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259 relations: Abdul Haq (ETIP), Abdul Shakoor al-Turkistani, Abdullah Mansour, Abu Laith al-Libi, Abu Yahya al-Libi, Activism, Affirmative action in China, Afghan National Army, Agvan Dorzhiev, Ahrar al-Sham, Al Arabiya, Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015), Al-Nusra Front, Al-Qaeda, Al-Ziyarah, Alawites, Alparslan Türkeş, Altay Prefecture, Altishahr, Ambush, Amnesty International, An Lushan Rebellion, Anti-Armenian sentiment, Anwar Yusuf Turani, April 2013 Bachu unrest, Army of Conquest, Assassination of Juma Tayir, Auto-segregation, Autonomous administrative divisions of China, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Ürümqi, Bai Chongxi, Baikal Cossacks, Baren Township riot, Battle of Kashgar (1933), Battle of Kashgar (1934), Battle of Kunduz, Bilad al-Sham, Black Standard, Boston Marathon bombing, Burhan Shahidi, Caucasus Emirate, Chagatai Khanate, Chiang Kai-shek, China, China Central Television, Chinese calendar, Chinese Civil War, Chinese economic reform, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ..., Cotton, Damdin Sükhbaatar, Dokka Umarov, Dungan Revolt (1862–77), Dzungar genocide, Dzungar Khanate, Dzungar people, Dzungaria, East Turkestan, East Turkestan Liberation Organization, East Turkestan People's Revolutionary Party, East–West Center, Ehmetjan Qasim, Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, Endogamy, Erkin Alptekin, Ethnic group, Ethnogenesis, Farikah, Feng shui, First Chechen War, First East Turkestan Republic, Floating population, Ghulja incident, Government of China, Great Leap Forward, Grey Wolves (organization), Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov, Han Chinese, Han dynasty, Hani al-Sibai, Hasan Mahsum, Heavy industry, Hijab, History of China, Hizb ut-Tahrir, Hong Kong independence, Houri, Hu Yaobang, Hui people, Hukou system, Human rights in China, Human Rights Watch, Hyacinth (Bichurin), Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Ili Rebellion, Imad Moustapha, Imam, Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China, Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un, Inner Mongolian independence movement, Iran, Isa Alptekin, Islam, Islamic fundamentalism, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Istanbul, Ja Lama, Jadid, Jamestown Foundation, Jannah, Jihad, Jisr al-Shughur, Joseph Stalin, July 2009 Ürümqi riots, Juma Namangani, Jund al-Aqsa, Junud al-Sham, Karamay, Kashgar, Kavkaz Center, Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakhs, Kazakhstan, Khovd (city), Kumul Rebellion, Kuomintang, Kuqa County, Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present), Kyrgyzstan, Light industry, List of active separatist movements in Asia, List of designated terrorist groups, Long War Journal, Ma Bufang, Ma Fuyuan, Ma Hushan, Ma Shaowu, Ma Zhancang, Manchu people, Mansura, Hama, Masud Sabri, Mehmet Ali Ağca, Migration to Xinjiang, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mohammed Omar, Mongolia, Mongols in China, Msheirfeh, Muhambal, Muhammad Amin Bughra, Mujahideen, Muslim, Muslim world, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Mustafa Setmariam Nasar, Nagorno-Karabakh War, National Intelligence Organization (Turkey), Nihat Ergün, Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015), Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015), Nurmemet Yasin, Operation Zarb-e-Azb, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Osama bin Laden, Pan-Mongolism, Pan-Turkism, People's Liberation Army, Petrochemical, Pope John Paul II assassination attempt, Propaganda in the Soviet Union, Qarqur, Qing dynasty, Radio Free Asia, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Ramadan, Rebiya Kadeer, Rohingya people, Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War, Russians in China, Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki, Salafi movement, Saudi Arabia, Second East Turkestan Republic, Secularism, September 11 attacks, Shahada, Shaoguan incident, Sheng Shicai, Sibe people, Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase, Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya, Sino-Soviet split, Soviet Union, Soviet–Afghan War, Syrian Civil War, Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Tacheng Prefecture, Taiwan, Taiwan independence movement, Tajikistan, Tal Wassit, Taliban, Tang dynasty, Taoism, Taranchi, Tarim Basin, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Terrorism in China, Terrorist training camp, The Friday Times, The Globe and Mail, The New Yorker, Theocracy, Tibetan independence movement, Today's Zaman, Tuntian, Turghun Almas, Turkey, Turkic peoples, Turkish nationalism, Turkistan Islamic Party, Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria, Turkmen Mountain, Turkmenistan, Unclean animal, United Nations, United Revolutionary Front of East Turkestan, United States Department of State, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Uyghur Khaganate, Uyghur language, Uyghurlar, Uyghurs, Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, Victor Louis (journalist), Wang Zhen (general), War in Afghanistan (2001–present), World Uyghur Congress, Xinhua News Agency, Xinjiang, Xinjiang conflict, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Yaqub Beg, Yihewani, Yining, Yining County, Zayzun, Zeytinburnu, 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings, 2008 Kashgar attack, 2008 Summer Olympics, 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay, 2008 Uyghur unrest, 2015 Bangkok bombing, 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army). 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Abdul Haq (ETIP)
Abdul Haq al-Turkistani (born 10 October 1971) is a Uyghur Islamic militant who leads the Turkistan Islamic Party (also known as the East Turkistan Islamic Movement).
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Abdul Shakoor al-Turkistani
Abdul Shakoor al-Turkistani, also known as Abdul Shakoor Damla and Emeti Yakuf, was the emir of the East Turkistan Islamic Party, an Islamist organisation that seeks independence for China's Xinjiang province and for it to become an Islamic state.
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Abdullah Mansour
Abdullah Mansour is a leader of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (also known as the Turkistan Islamic Party and the Turkistan Islamic Movement), a Islamic terrorist and Uyghur separatist organization founded by militants in western China, the Xinjiang region.
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Abu Laith al-Libi
Ali Ammar Ashur al-Rufayi, known as Abu Laith al-Libi (Arabic: أبو الليث الليبي, c. 1967 – January 29, 2008, Mir Ali), was a senior leader of the al-Qaeda movement in Afghanistan who appeared in several al-Qaeda videos.
