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Dictionary

Index Dictionary

A dictionary, sometimes known as a wordbook, is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc. [1]

222 relations: A Dictionary of the English Language, A Greek–English Lexicon, Accademia della Crusca, Advanced learner's dictionary, African American National Biography Project, Akkadian Empire, Akkadian language, Alphabetical order, Amarakosha, Amarasimha, Ambrogio Calepino, American and British English spelling differences, American College Dictionary, American English, American National Biography, Amir Khusrow, An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language, Antoine Furetière, Apollonius the Sophist, Arabic, Aramaic language, Australian English, Émile Littré, Babylonia, Bilingual dictionary, Black's Law Dictionary, Bodleian Library, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, British English, Brothers Grimm, Canadian Oxford Dictionary, Catholicon (1286), Centre for Lexicography, Century Dictionary, Chambers Dictionary, Chinese characters, Chinese dictionary, Clarence Barnhart, COBUILD, Collation, Collins English Dictionary, Common Era, Comparison of English dictionaries, Computer, Concept, Conceptual dictionary, Concise Oxford English Dictionary, Corpus linguistics, Cross-language information retrieval, David Skinner (journalist), ..., Defining vocabulary, Definition, Dehkhoda Dictionary, Deutsches Wörterbuch, Diacritic, Diathesis alternation, Diccionario de la lengua española, DICT, Dictionarius (Johannes de Garlandia), Dictionary, Dictionary Society of North America, Dictionary.com, Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, Dictionnaire de la langue française (Littré), Double-Tongued Dictionary, Duden, Ebla, Edward Phillips, Egidio Forcellini, Electronic dictionary, Elisha Coles, Encarta Webster's Dictionary, Encyclopedia, Encyclopedic dictionary, Erya, Etymology, Explanatory dictionary, Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Fictitious entry, Foreign language writing aid, Frahang-i Pahlavig, Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, French language, Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Glossary, Hadith, Headword, Henri Estienne, Henry Liddell, Heterogram (linguistics), Hindustani language, Historical dictionary, Homer, Ideogram, Idiom, Inter-Active Terminology for Europe, International Journal of Lexicography, International Phonetic Alphabet, Internet, Italian language, Japanese dictionary, John of Garland, John of Genoa, John Wilkins, Jorge Luis Borges, Ladislav Zgusta, Language, Law dictionary, Leiden Glossary, Lemma (morphology), LEO (website), Lexical Markup Framework, Lexicographic error, Lexicography, Lexicology, Lexicon, Lexigraf, Linguistic prescription, List of Arabic dictionaries, List of Dutch dictionaries, List of French dictionaries, List of German dictionaries, List of lexicographers, List of online dictionaries, Lists of dictionaries, Logos Dictionary, Longman, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Machine translation, Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, Macquarie Dictionary, Medical dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Metaphor, Middle Persian, Monolingual learner's dictionary, Multi-field dictionary, Natural language processing, Neologism, New Oxford American Dictionary, Niccolò Tommaseo, Nihon Shoki, Niqqud, Noah Webster, Old English, Onomasiology, Oxford, Oxford Dictionary of English, Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Pazend, Persian language, Personal digital assistant, Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, Philitas of Cos, Pronunciation, Pronunciation respelling, Pseudodictionary, Quran, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Reverse dictionary, Rhyme, Rhyming dictionary, Richard Mulcaster, Robert Cawdrey, Robert Estienne, Robert Scott (philologist), Root (linguistics), Rotterdam, Royal Spanish Academy, Samuel Johnson, Sanas Cormaic, Sanskrit, Scottish Gaelic dictionaries, Scottish Language Dictionaries, Sebastián de Covarrubias, Semasiology, Shizhoupian, Simon Winchester, Sindhi to English dictionaries, Single-field dictionary, Specialized dictionary, Spelling reform, StarDict, Sub-field dictionary, Sumerian language, Svenska Akademiens ordbok, Synonym, Syria, Table Alphabeticall, Technical University of Berlin, Tenrei Banshō Meigi, Terminology, Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española, Text corpus, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, The Devil's Dictionary, The New World of English Words, The New York Times, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, The Surgeon of Crowthorne, Thesaurus, Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, Thomas Blount (lexicographer), University of Cambridge, Urban Dictionary, Urra=hubullu, Vernacular, Visual dictionary, Vladimir Dal, Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Wikimedia Foundation, Wiktionary, William Chester Minor, William Lloyd (bishop of Worcester), Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, Word, WordNet, WWWJDIC, Yadgar Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms, Zhou dynasty. Expand index (172 more) »

A Dictionary of the English Language

Published on 4 April 1755 and written by Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, sometimes published as Johnson's Dictionary, is among the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English language.

