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Alexander I of Russia

Index Alexander I of Russia

Alexander I (Александр Павлович, Aleksandr Pavlovich; –) reigned as Emperor of Russia between 1801 and 1825. [1]

221 relations: Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur, Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Age of Enlightenment, Aleksey Arakcheyev, Alexander I Palace, Alexander II of Russia, Alexander Ypsilantis, Alexanderplatz, Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812), Anna Pavlovna of Russia, Anselm Franz, 2nd Prince of Thurn and Taxis, August von Kotzebue, Austrian Empire, Azerbaijan, Barbara von Krüdener, Battle of Austerlitz, Battle of Berezina, Battle of Borodino, Battle of Brienne, Battle of Eylau, Battle of Friedland, Battle of Ganja (1804), Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, Battle of La Rothière, Battle of Leipzig, Berezina River, Byzantine Empire, Byzantinism, Campaign in north-east France (1814), Carlsbad Decrees, Catherine I of Russia, Catherine the Great, Caucasus, Central Europe, Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Chivalry, Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin, Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, Classical liberalism, Collegium (ministry), Confederation of the Rhine, Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), Congress of Laibach, Congress of Troppau, Congress of Verona, Congress of Vienna, Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland, Constitutional monarchy, ..., Continental System, Coronation of the Russian monarch, Dagestan, Danube, Danubian Principalities, Decembrist revolt, Derbent Khanate, Duchy of Oldenburg, Duchy of Warsaw, Elba, Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden), Emperor of All Russia, Erfurt, Eudoxia Lopukhina, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, Feodor Kuzmich, Finnish War, Fire of Moscow (1812), First French Empire, Fontainebleau, François-Joseph Talma, France–Russia relations, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frédéric-César de La Harpe, Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental, Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Frederick William I of Prussia, Frederick William III of Prussia, Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Free agriculturalist, French Consulate, French invasion of Russia, Friendship, Fyodor Rostopchin, Ganja Khanate, Gülüstan, Goranboy, Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Georgians, German Campaign of 1813, Governing Senate, Government, Government reform of Alexander I, Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, Grand duke, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, Greek War of Independence, Guerrilla warfare, Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, Hedvig Sophia of Sweden, Hegemony, Henri-Louis Empaytaz, Holy Alliance, House of Oldenburg, House of Romanov, Human rights, Hundred Years' War, Imperial Guard (Napoleon I), Indian subcontinent, Ioannis Kapodistrias, Iran, Jacobin (politics), Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp, John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg, Kaluga, Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kingdom of Prussia, Klaipėda, Klemens von Metternich, List of Polish monarchs, List of political conspiracies, List of rulers of Lithuania, List of rulers of Partitioned Poland, List of Russian rulers, List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien, Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Mahmud II, Margravine Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach, Margravine Eleonore Juliane of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Marguerite Georges, Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg), Maria Naryshkina, Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail Kutuzov, Mikhail Speransky, Military settlement, Morea, Moscow, Moscow Kremlin, Moscow State University, Naples, Napoleon, Napoleonic Wars, Nation, National University of Kharkiv, Nicholas I of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia, Nikolai Lukash, Nikolai Saltykov, Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov, Nikolay Novosiltsev, North Caucasus, Old Style and New Style dates, Opava, Ottoman Empire, Patriotism, Paul I of Russia, Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov, Pavel Tsitsianov, Persian Expedition of 1796, Peter and Paul Fortress, Peter III of Russia, Peter the Great, Philip William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Piedmont, Princes of Condé, Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Princess Johanna Charlotte of Anhalt-Dessau, Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis, Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia, Private Committee, Prussia, Pyotr Bagration, Pyotr Kotlyarevsky, Queen Victoria, Revolution, Rhine, Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, Russian Empire, Russian Orthodox Church, Russian Winter, Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg State University, Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Second League of Armed Neutrality, Serfdom in Russia, Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Stanisław August Poniatowski, State Council (Russian Empire), State serf, Storming of Lankaran, Taganrog, The Hague, Thomas Jefferson, Transcaucasia, Treaties of Tilsit, Treaty of Bucharest (1812), Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Treaty of Gulistan, Treaty of Schönbrunn, Tsarist autocracy, Typhus, Ulla Möllersvärd, United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, University of Tartu, Vienna, Viktor Kochubey, Vilnius University, War of the Sixth Coalition, War of the Third Coalition, Württemberg, Western Roman Empire, Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg, William Pitt the Younger. Expand index (171 more) »

Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur

The Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur ("Emperor's Demise Act") is a legislative decision taken by the Sénat conservateur on 2 April 1814, recognising the downfall of Napoléon I of France.

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Adam Jerzy Czartoryski

Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (Аdomas Jurgis Čartoriskis, also known as Adam George Czartoryski in English; 14 January 177015 July 1861) was a Polish nobleman, statesman and author.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".

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Aleksey Arakcheyev

Count Alexey Andreyevich Arakcheyev or Arakcheev (граф Алексе́й Андре́евич Аракче́ев) (–) was a Russian general and statesman under the reign of Alexander I. He served under Paul I and Alexander I as army leader and artillery inspector respectively.