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Abu Yahya al-Libi
Abu Yahya al-Libi (أبو يحيى الليبي,; c. 1963, Marzaq – June 4, 2012), born Mohamed Hassan Qaid, was a terrorist and leading high-ranking official within al-Qaeda, and an alleged member of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group.
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Activism
Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to make improvements in society.
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Affirmative action in China
In the People's Republic of China the government had instated affirmative action policies called Youhui zhengce when it began in 1949 and still had impact until today.
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Afghan National Army
The Afghan National Army (ANA) is the land warfare branch of the Afghan Armed Forces.
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Agvan Dorzhiev
Agvan Lobsan Dorzhiev, also Agvan Dorjiev or Dorjieff and Agvaandorj (1854–1938), was a Russian-born monk of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, sometimes referred by his scholarly title as Tsenyi Khempo.
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Ahrar al-Sham
Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya (lit), commonly referred to as Ahrar al-Sham, is a coalition of multiple Islamist and Salafist units that coalesced into a single brigade and later a division in order to fight against the Syrian Government led by Bashar al-Assad during the Syrian Civil War.
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Al Arabiya
Al Arabiya (العربية, transliterated: or; meaning "The Arabic One" or "The Arab One") is a Saudi-owned pan-Arab television news channel broadcast in Modern Standard Arabic.
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Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015)
The al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015) was an offensive launched by rebels during the Syrian Civil War to capture areas surrounding Jisr al-Shughur, and to establish a foothold in the al-Ghab plain, in northwestern Syria's Idlib and Hama governorates.
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Al-Nusra Front
Al-Nusra Front or Jabhat al-Nusra (جبهة النصرة.), known as Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (جبهة فتح الشام, transliteration: Jabhat Fataḥ al-Šām) after July 2016, and also described as al-Qaeda in Syria or al-Qaeda in the Levant, was a Salafist jihadist organization fighting against Syrian government forces in the Syrian Civil War.
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Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda (القاعدة,, translation: "The Base", "The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988.
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Al-Ziyarah
Al-Ziyarah (الزيارة, also spelled Zeyareh) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located 75 kilometers northwest of Hama.
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Alawites
The Alawis, also rendered as Alawites (علوية Alawiyyah/Alawīyah), are a syncretic sect of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, primarily centered in Syria.
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Alparslan Türkeş
Alparslan Türkeş (25 November 1917 – 4 April 1997) was a Turkish politician who was the founder and president of the Nationalist Movement Party.
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Altay Prefecture
Altay Prefecture (التاي ايماعى, Алтай аймағы, Altaı aımaǵy);, Xiao'erjing: اَلْتَىْ دِٿٗوٗ; Altay Wilayiti) is located in northern Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Altishahr
Altishahr (Traditional spelling: آلتی شهر, Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet: Алтә-шәһәр, Uyghur Latin alphabet: Altä-shähär or Altishähär, Modern Uyghur alphabet: ئالتە شەھەر) is a historical name for the Tarim Basin region used in the 18th and 19th centuries.
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Ambush
An ambush is a long-established military tactic in which combatants take advantage of concealment and the element of surprise to attack unsuspecting enemy combatants from concealed positions, such as among dense underbrush or behind hilltops.
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Amnesty International
Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a London-based non-governmental organization focused on human rights.
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An Lushan Rebellion
The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China.
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Anti-Armenian sentiment
Anti-Armenian sentiment, also known as Anti-Armenianism and Armenophobia, is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, derision and/or prejudice towards Armenians, Armenia, and Armenian culture.
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Anwar Yusuf Turani
Anwar Yusuf Turani (ئەنۋەر يۈسۈپ تۇرانى, Анвар Йусуф Турани) is an ethnic Uyghur nationalist.
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April 2013 Bachu unrest
On 24 April 2013, ethnic clashes occurred in Bachu (Marelbexi) County, Xinjiang, China.
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Army of Conquest
The Army of Conquest (جيش الفتح) or Jaish al-Fatah, abbreviated JaF, was a joint command center of Sunni Islamist Syrian rebel factions participating in the Syrian Civil War.
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Assassination of Juma Tayir
On the early morning of Wednesday, 30 July 2014, Juma Tahir (Jüme Tahir), the imam of China's largest mosque, the Id Kah Mosque in northwestern Kashgar, was stabbed to death by three young male Uyghur extremists.
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Auto-segregation
Auto-segregation or self-segregation is the separation of a religious or ethnic group from the rest of society in a state by the group itself.
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Autonomous administrative divisions of China
. Autonomous administrative divisions of China are specific areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities that are designated as autonomous within the People's Republic of China (PRC).
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Ayman al-Zawahiri
Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri (أيمن محمد ربيع الظواهري, born June 19, 1951) is the current leader of Al-Qaeda and a current or former member and senior official of Islamist organizations which have orchestrated and carried out attacks in North America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
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Ürümqi
Ürümqi (yengi; from Oirat "beautiful pasture") is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the far northwest of the People's Republic of China.
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Bai Chongxi
Bai Chongxi (18 March 1893 – 1 December 1966;;, Xiao'erjing: ﺑَﻰْ ﭼْﻮ ثِ) was a Chinese general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China (ROC) and a prominent Chinese Nationalist leader.
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Baikal Cossacks
Baikal Cossacks were Cossacks of the Transbaikal Cossack Host (Забайка́льское каза́чье во́йско); a Cossack host formed in 1851 in the areas beyond Lake Baikal (hence, Transbaikal).
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Baren Township riot
The Baren Township riot was an uprising and armed conflict that took place between Uyghur militants and Chinese government forces in April 1990.
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Battle of Kashgar (1933)
In the 1933 Battle of Kashgar, Gen.
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Battle of Kashgar (1934)
The Battle of Kashgar was a military confrontation that took place in 1934 during the Xinjiang Wars.
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Battle of Kunduz
The Battle of Kunduz took place from April to October 2015 for control of the city of Kunduz, located in northern Afghanistan, with Taliban fighters attempting to displace Afghan security forces.
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Bilad al-Sham
Bilad al-Sham (بِـلَاد الـشَّـام Bilād a'š-Šām) was a Rashidun, Umayyad and later Abbasid Caliphate province in what is now the region of Syria.
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Black Standard
The Black Banner or Black Standard (الراية السوداء rāyat as-sawdāʾ, also known as راية العقاب. rāyat al-ʿuqāb "banner of the eagle" or simply as "the banner") is one of the flags flown by Muhammad in Islamic tradition.
