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Fatty acid synthesis

Index Fatty acid synthesis

Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. [1]

91 relations: Acetyl-CoA, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, Actinomycetales, Acyl carrier protein, Adipose tissue, Adrenaline, Allosteric regulation, Arachidonic acid, ATP citrate lyase, Bacillus, Bacillus subtilis, Beta oxidation, Beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase I, Branched-chain-2-oxoacid decarboxylase, Carbohydrate, Cell (biology), Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cholesterol, Citric acid, Citric acid cycle, Coenzyme A, Cytoplasm, Decarboxylation, Endoplasmic reticulum, Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, Enzyme, Escherichia coli, Essential fatty acid, Ester, Fat, Fatty acid, Fatty acid desaturase, Fatty acid metabolism, Fatty acid metabolism regulator protein FadR, Fatty acid synthase, Glucagon, Gluconeogenesis, Glycerol, Glycogen, Glycolysis, Golgi apparatus, Indiana State University, Insulin, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Isoleucine, Keto acid, Leucine, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, ..., Lipid bilayer, Lipogenesis, Liver, Malic acid, Malonyl-CoA, Mammary gland, Mitochondrion, Mycobacterium, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, Nucleic acid, Nucleotide, Organelle, Oxaloacetic acid, Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, Palmitic acid, Paracrine signalling, Pentose phosphate pathway, Phosphatidylcholine, Phospholipid, Phosphorylation, Prokaryote, Prostaglandin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Pyruvic acid, Regulon, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Repressor, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Shikimic acid, Streptomyces, Transamination, Transcriptional regulation, Tuberculostearic acid, Two-component regulatory system, Valine, (acyl-carrier-protein) S-acetyltransferase, (acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase, 3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase, 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase. Expand index (41 more) »

Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a biotin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA through its two catalytic activities, biotin carboxylase (BC) and carboxyltransferase (CT).

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Actinomycetales

The Actinomycetales are an order of Actinobacteria.

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Acyl carrier protein

The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is an important component in both fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis with the growing chain bound during synthesis as a thiol ester at the distal thiol of a 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety.

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Adipose tissue

In biology, adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.

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Adrenaline

Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.

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Allosteric regulation

In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site.

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Arachidonic acid

Arachidonic acid (AA, sometimes ARA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid 20:4(ω-6).

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ATP citrate lyase

ATP citrate lyase is an enzyme that in animals represents an important step in fatty acid biosynthesis.

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Bacillus

Bacillus is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the phylum Firmicutes.

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Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans.

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Beta oxidation

In biochemistry and metabolism, beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain.

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Beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase I

In enzymology, a beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase I is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-acyl-carrier-protein and malonyl-acyl-carrier-protein, whereas its 3 products are 3-oxoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein, CO2, and acyl carrier protein.

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Branched-chain-2-oxoacid decarboxylase

In enzymology, a branched-chain-2-oxoacid decarboxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, (3S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, and two products, 2-methylbutanal and CO2.

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Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where m may be different from n).

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Cell (biology)

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

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Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

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Cell nucleus

In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Cholesterol

Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule.

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Citric acid

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that has the chemical formula.

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Citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Coenzyme A

Coenzyme A (CoA,SCoA,CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.

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Cytoplasm

In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.

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Decarboxylation

Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2).

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Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae.

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Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase

Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (or ENR), is a key enzyme of the type II fatty acid synthesis (FAS) system.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

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Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).

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Essential fatty acid

Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them.

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Ester

In chemistry, an ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group.

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Fat

Fat is one of the three main macronutrients, along with carbohydrate and protein.

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Fatty acid

In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.

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Fatty acid desaturase

A fatty acid desaturase is an enzyme that removes two hydrogen atoms from a fatty acid, creating a carbon/carbon double bond.

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Fatty acid metabolism

Fatty acid metabolism consists of catabolic processes that generate energy, and anabolic processes that create biologically important molecules (triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, local hormones and ketone bodies).

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Fatty acid metabolism regulator protein FadR

In molecular biology, the fatty acid metabolism regulator protein FadR, is a bacterial transcription factor.

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Fatty acid synthase

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene.

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Glucagon

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas.

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Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.

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Glycerol

Glycerol (also called glycerine or glycerin; see spelling differences) is a simple polyol compound.

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Glycogen

Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

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Glycolysis

Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.

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Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

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Indiana State University

Indiana State University (ISU) is a public university located in Terre Haute, Indiana, United States.

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Insulin

Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.

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Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, producing alpha-ketoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) and CO2.

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Isoleucine

Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Keto acid

Keto acids or ketoacids (also called oxo acids or oxoacids) are organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group.

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Leucine

Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Linoleic acid

Linoleic acid (LA), a carboxylic acid, is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid, an 18-carbon chain with two double bonds in cis configuration.

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Linolenic acid

Linolenic acid is a type of fatty acid.

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Lipid bilayer

The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.

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Lipogenesis

Lipogenesis is the process by which acetyl-CoA is converted to fatty acids.

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Liver

The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.

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Malic acid

Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5.

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Malonyl-CoA

Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid.

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Mammary gland

A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring.

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Mitochondrion

The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.

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Mycobacterium

Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae.

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells.

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.

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Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.

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Nucleotide

Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.

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Organelle

In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, in which their function is vital for the cell to live.

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Oxaloacetic acid

Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetic acid) is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(O)CH2CO2H.

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Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC) or α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex, most commonly known for its role in the citric acid cycle.

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Palmitic acid

Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.

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Paracrine signalling

Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior of those cells.

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Pentose phosphate pathway

The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis.

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Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylcholines (PC) are a class of phospholipids that incorporate choline as a headgroup.

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Phospholipid

Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes.

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Phosphorylation

In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.

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Prokaryote

A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.

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Prostaglandin

The prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds having diverse hormone-like effects in animals.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.

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Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is the first component enzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).

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Pyruvic acid

Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group.

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Regulon

In molecular genetics, a regulon is a group of genes that are regulated as a unit, generally controlled by the same regulatory gene that expresses a protein acting as a repressor or activator.

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Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, or RPI, is a private research university and space-grant institution located in Troy, New York, with two additional campuses in Hartford and Groton, Connecticut.

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Repressor

In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast.

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Shikimic acid

Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

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Streptomyces

Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinobacteria and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae.

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Transamination

Transamination, a chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids.

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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity.

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Tuberculostearic acid

Tuberculostearic acid is a saturated fatty acid produced by Actinomycetales bacteria.

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Two-component regulatory system

In the field of molecular biology, a two-component regulatory system serves as a basic stimulus-response coupling mechanism to allow organisms to sense and respond to changes in many different environmental conditions.

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Valine

Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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(acyl-carrier-protein) S-acetyltransferase

In enzymology, a S-acetyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and acyl carrier protein, whereas its two products are CoA and acetyl-acyl-carrier-protein.

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(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase

In enzymology, a S-malonyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are malonyl-CoA and acyl carrier protein, whereas its two products are CoA and malonyl-acyl-carrier-protein.

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3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase

3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase is an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis.

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3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase

In enzymology, a 3-oxoacyl- reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-acyl-carrier-protein and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 3-oxoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein, NADPH, and H+.

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Redirects here:

Fa synthesis, Fatty acid biosynthesis.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis

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