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Fluorescent lamp

Index Fluorescent lamp

A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. [1]

214 relations: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Adsorption, Alternating current, Amalgam (chemistry), Antimony, Argon, Artcraft Fluorescent Lighting Corporation, Arthur Compton, Autism, Autotransformer, Backlight, Barium, Basement, Beat (acoustics), Berlin, Berylliosis, Beryllium, Bilirubin, Bimetallic strip, Blacklight, Blacklight paint, Blacklight poster, Borate, Bug zapper, Calcium, California, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Capacitive coupling, Capacitor, Carbon dioxide, Case modding, Cathode, Cerium, Chlorine, Chlorophyll, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Cleanroom, Cold cathode, Color rendering index, Color temperature, Compact fluorescent lamp, Computer monitor, Crookes tube, Daniel McFarlan Moore, Dimmer, Direct current, East Asia, Edmond Becquerel, Edmund Germer, Electric arc, ..., Electric current, Electric power transmission, Electrical ballast, Electrical injury, Electrical resonance, Electrode, Electromagnetic field, Electromagnetic induction, Electron, Electron avalanche, Electrophoresis, Energy conservation, Energy level, Epilepsy, EPROM, Europium, Excited state, Failure of electronic components, Fluorescence, Fluorescent-lamp formats, Fluorine, Fluorite, Frequency, Fused quartz, Garage (residential), Gas-discharge lamp, Gas-filled tube, Geissler tube, General Electric, General Electric Company, Geologist, Georges Claude, Germany, Germicidal lamp, Glare (vision), Glow discharge, Glow switch starter, Golden Gate International Exposition, Grow light, Hazardous waste, Heinrich Geißler, Hermann Sprengel, Hot cathode, Impact ionization, Incandescence, Incandescent light bulb, Indigo, Indoor tanning, Inductance, Inductor, Inelastic scattering, J. J. Thomson, James Clerk Maxwell, Jaundice, Journal of Experimental Botany, Julius Plücker, Kinetic energy, Kitchen, Kruithof curve, Krypton, Lanthanum, Law, Leakage inductance, LED-backlit LCD, Light, Light fixture, Light therapy, Light-emitting diode, Lightolier, Liquid-crystal display, List of light sources, Lumen (unit), Luminescence, Luminous efficacy, Luminous flux, Lyme disease, Manganese, Mercury (element), Mercury-vapor lamp, Metal-halide lamp, Michael Faraday, Microcontroller, Microorganism, Mineral, Nanometre, Negative resistance, Nela Park, Neon, Nikola Tesla, Nitrogen, Noble gas, Operating temperature, Oxygen, Ozone, Patent infringement, PDF, Penning ionization, Peripheral vision, Peter Cooper Hewitt, Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs, Phosphor, Phosphorescence, Phosphorus, Photolithography, Photon, Photosensitivity, Photosynthesis, Plasma (physics), Poly(methyl methacrylate), Power factor, Power inverter, Pulse-width modulation, Random House, Rare-earth element, Rectifier, Recycling, Resonance, Resonant inverter, Short circuit, Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet, Snubber, Southeast Asia, Spectral line, Spectrum, Sprengel pump, Sputtering, Stage lighting, Static electricity, Stokes shift, Stroboscopic effect, Strontium, Sun tanning, Sylvania Electric Products, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Tanning lamp, Tar, Terbium, Tesla coil, Textile, Thallium, Thermionic emission, Thermistor, Thomas Edison, Transistor, Tungsten, Ultraviolet, United States Environmental Protection Agency, University of Cambridge, Vacuum pump, Van de Graaff generator, Vertigo, Voltage, Voltage source, Voltage spike, Wavelength, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Wilhelm Röntgen, Willemite, William Crookes, Wood's glass, X-ray, Xenon, Yttrium, 1939 New York World's Fair. Expand index (164 more) »

Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)

In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is the way in which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter, typically the electrons of an atom.

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Adsorption

Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface.

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Alternating current

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction.

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Amalgam (chemistry)

An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with another metal, which may be a liquid, a soft paste or a solid, depending upon the proportion of mercury.

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Antimony

Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from stibium) and atomic number 51.

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Argon

Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18.

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Artcraft Fluorescent Lighting Corporation

Artcraft Fluorescent Lighting Corporation was one of the top three manufacturers of fluorescent lighting fixtures in the United States, the of the industry, from the time of the public introduction of the fluorescent lamp at the 1939 World's Fair.

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Arthur Compton

Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for his 1923 discovery of the Compton effect, which demonstrated the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation.