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Boston Marathon bombing
During the annual Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, two homemade bombs detonated 12 seconds and apart at 2:49 p.m., near the finish line of the race, killing three people and injuring several hundred others, including 16 who lost limbs.
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Burhan Shahidi
Burhan Shahidi (Burhan Shehidi; برهان شهيدي;; Russian: Бурхан Шахиди; Tatar: Borhan Şähidi) (October 3, 1894 – August 27, 1989), also spelled Bao Erhan, was a political leader in Xinjiang, China during the 20th century.
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Caucasus Emirate
The Caucasus Emirate (Имарат Кавказ Imarat Kavkaz (IK); Кавказский Эмират Kavkazskiy Emirat), also known as the Caucasian Emirate, was a militant Jihadist organisation active in the southwestern region of the Russian Federation.
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Chagatai Khanate
The Chagatai Khanate (Mongolian: Tsagadaina Khaanat Ulus/Цагаадайн Хаант Улс) was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors.
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Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also romanized as Chiang Chieh-shih or Jiang Jieshi and known as Chiang Chungcheng, was a political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975, first in mainland China until 1949 and then in exile in Taiwan.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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China Central Television
China Central Television (formerly Beijing Television), commonly abbreviated as CCTV, is the predominant state television broadcaster in the People's Republic of China.
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Chinese calendar
The traditional Chinese calendar (official Chinese name: Rural Calendar, alternately Former Calendar, Traditional Calendar, or Lunar Calendar) is a lunisolar calendar which reckons years, months and days according to astronomical phenomena.
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Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC).
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Chinese economic reform
The Chinese economic reform refers to the program of economic reforms termed "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China, led by Deng Xiaoping.
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Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.
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Cotton
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.
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Damdin Sükhbaatar
Damdinii Sükhbaatar (Дамдины Сүхбаатар; February 2, 1893 – February 20, 1923) was a founding member of the Mongolian People's Party and leader of the Mongolian partisan army that liberated Khüree during the Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1921.
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Dokka Umarov
Doku Khamatovich Umarov (Ӏумар КӀант Доккa, 'Umar K'ant Dokka; Доку Хаматович Умаров, Doku Khamatovich Umarov); also known as Dokka Umarov as well as by his Arabized name of Dokka Abu Umar; (13 April 1964 – 7 September 2013) was a Chechen Islamic extremist militant in Russia.
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Dungan Revolt (1862–77)
The Dungan Revolt (1862–77) or Tongzhi Hui Revolt (Xiao'erjing: توْجِ حُوِ بِيًا/لُوًا, Тунҗы Хуэй Бян/Луан) or Hui (Muslim) Minorities War was a mainly ethnic and religious war fought in 19th-century western China, mostly during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–75) of the Qing dynasty.
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Dzungar genocide
The Dzungar genocide was the mass extermination of the Mongol Buddhist Dzungar people, sometimes referred as "Zunghars", at the hands of the Manchu Qing dynasty of China and the Uyghurs of Xinjiang.
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Dzungar Khanate
The Dzungar Khanate, also written as the Zunghar Khanate, was an Oirat khanate on the Eurasian Steppe.
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Dzungar people
The name Dzungar people, also written as Zunghar (literally züüngar, from the Mongolian for "left hand"), referred to the several Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Dzungaria
Dzungaria (also spelled Zungaria, Dzungharia or Zungharia, Dzhungaria or Zhungaria, or Djungaria or Jungaria) is a geographical region in northwest China corresponding to the northern half of Xinjiang, also known as Beijiang.
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East Turkestan
East Turkestan (Uyghur: شەرقىي تۈركىستان, Шәрқий Түркистан, Shərqiy Türkistan) also known as Eastern Turkistan, Uyghurstan, Uyghuristan is a political term with multiple meanings depending on context and usage.
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East Turkestan Liberation Organization
The East Turkestan Liberation Organization (ETLO; East Turkistan Islamic Movement; Sharqiy Turkestan Azatliq Teshkilati; SHAT) was a secessionist Uyghur organization that advocated for an independent Uyghur state named East Turkestan in the Western Chinese province known as Xinjiang.
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East Turkestan People's Revolutionary Party
The East Turkestan People's Revolutionary Party (Shärqiy Turkistan Khälq Inqilawi Partiyisi) was a Uyghur communist party and armed separatist group in Xinjiang.
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East–West Center
The East–West Center (EWC), or the Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between East and West, is an education and research organization established by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen relations and understanding among the peoples and nations of Asia, the Pacific, and the United States.
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Ehmetjan Qasim
Ehmetjan Qasimi (ئەخمەتجان قاسىمى) (احمد جان قاسمي) (15 April 1914–27 August 1949) was a Uyghur political leader in East Turkistan (Xinjiang) province of the Republic of China.
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Elizabeth Van Wie Davis
Elizabeth Van Wie Davis (born 1958) is an American academic specializing in international affairs.
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Endogamy
Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific social group, caste or ethnic group, rejecting those from others as unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships.
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Erkin Alptekin
Erkin Alptekin (ئەركىن ئالپتەكىن) (born July 4, 1939 in Kashgar, Republic of China) is a Uyghur activist.
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Ethnic group
An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or nation.
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Ethnogenesis
Ethnogenesis (from Greek ethnos ἔθνος, "group of people, nation", and genesis γένεσις, "beginning, coming into being"; plural ethnogeneses) is "the formation and development of an ethnic group." This can originate through a process of self-identification as well as come about as the result of outside identification.
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Farikah
Farikah (فريكة, also spelled Frikka, Freikeh or Furaykah) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located north of Hama.
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Feng shui
Feng shui (pronounced), also known as Chinese geomancy, is a pseudoscience originating from China, which claims to use energy forces to harmonize individuals with their surrounding environment.
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First Chechen War
The First Chechen War (Пе́рвая чече́нская война́), also known as the First Chechen Сampaign (Пе́рвая чече́нская кампа́ния) or First Russian-Chechen war, was a rebellion by the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria against the Russian Federation, fought from December 1994 to August 1996.
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First East Turkestan Republic
The First East Turkistan Republic (ETR), officially the Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkistan (شەرقىي تۈركىستان ئىسلام جۇمھۇرىيىتى, Шәрқий Түркистан Ислам Җумхурийити), was a short-lived breakaway would-be Islamic republic founded in 1933.