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A Greek–English Lexicon

A Greek–English Lexicon, often referred to as Liddell & Scott, Liddell–Scott–Jones, or LSJ, is a standard lexicographical work of the Ancient Greek language.

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Accademia della Crusca

The Accademia della Crusca ("Academy of the Bran"), generally abbreviated as La Crusca, is an Italian society for scholars and Italian linguists and philologists established in Florence.

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Advanced learner's dictionary

The advanced learner's dictionary is the most common type of monolingual learner's dictionary, that is, a dictionary written for someone who is learning a foreign language and who has a proficiency level of B2 or above according to the Common European Framework.

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African American National Biography Project

The African American National Biography Project is a joint project of the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research and Oxford University Press.

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Akkadian Empire

The Akkadian Empire was the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, also called Akkad in ancient Mesopotamia in the Bible.

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Akkadian language

Akkadian (akkadû, ak-ka-du-u2; logogram: URIKI)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.

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Alphabetical order

Alphabetical order is a system whereby strings of characters are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet.

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Amarakosha

The Amarakosha (Devanagari: अमरकोशः, IAST: Amarakośa) is the popular name for Namalinganushasanam (Devanagari: नामलिङ्गानुशासनम्, IAST: Nāmaliṅgānuśāsanam) a thesaurus in Sanskrit written by the ancient Indian scholar Amarasimha.

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Amarasimha

Amarasimha (IAST: Amara-siṃha, c. CE 375) was a Sanskrit grammarian and poet, of whose personal history hardly anything is known.

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Ambrogio Calepino

Ambrogio Calepino (Latin: Ambrosius Calepinus; c. 1440–1510), commonly known by the Latin form of his name, Calepinus, was an Italian lexicographer.

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American and British English spelling differences

Many of the differences between American and British English date back to a time when spelling standards had not yet developed.

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American College Dictionary

The American College Dictionary was the first Random House dictionary and was later expanded to create the Random House Dictionary of the English Language.

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American English

American English (AmE, AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US), sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States.

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American National Biography

The American National Biography (ANB) is a 24-volume biographical encyclopedia set that contains about 17,400 entries and 20 million words, first published in 1999 by Oxford University Press under the auspices of the American Council of Learned Societies.

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Amir Khusrow

Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau (1253 – 1325) (ابوالحسن یمین الدین خسرو, ابوالحسن یمین‌الدین خسرو), better known as Amīr Khusrow Dehlavī, was a Sufi musician, poet and scholar from the Indian subcontinent.

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An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (London, 1668) is the best-remembered of the numerous works of John Wilkins, in which he expounds a new universal language, meant primarily to facilitate international communication among scholars, but envisioned for use by diplomats, travelers, and merchants as well.

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Antoine Furetière

Antoine Furetière (28 December 161914 May 1688), was a French scholar, writer, and lexicographer.

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Apollonius the Sophist

Apollonius the Sophist (Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Σοφιστής) was a famous grammarian, who probably lived towards the end of the 1st century AD and taught in Rome in the time of Tiberius.

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Arabic

Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.

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Aramaic language

Aramaic (אַרָמָיָא Arāmāyā, ܐܪܡܝܐ, آرامية) is a language or group of languages belonging to the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic language family.

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Australian English

Australian English (AuE, en-AU) is a major variety of the English language, used throughout Australia.

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Émile Littré

Émile Maximilien Paul Littré (1 February 1801 – 2 June 1881) was a French lexicographer, freemason and philosopher, best known for his Dictionnaire de la langue française, commonly called "The Littré".

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Babylonia

Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).

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Bilingual dictionary

A bilingual dictionary or translation dictionary is a specialized dictionary used to translate words or phrases from one language to another.

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Black's Law Dictionary

Black's Law is the most widely used law dictionary in the United States.

