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294 relations: Abdominal cavity, Abomasum, Addax, Adrenergic receptor, Alpaca, Ambulocetidae, American bison, Americas, Andrewsarchus, Animal, Animal migration, Anoplotheriidae, Antarctica, Antelope, Anthracotheriidae, Antilocapridae, Antler, Apolipoprotein, Arabian gazelle, Archaeoceti, Babirusa, Bacteria, Bactrian camel, Baiji, Balaenidae, Balaenoptera, Baleen whale, Basilosauridae, Beaked whale, Bear, Beluga whale, Big cat, Biodiversity, Bird of prey, Blackbuck, Bluebuck, Bolus (digestion), Boreoeutheria, Botfly, Bovidae, Bovinae, Cainotherium, Camel, Camelid, Canine tooth, Capreolinae, Caprinae, Carl Linnaeus, Carnivore, Casein, ..., Cattle, Céou, Cecum, Cellulase, Cenozoic, Cetacea, Cetancodontamorpha, Cetotheriidae, Cetruminantia, Chevrotain, Chewing, Chordate, Clade, Cladogram, Clavicle, Claw, Climacoceratidae, Common descent, Convergent evolution, Corpus cavernosum penis, Crepuscular animal, Critically endangered, Crocodile, Cud, Cytochrome, Deer, Delphinoidea, Dentition, Desert, Diacodexis, Diastema, Dichobunidae, Diurnality, Dolphin, Domestic pig, Domestic yak, Domestication, Dromedary, Early Miocene, Elk, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Endangered species, Entelodont, Eocene, Erection, Eschrichtiidae, Eurasia, European early modern humans, Eutheria, Even-toed ungulate, Exafroplacentalia, Exocrine gland, Extinct in the wild, Fibrinogen, Flea, Forearm, Frontal bone, Fungus, Fur clothing, Gelocidae, Giraffe, Giraffidae, Glossary of leaf morphology, Glottis, Goat, Grassland, Gray whale, Gray wolf, Great American Interchange, Great Rift Valley, Kenya, Guanaco, Habitat destruction, Hare, Harem (zoology), Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, Hide (skin), Hindlimb, Hippopotamidae, Hippopotamus, Holocene, Hoof, Humpback whale, Hunting, Hypertragulidae, Ichthyolestes, Incisor, Indohyus, Iniidae, Involucrum, Isthmus of Panama, Kashmir, Keratin, Killer whale, Kogiidae, Kouprey, La Plata dolphin, Land bridge, Large intestine, Late Miocene, Laurasiatheria, Lion, Lipotidae, List of mammalian gestation durations, List of semiaquatic tetrapods, Litter (animal), Llama, Louse, Lumbar vertebrae, Malagasy hippopotamus, Mammal, Mammary gland, Mandible, Marine mammal, Maxilla, Merycoidodontoidea, Mesonychid, Microorganism, Molar (tooth), Molecular biology, Monodontidae, Monophyly, Moose, Moschidae, Mountain range, Musk deer, Nail (anatomy), Narwhal, Nematode, Nipple, Nocturnality, Oceania, Oceanic dolphin, Odd-toed ungulate, Okapi, Old World, Olduvai Gorge, Oligocene, Omasum, Omnivore, Oral mucosa, Oromerycidae, Ossicone, Ovary, Pack animal, Pakicetidae, Pakicetus, Palaeomerycidae, Paleocene, Paraphyly, Parasitism, Parietal bone, Père David's deer, Peccary, Pecora, Pelvic inlet, Penis, Phalanx, Physeteroidea, Pig, Pinniped, Pliocene, Polar climate, Porpoise, Precocial, Predation, Premolar, Pronghorn, Protoceratidae, Protozoa, Przewalski's gazelle, Pygmy hippopotamus, Pygmy hog, Pygmy right whale, Quadrupedalism, Raoellidae, RBP3, Red deer, Reindeer, Remingtonocetidae, Reticulum, Ribosomal RNA, Richard Owen, Right whale, River dolphin, Rorqual, Rumen, Ruminant, Ruminantia, Saiga antelope, Salivary gland, Scapula, Schomburgk's deer, Scimitar oryx, Scrotifera, Scrotum, Seasonal breeder, Selenodont, Sexual dimorphism, Sheep, Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), Short-chain fatty acid, Sirenia, Skull, Snake, Snout, Social stratification, South Asian river dolphin, Sperm whale, Steppe, Stomach, Suidae, Suina, Synanthrope, Systematics, Talus bone, Temperate climate, Temporal bone, Territory (animal), Testicle, Theria, Thylacine, Toe, Tooth, Toothed whale, Tragulina, Trematoda, Tropical rainforest, Tropics, Tylopoda, Udder, Ungulate, Uterine horns, Uterus, Vicuña, Von Willebrand factor, Water buffalo, Water deer, Whale, Whippomorpha, White-tailed deer, Wild boar, Wool, Xiphodontidae, Ypresian. Expand index (244 more) »
Abdominal cavity
The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contains many organs.