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Autism

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by troubles with social interaction and communication and by restricted and repetitive behavior.

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Autotransformer

An Auto-transformer (sometimes called auto-step down transformer) is an electrical transformer with only one winding.

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Backlight

A backlight is a form of illumination used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs).

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Barium

Barium is a chemical element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56.

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Basement

A basement or cellar is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially below the ground floor.

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Beat (acoustics)

In acoustics, a beat is an interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different frequencies, perceived as a periodic variation in volume whose rate is the difference of the two frequencies.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.

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Berylliosis

Berylliosis, or chronic beryllium disease (CBD), is a chronic allergic-type lung response and chronic lung disease caused by exposure to beryllium and its compounds, a form of beryllium poisoning.

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Beryllium

Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.

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Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.

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Bimetallic strip

A bimetallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement.

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Blacklight

A blacklight (or often black light), also referred to as a UV-A light, Wood's lamp, or simply ultraviolet light, is a lamp that emits long-wave (UV-A) ultraviolet light and not much visible light.

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Blacklight paint

Black light paint or black light fluorescent paint is luminous paint that glows under a black light.

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Blacklight poster

A blacklight poster is a poster printed with inks which fluoresce under a black light.

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Borate

Borates are the name for a large number of boron-containing oxyanions.

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Bug zapper

A bug zapper, more formally called an electrical discharge insect control system, electric insect killer or (insect) electrocutor trap, is a device that attracts and kills flying insects that are attracted by light.

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Calcium

Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.

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California

California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.

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Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Société Radio-Canada), branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television.

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Capacitive coupling

Capacitive coupling is the transfer of energy within an electrical network or between distant networks by means of displacement current between circuit(s) nodes, induced by the electric field.

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Capacitor

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores potential energy in an electric field.

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Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

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Case modding

Case modification, commonly referred to as case modding, is the modification of a computer case or a video game console chassis.

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Cathode

A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device.

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Cerium

Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58.

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Chlorine

Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17.

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Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.

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Chronic fatigue syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also referred to as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), is a medical condition characterized by long-term fatigue and other symptoms that limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities.

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Cleanroom

A cleanroom or clean room is a situation, ordinarily utilized as a part of assembling, including of pharmaceutical items or logical research, and in addition aviation semiconductor building applications with a low level of natural toxins, for example, tiny, airborne organisms, vaporized particles, and concoction vapors.

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Cold cathode

A cold cathode is a cathode that is not electrically heated by a filament.

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Color rendering index

A color rendering index (CRI) is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reveal the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source.

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Color temperature

The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of a color comparable to that of the light source.

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Compact fluorescent lamp

A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent light bulb; some types fit into light fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs.

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Computer monitor

A computer monitor is an output device which displays information in pictorial form.

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Crookes tube

A Crookes tube (also Crookes–Hittorf tube) is an early experimental electrical discharge tube, with partial vacuum, invented by English physicist William Crookes and others around 1869-1875, in which cathode rays, streams of electrons, were discovered.

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Daniel McFarlan Moore

Daniel McFarlan Moore (February 27, 1869 – June 15, 1936) was a U.S. electrical engineer and inventor.

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Dimmer

Dimmers are devices connected to a light fixture and used to lower the brightness of light.

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Direct current

Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.

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East Asia

East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or ethno-cultural "The East Asian cultural sphere evolves when Japan, Korea, and what is today Vietnam all share adapted elements of Chinese civilization of this period (that of the Tang dynasty), in particular Buddhism, Confucian social and political values, and literary Chinese and its writing system." terms.

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Edmond Becquerel

Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel (24 March 1820 – 11 May 1891), known as Edmond Becquerel, was a French physicist who studied the solar spectrum, magnetism, electricity and optics.

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Edmund Germer

Edmund Germer (August 24, 1901 in Berlin – August 10, 1987) was a German inventor recognized as the father of the fluorescent lamp.

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Electric arc

An electric arc, or arc discharge, is an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces an ongoing electrical discharge.

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Electric current

An electric current is a flow of electric charge.

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Electric power transmission

Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation.

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Electrical ballast

An electrical ballast is a device placed in line with the load to limit the amount of current in an electrical circuit.

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Electrical injury

Electrical injury is a physiological reaction caused by electric current passing through the (human) body.

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Electrical resonance

Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit at a particular resonant frequency when the imaginary parts of impedances or admittances of circuit elements cancel each other.

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Electrode

An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air).

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Electromagnetic field

An electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects.

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Electromagnetic induction

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.

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Electron

The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.

