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231 relations: Aberration of light, Adiabatic process, AIP Conference Proceedings, Ancient (Stargate), Andrei Doroshkevich, Andrew McKellar, Anisotropy, Archeops, Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver, Arcminute Microkelvin Imager, Arno Allan Penzias, Arthur Eddington, Arthur M. Wolfe, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, Axis of evil (cosmology), Banknotes of the Swiss franc, Baryon, Basic Books, Bayesian inference, BBC News, Bell Labs, BICEP and Keck Array, Big Bang, Big Crunch, Big Rip, Black body, Bolometer, BOOMERanG experiment, Brady Haran, Bremsstrahlung, Cambridge University Press, Cavendish Astrophysics Group, Charles Édouard Guillaume, Charles L. Bennett, Chronology of the universe, Clover (telescope), Coherence (physics), Color temperature, Compton scattering, Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope, Cosmic Background Explorer, Cosmic Background Imager, Cosmic background radiation, Cosmic dust, Cosmic microwave background, Cosmic neutrino background, Cosmic string, Cosmic variance, Cosmological perturbation theory, Cosmology, ..., Crawford Hill, Curl (mathematics), Curved space, Dark energy, Dark matter, David Todd Wilkinson, Decoupling (cosmology), Degree Angular Scale Interferometer, Dennis W. Sciama, Diffusion damping, Dipole, Discovery Science (TV channel), Divergence, Doklady Physics, Doppler effect, Dover Publications, Ecliptic, Effective temperature, Electromagnetic radiation, Electromagnetic spectrum, Electron, Electronvolt, Electrostatics, Equinox, Erich Regener, Erwin Finlay-Freundlich, European Space Agency, Expansion of the universe, Exponential growth, Extinction (astronomy), Fine-tuning, Fluid, Fourier transform, Free streaming, Galaxy cluster, Galaxy group, Gas, George Gamow, George Smoot, Gravitational potential, Gravitational wave, Gravitational wave background, Heat death of the universe, Helge Kragh, Herschel Space Observatory, High-electron-mobility transistor, Holmdel Township, New Jersey, How the Universe Works, Hubble's law, Hydrogen, Hydrogen line, Ian Stewart (mathematician), Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov, Inflation (cosmology), Inflaton, Interferometry, Isotropy, Jack Cohen (scientist), Jim Peebles, John C. Mather, John Wiley & Sons, Johns Hopkins University, Joseph Silk, Kelvin, Lambda-CDM model, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Leo (constellation), Light-second, List of cosmological computation software, List of cosmological horizons, List of starships in Stargate, Liu Cixin, Local Group, Lorentz covariance, Markov chain Monte Carlo, Martin Rees, Matter, Max Born, Max Tegmark, Mean free path, Microwave, Microwave radiometer, Milky Way, Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array, Minkowski space, Mollweide projection, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Nançay radio telescope, NASA, National Medal of Science, National Science Foundation, Nature, Nature (journal), Nobel Foundation, Nobel Prize, Nobel Prize in Physics, Noise temperature, Non-standard cosmology, Observable universe, Observational cosmology, Opacity (optics), Optical telescope, Outer space, Owens Valley Radio Observatory, Peculiar velocity, Photon, Photon energy, Physical cosmology, Physical Review, Physical Review Letters, Physics Reports, Planck (spacecraft), Planck–Einstein relation, Plasma (physics), POLARBEAR, Polarization (waves), Princeton University, Princeton University Press, Proportionality (mathematics), Proton, QMAP, QUaD, Quadrupole, Quantum fluctuation, QUIET, Radiance, Radio telescope, Rainer K. Sachs, Ralph Asher Alpher, Rashid Sunyaev, Recombination (cosmology), Redshift, Reionization, RELIKT-1, Review of Scientific Instruments, Reviews of Modern Physics, RIA Novosti, Richard C. Tolman, Robert H. Dicke, Robert Herman, Robert Woodrow Wilson, Root mean square, Rose Center for Earth and Space, Rotational temperature, Sachs–Wolfe effect, Scale factor (cosmology), Science (journal), Shape of the universe, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, South Pole Telescope, Soviet Union, Spectral density, Spherical harmonics, Springer Science+Business Media, Stargate Universe, Starlight, Steady State theory, Stellar population, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich Array, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, The Astrophysical Journal, The Guardian, The New York Times, The Three-Body Problem (novel), Thomson scattering, Tired light, Topology, Universe, University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Cambridge, University of Nottingham, Very Small Array, Viper telescope, Walther Nernst, Wavelength, Weak gravitational lensing, Wheelers (novel), Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, 1,000,000,000. Expand index (181 more) »
Aberration of light
The aberration of light (also referred to as astronomical aberration, stellar aberration, or velocity aberration) is an astronomical phenomenon which produces an apparent motion of celestial objects about their true positions, dependent on the velocity of the observer.
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Adiabatic process
In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process is one that occurs without transfer of heat or matter between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings.
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AIP Conference Proceedings
AIP Conference Proceedings is a serial published by the American Institute of Physics since 1970.
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Ancient (Stargate)
The Ancients (in their own tongue Anquietas) are a fictional humanoid race in the Stargate franchise.
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Andrei Doroshkevich
Andrei Georgievich Doroshkevich (Андрей Георгиевич Дорошкевич, born 1937) is a Russian (and former Soviet) theoretical astrophysicist and cosmologist, head of the laboratory on the physics of the early universe at the Lebedev Physical Institute.
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Andrew McKellar
Dr.
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Anisotropy
Anisotropy, is the property of being directionally dependent, which implies different properties in different directions, as opposed to isotropy.
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Archeops
Archeops was a balloon-borne instrument dedicated to measuring the Cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies.
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Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver
ACBAR was an experiment to measure the anisotropy of the Cosmic microwave background.
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Arcminute Microkelvin Imager
The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) consists of a pair of interferometric radio telescopes - the Small and Large Arrays - located at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory near Cambridge.
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Arno Allan Penzias
Arno Allan Penzias (born 26 April 1933) is an American physicist, radio astronomer and Nobel laureate in physics who is co-discoverer of the cosmic microwave background radiation along with Robert Woodrow Wilson, which helped establish the Big Bang theory of cosmology.
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Arthur Eddington
Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician of the early 20th century who did his greatest work in astrophysics.
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Arthur M. Wolfe
Arthur Michael "Art" Wolfe (29 April 1939 – 17 February 2014) was an American astrophysicist, professor and the former Director of the Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences at the University of California, San Diego.
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Atacama Cosmology Telescope
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is a six-metre telescope on Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert in the north of Chile, near the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory.
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Axis of evil (cosmology)
The "Axis of Evil" is a name given to an anomaly in astronomical observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).
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Banknotes of the Swiss franc
Banknotes of the Swiss franc are issued by the Swiss National Bank in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 1,000 Swiss francs.
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Baryon
A baryon is a composite subatomic particle made up of three quarks (a triquark, as distinct from mesons, which are composed of one quark and one antiquark).
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Basic Books
Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1952 and located in New York, now an imprint of Hachette Books.
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Bayesian inference
Bayesian inference is a method of statistical inference in which Bayes' theorem is used to update the probability for a hypothesis as more evidence or information becomes available.
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BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.
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Bell Labs
Nokia Bell Labs (formerly named AT&T Bell Laboratories, Bell Telephone Laboratories and Bell Labs) is an American research and scientific development company, owned by Finnish company Nokia.
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BICEP and Keck Array
BICEP (Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization) and the Keck Array are a series of cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments.
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Big Bang
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution.
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Big Crunch
The Big Crunch is one possible scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the metric expansion of space eventually reverses and the universe recollapses, ultimately causing the cosmic scale factor to reach zero or causing a reformation of the universe starting with another Big Bang.
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Big Rip
In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a hypothetical cosmological model concerning the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, and even spacetime itself, is progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future.
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Black body
A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence.
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Bolometer
A bolometer is a device for measuring the power of incident electromagnetic radiation via the heating of a material with a temperature-dependent electrical resistance.
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BOOMERanG experiment
In astronomy and observational cosmology, The BOOMERanG experiment (Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation ANd Geophysics) was an experiment which measured the cosmic microwave background radiation of a part of the sky during three sub-orbital (high-altitude) balloon flights.
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Brady Haran
Brady John Haran (born 18 June 1976) is an Australian-born British independent filmmaker and video journalist who is known for his educational videos and documentary films produced for BBC News and his YouTube channels, the most notable being Periodic Videos and Numberphile.
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Bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung, from bremsen "to brake" and Strahlung "radiation"; i.e., "braking radiation" or "deceleration radiation", is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.
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Cavendish Astrophysics Group
The Cavendish Astrophysics Group (formerly the Radio Astronomy Group) is based at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge.
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Charles Édouard Guillaume
Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 February 1861, Fleurier, Switzerland – 13 May 1938, Sèvres, France) was a Swiss physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.
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Charles L. Bennett
Charles L. Bennett (born November 1956) is an American observational astrophysicist.
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Chronology of the universe
The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology.
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Clover (telescope)
Clover would have been an experiment to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background.
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Coherence (physics)
In physics, two wave sources are perfectly coherent if they have a constant phase difference and the same frequency, and the same waveform.
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Color temperature
The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of a color comparable to that of the light source.
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Compton scattering
Compton scattering, discovered by Arthur Holly Compton, is the scattering of a photon by a charged particle, usually an electron.
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Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope
The Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope (CAT) was a three-element interferometer for cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB/R) observations at 13 to 17 GHz, based at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory.
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Cosmic Background Explorer
The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), also referred to as Explorer 66, was a satellite dedicated to cosmology, which operated from 1989 to 1993.
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Cosmic Background Imager
The Cosmic Background Imager (or CBI) was a 13-element interferometer perched at an elevation of 5,080 metres (16,700 feet) at Llano de Chajnantor Observatory in the Chilean Andes.
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Cosmic background radiation
Cosmic background radiation is electromagnetic radiation from the big bang.
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Cosmic dust
Cosmic dust, also called extraterrestrial dust or space dust, is dust which exists in outer space, as well as all over planet Earth.
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Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR) is electromagnetic radiation as a remnant from an early stage of the universe in Big Bang cosmology.
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Cosmic neutrino background
The cosmic neutrino background (CNB, CνB) is the universe's background particle radiation composed of neutrinos.
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Cosmic string
Cosmic strings are hypothetical 1-dimensional topological defects which may have formed during a symmetry breaking phase transition in the early universe when the topology of the vacuum manifold associated to this symmetry breaking was not simply connected.
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Cosmic variance
The term cosmic variance is the statistical uncertainty inherent in observations of the universe at extreme distances.
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Cosmological perturbation theory
In physical cosmology, cosmological perturbation theory is the theory by which the evolution of structure is understood in the big bang model.
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Cosmology
Cosmology (from the Greek κόσμος, kosmos "world" and -λογία, -logia "study of") is the study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe.
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Crawford Hill
Crawford Hill is located in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, United States.
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Curl (mathematics)
In vector calculus, the curl is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal rotation of a vector field in three-dimensional Euclidean space.
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Curved space
Curved space often refers to a spatial geometry which is not "flat" where a flat space is described by Euclidean geometry.
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Dark energy
In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy which is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe.
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Dark matter
Dark matter is a theorized form of matter that is thought to account for approximately 80% of the matter in the universe, and about a quarter of its total energy density.
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David Todd Wilkinson
David Todd Wilkinson (13 May 1935 – 5 September 2002) was a world-renowned pioneer in the field of cosmology, specializing in the study of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) left over from the Big Bang.
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Decoupling (cosmology)
In cosmology, decoupling refers to a period in the development of the universe when different types of particles fall out of thermal equilibrium with each other.
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Degree Angular Scale Interferometer
The Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI) was a telescope installed at the U.S. National Science Foundation's Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.
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Dennis W. Sciama
Dennis William Siahou Sciama, (18 November 1926 – 18/19 December 1999) was a British physicist who, through his own work and that of his students, played a major role in developing British physics after the Second World War.
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Diffusion damping
In modern cosmological theory, diffusion damping, also called photon diffusion damping, is a physical process which reduced density inequalities (anisotropies) in the early universe, making the universe itself and the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) more uniform.
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Dipole
In electromagnetism, there are two kinds of dipoles.
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Discovery Science (TV channel)
Discovery Science is a TV network, a subsidiary of American Discovery Networks International, it targets several European countries' television markets.
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Divergence
In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that produces a scalar field, giving the quantity of a vector field's source at each point.
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Doklady Physics
Doklady Physics: A Journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica and Springer Science+Business Media.
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Doppler effect
The Doppler effect (or the Doppler shift) is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
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Dover Publications
Dover Publications, also known as Dover Books, is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward Cirker and his wife, Blanche.
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Ecliptic
The ecliptic is the circular path on the celestial sphere that the Sun follows over the course of a year; it is the basis of the ecliptic coordinate system.
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Effective temperature
The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation.
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Electromagnetic radiation
In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating) through space-time, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy.
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Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Electronvolt
In physics, the electronvolt (symbol eV, also written electron-volt and electron volt) is a unit of energy equal to approximately joules (symbol J).
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Electrostatics
Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies electric charges at rest.
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Equinox
An equinox is commonly regarded as the moment the plane (extended indefinitely in all directions) of Earth's equator passes through the center of the Sun, which occurs twice each year, around 20 March and 22-23 September.
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Erich Regener
Erich Rudolf Alexander Regener (12 November 1881 – 27 February 1955) was a German physicist known primarily for the design and construction of instruments to measure cosmic ray intensity at various altitudes.
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Erwin Finlay-Freundlich
Erwin Finlay-Freundlich FRSE FRAS (29 May 1885 – 24 July 1964) was a German astronomer, a pupil of Felix Klein.
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European Space Agency
The European Space Agency (ESA; Agence spatiale européenne, ASE; Europäische Weltraumorganisation) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space.
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Expansion of the universe
The expansion of the universe is the increase of the distance between two distant parts of the universe with time.
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Exponential growth
Exponential growth is exhibited when the rate of change—the change per instant or unit of time—of the value of a mathematical function is proportional to the function's current value, resulting in its value at any time being an exponential function of time, i.e., a function in which the time value is the exponent.
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Extinction (astronomy)
In astronomy, extinction is the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by dust and gas between an emitting astronomical object and the observer.
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Fine-tuning
In theoretical physics, fine-tuning is the process in which parameters of a model must be adjusted very precisely in order to fit with certain observations.
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Fluid
In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress.
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Fourier transform
The Fourier transform (FT) decomposes a function of time (a signal) into the frequencies that make it up, in a way similar to how a musical chord can be expressed as the frequencies (or pitches) of its constituent notes.
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Free streaming
In astronomy, a free streaming particle, often a photon, is one that propagates through a medium without scattering.
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Galaxy cluster
A galaxy cluster, or cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity with typical masses ranging from 1014–1015 solar masses.
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Galaxy group
A galaxy group or group of galaxies (GrG) is an aggregation of galaxies comprising about 50 or fewer gravitationally bound members, each at least as luminous as the Milky Way (about 1010 times the luminosity of the Sun); collections of galaxies larger than groups that are first-order clustering are called galaxy clusters.
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Gas
Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma).
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George Gamow
George Gamow (March 4, 1904- August 19, 1968), born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov, was a Russian-American theoretical physicist and cosmologist.
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George Smoot
George Fitzgerald Smoot III (born February 20, 1945) is an American astrophysicist, cosmologist, Nobel laureate, and one of two contestants to win the 1 million prize on Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?.
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Gravitational potential
In classical mechanics, the gravitational potential at a location is equal to the work (energy transferred) per unit mass that would be needed to move the object from a fixed reference location to the location of the object.
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Gravitational wave
Gravitational waves are the disturbance in the fabric ("curvature") of spacetime generated by accelerated masses and propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light.
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Gravitational wave background
The gravitational wave background (also GWB and stochastic background) is a random gravitational wave signal produced by a large number of weak, independent, and unresolved sources.
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Heat death of the universe
The heat death of the universe is a plausible ultimate fate of the universe in which the universe has diminished to a state of no thermodynamic free energy and therefore can no longer sustain processes that increase entropy.
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Helge Kragh
Helge Stjernholm Kragh (born February 13, 1944) is a Danish historian of science.
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Herschel Space Observatory
The Herschel Space Observatory was a space observatory built and operated by the European Space Agency (ESA).
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High-electron-mobility transistor
A High-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT), also known as heterostructure FET (HFET) or modulation-doped FET (MODFET), is a field-effect transistor incorporating a junction between two materials with different band gaps (i.e. a heterojunction) as the channel instead of a doped region (as is generally the case for MOSFET).
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Holmdel Township, New Jersey
Holmdel Township is a township in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States.
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How the Universe Works
How the Universe Works is a documentary science television series that originally aired on the Discovery Channel in 2010.
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Hubble's law
Hubble's law is the name for the observation in physical cosmology that.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrogen line
The hydrogen line, 21-centimeter line or H I line refers to the electromagnetic radiation spectral line that is created by a change in the energy state of neutral hydrogen atoms.
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Ian Stewart (mathematician)
Ian Nicholas Stewart (born 24 September 1945) is a British mathematician and a popular-science and science-fiction writer.
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Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov
Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov (И́горь Дми́триевич Но́виков; born November 10, 1935) is a Russian (and former Soviet) theoretical astrophysicist and cosmologist.
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Inflation (cosmology)
In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the early universe.
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Inflaton
The inflaton field is a hypothetical scalar field that is theorized to drive cosmic inflation in the very early universe.
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Interferometry
Interferometry is a family of techniques in which waves, usually electromagnetic waves, are superimposed causing the phenomenon of interference in order to extract information.
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Isotropy
Isotropy is uniformity in all orientations; it is derived from the Greek isos (ἴσος, "equal") and tropos (τρόπος, "way").
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Jack Cohen (scientist)
Jack Cohen, FRSB (born 19 September 1933 in Norwich, United Kingdom) is a British reproductive biologist also known for his science books and involvement with science fiction.
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Jim Peebles
Phillip James Edwin Peebles (born 1935) is a Canadian-American physicist and theoretical cosmologist who is currently the Albert Einstein Professor Emeritus of Science at Princeton University.
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John C. Mather
John Cromwell Mather (born August 7, 1946, Roanoke, Virginia) is an American astrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his work on the Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (COBE) with George Smoot.
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John Wiley & Sons
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., also referred to as Wiley, is a global publishing company that specializes in academic publishing.
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Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland.
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Joseph Silk
Joseph Ivor Silk FRS (born 3 December 1942) is a British astrophysicist.
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Kelvin
The Kelvin scale is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics.
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Lambda-CDM model
The ΛCDM (Lambda cold dark matter) or Lambda-CDM model is a parametrization of the Big Bang cosmological model in which the universe contains a cosmological constant, denoted by Lambda (Greek Λ), associated with dark energy, and cold dark matter (abbreviated CDM).
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), commonly referred to as Berkeley Lab, is a United States national laboratory located in the Berkeley Hills near Berkeley, California that conducts scientific research on behalf of the United States Department of Energy (DOE).
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Leo (constellation)
Leo is one of the constellations of the zodiac, lying between Cancer the crab to the west and Virgo the maiden to the east.
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Light-second
The light-second is a unit of length useful in astronomy, telecommunications and relativistic physics.
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List of cosmological computation software
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the thermal radiation assumed to be left over from the "Big Bang" of cosmology.
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List of cosmological horizons
A cosmological horizon is a measure of the distance from which one could possibly retrieve information.
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List of starships in Stargate
This is a list of fictional starships in the Stargate universe depicted through a series of television shows and three feature-length movies.
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Liu Cixin
Liu Cixin (born 23 June 1963) is a Chinese science fiction writer.
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Local Group
The Local Group is the galaxy group that includes the Milky Way.
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Lorentz covariance
In relativistic physics, Lorentz symmetry, named for Hendrik Lorentz, is an equivalence of observation or observational symmetry due to special relativity implying that the laws of physics stay the same for all observers that are moving with respect to one another within an inertial frame.
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Markov chain Monte Carlo
In statistics, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods comprise a class of algorithms for sampling from a probability distribution.
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Martin Rees
Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: (born 23 June 1942) is a British cosmologist and astrophysicist.
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Matter
In the classical physics observed in everyday life, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.
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Max Born
Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics.
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Max Tegmark
Max Erik Tegmark (born Max Shapiro 5 May 1967) is a Swedish-American physicist and cosmologist.
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Mean free path
In physics, the mean free path is the average distance traveled by a moving particle (such as an atom, a molecule, a photon) between successive impacts (collisions), which modify its direction or energy or other particle properties.
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Microwave
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between and.
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Microwave radiometer
A microwave radiometer (MWR) is a radiometer that measures energy emitted at millimetre-to-centimetre wavelengths (frequencies of 1–1000 GHz) known as microwaves.
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Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System.
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Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array
The Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array (MAXIMA) experiment was a balloon-borne experiment funded by the U.S. NSF, NASA and Department of Energy, and operated by an international collaboration headed by the University of California, to measure the fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background.
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Minkowski space
In mathematical physics, Minkowski space (or Minkowski spacetime) is a combining of three-dimensional Euclidean space and time into a four-dimensional manifold where the spacetime interval between any two events is independent of the inertial frame of reference in which they are recorded.
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Mollweide projection
The Mollweide projection is an equal-area, pseudocylindrical map projection generally used for global maps of the world or night sky.
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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in astronomy and astrophysics.
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Nançay radio telescope
The Nançay decimetric radio telescope (Le radiotélescope décimétrique de Nançay (NRT)) is located in the small commune of Nançay, two hours' drive south of Paris, France.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
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National Medal of Science
The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the President of the United States to individuals in science and engineering who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of behavioral and social sciences, biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and physics.
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National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.
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Nature
Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, or material world or universe.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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Nobel Foundation
The Nobel Foundation (Nobelstiftelsen) is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes.
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Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize (Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) is a set of six annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.
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Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.
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Noise temperature
In electronics, noise temperature is one way of expressing the level of available noise power introduced by a component or source.
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Non-standard cosmology
A non-standard cosmology is any physical cosmological model of the universe that was, or still is, proposed as an alternative to the then-current standard model of cosmology.
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Observable universe
The observable universe is a spherical region of the Universe comprising all matter that can be observed from Earth at the present time, because electromagnetic radiation from these objects has had time to reach Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion.
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Observational cosmology
Observational cosmology is the study of the structure, the evolution and the origin of the universe through observation, using instruments such as telescopes and cosmic ray detectors.
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Opacity (optics)
Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation, especially visible light.
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Optical telescope
An optical telescope is a telescope that gathers and focuses light, mainly from the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, to create a magnified image for direct view, or to make a photograph, or to collect data through electronic image sensors.
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Outer space
Outer space, or just space, is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies.
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Owens Valley Radio Observatory
Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) is a radio astronomy observatory located near Big Pine, California (US) in Owens Valley.
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Peculiar velocity
Peculiar motion or peculiar velocity refers to the velocity of an object relative to a rest frame — usually a frame in which the average velocity of some objects is zero.
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Photon
The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).
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Photon energy
Photon energy is the energy carried by a single photon.
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Physical cosmology
Physical cosmology is the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate.
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Physical Review
Physical Review is an American peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1893 by Edward Nichols.
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Physical Review Letters
Physical Review Letters (PRL), established in 1958, is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal that is published 52 times per year by the American Physical Society.
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Physics Reports
Physics Reports is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, a review section of Physics Letters that has been published by Elsevier since 1971.
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Planck (spacecraft)
Planck was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013, which mapped the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infra-red frequencies, with high sensitivity and small angular resolution.
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Planck–Einstein relation
The Planck–Einstein relationFrench & Taylor (1978), pp.
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Plasma (physics)
Plasma (Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek English Lexicon, on Perseus) is one of the four fundamental states of matter, and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s.
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POLARBEAR
POLARBEAR is a cosmic microwave background polarization experiment located in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile in the Antofagasta Region.
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Polarization (waves)
Polarization (also polarisation) is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations.
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Princeton University
Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Proportionality (mathematics)
In mathematics, two variables are proportional if there is always a constant ratio between them.
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Proton
| magnetic_moment.
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QMAP
QMAP is a balloon experiment to measure the anisotropy of the Cosmic microwave background.
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QUaD
QUaD, an acronym for QUEST at DASI, was a ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiment at the South Pole.
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Quadrupole
A quadrupole or quadrapole is one of a sequence of configurations of things like electric charge or current, or gravitational mass that can exist in ideal form, but it is usually just part of a multipole expansion of a more complex structure reflecting various orders of complexity.
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Quantum fluctuation
In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (or vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as explained in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
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QUIET
QUIET is an astronomy experiment to study the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation.
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Radiance
In radiometry, radiance is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received by a given surface, per unit solid angle per unit projected area.
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Radio telescope
A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to receive radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky in radio astronomy.
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Rainer K. Sachs
Rainer Kurt "Ray" Sachs (born June 13, 1932) is a German-American computational radiation biologist and astronomer.
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Ralph Asher Alpher
Ralph Asher Alpher (February 3, 1921 – August 12, 2007) was an American cosmologist, who carried out pioneering work in the early 1950s on the Big Bang model, including big bang nucleosynthesis and predictions of the cosmic microwave background radiation.
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Rashid Sunyaev
Rashid Alievich Sunyaev (Рәшит Гали улы Сөнәев, Раши́д Али́евич Сюня́ев; born 1 March 1943 in Tashkent, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian astrophysicist of Tatar descent.
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Recombination (cosmology)
In cosmology, recombination refers to the epoch at which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms.
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Redshift
In physics, redshift happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum.
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Reionization
In the field of Big Bang theory, and cosmology, reionization is the process that caused the matter in the universe to reionize after the lapse of the "dark ages".
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RELIKT-1
RELIKT-1 (sometimes RELICT-1 from РЕЛИКТ-1) - a Soviet cosmic microwave background anisotropy experiment on board the Prognoz 9 satellite (launched 1 July 1983) gave upper limits on the large-scale anisotropy.
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Review of Scientific Instruments
Review of Scientific Instruments is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics.
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Reviews of Modern Physics
Reviews of Modern Physics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Physical Society.
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RIA Novosti
RIA Novosti (РИА Новости), sometimes RIA (РИА) for short, was Russia's international news agency until 2013 and continues to be the name of a state-operated domestic Russian-language news agency.
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Richard C. Tolman
Richard Chace Tolman (March 4, 1881 – September 5, 1948) was an American mathematical physicist and physical chemist who was an authority on statistical mechanics.
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Robert H. Dicke
Robert Henry Dicke (May 6, 1916 – March 4, 1997) was an American physicist who made important contributions to the fields of astrophysics, atomic physics, cosmology and gravity.
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Robert Herman
Robert Herman (August 29, 1914 – February 13, 1997) was a United States scientist, best known for his work with Ralph Alpher in 1948-50, on estimating the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation from the Big Bang explosion.
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Robert Woodrow Wilson
Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American astronomer, 1978 Nobel laureate in physics, who with Arno Allan Penzias discovered in 1964 the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB).
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Root mean square
In statistics and its applications, the root mean square (abbreviated RMS or rms) is defined as the square root of the mean square (the arithmetic mean of the squares of a set of numbers).
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Rose Center for Earth and Space
The Rose Center for Earth and Space is a part of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
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Rotational temperature
The characteristic rotational temperature (θR or θrot) is commonly used in statistical thermodynamics, to simplify the expression of the rotational partition function and the rotational contribution to molecular thermodynamic properties.
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Sachs–Wolfe effect
The Sachs–Wolfe effect, named after Rainer K. Sachs and Arthur M. Wolfe, is a property of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), in which photons from the CMB are gravitationally redshifted, causing the CMB spectrum to appear uneven.
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Scale factor (cosmology)
The relative expansion of the universe is parametrized by a dimensionless scale factor a. Also known as the cosmic scale factor or sometimes the Robertson–Walker scale factor, this is a key parameter of the Friedmann equations.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Shape of the universe
The shape of the universe is the local and global geometry of the universe.
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Sloan Digital Sky Survey
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey or SDSS is a major multi-spectral imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey using a dedicated 2.5-m wide-angle optical telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, United States.
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South Pole Telescope
The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a 10 meter (394 in) diameter telescope located at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Spectral density
The power spectrum S_(f) of a time series x(t) describes the distribution of power into frequency components composing that signal.
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Spherical harmonics
In mathematics and physical science, spherical harmonics are special functions defined on the surface of a sphere.
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Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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Stargate Universe
Stargate Universe (often abbreviated as SGU) is a Canadian-American military science fiction television series and part of MGM's ''Stargate'' franchise.
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Starlight
Starlight is the light emitted by stars.
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Steady State theory
In cosmology, the Steady State theory is an alternative to the Big Bang model of the evolution of our universe.
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Stellar population
During 1944, Walter Baade categorized groups of stars within the Milky Way into bluer stars associated with the spiral arms and the general position of yellow stars near the central galactic bulge or within globular star clusters.
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Sunyaev–Zel'dovich Array
The Sunyaev–Zel'dovich Array (SZA) in California is an array of eight 3.5 meter telescopes that is now operating as part of the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA).
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Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect
The Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect (named after Rashid Sunyaev and Yakov B. Zel'dovich and often abbreviated as the SZ effect) is the distortion of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) through inverse Compton scattering by high energy electrons in galaxy clusters, in which the low energy CMB photons receive an average energy boost during collision with the high energy cluster electrons.
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The Astrophysical Journal
The Astrophysical Journal, often abbreviated ApJ (pronounced "ap jay") in references and speech, is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of astrophysics and astronomy, established in 1895 by American astronomers George Ellery Hale and James Edward Keeler.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The Three-Body Problem (novel)
The Three-Body Problem is a science fiction novel by the Chinese writer Liu Cixin.
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Thomson scattering
Thomson scattering is the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free charged particle, as described by classical electromagnetism.
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Tired light
Tired light is a class of hypothetical redshift mechanisms that was proposed as an alternative explanation for the redshift-distance relationship.
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Topology
In mathematics, topology (from the Greek τόπος, place, and λόγος, study) is concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, crumpling and bending, but not tearing or gluing.
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Universe
The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.
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University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public research university in Berkeley, California.
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University of California, Los Angeles
The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public research university in the Westwood district of Los Angeles, United States.
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University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.
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University of Nottingham
The University of Nottingham is a public research university in Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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Very Small Array
The Very Small Array (VSA) was a 14-element interferometric radio telescope operating between 26 and 36 GHz that is used to study the cosmic microwave background radiation.
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Viper telescope
The Viper telescope is mainly used to view cosmic background radiation.
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Walther Nernst
Walther Hermann Nernst, (25 June 1864 – 18 November 1941) was a German chemist who is known for his work in thermodynamics; his formulation of the Nernst heat theorem helped pave the way for the third law of thermodynamics, for which he won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
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Wavelength
In physics, the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
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Weak gravitational lensing
While the presence of any mass bends the path of light passing near it, this effect rarely produces the giant arcs and multiple images associated with strong gravitational lensing.
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Wheelers (novel)
Wheelers is a science fiction novel written by English mathematician Ian Stewart and reproductive biologist Jack Cohen, figures notable for both their personal scholarly work and numerous individual and collaborative contributions to the world of science fiction.
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Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), originally known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), was a spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) – the radiant heat remaining from the Big Bang.
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Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich
Yakov Borisovich Zel’dovich (Я́каў Бары́савіч Зяльдо́віч, Я́ков Бори́сович Зельдо́вич; 8 March 1914 – 2 December 1987), also known as YaB, was a Soviet physicist of Belarusian Jewish ethnicity, who is known for his prolific contributions in cosmology and the physics of thermonuclear and hydrodynamical phenomena.
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1,000,000,000
1,000,000,000 (one billion, short scale; one thousand million or milliard, yard, long scale) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001.
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3K radiation, Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment /SZ, B modes, B-modes, C M B, C. M. B., CMB, CMB Radiation, CMB frame, CMB radiation, CMBR, Cmbe, Cmbr, Cosmic Background Microwave Radiation, Cosmic Microwave Background, Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, Cosmic microwave background polarization, Cosmic microwave background radiation, Cosmic microwave radiation, Cosmic power spectrum, Last scattering, Last scattering surface, Microwave background, Microwave background radiation, Noise (Big-bang), Primordial B-mode, Primordial gravitational wave, Relic radiation, Surface of last scattering, Timeline of cosmic microwave background astronomy.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background