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Bodleian Library

The Bodleian Library is the main research library of the University of Oxford, and is one of the oldest libraries in Europe.

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Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable

Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, sometimes referred to simply as Brewer's, is a reference work containing definitions and explanations of many famous phrases, allusions and figures, whether historical or mythical.

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British English

British English is the standard dialect of English language as spoken and written in the United Kingdom.

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Brothers Grimm

The Brothers Grimm (die Brüder Grimm or die Gebrüder Grimm), Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, were German academics, philologists, cultural researchers, lexicographers and authors who together collected and published folklore during the 19th century.

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Canadian Oxford Dictionary

The Canadian Oxford Dictionary is a dictionary of Canadian English.

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Catholicon (1286)

The Summa grammaticalis quae vocatur Catholicon, or Catholicon (from the Greek Καθολικόν, universal), is a 13th-century Latin dictionary which found wide use throughout Latin Christendom.

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Centre for Lexicography

Centre for Lexicography is a research centre affiliated with the Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus Denmark, and was established in 1996.

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Century Dictionary

The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia was one of the largest encyclopedic dictionaries of the English language.

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Chambers Dictionary

The Chambers Dictionary (TCD) was first published by William and Robert Chambers as Chambers's English Dictionary in 1872.

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Chinese characters

Chinese characters are logograms primarily used in the writing of Chinese and Japanese.

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Chinese dictionary

Chinese dictionaries date back over two millennia to the Han Dynasty, which is a significantly longer lexicographical history than any other language.

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Clarence Barnhart

Clarence Lewis Barnhart (1900–1993) was an American lexicographer best known for editing the Thorndike-Barnhart series of graded dictionaries, published by Scott Foresman & Co.

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COBUILD

COBUILD, an acronym for Collins Birmingham University International Language Database, is a British research facility set up at the University of Birmingham in 1980 and funded by Collins publishers.

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Collation

Collation is the assembly of written information into a standard order.

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Collins English Dictionary

The Collins English Dictionary is a printed and online dictionary of English.

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Common Era

Common Era or Current Era (CE) is one of the notation systems for the world's most widely used calendar era – an alternative to the Dionysian AD and BC system.

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Comparison of English dictionaries

These tables compare modern and notable English dictionaries, split by market segment.

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Computer

A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.

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Concept

Concepts are mental representations, abstract objects or abilities that make up the fundamental building blocks of thoughts and beliefs.

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Conceptual dictionary

A conceptual dictionary (also ideographic or ideological dictionary) is a dictionary that groups words by concept or semantic relation instead of arranging them in alphabetical order.

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Concise Oxford English Dictionary

Henry Watson Fowler The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (officially titled The Concise Oxford Dictionary until 2002, and widely abbreviated COD or COED) is probably the best-known of the 'smaller' Oxford dictionaries.

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Corpus linguistics

Corpus linguistics is the study of language as expressed in corpora (bodies) of "real world" text.

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Cross-language information retrieval

Cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) is a subfield of information retrieval dealing with retrieving information written in a language different from the language of the user's query.

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David Skinner (journalist)

David Paul Skinner (born February 25, 1973) is the editor of ''Humanities'' magazine, which is published by the National Endowment for the Humanities.

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Defining vocabulary

A defining vocabulary is a list of words used by lexicographers to write dictionary definitions.

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Definition

A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols).

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Dehkhoda Dictionary

The Dehkhoda Dictionary (لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا) is the largest comprehensive Persian dictionary ever published, comprising 16 volumes (more than 27000 pages).

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Deutsches Wörterbuch

The Deutsches Wörterbuch (The German Dictionary), abbreviated DWB, is the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of the German language in existence.

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Diacritic

A diacritic – also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or an accent – is a glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph.

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Diathesis alternation

In linguistics, diathesis alternation or verb alternationLevin, B. (1993) English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL occurs when the same verb can be used in different subcategorization frames or with different valency, as in "Fred ate the pizza" (where ate is transitive, with object "the pizza") vs.

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Diccionario de la lengua española

The Diccionario de la lengua española (English: Dictionary of the Spanish language), also known as the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (DRAE) (English: Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy), is a dictionary of the Spanish language.