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Abomasum
The abomasum, also known as the maw, rennet-bag, or reed tripe, is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants.
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Addax
The addax (Addax nasomaculatus), also known as the white antelope and the screwhorn antelope, is an antelope of the genus Addax, that lives in the Sahara desert.
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Adrenergic receptor
The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines, especially norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline).
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Alpaca
The Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is a species of South American camelid, similar to, and often confused with the llama.
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Ambulocetidae
Ambulocetidae is a family of early cetaceans from Pakistan.
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American bison
The American bison or simply bison (Bison bison), also commonly known as the American buffalo or simply buffalo, is a North American species of bison that once roamed the grasslands of North America in massive herds.
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Americas
The Americas (also collectively called America)"America." The Oxford Companion to the English Language.
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Andrewsarchus
Andrewsarchus is an extinct genus of mammal that lived during the middle Eocene epoch in what is now Inner Mongolia, China.
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Animal
Animals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia.
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Animal migration
Animal migration is the relatively long-distance movement of individual animals, usually on a seasonal basis.
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Anoplotheriidae
Anoplotheriidae is an extinct family of even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla).
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Antarctica
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent.
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Antelope
An antelope is a member of a number of even-toed ungulate species indigenous to various regions in Africa and Eurasia.
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Anthracotheriidae
Anthracotheriidae is a family of extinct, hippopotamus-like artiodactyl ungulates related to hippopotamuses and whales.
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Antilocapridae
The Antilocapridae are a family of artiodactyls endemic to North America.
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Antler
Antlers are extensions of an animal's skull found in members of the deer family.
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Apolipoprotein
Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids (oil-soluble substances such as fat and cholesterol) to form lipoproteins.
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Arabian gazelle
The Arabian gazelle (Gazella arabica) is a species of gazelle known from the Arabian Peninsula.
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Archaeoceti
Archaeoceti ("ancient whales"), or Zeuglodontes in older literature, is a paraphyletic group of primitive cetaceans that lived from the Early Eocene to the late Oligocene.
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Babirusa
The babirusas, also called deer-pigs (babirusa) are a genus, Babyrousa, in the swine family found in Wallacea, or specifically the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Togian, Sula and Buru.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bactrian camel
The Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is a large, even-toed ungulate native to the steppes of Central Asia.
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Baiji
The baiji (Lipotes vexillifer, Lipotes meaning "left behind", vexillifer "flag bearer") is a functionally extinct species of freshwater dolphin formerly found only in the Yangtze River in China.
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Balaenidae
Balaenidae is a family of whales of the parvorder Mysticeti that contains two living genera.
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Balaenoptera
Balaenoptera, from the Latin balaena (whale) and Ancient Greek pteron (fin), is a genus of Balaenopteridae, the rorquals, and contains eight extant species.
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Baleen whale
Baleen whales (systematic name Mysticeti), known earlier as whalebone whales, form a parvorder of the infraorder Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises).
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Basilosauridae
Basilosauridae is a paraphyletic family of extinct cetaceans that lived during the late middle to the early late Eocene, known from all continents including Antarctica.
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Beaked whale
Beaked whales are the members of the family Ziphiidae, which consists of 23 species.
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Bear
Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae.
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Beluga whale
The beluga whale or white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) is an Arctic and sub-Arctic cetacean.
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Big cat
The informal term "big cat" is typically used to refer to any of the five living members of the genus Panthera, namely tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard and snow leopard.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.
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Bird of prey
A bird of prey, predatory bird, or raptor is any of several species of bird that hunts and feeds on rodents and other animals.
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Blackbuck
The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), also known as the Indian antelope, is an antelope found in India, Nepal and Pakistan.
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Bluebuck
The bluebuck (Afrikaans: bloubok) or blue antelope (Hippotragus leucophaeus) is an extinct species of antelope that lived in South Africa until around 1800.
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Bolus (digestion)
In digestion, a bolus (from Latin bolus, "ball") is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing (which is largely an adaptation for plant-eating mammals).
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Boreoeutheria
Boreoeutheria (synonymous with Boreotheria) (Greek: βόρειο "north" + ευ "good" + θεριό "beast") is a clade (magnorder) of placental mammals that is composed of the sister taxa Laurasiatheria (most hoofed mammals, most pawed carnivores, and several other groups) and Euarchontoglires (Supraprimates).
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Botfly
Botflies, also known as warble flies, heel flies and gadflies, are a family of flies technically known as Oestridae.
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Bovidae
The Bovidae are the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals that includes bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, wildebeest, impala, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle.
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Bovinae
The biological subfamily Bovinae includes a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including domestic cattle, bison, African buffalo, the water buffalo, the yak, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes.
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Cainotherium
Cainotherium is an extinct genus of rabbit-sized prehistoric even-toed ungulates.
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Camel
A camel is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.
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Camelid
Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only currently living family in the suborder Tylopoda.
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Canine tooth
In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dog teeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth.
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Capreolinae
The Capreolinae, Odocoileinae, or the New World deer are a subfamily of deer.
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Caprinae
Subfamily Caprinae is part of the ruminant family Bovidae, and consists of mostly medium-sized bovids.
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Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171.
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Carnivore
A carnivore, meaning "meat eater" (Latin, caro, genitive carnis, meaning "meat" or "flesh" and vorare meaning "to devour"), is an organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging.
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Casein
Casein ("kay-seen", from Latin caseus, "cheese") is a family of related phosphoproteins (αS1, αS2, β, κ).
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Cattle
Cattle—colloquially cows—are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates.
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Céou
The Céou (le Céou) is a long river in the Lot and Dordogne départements, southwestern France.
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Cecum
The cecum or caecum (plural ceca; from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is an intraperitoneal pouch that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine.
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Cellulase
Cellulase is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis, the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides.
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Cenozoic
The Cenozoic Era meaning "new life", is the current and most recent of the three Phanerozoic geological eras, following the Mesozoic Era and, extending from 66 million years ago to the present day.
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Cetacea
Cetacea are a widely distributed and diverse clade of aquatic mammals that today consists of the whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
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Cetancodontamorpha
Cetancodontamorpha is a total clade of artiodactyls defined, according to Spaulding et al., as Whippomorpha "plus all extinct taxa more closely related to extant members of Whippomorpha than to any other living species".
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Cetotheriidae
Cetotheriidae is a family of baleen whales (suborder Mysticeti).
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Cetruminantia
The Cetruminantia are a clade made up of the Cetacodontamorpha (or Whippomorpha) and their closest living relatives, the Ruminantia.
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Chevrotain
Chevrotains, also known as mouse-deer, are small ungulates that make up the family Tragulidae, the only members of the infraorder Tragulina.
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Chewing
Chewing or mastication is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth.
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Chordate
A chordate is an animal belonging to the phylum Chordata; chordates possess a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail, for at least some period of their life cycle.
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Clade
A clade (from κλάδος, klados, "branch"), also known as monophyletic group, is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single "branch" on the "tree of life".
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Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms.
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Clavicle
The clavicle or collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone.
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Claw
A claw is a curved, pointed appendage, found at the end of a toe or finger in most amniotes (mammals, reptiles, birds).
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Climacoceratidae
Climacoceratidae ("ladder horns") is a family of superficially deer-like artiodactyl ungulates which lived in the Miocene era in Africa.
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Common descent
Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.
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Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.
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Corpus cavernosum penis
A corpus cavernosum penis (singular) (cavernous body of the penis) is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue, the corpora cavernosa (plural) (cavernous bodies), which contain most of the blood in the penis during an erection.
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Crepuscular animal
Crepuscular animals are those that are active primarily during twilight (that is, the periods of dawn and dusk).
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Critically endangered
A critically endangered (CR) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
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Crocodile
Crocodiles (subfamily Crocodylinae) or true crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia.
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Cud
Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second time.
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Cytochrome
Cytochromes are heme-containing proteins.
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Deer
Deer (singular and plural) are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae.
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Delphinoidea
Delphinoidea is the largest group of toothed whales with 66 genera in 6 families.
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Dentition
Dentition pertains to the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth.
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Desert
A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.
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Diacodexis
Diacodexis is an extinct genus of small herbivore mammal belonging to the family Dichobunidae which lived in North America, Europe and Asia from 55.4 mya—46.2 mya.
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Diastema
A diastema (plural diastemata) is a space or gap between two teeth.
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Dichobunidae
Dichobunidae is an extinct family of basal artiodactyl mammals from the early Eocene to late Oligocene of North America, Europe, and Asia.
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Diurnality
Diurnality is a form of plant or animal behavior characterized by activity during the day, with a period of sleeping, or other inactivity, at night.
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Dolphin
Dolphins are a widely distributed and diverse group of aquatic mammals.
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Domestic pig
The domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus or only Sus domesticus), often called swine, hog, or simply pig when there is no need to distinguish it from other pigs, is a large, even-toed ungulate.
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Domestic yak
The domestic yak (Bos grunniens) is a long-haired domesticated bovid found throughout the Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent, the Tibetan Plateau and as far north as Mongolia and Russia.
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Domestication
Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group.
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Dromedary
The dromedary, also called the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), is a large, even-toed ungulate with one hump on its back.
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Early Miocene
The Early Miocene (also known as Lower Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Aquitanian and Burdigalian stages.
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Elk
The elk or wapiti (Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest species within the deer family, Cervidae, in the world, and one of the largest land mammals in North America and Eastern Asia.
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Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is a Scottish-founded, now American company best known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopedia.
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Endangered species
An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct.
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Entelodont
Entelodonts — sometimes facetiously termed hell pigs or terminator pigs — are an extinct family of pig-like omnivores of the forests and plains of North America, Europe, and Asia from the middle EoceneI.
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Eocene
The Eocene Epoch, lasting from, is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era.
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Erection
An erection (clinically: penile erection or penile tumescence) is a physiological phenomenon in which the penis becomes firm, engorged, and enlarged.
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Eschrichtiidae
Eschrichtiidae or the gray whales is a family of baleen whale (suborder Mysticeti) with a single extant species, the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus).
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Eurasia
Eurasia is a combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia.
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European early modern humans
European early modern humans (EEMH) in the context of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe refers to the early presence of anatomically modern humans in Europe.
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Eutheria
Eutheria (from Greek εὐ-, eu- "good" or "right" and θηρίον, thēríon "beast" hence "true beasts") is one of two mammalian clades with extant members that diverged in the Early Cretaceous or perhaps the Late Jurassic.
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Even-toed ungulate
The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) are ungulates (hoofed animals) whose weight is borne equally by the third and fourth toes.
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Exafroplacentalia
Exafroplacentalia or Notolegia is a clade of placental mammals proposed in 2001 on the basis of molecular research.
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Exocrine gland
Exocrine glands are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.
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Extinct in the wild
An extinct in the wild (EW) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as only known by living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range due to massive habitat loss.
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Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen (factor I) is a glycoprotein that in vertebrates circulates in the blood.
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Flea
Fleas are small flightless insects that form the order Siphonaptera.
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Forearm
The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist.
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Frontal bone
The frontal bone is a bone in the human skull.
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Fungus
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
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Fur clothing
Fur clothing is clothing made of furry animal hides.
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Gelocidae
The Gelocidae are an extinct group of hornless ruminantia that are estimated to have lived during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs, from 36 MYA to 6 MYA.
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Giraffe
The giraffe (Giraffa) is a genus of African even-toed ungulate mammals, the tallest living terrestrial animals and the largest ruminants.
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Giraffidae
The Giraffidae are a family of ruminant artiodactyl mammals that share a common ancestor with cervids and bovids.
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Glossary of leaf morphology
The following is a defined list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants.
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Glottis
The glottis is defined as the opening between the vocal folds (the rima glottidis).
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Goat
The domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe.
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Grassland
Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae); however, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) families can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs.
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Gray whale
The gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), also known as the grey whale,Britannica Micro.: v. IV, p. 693.
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Gray wolf
The gray wolf (Canis lupus), also known as the timber wolf,Paquet, P. & Carbyn, L. W. (2003).
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Great American Interchange
The Great American Interchange was an important late Cenozoic paleozoogeographic event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America via Central America to South America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents.
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Great Rift Valley, Kenya
The Great Rift Valley is part of an intra-continental ridge system that runs through Kenya from north to south.
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Guanaco
The guanaco (Lama guanicoe) is a camelid native to South America.
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Habitat destruction
Habitat destruction is the process in which natural habitat is rendered unable to support the species present.
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Hare
Hares and jackrabbits are leporids belonging to the genus Lepus.
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Harem (zoology)
A harem is an animal group consisting of one or two males, a number of females, and their offspring.
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Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (12 September 1777 – 1 May 1850) was a French zoologist and anatomist.
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Hide (skin)
A hide or skin is an animal skin treated for human use.
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Hindlimb
A hindlimb is a posterior limb on an animal, especially the quadrupeds.
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Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamuses are stout, naked-skinned, and amphibious artiodactyl mammals, possessing three-chambered stomachs and walking on four toes on each foot.
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Hippopotamus
The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), or hippo, is a large, mostly herbivorous, semiaquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa, and one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis).
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Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch.
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Hoof
A hoof, plural hooves or hoofs, is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick, horny, keratin covering.
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Humpback whale
The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is a species of baleen whale.
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Hunting
Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping animals, or pursuing or tracking them with the intent of doing so.
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Hypertragulidae
Hypertragulidae is an extinct family of artiodactyl ungulates that lived in North America, Europe, and Asia from the Eocene until the Miocene, living 46.2—13.6 million years ago, existing for about 33 million years.
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Ichthyolestes
Ichthyolestes ("fish thief") is a genus of extinct early whale belonging to the family Pakicetidae endemic to northern Pakistan, living during the Lutetian stage.
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Incisor
Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals.
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Indohyus
Indohyus ("India's pig") is a genus of extinct digitigrade artiodactyl known from Eocene fossils in Asia.
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Iniidae
Iniidae is a family of river dolphins containing one living and four extinct genera.
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Involucrum
An involucrum (plural involucra) is a layer of new bone growth outside existing bone seen in pyogenic osteomyelitis.
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Isthmus of Panama
The Isthmus of Panama (Istmo de Panamá), also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien (Istmo de Darién), is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America.
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Kashmir
Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.
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Keratin
Keratin is one of a family of fibrous structural proteins.
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Killer whale
| status.
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Kogiidae
Kogiidae is a family comprising at least two extant species of Cetacea, the pygmy and dwarf sperm whales.
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Kouprey
The kouprey (Bos sauveli, from គោព្រៃ,, "forest ox"; also known as kouproh, "grey ox"), is a little-known, forest-dwelling, wild bovine species from Southeast Asia.
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La Plata dolphin
The La Plata dolphin, franciscana or toninha (Pontoporia blainvillei) is a species of dolphin found in coastal Atlantic waters of southeastern South America.
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Land bridge
A land bridge, in biogeography, is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonise new lands.
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Large intestine
The large intestine, also known as the large bowel or colon, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates.
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Late Miocene
The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages.
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Laurasiatheria
Laurasiatheria is a clade of placental mammals that originated on the northern supercontinent of Laurasia 99 million years ago.
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Lion
The lion (Panthera leo) is a species in the cat family (Felidae).
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Lipotidae
Lipotidae is a family of river dolphins containing the functionally extinct baiji and the fossil genus Parapontoporia.
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List of mammalian gestation durations
No description.
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List of semiaquatic tetrapods
This is a list of tetrapods that are semiaquatic; that is, while being at least partly terrestrial, they spend part of their life cycle or a significant fraction of their time in water as part of their normal behavior, and/or obtain a significant fraction of their food from an aquatic habitat.
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Litter (animal)
A litter is the live birth of multiple offspring at one time in animals from the same mother and usually from one set of parents, particularly from three to eight offspringThe word is most often used for the offspring of mammals, but can be used for any animal that gives birth to multiple young.
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Llama
The llama (Lama glama) is a domesticated South American camelid, widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the Pre-Columbian era.
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Louse
Louse (plural: lice) is the common name for members of the order Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless insect.
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Lumbar vertebrae
The lumbar vertebrae are, in human anatomy, the five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis.
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Malagasy hippopotamus
Several species of Malagasy hippopotamus (also known as Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus or Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus or Madagascan instead of Malagasy) lived on the island of Madagascar but are now believed to be extinct.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Mammary gland
A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring.
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Mandible
The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face.
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Marine mammal
Marine mammals are aquatic mammals that rely on the ocean and other marine ecosystems for their existence.
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Maxilla
The maxilla (plural: maxillae) in animals is the upper jawbone formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones.
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Merycoidodontoidea
Merycoidodontoidea, sometimes called "oreodonts," or "ruminating hogs", is an extinct superfamily of prehistoric cud-chewing artiodactyls with short faces and fang-like canine teeth.
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Mesonychid
Mesonychia ("middle claws") is an extinct taxon of small- to large-sized carnivorous ungulates related to the cetartiodactyls.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Molar (tooth)
The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth.
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Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.
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Monodontidae
The cetacean family Monodontidae comprises two unusual whale species, the narwhal, in which the male has a long tusk, and the dorsal fin-lacking, pure white beluga whale.
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Monophyly
In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.
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Moose
The moose (North America) or elk (Eurasia), Alces alces, is the largest extant species in the deer family.
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Moschidae
Moschidae is a family of pecoran even-toed ungulates, characterized by long 'saber teeth' instead of horns, antlers or ossicones, modest size (Moschus only reaches 37 pounds in weight, other taxa were even smaller) and a lack of facial glands.
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Mountain range
A mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills ranged in a line and connected by high ground.
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Musk deer
Musk deer can refer to any one, or all seven, of the species that make up Moschus, the only extant genus of the family Moschidae.
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Nail (anatomy)
A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in most primates and a few other mammals.
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Narwhal
The narwhal (Monodon monoceros), or narwhale, is a medium-sized toothed whale that possesses a large "tusk" from a protruding canine tooth.
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Nematode
The nematodes or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes).
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Nipple
The nipple is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast from which milk leaves the breast through the lactiferous ducts.
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Nocturnality
Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day.
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Oceania
Oceania is a geographic region comprising Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and Australasia.
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Oceanic dolphin
Oceanic dolphins or Delphinidae are a widely distributed family of dolphins that live in the sea.
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Odd-toed ungulate
Members of the order Perissodactyla, also known as odd-toed ungulates, are mammals characterized by an odd number of toes and by hindgut fermentation with somewhat simple stomachs.
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Okapi
The okapi (Okapia johnstoni), also known as the forest giraffe, congolese giraffe or zebra giraffe, is an artiodactyl mammal native to the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa.
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Old World
The term "Old World" is used in the West to refer to Africa, Asia and Europe (Afro-Eurasia or the World Island), regarded collectively as the part of the world known to its population before contact with the Americas and Oceania (the "New World").
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Olduvai Gorge
The Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge in Tanzania is one of the most important paleoanthropological sites in the world; it has proven invaluable in furthering our understanding of early human evolution.
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Oligocene
The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.
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Omasum
The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants.
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Omnivore
Omnivore is a consumption classification for animals that have the capability to obtain chemical energy and nutrients from materials originating from plant and animal origin.
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Oral mucosa
The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane lining the inside of the mouth and consists of stratified squamous epithelium termed oral epithelium and an underlying connective tissue termed lamina propria.
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Oromerycidae
Oromerycidae is a small (both in size and diversity), extinct family of artiodactyls (even-toed hoofed mammals) closely related to living camels, known from the middle to late Eocene of western North America.
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Ossicone
Ossicones are horn-like (or antler-like) protuberances on the heads of giraffes, male okapis, and their extinct relatives, such as Sivatherium, and the climacoceratids, such as Climacoceras.
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Ovary
The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum.
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Pack animal
A pack animal or beast of burden is an individual or type of working animal used by humans as means of transporting materials by attaching them so their weight bears on the animal's back, in contrast to draft animals which pull loads but do not carry them.
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Pakicetidae
Pakicetidae ("Pakistani whales") is an extinct family of early whales that lived during the Early Eocene on the shores of Pakistan.
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Pakicetus
Pakicetus is an extinct genus of amphibious cetacean of the family Pakicetidae, which was endemic to modern Pakistan during the Eocene.
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Palaeomerycidae
The Palaeomerycidae are an extinct family of ruminants in the order Artiodactyla, probably ancestral to deer and musk deer.
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Paleocene
The Paleocene or Palaeocene, the "old recent", is a geological epoch that lasted from about.
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Paraphyly
In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a few—typically only one or two—monophyletic subgroups.
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Parasitism
In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
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Parietal bone
The parietal bones are two bones in the human skull which, when joined together at a fibrous joint, form the sides and roof of the cranium.
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Père David's deer
The Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus), also known as the milu or elaphure, is a species of deer that are mostly found in captivity.
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Peccary
A peccary (also javelina or skunk pig) is a medium-sized hoofed mammal of the family Tayassuidae (New World pigs) in the suborder Suina along with the Old World pigs, Suidae.
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Pecora
The Pecora are an infraorder of even-toed hoofed mammals with ruminant digestion (Ruminantia, a clade within the Artiodactyla).
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Pelvic inlet
The pelvic inlet or superior aperture of the pelvis is a planar surface which defines the boundary between the pelvic cavity and the abdominal cavity (or, according to some authors, between two parts of the pelvic cavity, called lesser pelvis and greater pelvis).
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Penis
A penis (plural penises or penes) is the primary sexual organ that male animals use to inseminate sexually receptive mates (usually females and hermaphrodites) during copulation.
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Phalanx
The phalanx (φάλαγξ; plural phalanxes or phalanges, φάλαγγες, phalanges) was a rectangular mass military formation, usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed with spears, pikes, sarissas, or similar weapons.
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Physeteroidea
Physeteroidea is a superfamily that, today, includes three extant species of whales: the sperm whale, in the genus Physeter, and the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale, in the genus Kogia.
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Pig
A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae.
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Pinniped
Pinnipeds, commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic marine mammals.
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Pliocene
The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) Epoch is the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP.
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Polar climate
The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers.
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Porpoise
Porpoises are a group of fully aquatic marine mammals that are sometimes referred to as mereswine, all of which are classified under the family Phocoenidae, parvorder Odontoceti (toothed whales).