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Electron avalanche

An electron avalanche is a process in which a number of free electrons in a transmission medium are subjected to strong acceleration by an electric field and subsequently collide with other atoms of the medium, thereby ionizing them (impact ionization).

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Electrophoresis

Electrophoresis (from the Greek "Ηλεκτροφόρηση" meaning "to bear electrons") is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field.

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Energy conservation

Energy conservation is the effort made to reduce the consumption of energy by using less of an energy service.

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Energy level

A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy.

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Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures.

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EPROM

An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read-only memory, is a type of memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off.

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Europium

Europium is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63.

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Excited state

In quantum mechanics, an excited state of a system (such as an atom, molecule or nucleus) is any quantum state of the system that has a higher energy than the ground state (that is, more energy than the absolute minimum).

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Failure of electronic components

Electronic components have a wide range of failure modes.

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Fluorescence

Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.

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Fluorescent-lamp formats

Since their introduction as a commercial product in 1939, many different types of fluorescent lamp have been introduced.

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Fluorine

Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9.

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Fluorite

Not to be confused with Fluoride. Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is the mineral form of calcium fluoride, CaF2.

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Frequency

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.

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Fused quartz

Fused quartz or fused silica is glass consisting of silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form.

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Garage (residential)

A residential garage is a walled, roofed structure for storing a vehicle or vehicles that may be part of or attached to a home ("attached garage"), or a separate outbuilding or shed ("detached garage").

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Gas-discharge lamp

Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electric discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma.

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Gas-filled tube

A gas-filled tube, also known as a discharge tube, is an arrangement of electrodes in a gas within an insulating, temperature-resistant envelope.

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Geissler tube

A Geissler tube is an early gas discharge tube used to demonstrate the principles of electrical glow discharge, similar to modern neon lighting.

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General Electric

General Electric Company (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.

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General Electric Company

The General Electric Company, or GEC, was a major UK-based industrial conglomerate involved in consumer and defence electronics, communications, and engineering.

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Geologist

A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth as well as the processes that shape it.

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Georges Claude

Georges Claude (24 September 187023 May 1960) was a French engineer and inventor.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Germicidal lamp

A germicidal lamp is a special type of lamp which produces ultraviolet (UVC) light.

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Glare (vision)

Glare is difficulty seeing in the presence of bright light such as direct or reflected sunlight or artificial light such as car headlamps at night.

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Glow discharge

A glow discharge is a plasma formed by the passage of electric current through a gas.

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Glow switch starter

A glow switch starter is a type of preheat starter used with fluorescent lamp.

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Golden Gate International Exposition

The Golden Gate International Exposition (GGIE) (1939 and 1940), held at San Francisco's Treasure Island, was a World's Fair celebrating, among other things, the city's two newly built bridges.

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Grow light

A grow light or plant light is an artificial light source, generally an electric light, designed to stimulate plant growth by emitting a light appropriate for photosynthesis.

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Hazardous waste

Hazardous waste is waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment.

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Heinrich Geißler

Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Geißler (26 May 1814 in Igelshieb – 24 January 1879) was a skilled glassblower and physicist, famous for his invention of the Geissler tube, made of glass and used as a low pressure gas-discharge tube.

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Hermann Sprengel

Hermann Sprengel FRS (29 August 1834 – 14 January 1906) was a German-British chemist who discovered the explosive nature of picric acid in 1873, patented safety explosives and invented the mercurial air pump.

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Hot cathode

In vacuum tubes and gas-filled tubes, a hot cathode or thermionic cathode is a cathode electrode which is heated to make it emit electrons due to thermionic emission.

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Impact ionization

Impact ionization is the process in a material by which one energetic charge carrier can lose energy by the creation of other charge carriers.

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Incandescence

Incandescence is the emission of electromagnetic radiation (including visible light) from a hot body as a result of its temperature.

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Incandescent light bulb

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence).

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Indigo

Indigo is a deep and rich color close to the color wheel blue (a primary color in the RGB color space), as well as to some variants of ultramarine.

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Indoor tanning

Indoor tanning involves using a device that emits ultraviolet radiation to produce a cosmetic tan.

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Inductance

In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of an electrical conductor by which a change in electric current through it induces an electromotive force (voltage) in the conductor.

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Inductor

An inductor, also called a coil, choke or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it.

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Inelastic scattering

In chemistry, nuclear physics, and particle physics, inelastic scattering is a fundamental scattering process in which the kinetic energy of an incident particle is not conserved (in contrast to elastic scattering).