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DICT

DICT is a dictionary network protocol created by the DICT Development Group.

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Dictionarius (Johannes de Garlandia)

Dictionarius is a short work written about the year 1200 by the medieval English grammarian Johannes de Garlandia or John of Garland.

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Dictionary

A dictionary, sometimes known as a wordbook, is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc.

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Dictionary Society of North America

The Dictionary Society of North America (DSNA) was founded in 1975 to encourage scholarly and professional activities that have to do with dictionaries and lexicography.

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Dictionary.com

Dictionary.com is an online dictionary whose domain was first registered on May 14, 1995.

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Dictionnaire de l'Académie française

The Dictionnaire de l'Académie française is the official dictionary of the French language.

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Dictionnaire de la langue française (Littré)

The Dictionnaire de la langue française by Émile Littré, commonly called simply the "Littré", is a four-volume dictionary of the French language published in Paris by Hachette.

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Double-Tongued Dictionary

The Double-Tongued Dictionary is an online dictionary.

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Duden

The Duden is a dictionary of the German language, first published by Konrad Duden in 1880.

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Ebla

Ebla (إبلا., modern: تل مرديخ, Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria.

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Edward Phillips

Edward Phillips (August 1630 – c. 1696) was an English author.

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Egidio Forcellini

Egidio Forcellini (August 26, 1688 – April 5, 1768), Italian philologist, was born at Fener in the district of Treviso and belonged to a very poor family.

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Electronic dictionary

An electronic dictionary is a dictionary whose data exists in digital form and can be accessed through a number of different media.

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Elisha Coles

Elisha Coles (c. 1640 – 1680) was a 17th-century English lexicographer and stenographer.

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Encarta Webster's Dictionary

The Encarta Webster's Dictionary of the English Language (2004) is the second edition of the Encarta World English Dictionary, published in 1999 (Anne Soukhanov, editor).

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Encyclopedia

An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of information from either all branches of knowledge or from a particular field or discipline.

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Encyclopedic dictionary

An encyclopedic dictionary typically includes a large number of short listings, arranged alphabetically, and discussing a wide range of topics.

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Erya

The Erya or Erh-ya is the oldest surviving Chinese dictionary or Chinese encyclopedia known.

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Etymology

EtymologyThe New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time".

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Explanatory dictionary

An explanatory dictionary or monolingual dictionary is a dictionary that gives additional information, e. g. on pronunciation, grammar, meaning, etymology etc.

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Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language

The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (Толко́вый слова́рь живо́го великору́сского языка́), commonly known as Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary (Толко́вый слова́рь Да́ля), is a major explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.

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Fictitious entry

Fictitious or fake entries are deliberately incorrect entries in reference works such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, maps, and directories.

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Foreign language writing aid

A foreign language writing aid is a computer program or any other instrument that assists a non-native language user (also referred to as a foreign language learner) in writing decently in their target language.

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Frahang-i Pahlavig

Frahang-ī Pahlavīg ("Pahlavi dictionary") is the title of an anonymous dictionary of unknown date of (mostly) Aramaic logograms with Middle Persian translations (in Pahlavi script) and transliterations (in Pazend script).

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Free On-line Dictionary of Computing

The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (FOLDOC) is an online, searchable, encyclopedic dictionary of computing subjects.

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French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Ghil'ad Zuckermann

Ghil'ad Zuckermann (גלעד צוקרמן,, born 1 June 1971) is a linguist and revivalist who works in contact linguistics, lexicology and the study of language, culture and identity.

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Glossary

A glossary, also known as a vocabulary or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms.

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Hadith

Ḥadīth (or; حديث, pl. Aḥādīth, أحاديث,, also "Traditions") in Islam refers to the record of the words, actions, and the silent approval, of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Headword

A headword, head word, lemma, or sometimes catchword, is the word under which a set of related dictionary or encyclopaedia entries appears.

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Henri Estienne

Henri Estienne (1528 or 1531 – 1598), also known as Henricus Stephanus, was a 16th-century French printer and classical scholar.