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Floating population
Floating population is a terminology used to describe a group of people who reside in a given population for a certain amount of time and for various reasons, but are not generally considered part of the official census count.
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Ghulja incident
The Ghulja incident (also referred to as the Ghulja Massacre) was the culmination of the Ghulja protests of 1997, a series of demonstrations in the city of Ghulja (known as Yining (伊宁) in Chinese) in the Xinjiang autonomous region of China (PRC) beginning in early February 1997.
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Government of China
The central government of the People's Republic of China is divided among several state organs.
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Great Leap Forward
The Great Leap Forward of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1962.
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Grey Wolves (organization)
The Grey Wolves (Bozkurtlar), officially known as Ülkü Ocakları ("Idealist Clubs/Hearths"), is a Turkish ultranationalist organization.
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Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov
Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov, or Semenov (Григо́рий Миха́йлович Семёнов; September 13 (25), 1890 – August 30, 1946), was a Japanese-supported leader of the White movement in Transbaikal and beyond from December 1917 to November 1920, Lieutenant General and Ataman of Baikal Cossacks (1919).
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Han Chinese
The Han Chinese,.
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Han dynasty
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC–220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the "Han Chinese" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC–9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 AD). The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies, and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms. These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States. From the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu. This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 AD. The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations. To finance its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories, the Han government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC, but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han dynasty. Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances, including the process of papermaking, the nautical steering ship rudder, the use of negative numbers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy, and a seismometer for measuring earthquakes employing an inverted pendulum. The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world. The territories north of Han's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC. After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empresses dowager, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 AD), the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty would eventually collapse and ceased to exist.
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Hani al-Sibai
Hani Mohammed Yusuf al-Siba'i (هاني محمد يوسف السباعي) (born 1 March 1961 in Qaylubiyah, Egypt) is an Egyptian Islamic scholar who was a member of Egyptian Islamic Jihad and now lives in London as a political refugee.
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Hasan Mahsum
Hasan Mahsum (or Hassan Makhdum), also known as Abu-Muhammad al-Turkestani and Ashan Sumut, was the leader of the Islamic extremist group East Turkestan Islamic Party, and suspected of having ties with Al Qaeda.
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Heavy industry
Heavy industry is industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products; large and heavy equipment and facilities (such as heavy equipment, large machine tools, and huge buildings); or complex or numerous processes.
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Hijab
A hijab (حجاب, or (dialectal)) is a veil worn by some Muslim women in the presence of any male outside of their immediate family, which usually covers the head and chest.
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History of China
The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC,William G. Boltz, Early Chinese Writing, World Archaeology, Vol.
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Hizb ut-Tahrir
Hizb ut-Tahrir (حزب التحرير Ḥizb at-Taḥrīr; Party of Liberation) is an international, pan-Islamist political organization, which describes its ideology as Islam, and its aim as the re-establishment of the Islamic Khilafah (Caliphate) or Islamic state to resume the Islamic way of life.
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Hong Kong independence
Hong Kong independence is a movement that advocates Hong Kong becoming an independent sovereign state.
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Houri
The houris (from حُـورِی,; plural of or;حورية is also transliterated as or; pronunciation:. حُـورِيَّـة) are beings in Islamic mythology, described in English translations as "full-breasted companions of equal age ",Qur'an.
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Hu Yaobang
Hu Yaobang (20 November 1915 – 15 April 1989) was a high-ranking official of the People's Republic of China.
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Hui people
The Hui people (Xiao'erjing: خُوِذُو; Dungan: Хуэйзў, Xuejzw) are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Han Chinese adherents of the Muslim faith found throughout China, mainly in the northwestern provinces of the country and the Zhongyuan region.
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Hukou system
Hukou is a system of household registration in mainland China and Taiwan, although the system itself is more properly called "huji", and has origins in ancient China.
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Human rights in China
Human rights in China is a highly contested topic, especially for the fundamental human rights periodically reviewed by the United Nations Human Rights Committee, on which the government of the People's Republic of China and various foreign governments and human rights organizations have often disagreed.
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Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.
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Hyacinth (Bichurin)
Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin (Никита Яковлевич Бичурин) (August 29, 1777 – May 11, 1853), better known under his monastic name Hyacinth, or Iakinf (Иакинф), was one of the founding fathers of Sinology.
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Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
Ili or Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in northernmost Xinjiang is the only Kazakh autonomous prefecture in China.
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Ili Rebellion
The Ili Rebellion (Üch Wiläyt inqilawi) was a Soviet-backed revolt against the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China in 1944.
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Imad Moustapha
Imad Moustapha is the Syrian Ambassador to China and the former Ambassador to United States of America.
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Imam
Imam (إمام; plural: أئمة) is an Islamic leadership position.
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Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
The incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China in 1949, also known in Chinese historiography as the Peaceful Liberation of Xinjiang, refers to the takeover of Xinjiang by the Chinese Communists and the People's Liberation Army, largely through political means, in the waning days of the Chinese Civil War.
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Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un
Inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un (إِنَّا لِلّهِ وَإِنَّـا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ) is a part of a verse from the Qur'an which translates to "We belong to God and to Him we shall return."The full verse is: الَّذِينَ إِذَا أَصَابَتهُم مصِيبَةٌ قَالُوا إِنَّا لِله وَإِنَّا إِلَيهِ رَاجِعُونَ which means who, when they are visited by an affliction, say, 'Surely we belong to God, and to Him we return It appears in Sura Al-Baqara, Verse 156.
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Inner Mongolian independence movement
The Inner Mongolian independence movement, also known as the Southern Mongolian independence movement, is a movement for the independence of Inner Mongolia (also known as "Southern Mongolia") and the political separation of Inner Mongolia from the People's Republic of China.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Isa Alptekin
Isa Yusuf Alptekin or ʿĪsa Yūsuf Alptekin (ئەيسا يۈسۈپ ئالپتېكىن. (عيسى يوسف الپتگین) or (عيسى يوسف الپتكین) (Turkish:İsa Yusuf Alptekin)Айсабек; 1901 – 17 December 1995), known in China as Ai Sha, was a Uyghur political leader.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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Islamic fundamentalism
Islamic fundamentalism has been defined as a movement of Muslims who think back to earlier times and seek to return to the fundamentals of the religion and live similarly to how the prophet Muhammad and his companions lived.
