serpasil) is an indole alkaloid, Major Types Of Chemical Compounds In Plants & Animals Part II: Phenolic Compounds, Glycosides & Alkaloids. Wayne's Word: An On-Line Textbook of Natural History.
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Reuters
Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
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Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints.
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Rhine
--> The Rhine (Rhenus, Rein, Rhein, le Rhin,, Italiano: Reno, Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea.
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Richard Serra
Richard Serra (born November 2, 1938) is an American minimalist sculptor and video artist known for working with large-scale assemblies of sheet metal.
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Rivastigmine
Rivastigmine (sold under the trade name Exelon) is a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's.
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RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.
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Ruxolitinib
Ruxolitinib (trade names Jakafi and Jakavi) is a drug for the treatment of intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, a type of myeloproliferative disorder that affects the bone marrow, and for polycythemia vera (PCV) when there has been an inadequate response to or intolerance of hydroxyurea.
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Ryue Nishizawa
is a Japanese architect based in Tokyo.
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Saccharin
Sodium saccharin (benzoic sulfimide) is an artificial sweetener with effectively no food energy that is about 300–400 times as sweet as sucrose but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations.
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Sacubitril/valsartan
Sacubitril/valsartan, sold under the brand name Entresto among others, is a combination drug for use in heart failure developed by Novartis.
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Sales
Sales is activity related to selling or the amount of goods or services sold in a given time period.
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Salt (chemistry)
In chemistry, a salt is an ionic compound that can be formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
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SANAA
SANAA (Sejima and Nishizawa and Associates) is a multiple award-winning architectural firm based in Tokyo, Japan.
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Sandoz chemical spill
The Sandoz chemical spill was a major environmental disaster caused by a fire and its subsequent extinguishing at Sandoz agrochemical storehouse in the Schweizerhalle industrial complex, Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland, on 1 November 1986, which released toxic agrochemicals into the air and resulted in tons of pollutants entering the Rhine river, turning it red.
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Savlon
Savlon is a brand of antiseptic pharmaceutical products manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline.
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to understand reality.
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Science 37
Science 37 is an American clinical research company.
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Secukinumab
Secukinumab, trade name Cosentyx, is a human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody that binds to the protein interleukin (IL)-17A, and is marketed by Novartis for the treatment of psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis.
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Sexual orientation discrimination
Sexual orientation discrimination is discrimination based on sexuality.
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Shingles
Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area.
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Silk
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles.
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Simeticone
Simeticone (INN), also known as simethicone (USAN), is an anti-foaming agent used to reduce bloating, discomfort or pain caused by excessive gas.
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Sonidegib
Sonidegib (INN), also known as LDE225 and marketed as Odomzo, is a Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor (via smoothened antagonism) being developed as an anticancer agent by Novartis.
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Spasticity
Spasticity is a feature of altered skeletal muscle performance with a combination of paralysis, increased tendon reflex activity, and hypertonia.
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Speciality chemicals
Speciality chemicals (also called specialties or effect chemicals) are particular chemical products which provide a wide variety of effects on which many other industry sectors rely.
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Spinal muscular atrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterised by loss of motor neurons and progressive muscle wasting, often leading to early death.
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Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review.
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Sweden
Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.
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Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Syngenta
Syngenta AG is a global company agribusiness that produces agrochemicals and seeds.
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Tegaserod
Tegaserod is a 5-HT4 agonist manufactured by Novartis and sold under the names Zelnorm and Zelmac for the management of irritable bowel syndrome and constipation.
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Telbivudine
Telbivudine is an antiviral drug used in the treatment of hepatitis B infection.
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Telemedicine
Telemedicine is the use of telecommunication and information technology to provide clinical health care from a distance.
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Terbinafine
Terbinafine, sold under the brand name Lamisil among others, is an antifungal medication used to treat ringworm, pityriasis versicolor, and fungal nail infections.
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Tetryzoline
Tetryzoline (INN; also known as tetrahydrozoline), a derivative of imidazoline, is found in over-the-counter eye drops and nasal sprays.
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The Jakarta Post
The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia.
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The Wall Street Journal
The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.
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Theraflu
Theraflu is a brand of over-the-counter cold and flu medicines from GSK Consumer Healthcare that contain different groupings of various cold and flu symptom medications.
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Thiethylperazine
Thiethylperazine (Torecan) is an antiemetic of the phenothiazine class.
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Thioridazine
Thioridazine (Mellaril or Melleril) is a piperidine typical antipsychotic drug belonging to the phenothiazine drug group and was previously widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis.