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Precocial
In biology, precocial species are those in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching.
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Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a hunting animal) kills and eats its prey (the organism that is attacked).
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Premolar
The premolar teeth, or bicuspids, are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth.
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Pronghorn
The pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is a species of artiodactyl mammal indigenous to interior western and central North America.
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Protoceratidae
Protoceratidae is an extinct family of herbivorous North American artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) that lived during the Eocene through Pliocene at around 46.2—4.9 Mya, existing for about 41 million years.
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Protozoa
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
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Przewalski's gazelle
The Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) is a member of the family Bovidae and, in the wild, is found only in China.
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Pygmy hippopotamus
The pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis) is a small hippopotamid which is native to the forests and swamps of West Africa, primarily in Liberia, with small populations in Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Ivory Coast.
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Pygmy hog
The pygmy hog (Porcula salvania) is a critically endangered suid, previously spread across Bhutan, India and Nepal, but now only found in India (Assam).
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Pygmy right whale
The pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) is a member of the cetotheres, a family of baleen whales, which until 2012 were thought to be extinct; previously C. marginata was considered the sole member of the family Neobalaenidae.
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Quadrupedalism
Quadrupedalism or pronograde posture is a form of terrestrial locomotion in animals using four limbs or legs.
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Raoellidae
Raoellidae, previously grouped within Helohyidae, is an extinct family of semiaquatic digitigrade artiodactyls in the clade Whippomorpha.
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RBP3
Retinol-binding protein 3, interstitial (RBP3), also known as IRBP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBP3 gene.
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Red deer
The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest deer species.
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Reindeer
The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in North America, is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, sub-Arctic, tundra, boreal and mountainous regions of northern Europe, Siberia and North America.
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Remingtonocetidae
Remingtonocetidae is a diverse family of early aquatic mammals of the order Cetacea.
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Reticulum
Reticulum is a small, faint constellation in the southern sky.
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Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms.
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Richard Owen
Sir Richard Owen (20 July 1804 – 18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist.
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Right whale
Right whales or black whales are three species of large baleen whales of the genus Eubalaena: the North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis), the North Pacific right whale (E. japonica) and the Southern right whale (E. australis).
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River dolphin
River dolphins are a group of fully aquatic mammals that reside exclusively in freshwater or brackish water.
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Rorqual
Rorquals (Balaenopteridae) are the largest group of baleen whales, a family with nine extant species in two genera.
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Rumen
The rumen, also known as a paunch, forms the larger part of the reticulorumen, which is the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals.
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Ruminant
Ruminants are mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions.
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Ruminantia
Ruminantia is a taxon within the order Artiodactyla that includes many of the well-known large grazing or browsing mammals: among them cattle, goats, sheep, deer, and antelope.
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Saiga antelope
The saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) is a critically endangered antelope that originally inhabited a vast area of the Eurasian steppe zone from the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains and Caucasus into Dzungaria and Mongolia.
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Salivary gland
The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts.
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Scapula
In anatomy, the scapula (plural scapulae or scapulas; also known as shoulder bone, shoulder blade or wing bone) is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone).
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Schomburgk's deer
The Schomburgk's deer (Rucervus schomburgki) was a member of the family Cervidae.
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Scimitar oryx
The scimitar oryx or scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah), also known as the Sahara oryx, is a species of Oryx once widespread across North Africa which went extinct in the wild in 2000.
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Scrotifera
Scrotifera is a clade of placental mammals that comprises the following orders and their common ancestors: Chiroptera, Carnivora, Pholidota, Perissodactyla and Cetartiodactyla, with the latter including the traditional orders Artiodactyla and Cetacea.
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Scrotum
The scrotum is an anatomical male reproductive structure that consists of a suspended dual-chambered sack of skin and smooth muscle that is present in most terrestrial male mammals and located under the penis.
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Seasonal breeder
Seasonal breeders are animal species that successfully mate only during certain times of the year.
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Selenodont
Selenodont teeth are the type of molars and premolars commonly found in ruminant herbivores.
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Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs.
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Sheep
Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are quadrupedal, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock.
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Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs)
SINEs or Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements are sequences of non-coding DNA present at high frequencies in various eukaryotic genomes.
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Short-chain fatty acid
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), also referred to as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), are fatty acids with two to six carbon atoms.
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Sirenia
The Sirenia, commonly referred to as sea cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters.
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Skull
The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates.
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Snake
Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes.
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Snout
A snout is the protruding portion of an animal's face, consisting of its nose, mouth, and jaw.
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Social stratification
Social stratification is a kind of social differentiation whereby a society groups people into socioeconomic strata, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power (social and political).