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Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU, Ўзбекистон исломий ҳаракати/Oʻzbekiston islomiy harakati) was a militant Islamist group formed in 1998 by the Islamic ideologue Tahir Yuldashev, and former Soviet paratrooper Juma Namangani—both ethnic Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley.
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Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), Islamic State (IS) and by its Arabic language acronym Daesh (داعش dāʿish), is a Salafi jihadist terrorist organisation and former unrecognised proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Salafi/Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (or or; İstanbul), historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center.
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Ja Lama
Ja Lama (Жа Лама, also known as Dambiijantsan, Дамбийжанцан or Dambiijaa, Дамбийжаа, (1862–1922)) was an adventurer and warlord of unknown birth and background who fought successive campaigns against the rule of the Qing dynasty in western Mongolia between 1890 and 1922.
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Jadid
The Jadids were Muslim modernist reformers within the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century.
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Jamestown Foundation
The Jamestown Foundation is a Washington, D.C.-based institute for research and analysis, founded in 1984 as a platform to support Soviet defectors.
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Jannah
Jannah (جنّة; plural: Jannat), lit.
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Jihad
Jihad (جهاد) is an Arabic word which literally means striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim.
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Jisr al-Shughur
Jisr ash-Shugur (جسر الشغور,, Cisr eş-ŞuğurGünümüzde Suriye Türkmenleri. — ORSAM Rapor № 83. ORSAM – Ortadoğu Türkmenleri Programı Rapor № 14. Ankara — Kasım 2011, 33 pages. also spelled Jisr al-Shughour) is a city in the Idlib Governorate in northwestern Syria.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.
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July 2009 Ürümqi riots
The July 2009 Ürümqi riots were a series of violent riots over several days that broke out on 5 July 2009 in Ürümqi, the capital city of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), in northwestern People's Republic of China (PRC).
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Juma Namangani
Jumaboi Ahmadjonovich Khodjiyev (1968 – November 2001), better known by the nom de guerre Juma Namangani, was an Uzbek Islamist militant with a substantial following who co-founded and led the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and received substantial Taliban patronage, allowed to operate freely in northern Afghanistan.
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Jund al-Aqsa
Jund al-Aqsa (جند الأقصى Jund al-‘Aqṣā, "Garrison of al-Aqsa"), later known as Liwa al-Aqsa after 7 February 2017, was a Salafist jihadist organization that was active during the Syrian Civil War.
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Junud al-Sham
Junud al-Sham (Soldiers of the Levant) is a group of Chechen and Lebanese Sunni mujahideen that fight in the Syrian Civil War and are led by Muslim Abu Walid al Shishani.
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Karamay
Karamay or Kelamayi is a prefecture-level city in the north of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Kashgar
Kashgar is an oasis city in Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Kavkaz Center
The Kavkaz Center (Кавказ-центр) (KC, literally Caucasus center) is a privately run website/portal which aims to be "a Chechen internet agency which is independent, international and Islamic".
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Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang
The Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang occurred in waves during the 1950s and 1960s after the victory of the Communist Party of China in Xinjiang.
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Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1936-1991 in northern Central Asia.
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Kazakhs
The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Қазақ, Qazaq, قازاق, Qazaqtar, Қазақтар, قازاقتار; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people who mainly inhabit the southern part of Eastern Europe and the Ural mountains and northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia and Mongolia), the region also known as the Eurasian sub-continent.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan,; kəzɐxˈstan), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of.
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Khovd (city)
Khovd or Hovd (Ховд), formerly known as Kobdo or Khobdo, is the capital of the Khovd Province of Mongolia.
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Kumul Rebellion
The Kumul Rebellion (Hāmì bàodòng, "Hami Uprising") was a rebellion of Kumulik Uyghurs who conspired with Hui Chinese Muslim Gen.
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Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China (KMT; often translated as the Nationalist Party of China) is a major political party in the Republic of China on Taiwan, based in Taipei and is currently the opposition political party in the Legislative Yuan.
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Kuqa County
Kuqa County is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region under the administration of the Aksu Prefecture.
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Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
The Kurdish–Turkish conflict is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish insurgent groups, which have demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan, or to have autonomy and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.
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Kyrgyzstan
The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyz Respublikasy; r; Қирғиз Республикаси.), or simply Kyrgyzstan, and also known as Kirghizia (Kyrgyzstan; r), is a sovereign state in Central Asia.
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Light industry
Light industry is industries that usually are less capital-intensive than heavy industry and is more consumer-oriented than business-oriented, as it typically produces smaller consumer goods.
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List of active separatist movements in Asia
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Asia.
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List of designated terrorist groups
This is a list of designated terrorist groups by national governments, former governments, and inter-governmental organizations, where the proscription has a significant effect on the group's activities.
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Long War Journal
FDD's Long War Journal (LWJ) is an American news website, also described as a blog, which reports on the war on terror.
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Ma Bufang
Ma Bufang (1903 – 31 July 1975) (Xiao'erjing: ما بوفنگ) was a prominent Muslim Ma clique warlord in China during the Republic of China era, ruling the province of Qinghai.
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Ma Fuyuan
Ma Fuyuan was a Chinese Muslim general of the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army), who served under Generals Ma Zhongying and Ma Hushan.
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Ma Hushan
Ma Hu-shan (Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ ﺧُﻮْ شً,; 1910–1954) was the brother-in-law and follower of Ma Chung-ying, a Ma Clique warlord.
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Ma Shaowu
Ma Shaowu (1874–1937, Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ ﺷَﻮْ ءُ) was a Hui born in Yunnan, in Qing Dynasty China.
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Ma Zhancang
Ma Zhancang (Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ جً ﺿْﺎ) was a Hui Chinese Muslim general of the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army), who served under Generals Ma Zhongying and Ma Hushan.
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Manchu people
The Manchu are an ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name.
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Mansura, Hama
Mansura (المنصورة), also spelt Mansoura, is a Syrian village located in Al-Ziyarah Nahiyah in Al-Suqaylabiyah District, Hama.
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Masud Sabri
Masud Sabri (1886–1952), also known as Masʿūd Ṣabrī (مەسئۇت سابرى), (مسعود صبري),, was a Uyghur political leader in Xinjiang and Governor of Xinjiang during the Ili Rebellion.
