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87 relations: Antiparticle, Atomic physics, B − L, B-tagging, Baryon, Baryon number, Bottom quark, Bottomness, Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix, Charge (physics), Charm quark, Chiral anomaly, Chiral model, Chiral perturbation theory, Chiral symmetry breaking, Chirality (physics), Constituent quark, Coupling constant, CP violation, Current quark, Determinant, Eightfold Way (physics), Electric charge, Electromagnetism, Electron, Electron shell, Electroweak interaction, Elementary particle, Energy level, Explicit symmetry breaking, Family symmetries, Fermion, Fermionic condensate, Force, Gauge theory, Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula, Generation (particle physics), Global symmetry, Hadron, Hadronization, Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics), Helicity (particle physics), Hypercharge, Invariant mass, Isospin, Lepton, Lepton number, Lie group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model, ..., Meson, Momentum, Muon, Murray Gell-Mann, Neutrino, Neutrino oscillation, Orthogonality, Particle, Particle identification, Particle physics, Point particle, Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix, QCD matter, Quantum chromodynamics, Quantum field theory, Quantum number, Quantum state, Quantum superposition, Quark, Quark model, Selection rule, Sign (mathematics), Special unitary group, Spontaneous symmetry breaking, Standard Model, Strange quark, Strangeness, Strong CP problem, Strong interaction, Subatomic particle, Tau (particle), Top quark, Topness, Unitary matrix, Weak hypercharge, Weak interaction, Weak isospin. Expand index (37 more) »
Antiparticle
In particle physics, every type of particle has an associated antiparticle with the same mass but with opposite physical charges (such as electric charge).
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Atomic physics
Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.
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B − L
In high energy physics, B − L (pronounced "bee minus ell") is the difference between the baryon number (B) and the lepton number (L).
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B-tagging
b-tagging is a method of jet flavor tagging used in modern particle physics experiments.
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Baryon
A baryon is a composite subatomic particle made up of three quarks (a triquark, as distinct from mesons, which are composed of one quark and one antiquark).
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Baryon number
In particle physics, the baryon number is a strictly conserved additive quantum number of a system.
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Bottom quark
The bottom quark or b quark, also known as the beauty quark, is a third-generation quark with a charge of − ''e''.
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Bottomness
In physics, bottomness (symbol B&prime) or beauty is a flavour quantum number reflecting the difference between the number of bottom antiquarks (n) and the number of bottom quarks (n) that are present in a particle: Bottom quarks have (by convention) a bottomness of −1 while bottom antiquarks have a bottomness of +1.
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Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix
In the Standard Model of particle physics, the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix, CKM matrix, quark mixing matrix, or KM matrix is a unitary matrix which contains information on the strength of flavour-changing weak decays.
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Charge (physics)
In physics, a charge may refer to one of many different quantities, such as the electric charge in electromagnetism or the color charge in quantum chromodynamics.
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Charm quark
The charm quark, charmed quark or c quark (from its symbol, c) is the third most massive of all quarks, a type of elementary particle.
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Chiral anomaly
In physics, a chiral anomaly is the anomalous nonconservation of a chiral current.
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Chiral model
In nuclear physics, the chiral model, introduced by Feza Gürsey in 1960, is a phenomenological model describing effective interactions of mesons in the chiral limit (where the masses of the quarks go to zero), but without necessarily mentioning quarks at all.
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Chiral perturbation theory
Chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) is an effective field theory constructed with a Lagrangian consistent with the (approximate) chiral symmetry of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), as well as the other symmetries of parity and charge conjugation.
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Chiral symmetry breaking
In particle physics, chiral symmetry breaking is the spontaneous symmetry breaking of a chiral symmetry – usually by a gauge theory such as quantum chromodynamics, the quantum field theory of the strong interaction.
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Chirality (physics)
A chiral phenomenon is one that is not identical to its mirror image (see the article on mathematical chirality).
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Constituent quark
A constituent quark is a current quark with a notional "covering" induced by the renormalization group.
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Coupling constant
In physics, a coupling constant or gauge coupling parameter is a number that determines the strength of the force exerted in an interaction.