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South Asian river dolphin
The South Asian river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is an endangered freshwater or river dolphin found in the Indian subcontinent which is split into two subspecies, the Ganges river dolphin (P. g. gangetica)(~3,500 individuals) and the Indus river dolphin (P. g. minor)(~1,500 individuals).
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Sperm whale
The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) or cachalot is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator.
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Steppe
In physical geography, a steppe (p) is an ecoregion, in the montane grasslands and shrublands and temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biomes, characterized by grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes.
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Stomach
The stomach (from ancient Greek στόμαχος, stomachos, stoma means mouth) is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.
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Suidae
Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars.
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Suina
The suborder Suina (also known as Suiformes) is a lineage of omnivorous non-ruminant artiodactyl mammals that includes the pigs and peccaries of the families Suidae and Tayassuidae and their fossil kin.
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Synanthrope
A synanthrope (from the Greek syn-, "together with" + anthro, "man") is a member of a species of wild animals and plants of various kinds that live near, and benefit from, an association with humans and the somewhat artificial habitats that humans create around them (see anthropophilia).
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Systematics
Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time.
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Talus bone
The talus (Latin for ankle), talus bone, astragalus, or ankle bone is one of the group of foot bones known as the tarsus.
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Temperate climate
In geography, the temperate or tepid climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes, which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.
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Temporal bone
The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
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Territory (animal)
In ethology, territory is the sociographical area that an animal of a particular species consistently defends against conspecifics (or, occasionally, animals of other species).
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Testicle
The testicle or testis is the male reproductive gland in all animals, including humans.
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Theria
Theria (Greek: θηρίον, wild beast) is a subclass of mammals amongst the Theriiformes (the sister taxa to Yinotheria).
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Thylacine
The thylacine (or, also; Thylacinus cynocephalus) was the largest known carnivorous marsupial of modern times.
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Toe
Toes are the digits of the foot of a tetrapod.
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Tooth
A tooth (plural teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food.
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Toothed whale
The toothed whales (systematic name Odontoceti) are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales possessing teeth, such as the beaked whales and sperm whales.
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Tragulina
Tragulina is an infraorder of even-toed ungulates.
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Trematoda
Trematoda is a class within the phylum Platyhelminthes.
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Tropical rainforest
Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm – and may also be referred to as lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest.
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Tropics
The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator.
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Tylopoda
Tylopoda (meaning "calloused foot") is a suborder of terrestrial herbivorous even-toed ungulates belonging to the order Artiodactyla.
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Udder
An udder is an organ formed of the mammary glands of female four-legged mammals, particularly ruminants such as cattle, goats, sheep and deer.
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Ungulate
Ungulates (pronounced) are any members of a diverse group of primarily large mammals that includes odd-toed ungulates such as horses and rhinoceroses, and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, camels, deer, and hippopotami.
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Uterine horns
The uterine horns are the points where the uterus and the fallopian tubes meet.
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Uterus
The uterus (from Latin "uterus", plural uteri) or womb is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals.
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Vicuña
The vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) or vicuna (both, very rarely spelled vicugna) is one of the two wild South American camelids which live in the high alpine areas of the Andes, the other being the guanaco.
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Von Willebrand factor
Von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a blood glycoprotein involved in hemostasis.
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Water buffalo
The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) or domestic Asian water buffalo is a large bovid originating in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China.
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Water deer
The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is a small deer superficially more similar to a musk deer than a true deer.
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Whale
Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals.
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Whippomorpha
Whippomorpha is the clade containing the Cetacea (whales, dolphins, etc.) and their closest living relatives, the hippopotamuses, named by Waddell et al.
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White-tailed deer
The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a medium-sized deer native to the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia.
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Wild boar
The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine,Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; Hoffman, R. S. (1988), Volume I, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, pp.
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Wool
Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals, including cashmere and mohair from goats, qiviut from muskoxen, angora from rabbits, and other types of wool from camelids.
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Xiphodontidae
Xiphodontidae is an extinct family of even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla), endemic to Europe during the Eocene 40.4—33.9 million years ago, existing for about 7.5 million years.
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Ypresian
In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene.
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Redirects here:
Anatomy of even-toed ungulates, Artiodactyl, Artiodactyla, Artiodactylamorpha, Artiodactylla, Artiodactyls, Artiofabula, Cetartiodactyl, Cetartiodactyla, Digestive systems of even-toed ungulates, Even-toed Ungulate, Even-toed ungulates, Evolution of even-toed ungulates, Genitourinary systems of even-toed ungulates, Sex organs of even-toed ungulates, Sexual organs of even-toed ungulates.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate