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Alexander I Palace

Alexander I Palace in Taganrog is a one-story stone building in Russian classicism style on Grecheskaya Street, 40 where Russian emperor Alexander I of Russia died in 1825.

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Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II (p; 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia from the 2nd March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.

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Alexander Ypsilantis

Alexander Ypsilantis, Ypsilanti, or Alexandros Ypsilantis (Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης Alexandros Yipsilantis; Alexandru Ipsilanti; Александр Константинович Ипсиланти Aleksandr Konstantinovich Ipsilanti; 12 December 179231 January 1828), was a member of a prominent Phanariot Greek family, a prince of the Danubian Principalities, a senior officer of the Imperial Russian cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars, and a leader of the Filiki Eteria, a secret organization that coordinated the beginning of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.

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Alexanderplatz

Alexanderplatz is a large public square and transport hub in the central Mitte district of Berlin, near the Fernsehturm.

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Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)

During the Napoleonic Wars, the Anglo-Russian War (2 September 1807– 18 July 1812) was the phase of hostilities between the United Kingdom and Russia after the latter signed the Treaty of Tilsit that ended its war with France.

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Anna Pavlovna of Russia

Anna Pavlovna of Russia (Анна Павловна; Dutch: Anna Paulowna; 18 January 1795 — 1 March 1865) was a queen consort of the Netherlands.

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Anselm Franz, 2nd Prince of Thurn and Taxis

Anselm Franz, 2nd Prince of Thurn and Taxis, full German name: Anselm Franz Fürst von Thurn und Taxis (30 January 1681, Brussels, Spanish Netherlands – 8 November 1739, Brussels, Austrian Netherlands) was the second Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Postmaster General of the Imperial Reichspost, and Head of the House of Thurn and Taxis from 21 February 1714 until his death on 8 November 1739.

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August von Kotzebue

August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (–) was a German dramatist and writer who also worked as a consul in Russia and Germany.

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Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire (Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a Central European multinational great power from 1804 to 1919, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.

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Azerbaijan

No description.

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Barbara von Krüdener

Baroness Barbara Juliane von Krüdener (November 22, 1764December 25, 1824) was a Baltic German religious mystic, author, and Pietist Lutheran theologian that exerted influence on wider European Protestantism, including the Swiss Reformed Church and the Moravian Church, and whose ideas influenced Tsar Alexander I of Russia.

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Battle of Austerlitz

The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805/11 Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Battle of Berezina

The Battle of Berezina (or Beresina) took place from 26 to 29 November 1812, between the French army of Napoleon, retreating after his invasion of Russia and crossing the Berezina (near Borisov, Belarus), and the Russian armies under Mikhail Kutuzov, Peter Wittgenstein and Admiral Pavel Chichagov.

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Battle of Borodino

The Battle of Borodino (la Moskova) was a battle fought on 7 September 1812 in the Napoleonic Wars during the French invasion of Russia.

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Battle of Brienne

The Battle of Brienne (29 January 1814) saw an Imperial French army led by Emperor Napoleon I attack Prussian and Russian forces commanded by Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.

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Battle of Eylau

The Battle of Eylau or Battle of Preussisch-Eylau, 7 and 8 February 1807, was a bloody and inconclusive battle between Napoleon's Grande Armée and the Imperial Russian Army under the command of Levin August, Count von Bennigsen near the town of Preussisch Eylau in East Prussia.

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Battle of Friedland

The Battle of Friedland (June 14, 1807) was a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars between the armies of the French Empire commanded by Napoleon I and the armies of the Russian Empire led by Count von Bennigsen.

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Battle of Ganja (1804)

The siege of Ganja and storming its citadel (Gəncə qalasının işğalı,گنجه قلعه‌سینین ایشغالی اشغال قلعه گنجه) was the result of a Russian offensive in the South Caucasus intended to conquer the Ganja Khanate, which contributed to the escalation of the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813).

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Battle of Jena–Auerstedt

The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older name: Auerstädt) were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the River Saale in today's Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia.

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Battle of La Rothière

The Battle of La Rothière was fought on 1 February 1814 between the French Empire and allied army of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and German States previously allies with France.

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Battle of Leipzig

The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations (Битва народов, Bitva narodov; Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig; Bataille des Nations, Slaget vid Leipzig) was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813, at Leipzig, Saxony.

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Berezina River

The Berezina or Biarezina (Бярэ́зіна) is a river in Belarus and a tributary of the Dnieper River.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).

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Byzantinism

Byzantinism, or Byzantism, is the political system and culture of the Byzantine Empire, and its spiritual successors, in particular, the Christian Balkan states (Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia) and Orthodox countries in Eastern Europe (Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus and most importantly, Russia).

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Campaign in north-east France (1814)

The 1814 campaign in north-east France was Napoleon's final campaign of the War of the Sixth Coalition.

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Carlsbad Decrees

The Carlsbad Decrees were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town of Carlsbad, Bohemia.

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Catherine I of Russia

Catherine I (Yekaterina I Alekseyevna, born, later known as Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya; –) was the second wife of Peter the Great and Empress of Russia from 1725 until her death.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Yekaterina Alekseyevna; –), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader.

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Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region located at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.

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Central Europe

Central Europe is the region comprising the central part of Europe.

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Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg

Charles Alexander of Württemberg (24 May 1684 – 12 March 1737) was a Württemberg noble from 1698 who governed the Kingdom of Serbia as regent from 1720 until 1733, when he assumed the position of Duke of Württemberg, which he had held until his death.

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Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

Duke Charles Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (30 April 1700 – 18 June 1739) was a Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and an important member of European royalty.

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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838), 1st Prince of Benevento, then 1st Prince of Talleyrand, was a laicized French bishop, politician, and diplomat.

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Chivalry

Chivalry, or the chivalric code, is an informal, varying code of conduct developed between 1170 and 1220, never decided on or summarized in a single document, associated with the medieval institution of knighthood; knights' and gentlewomen's behaviours were governed by chivalrous social codes.

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Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin

Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp-Eutin (11 January 1673 – 24 April 1726) was a cadet of the reigning ducal House of Holstein-Gottorp who became prince of Eutin, prince-bishop of Lübeck and regent of the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp.

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Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst

Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (29 November 1690, in Dornburg – 16 March 1747, in Zerbst) was a German prince of the House of Ascania.

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Classical liberalism

Classical liberalism is a political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties under the rule of law with an emphasis on economic freedom.

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Collegium (ministry)

The collegia (plural of a collegium, "joined by law") were government departments in Imperial Russia, established in 1717 by Peter the Great.

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Confederation of the Rhine

The Confederation of the Rhine (Rheinbund; French: officially États confédérés du Rhin, but in practice Confédération du Rhin) was a confederation of client states of the First French Empire.

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Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)

The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, held in the autumn of 1818, was a high-level diplomatic meeting of France and the four allied powers Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia which had defeated it in 1814.

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Congress of Laibach

The Congress of Laibach was a conference of the allied sovereigns or their representatives, held in 1821 as part of the Concert of Europe, which was the decided attempt of the Great Powers to settle international problems after the Napoleonic Wars through discussion and collective weight rather than on the battlefield.

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Congress of Troppau

The Congress of Troppau was a conference of the Quintuple Alliance to discuss means of suppressing the revolution in Naples of July 1820, and at which the Troppau Protocol was signed on 19 November 1820.

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Congress of Verona

The Congress of Verona met at Verona on 20 October 1822 as part of the series of international conferences or congresses that opened with the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15, which had instituted the Concert of Europe at the close of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna (Wiener Kongress) also called Vienna Congress, was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.

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Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland

The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland (Konstytucja Królestwa Polskiego) was granted to the 'Congress' Kingdom of Poland by the King of Poland, Alexander I of Russia, who was obliged to issue a constitution to the newly recreated Polish state under his domain as specified by the Congress of Vienna.

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Constitutional monarchy

A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.

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Continental System

The Continental System or Continental Blockade (known in French as Blocus continental) was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France against the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Coronation of the Russian monarch

Coronations in Russia involved a highly developed religious ceremony in which the Emperor of Russia (generally referred to as the Tsar) was crowned and invested with regalia, then anointed with chrism and formally blessed by the church to commence his reign.

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Dagestan

The Republic of Dagestan (Респу́блика Дагеста́н), or simply Dagestan (or; Дагеста́н), is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region.

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Danube

The Danube or Donau (known by various names in other languages) is Europe's second longest river, after the Volga.

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Danubian Principalities

Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene, translit) was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the early 14th century.

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Decembrist revolt

The Decembrist revolt or the Decembrist uprising (r) took place in Imperial Russia on.

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Derbent Khanate

The Derbent Khanate (خانات دربند — Khānāt-e Darband, Dərbənd xanlığı) was a Caucasian khanate that was established in Afsharid Iran.

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Duchy of Oldenburg

The Duchy of Oldenburg (Herzogtum Oldenburg) — named after its capital, the town of Oldenburg — was a state in the north-west of present-day Germany.

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Duchy of Warsaw

The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie, Duché de Varsovie, Herzogtum Warschau) was a Polish state established by Napoleon I in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit.

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Elba

Elba (isola d'Elba,; Ilva; Ancient Greek: Αἰθαλία, Aithalia) is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino, and the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago.

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Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)

Princess Louise of Baden (13/24 January 1779 – 4 May/16 May 1826) was, later known as Elizabeth Alexeievna (Елизавета Алексеевна.), Empress of Russia during her marriage with Emperor Alexander I. Born Princess Louise of Baden, she was a daughter of Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden, and his wife, Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt.

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Emperor of All Russia

The Emperor or Empress of All Russia ((pre 1918 orthography) Императоръ Всероссійскій, Императрица Всероссійская, (modern orthography) Император Всероссийский, Императрица всероссийская, Imperator Vserossiyskiy, Imperatritsa Vserossiyskaya) was the absolute and later the constitutional monarch of the Russian Empire.

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Erfurt

Erfurt is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia, central Germany.

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Eudoxia Lopukhina

Tsarina Eudoxia Feodorovna Lopukhina (Евдоки́я Фёдоровна Лопухина;, Moscow –, Moscow) was a Russian Tsaritsa as the first wife of Peter I of Russia, and the last ethnic Russian and non-foreign wife of a Russian monarch.

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Fath-Ali Shah Qajar

Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (فتح‌على شاه قاجار; var. Fathalishah, Fathali Shah, Fath Ali Shah; 25 September 1772 – 23 October 1834) was the second Shah (Qajar emperor) of Iran.

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Feodor Kuzmich

Fyodor Kuzmich (Фёдор Кузьмич), also Feodor Kozmich, Феодор Козьмич, Theodore of Tomsk, or Fomich (died February 1, 1864, in Tomsk) was a Russian Orthodox starets.

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Finnish War

The Finnish War (Finska kriget, Финляндская война, Suomen sota) was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire from February 1808 to September 1809.

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Fire of Moscow (1812)

The 1812 Fire of Moscow broke out on 14 September 1812, when Russian troops and most of the remaining residents abandoned the city of Moscow just ahead of Napoleon's vanguard troops entering the city after the Battle of Borodino.

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First French Empire

The First French Empire (Empire Français) was the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte of France and the dominant power in much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

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Fontainebleau

Fontainebleau is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France.

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François-Joseph Talma

François Joseph Talma (15 January 1763 – 1826) was a French actor.

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France–Russia relations

France–Russia relations (Российско-французские отношения, Rossiysko-frantsuzskiye otnosheniya) date back to the early modern period.

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Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis II (Franz; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after the decisive defeat at the hands of the First French Empire led by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.

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Frédéric-César de La Harpe

Frédéric-César de La Harpe, 6 April 1754 (Rolle, Vaud, Switzerland) – 30 March 1838 (Lausanne, Switzerland) was a Swiss political leader, scholar, and Vaudois patriot best known for his pivotal role in the formation of the Helvetic Republic, and for serving as a member of the Helvetic Directory.

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Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental

Frederick Charles of Württemberg-Winnental (12 September 1652 – 20 December 1697) was since 1677 Duke of the new-founded line of Württemberg-Winnental and regent of the infant Duke Eberhard Ludwig.

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Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg

Friedrich Eugen, Duke of Württemberg (21 January 1732, Stuttgart – 23 December 1797, Hohenheim), the fourth son of Duke Karl Alexander, Duke of Württemberg and Princess Maria Augusta of Thurn and Taxis (11 August 1706 – 1 February 1756).

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Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

Frederick IV (18 October 1671 – 19 July 1702) was the reigning Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.

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Frederick William I of Prussia

Frederick William I (Friedrich Wilhelm I) (14 August 1688 – 31 May 1740), known as the "Soldier King" (Soldatenkönig), was the King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until his death in 1740 as well as the father of Frederick the Great.

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Frederick William III of Prussia

Frederick William III (Friedrich Wilhelm III) (3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was king of Prussia from 1797 to 1840.

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Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt

Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt (17 November 1700, Oranienbaum Castle (modern-day Oranienbaum-Wörlitz, Wittenberg) – 4 March 1771, Wildenbruch Castle) was a German nobleman.

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Free agriculturalist

Free agriculturalists (Во́льные хлебопа́шцы, Свободные хлебопашцы, literally, free ploughmen) were a category of peasants in the Russian Empire in 19th century.

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French Consulate

The Consulate (French: Le Consulat) was the government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire in November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in May 1804.

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French invasion of Russia

The French invasion of Russia, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Отечественная война 1812 года Otechestvennaya Voyna 1812 Goda) and in France as the Russian Campaign (Campagne de Russie), began on 24 June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River in an attempt to engage and defeat the Russian army.

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Friendship

Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people.

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Fyodor Rostopchin

Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin (Фёдор Васи́льевич Ростопчи́н) (&ndash) was a Russian statesman, who served as governor of Moscow during the French invasion of Russia.

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Ganja Khanate

The Ganja Khanate (خانات گنجه — Khānāt-e Ganjeh, Gəncə xanlığı, Ҝәнҹә ханлығы, گنجه خنليغى) was a semi-independent Caucasian khanate that was established in Afsharid Iran and existed in the territory of what is modern-day Azerbaijan between 1747-1805.

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Gülüstan, Goranboy

Gülüstan (Գյուլիստան, Gyulistan) is a village in the Goranboy District of Azerbaijan, which is part of the municipality of Buzluq.

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Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher

Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Fürst von Wahlstatt (16 December 1742 – 12 September 1819), Graf (count), later elevated to Fürst (sovereign prince) von Wahlstatt, was a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal).

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Georgians

The Georgians or Kartvelians (tr) are a nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to Georgia.

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German Campaign of 1813

The German Campaign (lit) was fought in 1813.

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Governing Senate

The Governing Senate (Правительствующий сенат) was a legislative, judicial, and executive body of the Russian Emperors, instituted by Peter the Great to replace the Boyar Duma and lasted until the very end of the Russian Empire.

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Government

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state.

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Government reform of Alexander I

The early Russian system of government instituted by Peter the Great, which consisted of various state committees, each named Collegium with subordinate departments named Prikaz, was largely outdated by the 19th century.

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Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, Tsesarevna of Russia (Anna Petrovna Romanova) Анна Петровна; 27 January 1708, in Moscow – 4 March 1728, in Kiel) was the elder daughter of Emperor Peter I of Russia and Empress Catherine I of Russia. Her sister, Elizabeth of Russia, ruled as Empress between 1741 and 1762. While a potential heir in the reign of her father and her mother, she never acceded to the throne due to political reasons. However, her son Peter would rule as Emperor in 1762, succeeding Elizabeth. She was the Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp by marriage.

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Grand duke

The monarchic title of grand duke (feminine: grand duchess) ranked in order of precedence below emperor and king, and above that of sovereign prince and sovereign duke.

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Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia

Konstantin Pavlovich (Константи́н Па́влович; 8 May 1779 27 June 1831 was a grand duke of Russia and the second son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. He was the Tsesarevich of Russia throughout the reign of his elder brother Alexander I, but had secretly renounced his claim to the throne in 1823. For 25 days after the death of Alexander I, from 19 November (O.S.)/1 December 1825 to 14 December (O.S.)/26 December 1825 he was known as His Imperial Majesty Konstantin I Emperor and Sovereign of Russia, although he never reigned and never acceded to the throne. His younger brother Nicholas became Tsar in 1825. The succession controversy became the pretext of the Decembrist revolt. Konstantin was known to eschew court etiquette and to take frequent stands against the wishes of his brother Alexander I, for which he is remembered fondly in Russia, but in his capacity as the governor of Poland he is remembered as a strong ruler.

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Grand Duke of Finland

Grand Duke of Finland or the Grand Prince of Finland (Suomen suuriruhtinas, Storfurste av Finland), was from around 1580 to 1809 a title in use by most Swedish monarchs.

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Greek War of Independence

The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση, Elliniki Epanastasi, or also referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as the Αγώνας, Agonas, "Struggle"; Ottoman: يونان عصياني Yunan İsyanı, "Greek Uprising"), was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830.

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Guerrilla warfare

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

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Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden

Gustav IV Adolf or Gustav IV Adolph (1 November 1778 – 7 February 1837) was King of Sweden from 1792 until his abdication in 1809.

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Hedvig Sophia of Sweden

Hedvig Sophia Augusta of Sweden (26 June 1681 – 22 December 1708), Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, was the eldest child of Charles XI of Sweden and Ulrike Eleonore of Denmark.

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Hegemony

Hegemony (or) is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others.

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Henri-Louis Empaytaz

Henri-Louis Empaytaz (1790–1853), was a Protestant theologian.

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Holy Alliance

The Holy Alliance (Heilige Allianz; Священный союз, Svyashchennyy soyuz; also called the Grand Alliance) was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.

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House of Oldenburg

The House of Oldenburg is a European dynasty of North German origin.

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House of Romanov

The House of Romanov (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. also Romanoff; Рома́новы, Románovy) was the second dynasty to rule Russia, after the House of Rurik, reigning from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on March 15, 1917, as a result of the February Revolution.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.

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Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France.

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Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)

The Imperial Guard (French: Garde Impériale) was originally a small group of elite soldiers of the French Army under the direct command of Napoleon I, but grew considerably over time.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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Ioannis Kapodistrias

Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias (10 or 11 February 1776 – 9 October 1831), sometimes anglicized as John Capodistrias (Κόμης Ιωάννης Αντώνιος Καποδίστριας Komis Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias; граф Иоанн Каподистрия Graf Ioann Kapodistriya; Giovanni Antonio Capodistria Conte Capo d'Istria), was a Greek statesman who served as the Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire and was one of the most distinguished politicians and diplomats of Europe.

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Iran

Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).

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Jacobin (politics)

A Jacobin was a member of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political movement that was the most famous political club during the French Revolution (1789–99).

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer.

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Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp (24 October 1712 – 30 May 1760) was a German regent, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst by marriage to Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and regent of Anhalt-Zerbst from 1747 to 1752 for her minor son, Frederick Augustus.

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John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg

John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg (4 May 1656, in Zerbst – 1 November 1704, in Dornburg), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dornburg.

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Kaluga

Kaluga (p) is a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River southwest of Moscow.

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Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg

Karl Philipp, Fürst zu Schwarzenberg (or Charles Philip, Prince of Schwarzenberg; 18/19 April 1771 – 15 October 1820) was an Austrian field marshal.

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Kazan (Volga region) Federal University

Kazan (Volga region) Federal University (Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет, Kazanskiy (Privolzhskiy) federalnyy universitet; Казан (Идел Буе) федераль университеты) is located in Kazan, Russia.

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Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

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Klaipėda

Klaipėda (Samogitian name: Klaipieda, Polish name: Kłajpeda, German name: Memel), is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast.

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Klemens von Metternich

Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein (15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859) was an Austrian diplomat and statesman who was one of the most important of his era, serving as the Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation.

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List of Polish monarchs

Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th–14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century).

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List of political conspiracies

In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of people united in the goal of usurping, altering or overthrowing an established political power.

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List of rulers of Lithuania

The following is a list of rulers over Lithuania—grand dukes, kings, and presidents—the heads of authority over historical Lithuanian territory.

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List of rulers of Partitioned Poland

No description.

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List of Russian rulers

This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia.

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List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922.

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Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien

Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien (duc d'Enghien pronounced) (Louis Antoine Henri; 2 August 1772 – 21 March 1804) was a relative of the Bourbon monarchs of France.

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Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie; 10 March 1776 – 19 July 1810) was Queen of Prussia as the wife of King Frederick William III.

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Mahmud II

Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثانى Mahmud-u sānī, محمود عدلى Mahmud-u Âdlî) (İkinci Mahmut) (20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839.

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Margravine Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach

Margravine Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach (3 July 1682 – 22 December 1755) was a German princess.

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Margravine Eleonore Juliane of Brandenburg-Ansbach

Eleonore Juliane of Brandenburg-Ansbach (23 October 1663 – 4 March 1724) was a princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach and through her marriage duchess of Württemberg-Winnental.

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Marguerite Georges

Marguerite Georges (1787–1867) was a French stage actress.

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Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)

Maria Feodorovna (Мария Фёдоровна; née Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg; 25 October 1759 – 5 November 1828) was Empress consort of Russia as the second wife of Tsar Paul I. Born Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg, she was a daughter of Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Württemberg and his wife, Friederike Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt.

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Maria Naryshkina

Maria Antonovna Naryshkina (Russian: Мария Антоновна Нарышкина, 1779–1854), born Princess Maria Czetwertyńska-Światopełk, was a Polish noblewoman who was the mistress of Tsar Alexander I of Russia for 13 years.

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Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly

Prince Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly (–) was a Russian Field Marshal and Minister of War during Napoleon's invasion in 1812 and War of the Sixth Coalition.

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Mikhail Kutuzov

Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (князь Михаи́л Илларио́нович Голени́щев-Куту́зов) was a Field Marshal of the Russian Empire.

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Mikhail Speransky

Count Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky (Михаи́л Миха́йлович Спера́нский; 12 January 1772 – 23 February 1839) was a Russian reformist during the reign of Alexander I of Russia, to whom he was a close advisor.

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Military settlement

Military settlements (Военные поселения) represented a special organization of the Russian military forces in 1810–1857, which allowed the combination of military service and agricultural employment.

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Morea

The Morea (Μορέας or Μοριάς, Moreja, Morée, Morea, Mora) was the name of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages and the early modern period.

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Moscow

Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.

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Moscow Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin (p), usually referred to as the Kremlin, is a fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and the Alexander Garden to the west.

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Moscow State University

Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ) is a coeducational and public research university located in Moscow, Russia.

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Naples

Naples (Napoli, Napule or; Neapolis; lit) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy after Rome and Milan.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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Nation

A nation is a stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, ethnicity or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture.

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National University of Kharkiv

The Karazin University (Каразінський університет) or officially the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (Харківський національний університет імені В. Н. Каразіна) is one of the major universities in Ukraine, and earlier in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union.

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Nicholas I of Russia

Nicholas I (r; –) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855.

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Nicholas II of Russia

Nicholas II or Nikolai II (r; 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas II of Russia in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.

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Nikolai Lukash

Nikolai Yevgenyevich Lukash (Николай Евгеньевич Лукаш; 11 December 1796 – Moscow, was an Imperial Russian military officer and politician who took part in, among others, the Napoleonic Wars and the fights against the November Uprising.

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Nikolai Saltykov

Count, then Prince Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (Russian: Николай Иванович Салтыков, 31 October 1736 – 28 May 1816), a member of the Saltykov noble family, was a Russian Field Marshal and imperial courtier.

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Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov

Count Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov (Николай Александрович Зубов; 24 April 1763 – 9 August 1805) was the eldest of the Zubov brothers who, together with Count Pahlen, masterminded the conspiracy to assassinate Tsar Paul of Russia.

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Nikolay Novosiltsev

Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev (Никола́й Никола́евич Новоси́льцев, Nikołaj Nowosilcow) (1761–1838) was a Russian statesman and a close aide to Alexander I of Russia.

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North Caucasus

The North Caucasus (p) or Ciscaucasia is the northern part of the Caucasus region between the Sea of Azov and Black Sea on the west and the Caspian Sea on the east, within European Russia.

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Old Style and New Style dates

Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are terms sometimes used with dates to indicate that the calendar convention used at the time described is different from that in use at the time the document was being written.

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Opava

Opava (Troppau, Tropp, Opawa, Oppavia) is a city in the eastern Czech Republic on the river Opava, located to the north-west of Ostrava.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Patriotism

Patriotism or national pride is the ideology of love and devotion to a homeland, and a sense of alliance with other citizens who share the same values.

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Paul I of Russia

Paul I (Па́вел I Петро́вич; Pavel Petrovich) (–) reigned as Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801.

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Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov

Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov (Павел Александрович Строганов) (born June 7 (18), 1772, in Paris; died June 10 (22), 1817) was Russian military commander and statesman, Lieutenant General, Adjutant General to Alexander I of Russia.

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Pavel Tsitsianov

Prince Pavel Dmitriyevich Tsitsianov Павел Дмитриевич Цицианов, also known as Pavle Dimitris dze Tsitsishvili (პავლე ციციშვილი, —) was a Georgian nobleman and a prominent General of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Persian Expedition of 1796

The Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great, alongside the Persian Expedition of Peter the Great, was one of the Russo-Persian Wars of the 18th century which did not entail any lasting consequences for either belligerent.

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Peter and Paul Fortress

The Peter and Paul Fortress is the original citadel of St. Petersburg, Russia, founded by Peter the Great in 1703 and built to Domenico Trezzini's designs from 1706 to 1740 as a star fortress.

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Peter III of Russia

Peter III (21 February 1728 –) (Пётр III Фëдорович, Pyotr III Fyodorovich) was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762.

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Peter the Great

Peter the Great (ˈpʲɵtr vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj), Peter I (ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj) or Peter Alexeyevich (p; –)Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January.

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Philip William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt

Philip William, Prince in Prussia (Philipp Wilhelm von Brandenburg-Schwedt; May 19, 1669, castle of Königsberg – December 19, 1711, castle of Schwedt) was a Prussian Prince, was the first owner of the Prussian secundogeniture of Brandenburg-Schwedt and was governor of Magdeburg from 1692 to 1711.

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Piedmont

Piedmont (Piemonte,; Piedmontese, Occitan and Piemont; Piémont) is a region in northwest Italy, one of the 20 regions of the country.

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Princes of Condé

The Most Serene House of Condé (named after Condé-en-Brie, now in the Aisne département) was a French princely house and a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.

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Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt

Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt (Friederike Sophia Dorothea; 18 December 1736 – 9 March 1798) was Duchess of Württemberg by marriage to Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg.

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Princess Johanna Charlotte of Anhalt-Dessau

Johanna Charlotte of Anhalt-Dessau (6 April 1682 – 31 March 1750) was a princess of Anhalt-Dessau from the House of Ascania by birth and Margravine of Brandenburg-Schwedt by marriage.

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Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis

Princess Marie Auguste Anna of Thurn and Taxis (August 11, 1706 – February 1, 1756) was a Regent of Württemberg.

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Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia

Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia (Sophia Dorothea Marie von Preußen) (25 January 1719 – 13 November 1765) was the ninth child and fifth daughter of Frederick William I of Prussia and Sophia Dorothea of Hanover.

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Private Committee

Privy Committee (Негласный комитет in Russian) was an unofficial consultative body during the reign of Alexander I in Russia.

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Prussia

Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.

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Pyotr Bagration

Pyotr Bagration (10 July 1765 – 24 September 1812) was a Russian general and prince of Georgian origin, prominent during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Pyotr Kotlyarevsky

Pyotr Stepanovich Kotlyarevsky (June 23, 1782 – November 2, 1852) was a Russian military hero of the early 19th century.

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Queen Victoria

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death.

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Revolution

In political science, a revolution (Latin: revolutio, "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolt against the government, typically due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic).

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Rhine

--> The Rhine (Rhenus, Rein, Rhein, le Rhin,, Italiano: Reno, Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea.

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Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh

Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, (18 June 1769 – 12 August 1822), usually known as Lord Castlereagh, which is derived from his courtesy title Viscount Castlereagh,The name Castlereagh derives from the baronies of Castlereagh (or Castellrioughe) and Ards, in which the manors of Newtownards and Comber were located.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Rússkaya pravoslávnaya tsérkov), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskóvskiy patriarkhát), is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches, in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox patriarchates.

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Russian Winter

Russian Winter, General Winter, General Frost, or General Snow refers to the winter climate of Russia as a contributing factor to the military failures of several invasions of Russia.

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Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)

The Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire was one of the Russo-Turkish Wars.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).

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Saint Petersburg State University

Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, СПбГУ) is a Russian federal state-owned higher education institution based in Saint Petersburg.

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Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg

The Peter and Paul Cathedral (Петропавловский собор) is a Russian Orthodox cathedral located inside the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Second League of Armed Neutrality

The Second League of Armed Neutrality or the League of the North was an alliance of the north European naval powers Denmark–Norway, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia.