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CP violation
In particle physics, CP violation is a violation of CP-symmetry (or charge conjugation parity symmetry): the combination of C-symmetry (charge conjugation symmetry) and P-symmetry (parity symmetry).
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Current quark
Current quarks (also called naked quarks or bare quarks) are defined as the constituent quark cores (constituent quarks with no covering) of a valence quark.
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Determinant
In linear algebra, the determinant is a value that can be computed from the elements of a square matrix.
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Eightfold Way (physics)
In physics, the Eightfold Way is a theory organizing subatomic hadrons.
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Electric charge
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
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Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Electron shell
In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus.
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Electroweak interaction
In particle physics, the electroweak interaction is the unified description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism and the weak interaction.
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Elementary particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle with no substructure, thus not composed of other particles.
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Energy level
A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy.
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Explicit symmetry breaking
In theoretical physics, explicit symmetry breaking is the breaking of a symmetry of a theory by terms in its defining equations of motion (most typically, to the Lagrangian or the Hamiltonian) that do not respect the symmetry.
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Family symmetries
In particle physics, family symmetries or horizontal symmetries are various discrete, global, or local symmetries between quark-lepton families or generations.
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Fermion
In particle physics, a fermion is a particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics.
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Fermionic condensate
A fermionic condensate is a superfluid phase formed by fermionic particles at low temperatures.
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Force
In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
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Gauge theory
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian is invariant under certain Lie groups of local transformations.
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Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula (sometimes known as the NNG formula) relates the baryon number B, the strangeness S, the isospin I3 of quarks and hadrons to the electric charge Q. It was originally given by Kazuhiko Nishijima and Tadao Nakano in 1953, and led to the proposal of strangeness as a concept, which Nishijima originally called "eta-charge" after the eta meson.
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Generation (particle physics)
In particle physics, a generation or family is a division of the elementary particles.
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Global symmetry
In physics, a global symmetry is a symmetry that holds at all points in the spacetime under consideration, as opposed to a local symmetry which varies from point to point.
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Hadron
In particle physics, a hadron (ἁδρός, hadrós, "stout, thick") is a composite particle made of quarks held together by the strong force in a similar way as molecules are held together by the electromagnetic force.
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Hadronization
In particle physics, hadronization (or hadronisation) is the process of the formation of hadrons out of quarks and gluons.
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Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, a Hamiltonian is an operator corresponding to the total energy of the system in most of the cases.
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Helicity (particle physics)
In particle physics, helicity is the projection of the spin onto the direction of momentum.
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Hypercharge
In particle physics, the hypercharge (from '''hyper'''onic + charge) Y of a particle is related to the strong interaction, and is distinct from the similarly named weak hypercharge, which has an analogous role in the electroweak interaction.
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Invariant mass
The invariant mass, rest mass, intrinsic mass, proper mass, or in the case of bound systems simply mass, is the portion of the total mass of an object or system of objects that is independent of the overall motion of the system.
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Isospin
In nuclear physics and particle physics, isospin is a quantum number related to the strong interaction.
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Lepton
In particle physics, a lepton is an elementary particle of half-integer spin (spin) that does not undergo strong interactions.
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Lepton number
In particle physics, lepton number (historically also called lepton charge) is a conserved quantum number representing the difference between the number of leptons and the number of antileptons in an elementary particle reaction.
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Lie group
In mathematics, a Lie group (pronounced "Lee") is a group that is also a differentiable manifold, with the property that the group operations are compatible with the smooth structure.
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Los Alamos National Laboratory
Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos or LANL for short) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory initially organized during World War II for the design of nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project.
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Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group.
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Meson
In particle physics, mesons are hadronic subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark, bound together by strong interactions.
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Momentum
In Newtonian mechanics, linear momentum, translational momentum, or simply momentum (pl. momenta) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object.
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Muon
The muon (from the Greek letter mu (μ) used to represent it) is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and a spin of 1/2, but with a much greater mass.
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Murray Gell-Mann
Murray Gell-Mann (born September 15, 1929) is an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles.
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Neutrino
A neutrino (denoted by the Greek letter ν) is a fermion (an elementary particle with half-integer spin) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity.
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Neutrino oscillation
Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon whereby a neutrino created with a specific lepton flavor (electron, muon, or tau) can later be measured to have a different flavor.
