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203 relations: Addis Ababa, African National Congress, Agostinho Neto, Alcora Exercise, Algeria, Algiers, Alphonse Massamba-Débat, Alvor Agreement, Angola, Angola–Cuba Declaration of 1984, Angolan Civil War, Angolan general election, 1992, António de Oliveira Salazar, Apartheid, Armscor (South Africa), Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Battle of Cassinga, Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, Battle of Quifangondo, Benguela, Benin, BGM-71 TOW, Blood diamond, BM-21 Grad, Botswana, Brazzaville, Brent Scowcroft, Bristol Britannia, Bureau of State Security, Cabinda (city), Cahama, Calueque, Cape Verde, Carnation Revolution, Cassinga, Central Intelligence Agency, Che Guevara, Chester Crocker, Clark Amendment, Cordon sanitaire, Counter-insurgency, Cuba, Cuba, an African Odyssey, Cuban intervention in Angola, Cuban Revolution, Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, Cuito Cuanavale, Cunene River, Dar es Salaam, David Albright, ..., Democratic Republic of the Congo, Deng Xiaoping, East Germany, Eastern Bloc, Enclave and exclave, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, European Union, Fidel Castro, FIM-92 Stinger, Fokker F27 Friendship, Fractionism, Front for Congolese National Liberation, Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda, G5 howitzer, Gaborone, Gabriel García Márquez, George H. W. Bush, George P. Shultz, Gerald Ford, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Halloween massacre (Angola), Harare, Henry Kissinger, History of Namibia, Holden Roberto, Hydroelectricity, Ilyushin Il-18, Ilyushin Il-62, Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos, Internationalism (politics), Isla de la Juventud, Jamaica, Jamba, Cuando Cubango, John F. Kennedy, John Stockwell, John Vorster, Jonas Savimbi, José Eduardo dos Santos, Journal of Cold War Studies, Journal of Modern African Studies, Kamina, Katanga Province, Kinshasa, Latin American Perspectives, Left-wing politics, Lesotho, Lobito, Luanda, Lubango, Magnus Malan, Malawi, Mao Zedong, Maoism, Maputo, Marrack Goulding, Martti Ahtisaari, Marxism–Leninism, Materiel, Mavinga, Mavinga, Cuando Cubango, Menongue, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, Mil Mi-24, MIT Press, Mobutu Sese Seko, Mozambican Civil War, Mozambique, MPLA, Namibia, National Liberation Front of Angola, Nelson Mandela, Nito Alves, Non-Aligned Movement, Ogaden War, Operation Askari, Operation IA Feature, Operation Moduler, Operation Protea, Operation Reindeer, Operation Savannah (Angola), Organisation of African Unity, Ovamboland, Oversight of United States covert operations, Panama, Pathfinder tendency, People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola, People's Liberation Army of Namibia, People's Republic of the Congo, Piero Gleijeses, Pointe-Noire, Portugal, Presidency of Jimmy Carter, Progress Publishers, Raúl Castro, Republic of the Congo, Rhodesia, Right-wing politics, Robert Mugabe, Romania, Ronald Reagan, Ruacana, Ruacana Power Station, Rundu, São Tomé and Príncipe, Shaba I, Shaba II, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South African Border War, South African Defence Force, South West Africa, Soviet Union, Soweto uprising, SWAPO, Swaziland, T-54/T-55, Tanzania, Transaction Publishers, Tripartite Accord (Angola), Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa), Uíge, UNITA, United Nations Security Council, United Nations Security Council Resolution 418, United Nations Security Council Resolution 435, United States, United States Department of State, United States embargo against Cuba, United States National Security Council, Vastrap, Venezuela, Vietnam, Vietnam War, Willem Steenkamp, Xangongo, Xangongo Airport, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zaire Province, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe African National Union, Zimbabwe African People's Union, 13th parallel south, 15th parallel south, 16th parallel south, 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt, 9K33 Osa. Expand index (153 more) »
Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa (አዲስ አበባ,, "new flower"; or Addis Abeba (the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority); Finfinne "natural spring") is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia.
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African National Congress
The African National Congress (ANC) is the Republic of South Africa's governing political party.
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Agostinho Neto
António Agostinho Neto (17 September 1922 – 10 September 1979) served as the 1st President of Angola (1975–1979), having led the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the war for independence (1961–1974).
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Alcora Exercise
Alcora Exercise (Exercício Alcora, Alcora Oefening) or simply Alcora was a secret military alliance between South Africa, Portugal and Rhodesia, formally in force between 1970 and 1974.
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Algeria
Algeria (الجزائر, familary Algerian Arabic الدزاير; ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ; Dzayer; Algérie), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast.
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Algiers
Algiers (الجزائر al-Jazā’er, ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻ, Alger) is the capital and largest city of Algeria.
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Alphonse Massamba-Débat
Alphonse Massamba-Débat (February 11, 1921 – March 25, 1977) was a political figure of the Republic of the Congo who led the country from 1963 until 1968.
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Alvor Agreement
The Alvor Agreement, signed on 15 January 1975, granted Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to the Angolan Civil War.
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Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola; Kikongo, Kimbundu and Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country in Southern Africa.
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Angola–Cuba Declaration of 1984
In the Angola–Cuba Declaration of 1984, signed 19 March 1984 in Havana by president José Eduardo Dos Santos of Angola and Fidel Castro, premier of Cuba, the two countries agreed to the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola after the withdrawal of South African troops from Angola and Namibia, and after UN-Security Council resolution 435 on Namibian independence was strictly applied.
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Angolan Civil War
The Angolan Civil War (Guerra civil angolana) was a major civil conflict in Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with some interludes, until 2002.
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Angolan general election, 1992
General elections were held in Angola on 29 and 30 September 1992 to elect a President and National Assembly, the first time free and multi-party elections had been held in the country.
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António de Oliveira Salazar
António de Oliveira Salazar (28 April 1889 – 27 July 1970) was a Portuguese statesman who served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968.
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Apartheid
Apartheid started in 1948 in theUnion of South Africa |year_start.
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Armscor (South Africa)
Armscor (or ARMSCOR), the Armaments Corporation of South Africa is the arms procurement agency of the South African Department of Defence.
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Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr. (born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; October 15, 1917 – February 28, 2007) was an American historian, social critic, and public intellectual.
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Battle of Cassinga
The Battle of Cassinga, Cassinga Raid or Kassinga Massacre was a controversial South African airborne attack on a South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) military base at the former town of Cassinga, Angola on the 4 May 1978.
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Battle of Cuito Cuanavale
The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale in 1987-88 was a crucial event of the Angolan Civil War and the South African Border War.
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Battle of Quifangondo
The Battle of Quifangondo occurred on 10 November 1975, the day before the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) declared Angola's independence from Portugal.
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Benguela
Benguela (São Felipe de Benguela, formerly spelled Benguella) is a city in western Angola, south of Luanda, and capital of Benguela Province.
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Benin
Benin (Bénin), officially the Republic of Benin (République du Bénin) and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa.
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BGM-71 TOW
The BGM-71 TOW ("Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided") is an American anti-tank missile.
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Blood diamond
Blood diamonds (also called conflict diamonds, war diamonds, hot diamonds, or red diamonds) is a term used for a diamond mined in a war zone and sold to finance an insurgency, an invading army's war efforts, or a warlord's activity.
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BM-21 Grad
The BM-21 "Grad" (БМ-21 "Град"), is a Soviet truck-mounted 122 mm multiple rocket launcher.
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Botswana
Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana (Lefatshe la Botswana), is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa.
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Brazzaville
Brazzaville is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo and is on the north side of the Congo River, opposite Kinshasa.
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Brent Scowcroft
Brent Scowcroft (born March 19, 1925) is a retired United States Air Force lieutenant general who was the United States National Security Advisor under U.S. Presidents Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush.
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Bristol Britannia
The Bristol Type 175 Britannia was a British medium-to-long-range airliner built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1952 to fly across the British Empire.
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Bureau of State Security
The South African Bureau for State Security (given the acronym BOSS by journalists, Buro vir Staatsveiligheid) was established in 1969 and replaced by the National Intelligence Service (NIS) in 1980.
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Cabinda (city)
Cabinda (Tsiowa) is a city located in the Cabinda Province, an exclave of Angola.
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Cahama
Cahama is a municipality of Cunene Province, Angola.
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Calueque
Calueque is a town next to a dam and pumping station of the same name on the Kunene River in the Kunene Province of southern Angola.
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Cape Verde
Cape Verde or Cabo Verde (Cabo Verde), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean.
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Carnation Revolution
The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos), also referred to as the 25th of April (vinte e cinco de Abril), was initially a military coup in Lisbon, Portugal, on 25 April 1974 which overthrew the authoritarian regime of the Estado Novo.
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Cassinga
Cassinga or Kassinga is a town and commune in the municipality of Jamba, province of Huíla, Angola.
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Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).
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Che Guevara
Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967)The date of birth recorded on was June 14, 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted by Jon Lee Anderson), asserts that he was actually born on May 14 of that year.
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Chester Crocker
Chester Arthur Crocker (born October 29, 1941) is an American diplomat and scholar who served as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from June 9, 1981, to April 21, 1989, in the Reagan administration.
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Clark Amendment
The Clark Amendment was an amendment to the U.S. Arms Export Control Act of 1976, named for its sponsor, Senator Dick Clark (D-Iowa).
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Cordon sanitaire
Cordon sanitaire is a French phrase that, literally translated, means "sanitary cordon".
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Counter-insurgency
A counter-insurgency or counterinsurgency (COIN) can be defined as "comprehensive civilian and military efforts taken to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its root causes".
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Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos.
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Cuba, an African Odyssey
Cuba, an African Odyssey is a French 2007 documentary film directed by Jihan El Tahri.
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Cuban intervention in Angola
In November 1975, on the eve of Angola's independence, Cuba launched a large-scale military intervention in support of the leftist People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) against United States-backed interventions by South Africa and Zaire in support of two right-wing independence movements competing for power in the country, the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).
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Cuban Revolution
The Cuban Revolution (Revolución cubana) was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro's revolutionary 26th of July Movement and its allies against the authoritarian government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista.
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Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces
The Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias – FAR) consist of ground forces, naval forces, air and air defence forces, and other paramilitary bodies including the Territorial Troops Militia (Milicias de Tropas Territoriales – MTT), Youth Labor Army (Ejército Juvenil del Trabajo – EJT), and the Defense and Production Brigades (Brigadas de Producción y Defensa – BPD), plus the Civil Defense Organization (Defensa Civil de Cuba – DCC) and the National Reserves Institution (Instituto Nacional de las Reservas Estatales – INRE).
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Cuito Cuanavale
Cuito Cuanavale is a town and municipality in Cuando Cubango (Kuando-Kubango) province in Angola.
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Cunene River
The Cunene River (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene River (Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa.
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Dar es Salaam
Dar es Salaam (Dar) (from دار السلام, "the house of peace"; formerly Mzizima) is the former capital as well as the most populous city in Tanzania and a regionally important economic centre.
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David Albright
David Albright, M.Sc., is the founder of the non-governmental Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS), its current president, and author of several books on proliferation of atomic weapons.
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Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo), also known as DR Congo, the DRC, Congo-Kinshasa or simply the Congo, is a country located in Central Africa.
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Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997), courtesy name Xixian (希贤), was a Chinese politician.
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East Germany
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.
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Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.
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Enclave and exclave
An enclave is a territory, or a part of a territory, that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state.
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Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea (Guinea Ecuatorial, Guinée équatoriale, Guiné Equatorial), officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (República de Guinea Ecuatorial, République de Guinée équatoriale, República da Guiné Equatorial), is a country located in Central Africa, with an area of.
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Ethiopia
Ethiopia (ኢትዮጵያ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ, yeʾĪtiyoṗṗya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk), is a country located in the Horn of Africa.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (August 13, 1926 – November 25, 2016) was a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008.
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FIM-92 Stinger
The FIM-92 Stinger is a Man-Portable Air-Defense System (MANPADS) that operates as an infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM).
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Fokker F27 Friendship
The Fokker F27 Friendship is a turboprop airliner developed and manufactured by the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker.
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Fractionism
Fractionism (Fraccionismo in Angolan Portuguese) was a political movement in Angola during the 1970s.
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Front for Congolese National Liberation
The Front for Congolese National Liberation (Front de libération nationale congolaise, FLNC) was a rebel group of Katangese origin which was active in the Angola and Zaire during the 1970s.
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Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda
The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda, FLEC) is a guerrilla and political movement fighting for the independence of the Angolan province of Cabinda.
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G5 howitzer
The G5 is a South African towed howitzer of 155 mm calibre designed and developed in South Africa by Denel Land Systems.
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Gaborone
Gaborone (English) is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 231,626 based on the 2011 census, about 10% of the total population of Botswana.
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Gabriel García Márquez
Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (6 March 1927 – 17 April 2014) was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo or Gabito throughout Latin America.
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George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993.
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George P. Shultz
George Pratt Shultz (born December 13, 1920) is an American economist, elder statesman, and businessman.
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Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977.
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Guinea
Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea (République de Guinée), is a country on the western coast of Africa.
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Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (República da Guiné-Bissau), is a sovereign state in West Africa.
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Guyana
Guyana (pronounced or), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South America.
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Halloween massacre (Angola)
The Halloween massacre (also known as the Three Day War) refers to events which took place from October 30 to November 1, 1992 in Luanda, Angola as part of the Angolan Civil War.
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Harare
Harare (officially named Salisbury until 1982) is the capital and most populous city of Zimbabwe.
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Henry Kissinger
Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger, May 27, 1923) is an American statesman, political scientist, diplomat and geopolitical consultant who served as the United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.
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History of Namibia
The history of Namibia has passed through several distinct stages from being colonised in the late nineteenth century to Namibia's independence on 21 March 1990.
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Holden Roberto
Holden Álvaro Roberto (January 12, 1923 – August 2, 2007) founded and led the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) from 1962 to 1999.
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Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower.
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Ilyushin Il-18
The Ilyushin Il-18 (Илью́шин Ил-18; NATO reporting name: Coot) is a large turboprop airliner that first flew in 1957 and became one of the best known and durable Soviet aircraft of its era.
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Ilyushin Il-62
The Ilyushin IL-62 (Илью́шин Ил-62; NATO reporting name: Classic) is a Soviet long-range narrow-body jet airliner conceived in 1960 by Ilyushin.
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Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos
The Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (ICAIC, Cuban Institute of Cinematographic Art and Industry) was established by the Cuban government in March 1959 after the Cuban Revolution.
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Internationalism (politics)
Internationalism is a political principle which transcends nationalism and advocates a greater political or economic cooperation among nations and people.
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Isla de la Juventud
Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth) is the second-largest Cuban island and the seventh-largest island in the West Indies (after Cuba itself, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, and Andros Island).
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Jamaica
Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea.
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Jamba, Cuando Cubango
Jamba is a town in Angola, located in the southeastern province of Cuando Cubango, just north of the Namibian border along the Caprivi Strip.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.
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John Stockwell
John R. Stockwell (born 1937) is a former CIA officer who became a critic of United States government policies after serving seven tours of duty over thirteen years.
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John Vorster
Balthazar Johannes "B.
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Jonas Savimbi
Jonas Malheiro Savimbi (3 August 1934 – 22 February 2002) was an Angolan political and military leader who founded and led the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).
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José Eduardo dos Santos
José Eduardo dos Santos (born 28 August 1942)W.
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Journal of Cold War Studies
The Journal of Cold War Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal on the history of the Cold War.
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Journal of Modern African Studies
The Journal of Modern African Studies is a quarterly academic journal covering developments in modern African politics and society.
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Kamina
Kamina is the capital city of Haut-Lomami Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Katanga Province
Katanga was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba and Haut-Katanga provinces.
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Kinshasa
Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville (Léopoldville or Dutch)) is the capital and the largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Latin American Perspectives
Latin American Perspectives, A Journal on Capitalism and Socialism, is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Latin American studies.
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Left-wing politics
Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy.
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Lesotho
Lesotho officially the Kingdom of Lesotho ('Muso oa Lesotho), is an enclaved country in southern Africa.
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Lobito
Lobito is a town and municipality in Benguela Province in Angola.
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Luanda
Luanda, formerly named São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda, is the capital and largest city in Angola, and the country's most populous and important city, primary port and major industrial, cultural and urban centre.
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Lubango
Lubango is the capital city of the Angolan province of Huíla.
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Magnus Malan
Magnus André de Merindol Malan (30 January 1930 – 18 July 2011) was the Minister of Defence in the cabinet of President P. W. Botha, Chief of the South African Defence Force (SADF) and Chief of the South African Army.
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Malawi
Malawi (or; or maláwi), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland.
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Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893September 9, 1976), commonly known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.
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Maoism
Maoism, known in China as Mao Zedong Thought, is a political theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader Mao Zedong, whose followers are known as Maoists.
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Maputo
Maputo (formerly named Lourenço Marques until 1976) is the capital and most populous city of Mozambique.
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Marrack Goulding
Sir Marrack Goulding KCMG (2 September 1936 – 9 July 2010) was a British diplomat who served more than eleven years as Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations.
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Martti Ahtisaari
Martti Ahtisaari (officially Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari; born 23 June 1937) is a Finnish politician, the tenth President of Finland (1994–2000), a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and a United Nations diplomat and mediator noted for his international peace work.
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Marxism–Leninism
In political science, Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, of the Communist International and of Stalinist political parties.
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Materiel
Materiel, more commonly matériel in US English and also listed as the only spelling in some UK dictionaries (both pronounced, from French matériel meaning equipment or hardware), refers to military technology and supplies in military and commercial supply chain management.
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Mavinga
Mavinga is a town and municipality in Cuando Cubango Province in Angola.
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Mavinga, Cuando Cubango
Mavinga is a town and municipality in the Cuando Cubango province of Angola.
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Menongue
Menongue is a town, municipality and the capital of Cuando Cubango Province in Angola.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, GCL (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and former Soviet politician.
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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 (Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-17; NATO reporting name: Fresco) is a high-subsonic fighter aircraft produced in the USSR from 1952 and operated by numerous air forces in many variants.
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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 (Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-23; NATO reporting name: Flogger) is a variable-geometry fighter aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich design bureau in the Soviet Union.
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Mil Mi-24
The Mil Mi-24 (Миль Ми-24; NATO reporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship, attack helicopter and low-capacity troop transport with room for eight passengers.
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MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States).
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Mobutu Sese Seko
Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu Wa Za Banga (born Joseph-Désiré Mobutu; 14 October 1930 – 7 September 1997) was the military dictator and President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which Mobutu renamed Zaire in 1971) from 1965 to 1997.
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Mozambican Civil War
The Mozambican Civil War was a civil war fought in Mozambique from 1977 to 1992.
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Mozambique
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest.
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MPLA
The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, for some years called the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola – Labour Party (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola – Partido do Trabalho), is a political party that has ruled Angola since the country's independence from Portugal in 1975.
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Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (German:; Republiek van Namibië), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean.
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National Liberation Front of Angola
The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola; abbreviated FNLA) is a political party and former militant organisation that fought for Angolan independence from Portugal in the war of independence, under the leadership of Holden Roberto.
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Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.
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Nito Alves
Nito Alves (1945Fauvet, Paul. "Angola: The Rise and Fall of Nito Alves". Review of African Political Economy, No. 9, Southern Africa. (May – Aug., 1977), pp. 88–104.–1977) was an Angolan politician who served as the Interior Minister of Angola from independence, on November 11, 1975, until President Agostinho Neto abolished the position in October 1976.
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Non-Aligned Movement
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.
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Ogaden War
The Ogaden War was a Somali military offensive between July 1977 and March 1978 over the disputed Ethiopian region Ogaden starting with the Somali Democratic Republic's invasion of Ethiopia.
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Operation Askari
Operation Askari was a military operation during 1983 in Angola by the South African Defence Force (SADF) during the South African Border War and Angolan Civil War.
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Operation IA Feature
Operation IA Feature, a covert Central Intelligence Agency operation, authorized U.S. government support for Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and Holden Roberto's National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) militants in the Angolan Civil War.
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Operation Moduler
Operation Moduler (sometimes incorrectly called "Modular") was a military operation by the South African Defence Force (SADF) during the South African Border War.
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Operation Protea
Operation Protea was a military operation during the South African Border War and Angolan Civil War in which South African Defence Forces (SADF) destroyed a number of South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) bases in Angola.
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Operation Reindeer
Operation Reindeer, which began on 4 May 1978, was South Africa's second major military operation in Angola, carried out under the Apartheid regime, the first being Operation Savannah.
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Operation Savannah (Angola)
Operation Savannah was the South African Defence Force's 1975–1976 covert intervention in the Angolan War of Independence, and the subsequent Angolan Civil War.
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Organisation of African Unity
The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; Organisation de l'unité africaine (OUA)) was established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with 32 signatory governments.
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Ovamboland
Ovamboland (also: Owamboland) is a region of Namibia.
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Oversight of United States covert operations
Executive oversight of United States covert operations has been carried out by a series of sub-committees of the National Security Council (NSC).
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Panama
Panama (Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá), is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south.
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Pathfinder tendency
The Pathfinder tendency is the unofficial name of a group of historically Trotskyist organizations which cooperate politically and organizationally with the Socialist Workers Party of the United States and support its solidarity with the Cuban Revolution and the Cuban Communist Party.
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People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola
The People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola (Forças Armadas Populares de Libertação de Angola) or FAPLA was originally the armed wing of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) but later (1975–1991) became Angola's official armed forces when the MPLA took control of the government.
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People's Liberation Army of Namibia
The People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) was the military wing of the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO).
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People's Republic of the Congo
The People's Republic of the Congo (République populaire du Congo) was a Marxist–Leninist socialist state that was established in 1969Decalo, S. 1990.
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Piero Gleijeses
Piero Gleijeses (born 1944 in Venice, Italy) is a professor of United States foreign policy at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University.
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Pointe-Noire
Pointe-Noire (Ndindi) is the second largest city in the Republic of the Congo, following the capital of Brazzaville, and an autonomous department since 2004.
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Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.
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Presidency of Jimmy Carter
The presidency of Jimmy Carter began at noon EST on January 20, 1977, when Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as 39th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1981.
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Progress Publishers
Progress Publishers was a Moscow-based Soviet publisher founded in 1931.
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Raúl Castro
Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born 3 June 1931) is a Cuban politician and leader who is currently serving as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, the most senior position in the Communist state, succeeding his brother Fidel Castro in April 2011.
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Republic of the Congo
The Republic of the Congo (République du Congo), also known as the Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply the Congo, is a country in Central Africa.
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Rhodesia
Rhodesia was an unrecognised state in southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territory to modern Zimbabwe.
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Right-wing politics
Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable, natural, normal or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics or tradition.
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Robert Mugabe
Robert Gabriel Mugabe (born 21 February 1924) is a former Zimbabwean politician and revolutionary who served as Prime Minister of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 1987 and then as President from 1987 to 2017.
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Romania
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
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Ruacana
Ruacana is a town in Omusati Region, northern Namibia and the district capital of the Ruacana electoral constituency.
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Ruacana Power Station
The Ruacana Power Station is a hydroelectric power plant near Ruacana in northwest Namibia, close to the Angolan border.
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Rundu
Rundu is the capital of the Kavango-East Region, northern Namibia, on the border with Angola on the banks of the Kavango River about above sea level.
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São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa.
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Shaba I
Shaba I was a conflict in Zaire's Shaba (Katanga) Province lasting from March 8, 1977, to May 26, 1977.
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Shaba II
Shaba II was a brief conflict fought in the Zairean province of Shaba (now Katanga) in 1978.
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa.
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Somalia
Somalia (Soomaaliya; aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe Federal Republic of Somalia is the country's name per Article 1 of the.
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South African Border War
The South African Border War, also known as the Namibian War of Independence, and sometimes denoted in South Africa as the Angolan Bush War, was a largely asymmetric conflict that occurred in Namibia (then South West Africa), Zambia, and Angola from 26 August 1966 to 21 March 1990.
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South African Defence Force
The South African Defence Force (SADF) comprised the South African armed forces from 1957 until 1994.
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South West Africa
South West Africa (Suidwes-Afrika; Zuidwest-Afrika; Südwestafrika) was the name for modern-day Namibia when it was subsumed under South Africa, from 1915 to 1990.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Soweto uprising
The Soweto uprising was a series of demonstrations and protests led by black school children in South Africa that began on the morning of 16 June 1976.
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SWAPO
SWAPO, formerly the South West African People's Organisation (Südwestafrikanische Volksorganisation, SWAVO; Suidwes-Afrikaanse Volk-Organisasie, SWAVO) and officially known as SWAPO Party of Namibia, is a political party and former independence movement in Namibia.
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Swaziland
Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Eswatini since April 2018 (Swazi: Umbuso weSwatini), is a landlocked sovereign state in Southern Africa.
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T-54/T-55
The T-54 and T-55 tanks are a series of Soviet main battle tanks introduced in the years following the Second World War.
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Tanzania
Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a sovereign state in eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region.
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Transaction Publishers
Transaction Publishers was a New Jersey–based publishing house that specialized in social science books.
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Tripartite Accord (Angola)
The Agreement among the People's Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba, and the Republic of South Africa (also known as the Tripartite Accord, Three Powers Accord or New York Accords) granted independence to Namibia from South Africa and ended the direct involvement of foreign troops in the Angolan Civil War.
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Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like restorative justice body assembled in South Africa after the end of apartheid.
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Uíge
Uíge (1955-75 Carmona) is a provincial capital city in northwestern Angola located in the province of the same name.
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UNITA
The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) (Portuguese: União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola) is the second-largest political party in Angola.
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United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 418
United Nations Security Council Resolution 418, adopted unanimously on 4 November 1977, imposed a mandatory arms embargo against South Africa.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 435
United Nations Security Council Resolution 435, adopted on September 29, 1978, put forward proposals for a cease-fire and UN-supervised elections in South African-controlled South West Africa which ultimately led to the independence of Namibia.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States Department of State
The United States Department of State (DOS), often referred to as the State Department, is the United States federal executive department that advises the President and represents the country in international affairs and foreign policy issues.
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United States embargo against Cuba
The United States embargo against Cuba (in Cuba called el bloqueo, "the blockade") is a commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba.
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United States National Security Council
The White House National Security Council (NSC) is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for consideration of national security, military matters, and foreign policy matters with senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the executive office of the president of the United States.
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Vastrap
Vastrap (Stand firm) is a small military airfield situated in the Kalahari Desert north east of Upington inside a 700 square kilometre weapons test range of the same name belonging to the South African National Defence Force.
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Venezuela
Venezuela, officially denominated Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (República Bolivariana de Venezuela),Previously, the official name was Estado de Venezuela (1830–1856), República de Venezuela (1856–1864), Estados Unidos de Venezuela (1864–1953), and again República de Venezuela (1953–1999).
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Vietnam
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.
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Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.
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Willem Steenkamp
Willem Steenkamp is a South African author, journalist, historian, military analyst and citizen soldier.
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Xangongo
Xangongo is a town and commune in the municipality of Ombadja, province of Cunene, Angola.
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Xangongo Airport
Xangongo Airport is an airport near Xangongo, Angola.
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Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija/Југославија; Jugoslavija; Југославија; Pannonian Rusyn: Югославия, transcr. Juhoslavija)Jugosllavia; Jugoszlávia; Juhoslávia; Iugoslavia; Jugoslávie; Iugoslavia; Yugoslavya; Югославия, transcr. Jugoslavija.
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Zaire
Zaire, officially the Republic of Zaire (République du Zaïre), was the name for the Democratic Republic of the Congo that existed between 1971 and 1997 in Central Africa.
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Zaire Province
Zaire is one of the 18 provinces of Angola.
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Zambia
Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in south-central Africa, (although some sources prefer to consider it part of the region of east Africa) neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west.
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Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used. Since the 11th century, present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923. In 1965, the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations, from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of international law by its then government and from which it withdrew from in December 2003. It is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). It was once known as the "Jewel of Africa" for its prosperity. Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe's authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations. Mugabe maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric of the Cold War era, blaming Zimbabwe's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries. Contemporary African political leaders were reluctant to criticise Mugabe, who was burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials, though Archbishop Desmond Tutu called him "a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator". The country has been in economic decline since the 1990s, experiencing several crashes and hyperinflation along the way. On 15 November 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, Mugabe was placed under house arrest by the country's national army in a coup d'état. On 19 November 2017, ZANU-PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place. On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed.
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Zimbabwe African National Union
The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) was a militant organisation that fought against white minority rule in Rhodesia, formed as a split from the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU).
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Zimbabwe African People's Union
The Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) is a Zimbabwean political party.
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13th parallel south
The 13th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 13 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane.
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15th parallel south
The 15th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 15 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane.
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16th parallel south
The 16th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 16 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane.
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1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt
The 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt, sometimes referred to as the Seychelles affair or Operation Angela, was a failed South African-orchestrated mercenary takeover attempt in the country of Seychelles.
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9K33 Osa
The 9K33 Osa (wasp) is a highly mobile, low-altitude, short-range tactical surface-to-air missile system designed in the Soviet Union.
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Redirects here:
Cuba in Angola, Cuban intervention in Angola (1975-1991), Operation Carlota.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola