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Mehmet Ali Ağca
Mehmet Ali Ağca (born 9 January 1958) is a Turkish assassin and Grey Wolves member who murdered left-wing journalist Abdi İpekçi on 1 February 1979, and later shot and wounded Pope John Paul II on 13 May 1981, after escaping from a Turkish prison.
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Migration to Xinjiang
Migration to Xinjiang is both an ongoing and historical movement of people, often sponsored by various states who controlled the region, including the Han dynasty, Qing dynasty, Republic of China, and People's Republic of China.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, GCL (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and former Soviet politician.
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Mohammed Omar
Mullah Mohammed Omar (ملا محمد عمر, Mullā Muḥammad 'Umar; c. 1960 – 23 April 2013), widely known as Mullah Omar, was the supreme commander and spiritual leader of the Taliban.
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Mongolia
Mongolia (Monggol Ulus in Mongolian; in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked unitary sovereign state in East Asia.
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Mongols in China
Chinese Mongols are citizens of the People's Republic of China who are ethnic Mongols.
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Msheirfeh
Msheirfeh (مشيرفة) is a Syrian village located in Uqayribat Subdistrict in Salamiyah District, Hama.
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Muhambal
Muhambal (محمبل, also spelled Mhambal or Mahambel) is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Ariha District of the Idlib Governorate.
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Muhammad Amin Bughra
Muhammad Amin Bughra also Muḥammad Amīn Bughra (1901–1965) (مۇھەممەد ئىمىن بۇغرا) (محمد أمين بغرا), Муххамад Эмин Бугро, (sometimes known by his Turkish name Mehmet Emin Bugra) was a Turkic Muslim leader, who planned to set up an independent state, the First East Turkestan Republic.
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Mujahideen
Mujahideen (مجاهدين) is the plural form of mujahid (مجاهد), the term for one engaged in Jihad (literally, "holy war").
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the unified Islamic community (Ummah), consisting of all those who adhere to the religion of Islam, or to societies where Islam is practiced.
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 (conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938.
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Mustafa Setmariam Nasar
Abu Musab al-Suri, born Mustafa bin Abd al-Qadir Setmariam Nasar (مصطفى بن عبد القادر ست مريم نصار), is a suspected Al-Qaeda member and writer best known for his 1600-page book The Global Islamic Resistance Call (Da'wat al-muqawamah al-islamiyyah al-'alamiyyah).
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Nagorno-Karabakh War
The Nagorno-Karabakh War was an ethnic and territorial conflict that took place in the late 1980s to May 1994, in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan.
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National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)
The National Intelligence Organization (Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı, MİT) is the governmental intelligence organization of Turkey.
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Nihat Ergün
Nihat Ergün (born 14 September 1962 in İzmit) is a Turkish politician and the former Minister of Science, Industry and Technology.
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Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)
The Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015), dubbed by the rebels as the Battle of Victory, took place in the Idlib and Hama governorates during the Syrian Civil War.
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Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)
On 7 October 2015, shortly after the start of the Russian air campaign in Syria, the Syrian government forces and its allies launched a ground offensive against anti-government positions in northwestern Syria, initially in northern Hama Governorate.
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Nurmemet Yasin
Nurmemet Yasin (c. 1977 - reportedly died 2011) was a Uighur author who lived in the People's Republic of China.
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Operation Zarb-e-Azb
Operation Zarb-e-Azb (Pashto/آپریشن ضربِ عضب ALA-LC) was a joint military offensive conducted by the Pakistan Armed Forces against various militant groups, including the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, al-Qaeda, Jundallah and the Haqqani network. The operation was launched on 15 June 2014 in North Waziristan along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border as a renewed effort against militancy in the wake of the 8 June attack on Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, for which the TTP and the IMU claimed responsibility. As of 14 July 2014, the operation internally displaced about 929,859 people belonging to 80,302 families from North Waziristan. Part of the war in North-West Pakistan, up to 30,000 Pakistani soldiers were involved in Zarb-e-Azb, described as a "comprehensive operation" to flush out all foreign and local militants hiding in North Waziristan. The operation has received widespread support from the Pakistani political, defence and civilian sectors. As a consequence, the overall security situation improved and terrorist attacks in Pakistan dropped to a six-year low since 2008. Zarb-e-Azb was followed by Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad which began in February 2017, following a resurgence in terrorist incidents.
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Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; منظمة التعاون الإسلامي; Organisation de la coopération islamique) is an international organization founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states, with a collective population of over 1.3 billion as of 2009 with 47 countries being Muslim Majority countries.
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Osama bin Laden
Usama ibn Mohammed ibn Awad ibn Ladin (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن), often anglicized as Osama bin Laden (March 10, 1957 – May 2, 2011), was a founder of, the organization responsible for the September 11 attacks in the United States and many other mass-casualty attacks worldwide.
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Pan-Mongolism
Pan-Mongolism is an irredentist idea that advocates cultural and political solidarity of Mongols.
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Pan-Turkism
Pan-Turkism is a movement which emerged during the 1880s among Turkic intellectuals of Azerbaijan (part of the Russian Empire at the time) and the Ottoman Empire (modern day Turkey), with its aim being the cultural and political unification of all Turkic peoples.
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People's Liberation Army
The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Communist Party of China (CPC).
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Petrochemical
Petrochemicals (also known as petroleum distillates) are chemical products derived from petroleum.
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Pope John Paul II assassination attempt
The first attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II took place on Wednesday, 13 May 1981, in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City.
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Propaganda in the Soviet Union
Communist propaganda in the Soviet Union was extensively based on the Marxism-Leninism ideology to promote the Communist Party line.
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Qarqur
Qarqur (قرقور, also spelled Qarqar or Karkour) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located northwest of Hama.
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Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty, also known as the Qing Empire, officially the Great Qing, was the last imperial dynasty of China, established in 1636 and ruling China from 1644 to 1912.
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Radio Free Asia
Radio Free Asia (RFA) is a private, nonprofit international broadcasting corporation that broadcasts and publishes online news, information, and commentary to listeners in East Asia while "advancing the goals of U.S. foreign policy." Founded in the 1950s as an anti-communist propaganda operation, RFA is currently funded by the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), an independent agency of the United States government responsible for all non-military, international broadcasting sponsored by the U.S. government (such as Radio Free Europe), which appoints the board of RFA.
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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a broadcasting organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East where it says that "the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed".