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Orthogonality
In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the notion of perpendicularity to the linear algebra of bilinear forms.
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Particle
In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscule in older texts) is a small localized object to which can be ascribed several physical or chemical properties such as volume, density or mass.
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Particle identification
Particle identification is the process of using information left by a particle passing through a particle detector to identify the type of particle.
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Particle physics
Particle physics (also high energy physics) is the branch of physics that studies the nature of the particles that constitute matter and radiation.
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Point particle
A point particle (ideal particle or point-like particle, often spelled pointlike particle) is an idealization of particles heavily used in physics.
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Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix
In particle physics, the Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix (PMNS matrix), Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix (MNS matrix), lepton mixing matrix, or neutrino mixing matrix is a unitaryThe PMNS matrix is not unitary in the seesaw model.
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QCD matter
Quark matter or QCD matter refers to any of a number of theorized phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons.
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Quantum chromodynamics
In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction between quarks and gluons, the fundamental particles that make up composite hadrons such as the proton, neutron and pion.
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Quantum field theory
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is the theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of subatomic particles in particle physics and quasiparticles in condensed matter physics.
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Quantum number
Quantum numbers describe values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of a quantum system.
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Quantum state
In quantum physics, quantum state refers to the state of an isolated quantum system.
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Quantum superposition
Quantum superposition is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics.
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Quark
A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.
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Quark model
In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks which give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons.
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Selection rule
In physics and chemistry, a selection rule, or transition rule, formally constrains the possible transitions of a system from one quantum state to another.
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Sign (mathematics)
In mathematics, the concept of sign originates from the property of every non-zero real number of being positive or negative.
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Special unitary group
In mathematics, the special unitary group of degree, denoted, is the Lie group of unitary matrices with determinant 1.
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Spontaneous symmetry breaking
Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a spontaneous process of symmetry breaking, by which a physical system in a symmetric state ends up in an asymmetric state.
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Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, and not including the gravitational force) in the universe, as well as classifying all known elementary particles.
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Strange quark
The strange quark or s quark (from its symbol, s) is the third lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle.
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Strangeness
In particle physics, strangeness ("S") is a property of particles, expressed as a quantum number, for describing decay of particles in strong and electromagnetic interactions which occur in a short period of time.
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Strong CP problem
In particle physics, the strong CP problem is the puzzling question of why quantum chromodynamics (QCD) does not seem to break CP-symmetry.
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Strong interaction
In particle physics, the strong interaction is the mechanism responsible for the strong nuclear force (also called the strong force or nuclear strong force), and is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism, the weak interaction, and gravitation.
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Subatomic particle
In the physical sciences, subatomic particles are particles much smaller than atoms.
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Tau (particle)
The tau (τ), also called the tau lepton, tau particle, or tauon, is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with negative electric charge and a 2.
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Top quark
The top quark, also known as the t quark (symbol: t) or truth quark, is the most massive of all observed elementary particles.
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Topness
Topness (also called truth), a flavour quantum number, represents the difference between the number of top quarks (t) and number of top antiquarks that are present in a particle: By convention, top quarks have a topness of +1 and top antiquarks have a topness of −1.The term "topness" is rarely used; most physicists simply refer to "the number of top quarks" and "the number of top antiquarks".
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Unitary matrix
In mathematics, a complex square matrix is unitary if its conjugate transpose is also its inverse—that is, if where is the identity matrix.
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Weak hypercharge
In the Standard Model of electroweak interactions of particle physics, the weak hypercharge is a quantum number relating the electric charge and the third component of weak isospin.
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Weak interaction
In particle physics, the weak interaction (the weak force or weak nuclear force) is the mechanism of interaction between sub-atomic particles that causes radioactive decay and thus plays an essential role in nuclear fission.
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Weak isospin
In particle physics, weak isospin is a quantum number relating to the weak interaction, and parallels the idea of isospin under the strong interaction.
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Fermion generation, Flavor (particle physics), Flavor (physics), Flavor quantum number, Flavor symmetry, Flavour (physics), Flavour physics, Flavour quantum number, Flavour quantum numbers, Flavour symmetry, Quantum flavor, Quark flavor, Quark flavour.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)