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Serfdom in Russia

The term serf, in the sense of an unfree peasant of the Russian Empire, is the usual translation of krepostnoi krestyanin (крепостной крестьянин).

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Sophia Dorothea of Hanover

Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (– 28 June 1757) was a Queen consort in Prussia as spouse of Frederick William I.

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Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast

Sovetsk (Сове́тск), before 1946 known as Tilsit (Tilžė; Tylża) in East Prussia, is a town in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the south bank of the Neman River.

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Stanisław August Poniatowski

Stanisław II Augustus (also Stanisław August Poniatowski; born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski; 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798), who reigned as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1764 to 1795, was the last monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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State Council (Russian Empire)

The State Council (p) was the supreme state advisory body to the Tsar in Imperial Russia.

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State serf

State serfs or state peasants (Государственные крестьяне, gosudarstvennye krestiane) were a special social estate (class) of peasantry in 18th–19th century Russia, the number of which in some periods reached half of the agricultural population.

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Storming of Lankaran

The Storming of Lankaran (یورش به لنکران — Yuresh be Lankaran; Штурм Ленкорани) took place on 1 January 1813 as part of the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813).

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Taganrog

Taganrog (p) is a port city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the north shore of the Taganrog Bay in the Sea of Azov, several kilometers west of the mouth of the Don River.

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The Hague

The Hague (Den Haag,, short for 's-Gravenhage) is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands and the capital of the province of South Holland.

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Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, [O.S. April 2] 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

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Transcaucasia

Transcaucasia (Закавказье), or the South Caucasus, is a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

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Treaties of Tilsit

The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland.

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Treaty of Bucharest (1812)

The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812, in Manuc's Inn in Bucharest, and ratified on 5 July 1812, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War.

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Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)

The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement established in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814 between Napoleon I and representatives from the Austrian Empire, Russia and Prussia.

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Treaty of Gulistan

The Treaty of Gulistan (Гюлистанский договор; عهدنامه گلستان) was a peace treaty concluded between Imperial Russia and Persia (modern day Iran) on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (in modern-day Goranboy Rayon of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War, lasting from 1804 to 1813.

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Treaty of Schönbrunn

The Treaty of Schönbrunn (Traité de Schönbrunn; Friede von Schönbrunn), sometimes known as the Peace of Schönbrunn or Treaty of Vienna, was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna on 14 October 1809.

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Tsarist autocracy

Tsarist autocracy (царское самодержавие, transcr. tsarskoye samoderzhaviye) is a form of autocracy (later absolute monarchy) specific to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which later became Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire.

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Typhus

Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus and murine typhus.

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Ulla Möllersvärd

Ulrika "Ulla" Ottiliana Möllersvärd (1791–1878) was a Finnish courtier in service of the Russian Imperial court.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.

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University of Tartu

The University of Tartu (UT; Tartu Ülikool, Universitas Tartuensis) is a classical university in the city of Tartu, Estonia.

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Vienna

Vienna (Wien) is the federal capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria.

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Viktor Kochubey

Count (subsequently Prince) Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (1768 – 1834) was a Russian statesman and a close aide of Alexander I of Russia.

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Vilnius University

Vilnius University (Vilniaus universitetas; former names exist) is the oldest university in the Baltic states and one of the oldest in Northern Europe.

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War of the Sixth Coalition

In the War of the Sixth Coalition (March 1813 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the War of Liberation, a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain and a number of German states finally defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba.

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War of the Third Coalition

The War of the Third Coalition was a European conflict spanning the years 1803 to 1806.

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Württemberg

Württemberg is a historical German territory.

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Western Roman Empire

In historiography, the Western Roman Empire refers to the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any one time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court, coequal with that administering the eastern half, then referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg

Peter Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg (3 January 1754 in Eutin Castle, Eutin – 2 July 1823 in Schloss Plön, Plön.) Wilhelm succeeded his father, Frederick Augustus I, Duke of Oldenburg as the Duke of Oldenburg in 1785.

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William Pitt the Younger

William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a prominent British Tory statesman of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

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Redirects here:

Aleksander I, Aleksander I of Russia, Aleksandr I, Aleksandr I Pavlovich, Aleksandr I Pavlovich Romanov, Tsar of Russia, Aleksandr I of Russia, Aleksandr Pavlovich, Alexander I Grand Duke of Finland, Alexander I Pavlovich, Alexander I Romanov, Alexander I of Finland, Alexander I the Blessed, Alexander I, Grand Duke of Finland, Alexander i of russia, Alexander the Blessed, Alexandre I of Russia, Alieksandr I Pavlovich, Alieksandr I of Russia, Csar Alexander I, Czar Alexander I, Czar Alexander the First, Czar of Russia Alexander I, Emperor Alexander I, Emperor Alexander Pavlovitch, Russian Tsar Alexander I, Tsar Alexander I, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Tzar Alexander I, Александр I Павлович.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia

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