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67 relations: AccessNow.org, Apple Inc., Bankruptcy, Beverwijk, Blacklisting, Bruce Schneier, Certificate authority, Certificate revocation list, Chain of trust, Chief operating officer, Chromium (web browser), Civil law notary, CNET, Computer emergency response team, Court, DigiD, Entrust, European Union Agency for Network and Information Security, F-Secure, Firefox, Fraud, Gervase Markham (programmer), Getronics, Gmail, Google, Google Chrome, Haarlem, HTTPS, Identity management, Intelligence agency, Internet security, Internet service provider, Iran, Keychain (software), Liquidation, MacOS, Man-in-the-middle attack, MeeGo, Microsoft, Mozilla, National Security Agency, Netherlands, Onafhankelijke Post en Telecommunicatie Autoriteit, Online Certificate Status Protocol, Opera (web browser), Operation Shady RAT, Pastebin, PKIoverheid, PLA Unit 61398, Politics of the Netherlands, ..., Public key certificate, Public key infrastructure, Radio Netherlands Worldwide, Receivership, Safari (web browser), Stuxnet, Tailored Access Operations, Tax and Customs Administration, The Guardian, The Tor Project, Inc, Transport Layer Security, Trusted third party, Tweakers, VASCO Data Security International, Inc., Wildcard certificate, WordPress, Yahoo!. Expand index (17 more) »
AccessNow.org
Access Now (also known as AccessNow.org) is an international non-profit, human rights, public policy, and advocacy group dedicated to an open and free Internet.
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Apple Inc.
Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services.
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Bankruptcy
Bankruptcy is a legal status of a person or other entity that cannot repay debts to creditors.
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Beverwijk
Beverwijk is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.
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Blacklisting
Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority, compiling a blacklist (or black list) of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as not being acceptable to those making the list.
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Bruce Schneier
Bruce Schneier (born January 15, 1963, is an American cryptographer, computer security professional, privacy specialist and writer. He is the author of several books on general security topics, computer security and cryptography. Schneier is a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School, a program fellow at the New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute. He has been working for IBM since they acquired Resilient Systems where Schneier was CTO. He is also a contributing writer for The Guardian news organization.
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Certificate authority
In cryptography, a certificate authority or certification authority (CA) is an entity that issues digital certificates.
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Certificate revocation list
A certificate revocation list (or CRL) is "a list of digital certificates that have been revoked by the issuing certificate authority (CA) before their scheduled expiration date and should no longer be trusted.".
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Chain of trust
In computer security, a chain of trust is established by validating each component of hardware and software from the end entity up to the root certificate.
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Chief operating officer
The chief operating officer (COO), also called the chief operations officer, is one of the highest-ranking executive positions in an organization, comprising part of the "C-Suite".
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Chromium (web browser)
Chromium is an open-source Web browser project started by Google, to provide the source code for the proprietary Google Chrome browser.
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Civil law notary
Civil-law notaries, or Latin notaries, are agents of noncontentious private civil law who draft, take, and record instruments for private parties and are vested as public officers with the authentication power of the State.
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CNET
CNET (stylized as c|net) is an American media website that publishes reviews, news, articles, blogs, podcasts and videos on technology and consumer electronics globally.
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Computer emergency response team
A computer emergency response team (CERT) is an expert group that handles computer security incidents.
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Court
A court is a tribunal, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.
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DigiD
DigiD is an identity management platform which government agencies of the Netherlands, including the Tax and Customs Administration and Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs, can use to verify the identity of Dutch residents on the Internet.
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Entrust
Entrust Inc.
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European Union Agency for Network and Information Security
The European Union Agency for Network and Information Security - self-designation ENISA from the abbreviation of its original name - is an agency of the European Union.
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F-Secure
F-Secure Corporation (formerly Data Fellows) is a Finnish cyber security and privacy company based in Helsinki, Finland.
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Firefox
Mozilla Firefox (or simply Firefox) is a free and open-source web browser developed by Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, Mozilla Corporation.
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Fraud
In law, fraud is deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right.
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Gervase Markham (programmer)
Gervase Markham (born June 1978) is a former British Software Engineer for the Mozilla Foundation, and was a lead developer of Bugzilla.
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Getronics
Getronics is an ICT service company, founded in 1887, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Gmail
Gmail is a free, advertising-supported email service developed by Google.
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Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware.
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Google Chrome
Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google LLC.
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Haarlem
Haarlem (predecessor of Harlem in the English language) is a city and municipality in the Netherlands.
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HTTPS
HTTP Secure (HTTPS) is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on the Internet.
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Identity management
Identity management, also known as identity and access management (IAM) is, in computer security, the security and business discipline that "enables the right individuals to access the right resources at the right times and for the right reasons".
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Intelligence agency
An intelligence agency is a government agency responsible for the collection, analysis, and exploitation of information in support of law enforcement, national security, military, and foreign policy objectives.
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Internet security
Internet security is a branch of computer security specifically related to the Internet, often involving browser security but also network security on a more general level, as it applies to other applications or operating systems as a whole.
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Internet service provider
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Keychain (software)
Keychain is the password management system in macOS, developed by Apple.
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Liquidation
In United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and United States law and business, liquidation is the process by which a company is brought to an end.
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MacOS
macOS (previously and later) is a series of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001.
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Man-in-the-middle attack
In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle attack (MITM) is an attack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other.
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MeeGo
MeeGo is a discontinued Linux distribution hosted by the Linux Foundation, using source code from the operating systems Moblin (produced by Intel) and Maemo (produced by Nokia).
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Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation (abbreviated as MS) is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington.
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Mozilla
Mozilla (stylized as moz://a) is a free software community founded in 1998 by members of Netscape.
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National Security Agency
The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.
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Onafhankelijke Post en Telecommunicatie Autoriteit
The Onafhankelijke Post en Telecommunicatie Autoriteit (OPTA, Independent Post and Telecommunications Authority) was an independent Dutch government agency charged with enforcing Dutch law on telecommunication, post and cable TV services that operated between 1997 and 2013.
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Online Certificate Status Protocol
The Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) is an Internet protocol used for obtaining the revocation status of an X.509 digital certificate.
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Opera (web browser)
Opera is a web browser for Windows, macOS, and Linux operating systems developed by Opera Software AS.
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Operation Shady RAT
Operation Shady RAT is an ongoing series of cyber attacks starting in mid-2006 reported by Dmitri Alperovitch, Vice President of Threat Research at Internet security company McAfee in August 2011, who also led and named the Night Dragon Operation and Operation Aurora cyberespionage intrusion investigations.
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Pastebin
A pastebin or text storage site is a type of online content hosting service where users can store plain text, e.g. to source code snippets for code review via Internet Relay Chat (IRC).
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PKIoverheid
PKIoverheid is the Public-key infrastructure (PKI) from the Dutch government.
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PLA Unit 61398
PLA Unit 61398 (Pinyin: 61398 bùduì) is the Military Unit Cover Designator (MUCD) of a People's Liberation Army advanced persistent threat unit that has been alleged to be a source of Chinese computer hacking attacks.
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Politics of the Netherlands
The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democracy, a constitutional monarchy and a decentralised unitary state.
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Public key certificate
In cryptography, a public key certificate, also known as a digital certificate or identity certificate, is an electronic document used to prove the ownership of a public key.
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Public key infrastructure
A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption.
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Radio Netherlands Worldwide
Radio Netherlands Worldwide (RNW; Radio Nederland Wereldomroep) was a public radio and television network based in Hilversum, producing and transmitting programmes for international audiences outside the Netherlands.
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Receivership
In law, receivership is a situation in which an institution or enterprise is held by a receiver—a person "placed in the custodial responsibility for the property of others, including tangible and intangible assets and rights"—especially in cases where a company cannot meet financial obligations or enters bankruptcy.
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Safari (web browser)
Safari is a web browser developed by Apple based on the WebKit engine.
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Stuxnet
Stuxnet is a malicious computer worm, first uncovered in 2010.
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Tailored Access Operations
The Office of Tailored Access Operations (TAO) is a cyber-warfare intelligence-gathering unit of the National Security Agency (NSA).
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Tax and Customs Administration
The Tax and Customs Administration (Belastingdienst) is the tax collection and customs (Douane) service of the government of the Netherlands.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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The Tor Project, Inc
The Tor Project, Inc. is a Massachusetts-based 501(c)(3) research-education nonprofit organization founded by computer scientists Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson and five others.
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Transport Layer Security
Transport Layer Security (TLS) – and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), which is now deprecated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) – are cryptographic protocols that provide communications security over a computer network.
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Trusted third party
In cryptography, a trusted third party (TTP) is an entity which facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party; the Third Party reviews all critical transaction communications between the parties, based on the ease of creating fraudulent digital content.
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Tweakers
Tweakers (formerly called Tweakers.net) is a Dutch technology website featuring news and information about hardware, software and the Internet.
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VASCO Data Security International, Inc.
VASCO Data Security International, Inc. is a publicly-traded cybersecurity technology company based in Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois.
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Wildcard certificate
In computer networking, a wildcard certificate is a public key certificate which can be used with multiple subdomains of a domain.
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WordPress
WordPress is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) based on PHP and MySQL.
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Yahoo!
Yahoo! is a web services provider headquartered in Sunnyvale, California and wholly owned by Verizon Communications through Oath Inc..
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiNotar