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Time (magazine)
Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.
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Timothy Leary
Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American psychologist and writer known for advocating the exploration of the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs under controlled conditions.
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Tioconazole
Tioconazole is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class used to treat infections caused by a fungus or yeast.
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Tipi
A tipi (also teepee) is a cone-shaped tent, traditionally made of animal skins upon wooden poles.
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Tisagenlecleucel
Tisagenlecleucel, marketed as Kymriah, is a treatment for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia which uses the body's own T cells to fight cancer (adoptive cell transfer).
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Tixylix
Tixylix is a range of cough and cold medicines from Novartis.
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Tizanidine
Tizanidine (trade names Zanaflex (Acorda Therapeutics), Sirdalud (Novartis), Relentus (Beximco Pharma) Is a centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist used as a muscle relaxant. It is used to treat the spasms, cramping, and tightness of muscles caused by medical problems such as multiple sclerosis, ALS, spastic diplegia, back pain, or certain other injuries to the spine or central nervous system. It is also prescribed off-label for migraine headaches, as a sleep aid, and as an anticonvulsant. It is also prescribed for some symptoms of fibromyalgia. Tizanidine has been found to be as effective as other antispasmodic drugs and is more tolerable than baclofen and diazepam. Tizanidine can be very strong even at the 2 mg dose and may cause hypotension, so caution is advised when it is used in patients who have a history of orthostatic hypotension, or when switching from gel cap to tablet form and vice versa. Tizanidine can occasionally cause acute liver failure. Clinical trials show that up to 5% of patients treated with tizanidine had elevated liver function test values, though symptoms disappeared upon withdrawal of the drug. Care should be used when first beginning treatment with tizanidine with regular liver tests for the first six months of treatment. As of 2015 the cost for a typical month of medication in the United States is US$100200.
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Tobramycin
Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces tenebrarius and used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infections.
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Tokyo
, officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and has been the capital since 1869.
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Transplant rejection
Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue.
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Treble damages
Treble damages, in United States law, is a term that indicates that a statute permits a court to triple the amount of the actual/compensatory damages to be awarded to a prevailing plaintiff.
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Triclabendazole
Triclabendazole, sold under the brand name Egaten among others, is a medication used to treat liver flukes, specifically fascioliasis and paragonimiasis. It is very effective for both conditions. Treatment in hospital may be required. It is taken by mouth with typically one or two doses being required. Side effects are generally few, but can include abdominal pain and headaches. Biliary colic may occur due to dying worms. While no harms have been found with use during pregnancy, triclabendazole has not been well studied in this population. It is a member of the benzimidazole family of medications for worms. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is not commercially available in the United States. For human use it can be obtained from the World Health Organization. It is also used in other animals.
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TRIPS Agreement
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international legal agreement between all the member nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
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Tropisetron
Tropisetron (INN) is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used mainly as an antiemetic to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy, although it has been used experimentally as an analgesic in cases of fibromyalgia.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), also known as the Health Department, is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services.
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University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public research university in Berkeley, California.
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Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
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Valsartan
Valsartan (trade name Diovan) is mainly used for treatment of high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and to increase the chances of living longer after a heart attack.
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Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide
Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide (INNs, trade name Co-vasotec) is an antihypertensive drug combination of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist with hydrochlorothiazide, the most common diuretic to be combined with other blood pressure lowering substances.
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Vasant Narasimhan
Vasant Narasimhan is currently the Chief Executive Officer of Novartis, having previously served as the Global Head of Drug Development and Chief Medical Officer.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels.
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Verteporfin
Verteporfin (trade name Visudyne), a benzoporphyrin derivative, is a medication used as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy to eliminate the abnormal blood vessels in the eye associated with conditions such as the wet form of macular degeneration.
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Veterinary medicine
Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in non-human animals.
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Vildagliptin
Vildagliptin (previously LAF237, trade names Galvus, Zomelis) is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs.
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Wasabröd
The Swedish company Wasabröd is the largest producer in the world of Scandinavian style crisp bread (knäckebröd, Finnish: näkkileipä, knekkebrød, knækbrød, hrökkbrauð).
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World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.
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Xylometazoline
Xylometazoline, also spelled xylomethazoline, is a medication which is used to improve symptoms of nasal congestion, allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis.
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Zoledronic acid
Zoledronic acid, also known as zoledronate, is a medication used to treat a number of bone diseases.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis