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91 relations: Archaeology, Archosaur, Archosauromorpha, Arthur Cain, Astrophysics, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Bird, Charaka Samhita, Circular reasoning, Clade, Cladogram, Coalescent theory, Common descent, Comparative method, Comparative mythology, Computational phylogenetics, Computer, Crocodilia, Crocodylomorpha, Cultural anthropology, Dendrogram, Diapsid, Digit (anatomy), Dinosaur, DNA sequencing, Entomology, Ernst Mayr, Ethology, Evolutionary grade, Evolutionary radiation, Evolutionary taxonomy, Folklore, Glossary of scientific naming, Greek language, Haplorhini, Historical linguistics, Homeothermy, Homology (biology), Homoplasy, Julian Huxley, Language family, Lemur, Lepidosauria, Literature, Lizard, Loris, Lucien Cuénot, Mathematical and theoretical biology, Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics), ..., Molecular genetics, Molecular phylogenetics, Monophyly, Most recent common ancestor, Numerical taxonomy, Occam's razor, Online Etymology Dictionary, Operational taxonomic unit, Organism, Paraphyly, Patrocladogram, Peter Chalmers Mitchell, Peter Sneath, Phenetics, Phylogenetic network, Phylogenetic nomenclature, Phylogenetics, Poikilotherm, Polymerase chain reaction, Polyphyly, Primate, Robert John Tillyard, Robert R. Sokal, Stratocladistics, Strepsirrhini, Subclade, Symplesiomorphy, Synapomorphy and apomorphy, Systematics, Taxonomy (biology), Tetrapod, Textual criticism, The Canterbury Tales, Three-taxon analysis, Transformed cladistics, Tree (graph theory), Tree model, Tree structure, Turtle, Walter Max Zimmermann, Willi Hennig. Expand index (41 more) »
Archaeology
Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of humanactivity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
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Archosaur
Archosaurs are a group of diapsid amniotes whose living representatives consist of birds and crocodilians.
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Archosauromorpha
Archosauromorpha (Greek for "ruling lizard forms") is a clade (or infraclass) of diapsid reptiles that first appeared during the middle Permian and became more common during the Triassic.
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Arthur Cain
Arthur James Cain FRS (25 July 1921 – 20 August 1999) was a British evolutionary biologist and ecologist.
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Astrophysics
Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry "to ascertain the nature of the astronomical objects, rather than their positions or motions in space".
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Biochemistry
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
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Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Charaka Samhita
The Charaka Saṃhitā or Compendium of Charaka (Sanskrit चरक संहिता IAST: caraka-saṃhitā) is a Sanskrit text on Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine).
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Circular reasoning
Circular reasoning (circulus in probando, "circle in proving"; also known as circular logic) is a logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with.
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Clade
A clade (from κλάδος, klados, "branch"), also known as monophyletic group, is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single "branch" on the "tree of life".
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Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms.
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Coalescent theory
Coalescent theory is a model of how gene variants sampled from a population may have originated from a common ancestor.
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Common descent
Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.
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Comparative method
In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, in order to extrapolate back to infer the properties of that ancestor.
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Comparative mythology
Comparative mythology is the comparison of myths from different cultures in an attempt to identify shared themes and characteristics.
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Computational phylogenetics
Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods, and programs to phylogenetic analyses.
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Computer
A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.
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Crocodilia
Crocodilia (or Crocodylia) is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic archosaurian reptiles, known as crocodilians.
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Crocodylomorpha
Crocodylomorpha is a group of archosaurs that includes the crocodilians and their extinct relatives.
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Cultural anthropology
Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans.
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Dendrogram
A dendrogram (from Greek dendro "tree" and gramma "drawing") is a tree diagram frequently used to illustrate the arrangement of the clusters produced by hierarchical clustering.
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Diapsid
Diapsids ("two arches") are a group of amniote tetrapods that developed two holes (temporal fenestra) in each side of their skulls about 300 million years ago during the late Carboniferous period.
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Digit (anatomy)
A digit is one of several most distal parts of a limb, such as fingers or toes, present in many vertebrates.
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Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.
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DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
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Entomology
Entomology is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology.
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Ernst Mayr
Ernst Walter Mayr (5 July 1904 – 3 February 2005) was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists.
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Ethology
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.
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Evolutionary grade
In alpha taxonomy, a grade is a taxon united by a level of morphological or physiological complexity.
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Evolutionary radiation
An evolutionary radiation is an increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity, due to adaptive change or the opening of ecospace.
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Evolutionary taxonomy
Evolutionary taxonomy, evolutionary systematics or Darwinian classification is a branch of biological classification that seeks to classify organisms using a combination of phylogenetic relationship (shared descent), progenitor-descendant relationship (serial descent), and degree of evolutionary change.
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Folklore
Folklore is the expressive body of culture shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group.
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Glossary of scientific naming
This is a list of terms and symbols used in scientific names for organisms, and in describing the names.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Haplorhini
Haplorhini (the haplorhines or the "dry-nosed" primates, the Greek name means "simple-nosed") is a suborder of primates containing the tarsiers and the simians (Simiiformes or anthropoids), as sister of the Strepsirrhini.
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Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also called diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time.
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Homeothermy
Homeothermy or homothermy is thermoregulation that maintains a stable internal body temperature regardless of external influence.
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Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.
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Homoplasy
Homoplasy in biological systematics is when a trait has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages during evolution.
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Julian Huxley
Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was a British evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist.
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Language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.
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Lemur
Lemurs are a clade of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar.
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Lepidosauria
The Lepidosauria (from Greek meaning scaled lizards) are reptiles with overlapping scales.
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Literature
Literature, most generically, is any body of written works.
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Lizard
Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 6,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains.
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Loris
Loris is the common name for the strepsirrhine primates of the subfamily Lorinae (sometimes spelled Lorisinae) in the family Lorisidae.
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Lucien Cuénot
Lucien Claude Marie Julien Cuénot (21 October 1866 – 7 January 1951) was a French biologist.
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Mathematical and theoretical biology
Mathematical and theoretical biology is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of the living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems, as opposed to experimental biology which deals with the conduction of experiments to prove and validate the scientific theories.
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Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, maximum parsimony is an optimality criterion under which the phylogenetic tree that minimizes the total number of character-state changes is to be preferred.
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Molecular genetics
Molecular genetics is the field of biology that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level and thus employs methods of both molecular biology and genetics.
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Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominately in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.
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Monophyly
In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.
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Most recent common ancestor
In biology and genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA, also last common ancestor (LCA), or concestor) of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms are directly descended.
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Numerical taxonomy
Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their character states.
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Occam's razor
Occam's razor (also Ockham's razor or Ocham's razor; Latin: lex parsimoniae "law of parsimony") is the problem-solving principle that, the simplest explanation tends to be the right one.
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Online Etymology Dictionary
The Online Etymology Dictionary is a free online dictionary written and compiled by Douglas Harper that describes the origins of English-language words.
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Operational taxonomic unit
An operational taxonomic unit (OTU) is an operational definition used to classify groups of closely related individuals.
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Organism
In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.
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Paraphyly
In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a few—typically only one or two—monophyletic subgroups.
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Patrocladogram
A patrocladogram is a cladistic branching pattern that has been precisely modified by use of patristic distances (i.e., divergences between lineages); a type of phylogram.
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Peter Chalmers Mitchell
Sir Peter Chalmers Mitchell, CBE, FRS, DSc, LLD (23 November 1864 – 2 July 1945), zoologist, was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London from 1903 to 1935.
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Peter Sneath
Peter Henry Andrews Sneath FRS, MD (17 November 1923 – September 9, 2011) was a microbiologist who co-founded the field of numerical taxonomy, together with Robert R. Sokal.
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Phenetics
In biology, phenetics (phainein - to appear), also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relation.
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Phylogenetic network
A phylogenetic network or reticulation is any graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships (either abstractly or explicitly)Huson, DH and Scornavacca, C (2011).
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Phylogenetic nomenclature
Phylogenetic nomenclature, often called cladistic nomenclature, is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names as explained below.
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Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον – phylé, phylon.
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Poikilotherm
A poikilotherm is an animal whose internal temperature varies considerably.
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Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
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Polyphyly
A polyphyletic group is a set of organisms, or other evolving elements, that have been grouped together but do not share an immediate common ancestor.
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Primate
A primate is a mammal of the order Primates (Latin: "prime, first rank").
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Robert John Tillyard
Robert "Robin" John Tillyard FRS (31 January 1881 – 13 January 1937) was an English–Australian entomologist and geologist.
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Robert R. Sokal
Robert Reuven Sokal (January 13, 1926 in Vienna, Austria – April 9, 2012 in Stony Brook, New York) was an Austrian-American biostatistician and entomologist.
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Stratocladistics
Stratocladistics is a technique in Phylogenetics of making phylogenetic inferences using both geological and morphobiological data.
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Strepsirrhini
Strepsirrhini or Strepsirhini is a suborder of primates that includes the lemuriform primates, which consist of the lemurs of Madagascar, galagos, ("bushbabies") and pottos from Africa, and the lorises from India and southeast Asia.
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Subclade
In genetics, a subclade is a subgroup of a haplogroup.
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Symplesiomorphy
In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy or symplesiomorphic character is an ancestral character or trait state shared by two or more taxa.
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Synapomorphy and apomorphy
In phylogenetics, apomorphy and synapomorphy refer to derived characters of a clade – characters or traits that are derived from ancestral characters over evolutionary history.
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Systematics
Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time.
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Taxonomy (biology)
Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
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Tetrapod
The superclass Tetrapoda (from Greek: τετρα- "four" and πούς "foot") contains the four-limbed vertebrates known as tetrapods; it includes living and extinct amphibians, reptiles (including dinosaurs, and its subgroup birds) and mammals (including primates, and all hominid subgroups including humans), as well as earlier extinct groups.
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Textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books.
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The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales (Tales of Caunterbury) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400.
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Three-taxon analysis
Three-taxon analysis (or TTS, three-item analysis, 3ia) is a cladistic based method of phylogenetic reconstruction.
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Transformed cladistics
Transformed cladistics, also known as pattern cladistics is an epistemological approach to the cladistic method of phylogenetic inference and classification that makes no a priori assumptions about common ancestry.
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Tree (graph theory)
In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a tree is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by exactly one path.
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Tree model
In historical linguistics, the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species.
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Tree structure
A tree structure or tree diagram is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form.
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Turtle
Turtles are diapsids of the order Testudines (or Chelonii) characterized by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield.
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Walter Max Zimmermann
Walter Max Zimmermann (May 9, 1892 – June 30, 1980) was a German botanist and systematist.
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Willi Hennig
Emil Hans Willi Hennig (April 20, 1913 – November 5, 1976) was a German biologist who is considered the founder of phylogenetic systematics, also known as cladistics.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics