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Ramadan
Ramadan (رمضان,;In Arabic phonology, it can be, depending on the region. also known as Ramazan, romanized as Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (Sawm) to commemorate the first revelation of the Quran to Muhammad according to Islamic belief.
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Rebiya Kadeer
Rebiya Kadeer (رابىيە قادىر, Рабийә Қадир; born 15 November 1946) is an ethnic Uyghur, businesswoman, and political activist.
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Rohingya people
The Rohingya people are a stateless Indo-Aryan-speaking people who reside in Rakhine State, Myanmar (also known as Burma).
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Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War
The Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War began in September 2015, after an official request by the Syrian government for military aid against rebel and jihadist groups.
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Russians in China
Ethnic Russians (Pусские) form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, according to the ethnicity classification as applied in mainland China.
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Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki
Sabit Damulla (ثابت داملا عبد الباقي) (1883-1934) (سابىت داموللا عبدالباقى) was a Uyghur independence movement leader who led the Khotan rebellion against the Xinjiang Province government of Jin Shuren, and later the Uyghur leader Hoja-Niyaz.
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Salafi movement
The Salafi movement or Salafist movement or Salafism is a reform branch or revivalist movement within Sunni Islam that developed in Egypt in the late 19th century as a response to European imperialism.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.
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Second East Turkestan Republic
The Second East Turkestan Republic, commonly referred to simply as the East Turkestan Republic (ETR), was a short-lived Soviet-backed Turkic socialist people's republic.
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Secularism
Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institution and religious dignitaries (the attainment of such is termed secularity).
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September 11 attacks
The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.
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Shahada
The Shahada (الشهادة,"the testimony").
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Shaoguan incident
The Shaoguan incident was a civil disturbance which took place overnight on 25/26 June 2009 in Guangdong province, China.
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Sheng Shicai
Sheng Shicai (3 December 1895 – 13 July 1970) was a Chinese warlord who ruled Xinjiang from 1933 to 1944.
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Sibe people
The Sibe or Xibo are a Tungusic people living mostly in Xinjiang, Jilin (bordering North Korea) and Shenyang in Liaoning.
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Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase
The Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase was a battle for the Abu al-Duhur Military Airbase in the Idlib Governorate during the Syrian Civil War.
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Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya
The Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kefriya is an ongoing siege of the towns of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya in the Idlib Governorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
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Sino-Soviet split
The Sino-Soviet split (1956–1966) was the breaking of political relations between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), caused by doctrinal divergences arising from each of the two powers' different interpretation of Marxism–Leninism as influenced by the national interests of each country during the Cold War.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Soviet–Afghan War
The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989.
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Syrian Civil War
The Syrian Civil War (الحرب الأهلية السورية, Al-ḥarb al-ʼahliyyah as-sūriyyah) is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought primarily between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al-Assad, along with its allies, and various forces opposing both the government and each other in varying combinations.
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Syrian Observatory for Human Rights
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (also known as SOHR; المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان), founded in May 2006, is a UK-based information office whose stated aim is to document human rights abuses in Syria; it has focused since 2011 on the Syrian Civil War.
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Tacheng Prefecture
Tacheng (Tarbagatay) Prefecture is located in northern Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a state in East Asia.
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Taiwan independence movement
The Taiwan independence movement is a political movement to pursue formal independence of Taiwan, Goals for independence have arisen from international law in relation to the 1952 Treaty of San Francisco.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan (or; Тоҷикистон), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhuriyi Tojikiston), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated population of million people as of, and an area of.
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Tal Wassit
Tal Wassit (تل واسط), also spelt Tal Wasat and Tall Waset, is a Syrian village located in Al-Ziyarah Nahiyah in Al-Suqaylabiyah District, Hama.
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Taliban
The Taliban (طالبان "students"), alternatively spelled Taleban, which refers to itself as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA), is a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan currently waging war (an insurgency, or jihad) within that country.
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Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
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Taoism
Taoism, also known as Daoism, is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as ''Dao'').
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Taranchi
Taranchi is a term denoting the Muslim sedentary population living in oases around the Tarim Basin in today's Xinjiang, whose native language is Turkic Karluk, and whose ancestral heritages include Iranian and Tocharian populations of Tarim and the later Turkic peoples such as the Uyghurs, Karluks, Yaghmas, Chigils, Basmyls and lastly, the Mongolic tribes of the Chagatai Khanate.
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Tarim Basin
The Tarim Basin is an endorheic basin in northwest China occupying an area of about.
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Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP; تحریک طالبان پاکستان; "Taliban Movement of Pakistan"), alternatively referred to as the Taliban, is a terrorist group which is an umbrella organization of various militant groups based in the northwestern Federally Administered Tribal Areas along the Afghan border in Pakistan.
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Terrorism in China
Terrorism in China refers to the use or threatened use of violence to affect political or ideological change in the People's Republic of China.
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Terrorist training camp
A terrorist training camp is a facility established to train individuals in the ways of terrorism, often without the consent of the trainees.
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The Friday Times
The Friday Times (TFT) is a Pakistani English-language independent newsweekly, based in Lahore, Pakistan.
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The Globe and Mail
The Globe and Mail is a Canadian newspaper printed in five cities in western and central Canada.
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The New Yorker
The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry.
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Theocracy
Theocracy is a form of government in which a deity is the source from which all authority derives.
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Tibetan independence movement
The Tibetan independence movement is a movement for the independence of Tibet and the political separation of Tibet from China.
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Today's Zaman
Today's Zaman (Zaman is Turkish for 'time' or 'age') was an English-language daily newspaper based in Turkey.
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Tuntian
The tuntian system was a state-promoted system of agriculture which originated in the Western Han dynasty (206 BCE – 9 CE).
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Turghun Almas
Turghun Almas (Uyghur:تۇرغۇن ئالماس, simplified Chinese: 吐尔洪•阿力马斯) (30 October 1924 - 11 September 2001) was an Uyghur historian and poet born in Kashgar.
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Turkey
Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.
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Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethno-linguistic groups of Central, Eastern, Northern and Western Asia as well as parts of Europe and North Africa.
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Turkish nationalism
Turkish nationalism is a political ideology that promotes and glorifies the Turkish people, as either a national, ethnic, or linguistic group.
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Turkistan Islamic Party
The Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP, الحزب الإسلامي التركستاني) or Turkistan Islamic Movement (TIM), formerly known as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) and other names, is an Islamic extremist terrorist organization founded by Uyghur jihadists in western China.
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Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
The Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria (TIP) is the Syrian branch of the Turkistan Islamic Party, an armed Uyghur Salafist jihadist group with a presence in the Syrian Civil War.
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Turkmen Mountain
Turkmen Mountain (جبل تركمان; Jabal Turkman, Türkmen Dağı), is a mountain in the north of Latakia region of Syria, in the area called Bayırbucak locally in Turkish, neighboring the Turkish border.
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Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan (or; Türkmenistan), (formerly known as Turkmenia) is a sovereign state in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west.
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Unclean animal
In some religions, an unclean animal is an animal whose consumption or handling is taboo.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
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United Revolutionary Front of East Turkestan
The United Revolutionary Front of East Turkestan (URFET) was a Uyghur nationalist group in Xinjiang that participated in the Xinjiang conflict as an armed separatist force.
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United States Department of State
The United States Department of State (DOS), often referred to as the State Department, is the United States federal executive department that advises the President and represents the country in international affairs and foreign policy issues.
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Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is an international pro-democracy organization.
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Uyghur Khaganate
The Uyghur Khaganate (or Uyghur Empire or Uighur Khaganate or Toquz Oghuz Country) (Modern Uyghur: ئورخۇن ئۇيغۇر خانلىقى), (Tang era names, with modern Hanyu Pinyin: or) was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries.
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Uyghur language
The Uyghur or Uighur language (Уйғур тили, Uyghur tili, Uyƣur tili or, Уйғурчә, Uyghurche, Uyƣurqə), formerly known as Eastern Turki, is a Turkic language with 10 to 25 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China.
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Uyghurlar
Uyghurlar (in English: The Uyghurs) is a book by poet Turghun Almas on the history of the "6,000 year history" of the Uyghur ethnic group of the Xinjiang region of China.
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Uyghurs
The Uyghurs or Uygurs (as the standard romanisation in Chinese GB 3304-1991) are a Turkic ethnic group who live in East and Central Asia.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan (Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi), is a doubly landlocked Central Asian Sovereign state.
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Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek/Ўзбек, pl. Oʻzbeklar/Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group; the largest Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia.
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Victor Louis (journalist)
Victor Louis (5 February 1928 – 18 July 1992) was a Soviet journalist who worked for Western media outlets in Moscow and had close work connections with the senior levels of the USSR KGB.
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Wang Zhen (general)
Wang Zhen (April 11, 1908 – March 12, 1993) was a Chinese political figure and one of the Eight Elders of the Communist Party of China.
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War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
The War in Afghanistan (or the U.S. War in Afghanistan; code named Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan (2001–2014) and Operation Freedom's Sentinel (2015–present)) followed the United States invasion of Afghanistan of October 7, 2001.
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World Uyghur Congress
The World Uyghur Congress (دۇنيا ئۇيغۇر قۇرۇلتىيى, ULY: Dunya Uyghur Qurultiyi, USY:Дунйа Уйғур Қурултийи,;; abbreviated WUC) is an international organisation of exiled Uyghur groups that aspires to "represent the collective interest of the Uyghur people" both inside and outside of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (also called East Turkestan) of the People's Republic of China.
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Xinhua News Agency
Xinhua News Agency (English pronunciation: J. C. Wells: Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd ed., for both British and American English) or New China News Agency is the official state-run press agency of the People's Republic of China.
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Xinjiang
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى; SASM/GNC: Xinjang Uyĝur Aptonom Rayoni; p) is a provincial-level autonomous region of China in the northwest of the country.
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Xinjiang conflict
The Xinjiang conflict is an ongoing separatist conflict in China's far-west province of Xinjiang, whose northern region is known as Dzungaria and whose southern region (the Tarim Basin) is known as East Turkestan.
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Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, known as XPCC or Bingtuan for short, is a unique economic and paramilitary organization in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.
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Yaqub Beg
Muhammad Yaqub Bek (محمد یعقوب بیگ) (Яъқуб-бек, Ya’qub-bek) (182030 May 1877) was an adventurer of Tajik or Uzbek descent who was master of the Tarim Basin from 1865 to 1877.
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Yihewani
Yihewani, or Ikhwan (d), (also known as Al Ikhwan al Muslimun, which means Muslim Brotherhood, not to be confused with the Middle Eastern Muslim Brotherhood) is an Islamic sect in China.
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Yining
Yining, also known as Ghulja or Qulja (قۇلجا, Құлжа), and formerly Ningyuan is a county-level city in northwestern Xinjiang, People's Republic of China, and the seat of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture.
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Yining County
Yining County or Gulja County is a county within the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.
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Zayzun
Zayzun (زيزون) is a Syrian village located in Al-Ziyarah Nahiyah in Al-Suqaylabiyah District, Hama.
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Zeytinburnu
Zeytinburnu (literally, Olive Cape) is a working-class neighbourhood, municipality (belediye) and district on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, on the shore of the Marmara Sea just outside the walls of the ancient city, beyond the fortress of Yedikule.
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1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
On February 25, 1997, three bombs exploded on three buses (line 10, line 44, and line 2) in Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China.
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2008 Kashgar attack
The 2008 Kashgar attack occurred on the morning of 4 August 2008 in the city of Kashgar in the Western Chinese province of Xinjiang.
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2008 Summer Olympics
The 2008 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad and commonly known as Beijing 2008, was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing, China.
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2008 Summer Olympics torch relay
The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of "one world, one dream".
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2008 Uyghur unrest
The 2008 Uyghur unrest is a loose name for incidents of communal violence by Uyghur people in Hotan and Qaraqash county of Western China, with incidents in March, April, and August 2008.
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2015 Bangkok bombing
On 17 August 2015, a bombing took place inside the Erawan Shrine at the Ratchaprasong intersection in Pathum Wan District, Bangkok, Thailand, killing 20 people and injuring 125.
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36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)
The 36th Division was a cavalry division in the National Revolutionary Army.
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Redirects here:
2008 Kuqa attacks, 2008 Olympics terrorism plot, East Turkestan Independence Movement, East Turkestan independence movement, East Turkistan independence movement, East turkestan independence movement, Uyghur independence, Uyghur separatism, Xinjiang independence, Xinjiang independence movement.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism