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J. J. Thomson

Sir Joseph John Thomson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was an English physicist and Nobel Laureate in Physics, credited with the discovery and identification of the electron; and with the discovery of the first subatomic particle.

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James Clerk Maxwell

James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics.

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Jaundice

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels.

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Journal of Experimental Botany

The Journal of Experimental Botany (JXB) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

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Julius Plücker

Julius Plücker (16 June 1801 – 22 May 1868) was a German mathematician and physicist.

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Kinetic energy

In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion.

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Kitchen

A kitchen is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation in a dwelling or in a commercial establishment.

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Kruithof curve

The Kruithof curve describes a region of illuminance levels and color temperatures that are often viewed as comfortable or pleasing to an observer.

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Krypton

Krypton (from translit "the hidden one") is a chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36.

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Lanthanum

Lanthanum is a chemical element with symbol La and atomic number 57.

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Law

Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.

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Leakage inductance

Leakage inductance is that property of an electrical transformer that causes a winding to appear to have some pure inductance in series with the mutually-coupled transformer windings.

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LED-backlit LCD

A LED-backlit LCD is a flat panel display which uses LED backlighting instead of the cold cathode fluorescent (CCFL) backlighting.

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Light

Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Light fixture

A light fixture (US English), light fitting (UK English), or luminaire is an electrical device that contains an electric lamp that provides illumination.

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Light therapy

Light therapy—or phototherapy, classically referred to as heliotherapy—consists of exposure to daylight or to specific wavelengths of light using polychromatic polarised light, lasers, light-emitting diodes, fluorescent lamps, dichroic lamps or very bright, full-spectrum light.

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Light-emitting diode

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.

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Lightolier

Lightolier is a company that manufactures and sells a wide array of lighting fixtures.

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Liquid-crystal display

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals.

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List of light sources

This is a list of sources of light, including both natural and artificial processes that emit light.

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Lumen (unit)

The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux, a measure of the total quantity of visible light emitted by a source.

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Luminescence

Luminescence is emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat; it is thus a form of cold-body radiation.

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Luminous efficacy

Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a light source produces visible light.

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Luminous flux

In photometry, luminous flux or luminous power is the measure of the perceived power of light.

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Lyme disease

Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the Borrelia type which is spread by ticks.

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Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25.

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Mercury (element)

Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80.

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Mercury-vapor lamp

A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp that uses an electric arc through vaporized mercury to produce light.

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Metal-halide lamp

A metal-halide lamp is an electrical lamp that produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides (compounds of metals with bromine or iodine).

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Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

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Microcontroller

A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit, or UC for μ-controller) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.

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Mineral

A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.

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Nanometre

The nanometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm) or nanometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth (short scale) of a metre (m).

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Negative resistance

In electronics, negative resistance (NR) is a property of some electrical circuits and devices in which an increase in voltage across the device's terminals results in a decrease in electric current through it.

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Nela Park

Nela Park is the headquarters of GE Lighting, and is located in East Cleveland, Ohio, United States.

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Neon

Neon is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10.

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Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla (Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist who is best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.

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Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.

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Noble gas

The noble gases (historically also the inert gases) make up a group of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity.

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Operating temperature

An operating temperature is the temperature at which an electrical or mechanical device operates.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Ozone

Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.

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Patent infringement

Patent infringement is the commission of a prohibited act with respect to a patented invention without permission from the patent holder.

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PDF

The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.

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Penning ionization

Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules.

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Peripheral vision

Peripheral vision is a part of vision that occurs only on the side gaze.

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Peter Cooper Hewitt

Hewitt was born in New York City, the son of New York City Mayor Abram Hewitt and the grandson of industrialist Peter Cooper.

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Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs

Governments around the world have passed measures to phase out incandescent light bulbs for general lighting in favor of more energy-efficient lighting alternatives.

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Phosphor

A phosphor, most generally, is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of luminescence.

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Phosphorescence

Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence.

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Phosphorus

Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15.

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Photolithography

Photolithography, also termed optical lithography or UV lithography, is a process used in microfabrication to pattern parts of a thin film or the bulk of a substrate.

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Photon

The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).

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Photosensitivity

Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving photons, especially visible light.

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).

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Plasma (physics)

Plasma (Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek English Lexicon, on Perseus) is one of the four fundamental states of matter, and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s.

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Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), also known as acrylic or acrylic glass as well as by the trade names Crylux, Plexiglas, Acrylite, Lucite, and Perspex among several others (see below), is a transparent thermoplastic often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass.

