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59 relations: Activation energy, Agar, Amorphous solid, Antifreeze protein, Atmosphere (unit), Bacteria, Bismuth, Carnobacterium pleistocenium, Chryseobacterium greenlandensis, Cold hardening, Cryobiology, Cryonics, Cryopreservation, Cryoprotectant, Crystal, Crystal growth, Crystal structure, Crystallization, Degree of frost, Embryo, Enthalpy of fusion, Exothermic process, Flash freezing, Food preservation, Fractional freezing, Frost, Gamete, Glass, Glass transition, Glycerol, Haemonchus contortus, Helium, Helium-3, Helium-4, Herminiimonas glaciei, Latent heat, Liquid, Liquid nitrogen, Melting, Melting point, Micro-pulling-down, Microorganism, Mpemba effect, Nanometre, Nucleation, PDF, Phase diagram, Phase transition, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, ..., Pseudomonas syringae, Reaction rate, Second law of thermodynamics, Solid, Supercooling, Surface energy, Temperature, Viscoelasticity, Water. Expand index (9 more) »
Activation energy
In chemistry and physics, activation energy is the energy which must be available to a chemical or nuclear system with potential reactants to result in: a chemical reaction, nuclear reaction, or other various other physical phenomena.
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Agar
Agar (pronounced, sometimes) or agar-agar is a jelly-like substance, obtained from algae.
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Amorphous solid
In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous (from the Greek a, without, morphé, shape, form) or non-crystalline solid is a solid that lacks the long-range order that is characteristic of a crystal.
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Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins (ISPs) refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria that permit their survival in subzero environments.
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Atmosphere (unit)
The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bismuth
Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83.
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Carnobacterium pleistocenium
Carnobacterium pleistocenium is recently discovered bacterium from the arctic part of Alaska.
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Chryseobacterium greenlandensis
Chryseobacterium greenlandensis is an ultramicrobacteria species of bacteria that is able to live for long periods of time in low-temperature, high-pressure, reduced-oxygen and nutrient-poor habitats.
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Cold hardening
Cold hardening is the physiological and biochemical process by which an organism prepares for cold weather.
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Cryobiology
Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science.
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Cryonics
Cryonics (from Greek κρύος kryos meaning 'cold') is the low-temperature preservation (usually at −196°C) of human cadavers, with the hope that resuscitation and restoration to life and full health may be possible in the far future.
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Cryopreservation
Cryo-preservation or cryo-conservation is a process where organelles, cells, tissues, extracellular matrix, organs or any other biological constructs susceptible to damage caused by unregulated chemical kinetics are preserved by cooling to very low temperatures (typically −80 °C using solid carbon dioxide or −196 °C using liquid nitrogen).
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Cryoprotectant
A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage (i.e. that due to ice formation).
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Crystal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
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Crystal growth
Crystal growth is the process where a pre-existing crystal becomes larger as more molecules or ions add in their positions in the crystal lattice.
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Crystal structure
In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline material.
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Crystallization
Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process by which a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal.
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Degree of frost
A degree of frost is a non-standard unit of measure for air temperature meaning degrees below melting point (also known as "freezing point") of water (0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit).
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Embryo
An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.
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Enthalpy of fusion
The enthalpy of fusion of a substance, also known as (latent) heat of fusion, is the change in its enthalpy resulting from providing energy, typically heat, to a specific quantity of the substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid, at constant pressure.
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Exothermic process
In thermodynamics, the term exothermic process (exo-: "outside") describes a process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen).
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Flash freezing
In physics and chemistry, flash freezing is a naturally occurring phenomenon, but also used by people in everyday life in the food industry and forecasting in the field of meteorology.
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Food preservation
Food preservation prevents the growth of microorganisms (such as yeasts), or other microorganisms (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria or fungi to the food), as well as slowing the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity.
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Fractional freezing
Fractional freezing is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate substances with different melting points.
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Frost
Frost is the coating or deposit of ice that may form in humid air in cold conditions, usually overnight.
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Gamete
A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμετή gamete from gamein "to marry") is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that sexually reproduce.
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Glass
Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics.
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Glass transition
The glass–liquid transition, or glass transition, is the gradual and reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semicrystalline materials), from a hard and relatively brittle "glassy" state into a viscous or rubbery state as the temperature is increased.
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Glycerol
Glycerol (also called glycerine or glycerin; see spelling differences) is a simple polyol compound.
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Haemonchus contortus
Haemonchus contortus, also known as the barber's pole worm, is very common parasite and one of the most pathogenic nematodes of ruminants.
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Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.
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Helium-3
Helium-3 (He-3, also written as 3He, see also helion) is a light, non-radioactive isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron (common helium having two protons and two neutrons).
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Helium-4
Helium-4 is a non-radioactive isotope of the element helium.
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Herminiimonas glaciei
Herminiimonas glaciei is a species of ultramicrobacterium in the family Oxalobacteraceae.
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Latent heat
Latent heat is thermal energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process — usually a first-order phase transition.
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Liquid
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
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Liquid nitrogen
Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at an extremely low temperature.
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Melting
Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid.
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Melting point
The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure.
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Micro-pulling-down
The micro-pulling-down (µ-PD) method is a crystal growth technique based on continuous transport of the melted substance through micro-channel(s) made in a crucible bottom.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Mpemba effect
The Mpemba effect is a process in which hot water can freeze faster than cold water.
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Nanometre
The nanometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm) or nanometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth (short scale) of a metre (m).
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Nucleation
Nucleation is the first step in the formation of either a new thermodynamic phase or a new structure via self-assembly or self-organization.
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The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.
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Phase diagram
A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium.
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Phase transition
The term phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences is a fortnightly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society.
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society.
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Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringae is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium with polar flagella.
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Reaction rate
The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted into products.
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Second law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.
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Solid
Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma).
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Supercooling
Supercooling, also known as undercooling, is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid or a gas below its freezing point without it becoming a solid.
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Surface energy
Surface Free energy, or interfacial free energy, quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occur when a surface is created.
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Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.
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Viscoelasticity
Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing