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Henry Liddell

Henry George Liddell (6 February 1811 – 18 January 1898) was dean (1855–91) of Christ Church, Oxford, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University (1870–74), headmaster (1846–55) of Westminster School (where a house is now named after him), author of A History of Rome (1855), and co-author (with Robert Scott) of the monumental work A Greek–English Lexicon, known as "Liddell and Scott", which is still widely used by students of Greek.

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Heterogram (linguistics)

Heterogram (classical compound: "different" + "written") is a term used mostly in the study of ancient texts for a special kind of a logogram consisting of the embedded written representation of a word in a foreign language, which does not have a spoken counterpart in the main (matrix) language of the text.

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Hindustani language

Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी, ہندوستانی, ||lit.

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Historical dictionary

A historical dictionary or dictionary on historical principles is a type of dictionary which deals not only with the present-day meanings of words but also the historical development of their forms and meanings.

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Homer

Homer (Ὅμηρος, Hómēros) is the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature.

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Ideogram

An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek ἰδέα idéa "idea" and γράφω gráphō "to write") is a graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept, independent of any particular language, and specific words or phrases.

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Idiom

An idiom (idiom, "special property", from translite, "special feature, special phrasing, a peculiarity", f. translit, "one's own") is a phrase or an expression that has a figurative, or sometimes literal, meaning.

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Inter-Active Terminology for Europe

Inter-Active Terminology for Europe (IATE) is the inter-institutional terminology database of the European Union.

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International Journal of Lexicography

The International Journal of Lexicography is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of lexicography published by Oxford University Press.

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International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet.

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Internet

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.

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Italian language

Italian (or lingua italiana) is a Romance language.

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Japanese dictionary

Japanese dictionaries have a history that began over 1300 years ago when Japanese Buddhist priests, who wanted to understand Chinese sutras, adapted Chinese character dictionaries.

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John of Garland

Johannes de Garlandia or John of Garland was a medieval philologist and university teacher.

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John of Genoa

John of Genoa or Johannes Balbus (died c. 1298) was an Italian grammarian and Dominican priest.

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John Wilkins

John Wilkins, (16141672) was an Anglican clergyman, natural philosopher and author, and was one of the founders of the Royal Society.

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Jorge Luis Borges

Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator, and a key figure in Spanish-language literature.

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Ladislav Zgusta

Ladislav Zgusta (20 March 1924 – 27 April 2007) was a Czech–American historical linguist and lexicographer, who wrote one of the first textbooks on lexicography.

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Language

Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.

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Law dictionary

A law dictionary is a dictionary that is designed and compiled to give information about terms used in the field of law.

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Leiden Glossary

The Leiden Glossary is a glossary contained in a manuscript in Leiden University Library, Voss.

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Lemma (morphology)

In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of words (headword).

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LEO (website)

LEO (meaning Link Everything Online) is an Internet-based electronic dictionary and translation dictionary initiated by the computer science department of the Technical University of Munich in Germany.

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Lexical Markup Framework

Language resource management - Lexical markup framework (LMF; ISO 24613:2008), is the ISO International Organization for Standardization ISO/TC37 standard for natural language processing (NLP) and machine-readable dictionary (MRD) lexicons.

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Lexicographic error

A lexicographic error is an inaccurate entry in a dictionary.

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Lexicography

Lexicography is divided into two separate but equally important groups.

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Lexicology

Lexicology is the part of linguistics that studies words.

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Lexicon

A lexicon, word-hoard, wordbook, or word-stock is the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical).

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Lexigraf

Lexigraf is a multilingual lexicographical project developed at the Aristotle University Thessaloniki Greece between 1997 and 2004.

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Linguistic prescription

Linguistic prescription, or prescriptive grammar, is the attempt to lay down rules defining correct use of language.

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List of Arabic dictionaries

The following is a list of notable Arabic dictionaries.

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List of Dutch dictionaries

Notable dictionaries of the Dutch language include.

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List of French dictionaries

List of notable French dictionaries.

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List of German dictionaries

This list includes notable historic, standardized and common use dictionaries of the German language.

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List of lexicographers

This list contains people who contributed to the field of lexicography, the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries.

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List of online dictionaries

An online dictionary is a dictionary that is accessible via the Internet through a web browser.

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Lists of dictionaries

For various lists of dictionaries by language and specialty, see.

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Logos Dictionary

Logos Dictionary is a large multilingual online dictionary provided by Logos Group, a European translation company.

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Longman

Longman, commonly known as Pearson Longman, is a publishing company founded in London, England, in 1724 and is owned by Pearson PLC.

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Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) was first published by Longman in 1978.

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Machine translation

Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation MT (not to be confused with computer-aided translation, machine-aided human translation (MAHT) or interactive translation) is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.

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Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners

Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, also known as MEDAL, was first published in 2002 by Macmillan Education.

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Macquarie Dictionary

The Macquarie Dictionary is a dictionary of Australian English.

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Medical dictionary

A medical dictionary is a lexicon for words used in medicine.

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Merriam-Webster

Merriam–Webster, Incorporated is an American company that publishes reference books which is especially known for its dictionaries.

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Metaphor

A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another for rhetorical effect.

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Middle Persian

Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language or ethnolect of southwestern Iran that during the Sasanian Empire (224–654) became a prestige dialect and so came to be spoken in other regions of the empire as well.

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Monolingual learner's dictionary

A Monolingual learner's dictionary (or MLD) is a type of dictionary designed to meet the reference needs of people learning a foreign language.

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Multi-field dictionary

A multi-field dictionary is a specialized dictionary that has been designed and compiled to cover the terms within two or more subject fields.

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Natural language processing

Natural language processing (NLP) is an area of computer science and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data.

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Neologism

A neologism (from Greek νέο- néo-, "new" and λόγος lógos, "speech, utterance") is a relatively recent or isolated term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not yet been fully accepted into mainstream language.

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New Oxford American Dictionary

The New Oxford university American Dictionary (NOAD) is a single-volume dictionary of American English compiled by American editors at the Oxford University Press.

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Niccolò Tommaseo

Niccolò Tommaseo (9 October 1802 – 1 May 1874) was an Italian linguist, journalist and essayist, the editor of a Dizionario della Lingua Italiana in eight volumes (1861–74), of a dictionary of synonyms (1830) and other works.

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Nihon Shoki

The, sometimes translated as The Chronicles of Japan, is the second-oldest book of classical Japanese history.

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Niqqud

In Hebrew orthography, niqqud or nikkud is a system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the Hebrew alphabet.

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Noah Webster

Noah Webster Jr. (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author.

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Old English

Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

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Onomasiology

Onomasiology (from ὀνομάζω (onomāzο)—to name, which in turn is from ὄνομα—name) is a branch of linguistics concerned with the question "how do you express X?" It is in fact most commonly understood as a branch of lexicology, the study of words (although some apply the term also to grammar and conversation).

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Oxford

Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire.

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Oxford Dictionary of English

The Oxford Dictionary of English (ODE) is a single-volume English dictionary published by Oxford University Press, first published in 1998 as The New Oxford Dictionary of English (NODE).

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Oxford Dictionary of World Religions

The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions is a reference work edited by John Bowker and published by Oxford University Press.

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Oxford English Dictionary

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the main historical dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.

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Pazend

Pazend or Pazand is one of the writing systems used for the Middle Persian language.

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Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.

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Personal digital assistant

A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a handheld PC, is a variety mobile device which functions as a personal information manager.

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Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield

Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, (22 September 169424 March 1773) was a British statesman, diplomat, man of letters, and an acclaimed wit of his time.

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Philitas of Cos

Philitas of Cos (Φιλίτας ὁ Κῷος, Philītas ho Kōos; –), sometimes spelled Philetas (Φιλήτας, Philētas; see Bibliography below), was a scholar and poet during the early Hellenistic period of ancient Greece.

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Pronunciation

Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken.

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Pronunciation respelling

A pronunciation respelling is a regular phonetic respelling of a word that does have a standard spelling, so as to indicate the pronunciation.

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Pseudodictionary

Pseudodictionary is an online dictionary for neologisms and protologisms.

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Quran

The Quran (القرآن, literally meaning "the recitation"; also romanized Qur'an or Koran) is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Allah).

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Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary

Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary is a large American dictionary, first published in 1966 as The Random House Dictionary of the English Language: The Unabridged Edition.

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Reverse dictionary

A reverse dictionary is a dictionary organized in a non-standard order (usually referring to being in a so-called "reverse" order) that provides the user with information that would be difficult to obtain from a traditionally alphabetized dictionary.

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Rhyme

A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds (or the same sound) in two or more words, most often in the final syllables of lines in poems and songs.

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Rhyming dictionary

A rhyming dictionary is a specialist dictionary designed for use in writing poetry and lyrics.

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Richard Mulcaster

Richard Mulcaster (ca. 1531, Carlisle, Cumberland – 15 April 1611, Essex) is known best for his headmasterships of Merchant Taylors' School and St Paul's School, and for his pedagogic writings.

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Robert Cawdrey

Robert Cawdrey (ca. 1538 – after 1604) produced one of the first dictionaries of the English language, the Table Alphabeticall, in 1604.

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Robert Estienne

Robert I Estienne (1503 – 7 September 1559), known as Robertus Stephanus in Latin and also referred to as Robert Stephens by 18th and 19th-century English writers, was a 16th-century printer and classical scholar in Paris.

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Robert Scott (philologist)

Robert Scott (26 January 1811 – 2 December 1887) was a British academic philologist and Church of England priest.

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Root (linguistics)

A root (or root word) is a word that does not have a prefix in front of the word or a suffix at the end of the word.

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Rotterdam

Rotterdam is a city in the Netherlands, in South Holland within the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt river delta at the North Sea.

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Royal Spanish Academy

The Royal Spanish Academy (Spanish: Real Academia Española, generally abbreviated as RAE) is Spain's official royal institution with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language.

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Samuel Johnson

Samuel Johnson LL.D. (18 September 1709 – 13 December 1784), often referred to as Dr.

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Sanas Cormaic

Sanas Cormaic (or Sanas Chormaic, Irish for "Cormac's narrative"), also known as Cormac's Glossary, is an early Irish glossary containing etymologies and explanations of over 1,400 Irish words, many of which are difficult or outdated.

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Sanskrit

Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism; a philosophical language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism; and a former literary language and lingua franca for the educated of ancient and medieval India.

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Scottish Gaelic dictionaries

The history of Scottish Gaelic dictionaries goes back to the early 17th century.

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Scottish Language Dictionaries

Scottish Language Dictionaries (SLD) is Scotland's lexicographical body for the Scots Language.

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Sebastián de Covarrubias

Sebastián de Covarrubias (1539–1613) was a Spanish lexicographer, cryptographer, chaplain and writer.

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Semasiology

Semasiology (from σημασία,, "signification") is a discipline of linguistics concerned with the question "what does the word X mean?".

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Shizhoupian

The Shizhoupian was an early dictionary of Chinese characters written in the Great Seal script.

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Simon Winchester

Simon Winchester, (born 28 September 1944) is a British-American author and journalist.

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Sindhi to English dictionaries

Sindhi to English dictionaries are bilingual dictionaries which provide English equivalents of Sindhi Language words.(For instance Yadgar Sindhi to English Dictionary) Compilations of Sindhi and English terms were created for non-Sindhi speaking students in the early 1800s.

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Single-field dictionary

A single-field dictionary is a specialized dictionary that has been designed and compiled to cover the terms of one particular subject field.

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Specialized dictionary

A specialized dictionary is a dictionary that covers a relatively restricted set of phenomena.

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Spelling reform

A spelling reform is a deliberate, often officially sanctioned or mandated change to spelling rules of a language.

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StarDict

StarDict, developed by Hu Zheng (胡正), is a free GUI released under the GPL for accessing StarDict dictionary files (a dictionary shell).

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Sub-field dictionary

A sub-field dictionary is a specialized dictionary that has been designed and compiled to cover the terms of one (or possibly more) sub-fields of a particular subject field.

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Sumerian language

Sumerian (𒅴𒂠 "native tongue") is the language of ancient Sumer and a language isolate that was spoken in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).

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Svenska Akademiens ordbok

A complete set of ''Svenska Akademiens ordbok'', as of late 2014. The majority of the volumes remain unbound in this set. Svenska Akademiens ordbok, abbreviated SAOB, is a dictionary published by the Swedish Academy, with the official title Ordbok över svenska språket utgiven av Svenska Akademien.

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Synonym

A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language.

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Syria

Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.

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Table Alphabeticall

A Table Alphabeticall is the abbreviated title of the first monolingual dictionary in English, created by Robert Cawdrey and first published in London in 1604.

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Technical University of Berlin

The Technical University of Berlin (official name Technische Universität Berlin, known as TU Berlin) is a research university located in Berlin, Germany.

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Tenrei Banshō Meigi

The is the oldest extant Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters.

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Terminology

Terminology is the study of terms and their use.

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Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española

The Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española (Treasury of Castilian or Spanish Language) is a dictionary of the Spanish language, written by Sebastián de Covarrubias in 1611.

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Text corpus

In linguistics, a corpus (plural corpora) or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts (nowadays usually electronically stored and processed).

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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD) is an American dictionary of English published by Boston publisher Houghton Mifflin, the first edition of which appeared in 1969.

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The Devil's Dictionary

The Devil's Dictionary is a satirical dictionary written by American Civil War soldier, wit, and writer Ambrose Bierce consisting of common words followed by humorous and satirical definitions.

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The New World of English Words

The New World of English Words, or, a General Dictionary is a dictionary compiled by Edward Phillips and first published in London in 1658.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology

The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology is an etymological dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press.

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The Surgeon of Crowthorne

The Surgeon of Crowthorne: A Tale of Murder, Madness and the Love of Words is a book by Simon Winchester that was first published in England in 1998.

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Thesaurus

In general usage, a thesaurus is a reference work that lists words grouped together according to similarity of meaning (containing synonyms and sometimes antonyms), in contrast to a dictionary, which provides definitions for words, and generally lists them in alphabetical order.

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Thesaurus Linguae Graecae

The Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) is a research center at the University of California, Irvine.

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Thomas Blount (lexicographer)

Thomas Blount (1618–1679) was an English antiquarian and lexicographer.

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University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.

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Urban Dictionary

Urban Dictionary is a crowdsourced online dictionary for slang words and phrases, operating under the motto "Define Your World." The website was founded in 1999 by Aaron Peckham.

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Urra=hubullu

The Urra.

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Vernacular

A vernacular, or vernacular language, is the language or variety of a language used in everyday life by the common people of a specific population.

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Visual dictionary

A visual dictionary is a dictionary that primarily uses pictures to illustrate the meaning of words.

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Vladimir Dal

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (alternatively transliterated as Dahl; Влади́мир Ива́нович Даль; November 10, 1801 – September 22, 1872) was one of the greatest Russian-language lexicographers and a founding member of the Russian Geographical Society.

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Webster's Third New International Dictionary

Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (commonly known as Webster's Third, or W3) was published in September 1961.

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Wikimedia Foundation

The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (WMF, or simply Wikimedia) is an American non-profit and charitable organization headquartered in San Francisco, California.

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Wiktionary

Wiktionary is a multilingual, web-based project to create a free content dictionary of all words in all languages.

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William Chester Minor

William Chester Minor, also known as W. C. Minor (June 22, 1834 – March 26, 1920) was an American army surgeon and one of the largest contributors of quotations to the Oxford English Dictionary.

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William Lloyd (bishop of Worcester)

William Lloyd (18 August 1627 – 30 August 1717) was an English divine who served successively as bishop of St Asaph, of Lichfield and Coventry and of Worcester.

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Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal

Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (Dictionary of the Dutch language, commonly abbreviated WNT) is a dictionary of the Dutch language.

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Word

In linguistics, a word is the smallest element that can be uttered in isolation with objective or practical meaning.

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WordNet

WordNet is a lexical database for the English language.

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WWWJDIC

WWWJDIC is an online Japanese dictionary based on the electronic dictionaries compiled and collected by Australian academic Jim Breen.

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Yadgar Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms

Yadgar Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms is a reference work edited by Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti and published by Yadgar publishers.

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Zhou dynasty

The Zhou dynasty or the Zhou Kingdom was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty and preceded the Qin dynasty.

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Common Language Search, Dictinonary, Dictionaries, Dictionarist, Dictionary software, Dictionary use, Dictonary, English dictionary, List of English dictionaries, List of English language dictionaries, Mono-lingual dictionary, Online dictionary, Phonetic dictionary, Phrase Dictionary, Wordbook, قاموس.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary

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