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Power factor

In electrical engineering, the power factor of an AC electrical power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit, and is a dimensionless number in the closed interval of −1 to 1.

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Power inverter

A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).

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Pulse-width modulation

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal.

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Random House

Random House is an American book publisher and the largest general-interest paperback publisher in the world.

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Rare-earth element

A rare-earth element (REE) or rare-earth metal (REM), as defined by IUPAC, is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides, as well as scandium and yttrium.

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Rectifier

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.

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Recycling

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.

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Resonance

In physics, resonance is a phenomenon in which a vibrating system or external force drives another system to oscillate with greater amplitude at specific frequencies.

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Resonant inverter

Resonant inverters are electrical inverters based on resonant current oscillation.

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Short circuit

A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path with no or a very low electrical impedance.

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Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet

Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet, (13 August 1819 – 1 February 1903), was an Irish physicist and mathematician.

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Snubber

A snubber is a device used to suppress ("snub") a phenomenon such as voltage transients in electrical systems, pressure transients in fluid systems (caused by for example water hammer) or excess force or rapid movement in mechanical systems.

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Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia.

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Spectral line

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.

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Spectrum

A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary, without steps, across a continuum.

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Sprengel pump

The Sprengel pump is a vacuum pump that uses drops of mercury falling through a small-bore capillary tube to trap air from the system to be evacuated.

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Sputtering

Sputtering is a process whereby particles are ejected from a solid target material due to bombardment of the target by energetic particles, particularly gas ions in a laboratory.

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Stage lighting

Stage lighting is the craft of lighting as it applies to the production of theatre, dance, opera and other performance arts.

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Static electricity

Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material.

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Stokes shift

Stokes shift is the difference (in wavelength or frequency units) between positions of the band maxima of the absorption and emission spectra (fluorescence and Raman being two examples) of the same electronic transition.

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Stroboscopic effect

The stroboscopic effect is a visual phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples.

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Strontium

Strontium is the chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38.

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Sun tanning

Sun tanning or simply tanning is the process whereby skin color is darkened or tanned.

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Sylvania Electric Products

Sylvania Electric Products was a U.S. manufacturer of diverse electrical equipment, including at various times radio transceivers, vacuum tubes, semiconductors, and mainframe computers such as MOBIDIC.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also known simply as lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body.

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Tanning lamp

Tanning lamps (sometimes called tanning bulbs in the United States or tanning tubes in Europe) are the part of a tanning bed, booth or other tanning device which produces ultraviolet light responsible for tanning.

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Tar

Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation.

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Terbium

Terbium is a chemical element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65.

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Tesla coil

A Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transformer circuit designed by inventor Nikola Tesla in 1891.

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Textile

A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres (yarn or thread).

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Thallium

Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81.

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Thermionic emission

Thermionic emission is the thermally induced flow of charge carriers from a surface or over a potential-energy barrier.

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Thermistor

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more so than in standard resistors.

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Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor.

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Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

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Tungsten

Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.

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Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.

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United States Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection.

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University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.

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Vacuum pump

A vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum.

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Van de Graaff generator

A Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate electric charge on a hollow metal globe on the top of an insulated column, creating very high electric potentials.

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Vertigo

Vertigo is a symptom where a person feels as if they or the objects around them are moving when they are not.

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Voltage

Voltage, electric potential difference, electric pressure or electric tension (formally denoted or, but more often simply as V or U, for instance in the context of Ohm's or Kirchhoff's circuit laws) is the difference in electric potential between two points.

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Voltage source

A voltage source is a two-terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage.

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Voltage spike

In electrical engineering, spikes are fast, short duration electrical transients in voltage (voltage spikes), current (current spikes), or transferred energy (energy spikes) in an electrical circuit.

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Wavelength

In physics, the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.

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Westinghouse Electric Corporation

The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company.

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Wilhelm Röntgen

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

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Willemite

Willemite is a zinc silicate mineral (Zn2SiO4) and a minor ore of zinc.

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William Crookes

Sir William Crookes (17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919) was a British chemist and physicist who attended the Royal College of Chemistry in London, and worked on spectroscopy.

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Wood's glass

Wood's glass is an optical filter glass invented in 1903 by American physicist Robert Williams Wood (1868–1955), which allows ultraviolet and infrared light to pass through, while blocking most visible light.

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X-ray

X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation.

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Xenon

Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54.

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Yttrium

Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39.

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1939 New York World's Fair

The 1939–40 New York World's Fair, which covered the of Flushing Meadows-Corona Park (also the location of the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair), was the second most expensive American world's fair of all time, exceeded only by St.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp

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