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Gbe languages

Index Gbe languages

The Gbe languages (pronounced) form a cluster of about twenty related languages stretching across the area between eastern Ghana and western Nigeria. [1]

147 relations: Adele language, Adja language, Affricate consonant, Agglutinative language, Agreement (linguistics), Aguna language, Aja people, Akan language, Alada language, Allada, Alveolar consonant, Alveolo-palatal consonant, Amedzofe (history), Aného, Apical consonant, Approximant consonant, Areal feature, Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic–Congo languages, Ayizo language, Back vowel, Bantu languages, Benin, Bight of Benin, Caribbean, Central vowel, Close vowel, Close-mid vowel, Comparative linguistics, Consonant, Cotonou, Creole language, Depressor consonant, Dialect continuum, Diedrich Hermann Westermann, Divide and rule, Doctrina Christiana, Dutch language, England, Ernst Henrici, Ethnologue, Ewe language, Ewe people, Fante people, Focus (linguistics), Fon language, Fon people, Free variation, French language, Fricative consonant, ..., Front vowel, Ga-Adangbe people, Ga–Dangme languages, Gen language, Ghana, Gold Coast (British colony), Grammatical gender, Grammatical tense, Guang languages, Haitian Creole, History of slavery, Hounkpati B Christophe Capo, Imperfective aspect, Interdental consonant, Isolating language, Johann Gottlieb Christaller, Joseph Greenberg, Keta, Ketu (Benin), Kwa languages, Labial consonant, Labial–velar consonant, Labialization, Labiodental consonant, Lake Ahémé, Lake Togo, Laminal consonant, Language, Latitude, Leiden University, Liquid consonant, Literacy, Loanword, Maurice Delafosse, Missionary, Mono River, Nasal consonant, Nasal vowel, Nasalization, Negation, Netherlands, New World, Niger–Congo languages, Nigeria, Notsé, Noun, Noun class, Obstruent, Open vowel, Open-mid vowel, Ouémé River, Palatal consonant, Periphrasis, Pherá language, Phla language, Phla–Pherá languages, Phonation, Phonology, Portuguese language, Postalveolar consonant, Proto-language, Question, Reduplication, Robert Needham Cust, Roger Blench, Saxwe language, Schwa, Serial verb construction, SIL International, Slave Coast of West Africa, Sonorant, Sprachbund, Stop consonant, Subapical consonant, Subject–verb–object, Suriname, Syllable, The Languages of Africa, Tofin language, Togo, Tone (linguistics), Topic and comment, Triangular trade, Trill consonant, Uvular consonant, Velar consonant, Verb, Voice (phonetics), Voiced labial–velar stop, Voicelessness, Volta River, Volta–Congo languages, Volta–Niger languages, West Africa, Working group, Wudu language, Yoruba language. Expand index (97 more) »

Adele language

The Adele language is spoken in central eastern Ghana and central western Togo.

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Adja language

The Aja language is a Gbe language of the Niger–Congo language spoken by the Aja people; and it is closely related to other Gbe languages such as Ewe, Mina, Fon, and Phla Phera.

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Affricate consonant

An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal).

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Agglutinative language

An agglutinative language is a type of synthetic language with morphology that primarily uses agglutination.

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Agreement (linguistics)

Agreement or concord (abbreviated) happens when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates.

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Aguna language

Aguna, or Awuna, is a Gbe language of Benin and Togo.

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Aja people

The Aja are a group of people native to south-western Benin and south-eastern Togo.

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Akan language

Akan is a Central Tano language that is the principal native language of the Akan people of Ghana, spoken over much of the southern half of that country, by about 58% of the population, and among 30% of the population of Ivory Coast.

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Alada language

Alada (Arba) is a Gbe language of Nigeria and Benin that has proven difficult to classify.

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Allada

Allada is a town, arrondissement, and commune, located in the Atlantique Department of Benin.

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Alveolar consonant

Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth.

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Alveolo-palatal consonant

In phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) consonants, sometimes synonymous with pre-palatal consonants, are intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants, or which have simultaneous alveolar and palatal articulation.

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Amedzofe (history)

In Ewe oral history, Amedzofe, literally 'origin/home of humanity', is one of the names for Ketu.

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Aného

Aného is a town in southeastern Togo.

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Apical consonant

An apical consonant is a phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue.

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Approximant consonant

Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow.

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Areal feature

In linguistics, areal features are elements shared by languages or dialects in a geographic area, particularly when the languages are not descended from a common ancestor language.

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Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about.

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Atlantic–Congo languages

The Atlantic–Congo languages are a major division constituting the core of the Niger–Congo language family of Africa, characterised by the noun class systems typical of the family.

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Ayizo language

Ayizo (Ayizɔ) is a Gbe language of Benin.

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Back vowel

A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages.

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Bantu languages

The Bantu languages (English:, Proto-Bantu: */baⁿtʊ̀/) technically the Narrow Bantu languages, as opposed to "Wide Bantu", a loosely defined categorization which includes other "Bantoid" languages are a large family of languages spoken by the Bantu peoples throughout Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Benin

Benin (Bénin), officially the Republic of Benin (République du Bénin) and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa.

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Bight of Benin

The Bight of Benin or Bay of Benin is a bight in the Gulf of Guinea area on the western African coast.

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Caribbean

The Caribbean is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean) and the surrounding coasts.

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Central vowel

A central vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.

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Close vowel

A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in American terminology), is any in a class of vowel sound used in many spoken languages.

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Close-mid vowel

A close-mid vowel (also mid-close vowel, high-mid vowel, mid-high vowel or half-close vowel) is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.

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Comparative linguistics

Comparative linguistics (originally comparative philology) is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.

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Consonant

In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract.

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Cotonou

Cotonou, is the largest city and economic centre of Benin.

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Creole language

A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language developed from a mixture of different languages at a fairly sudden point in time: often, a pidgin transitioned into a full, native language.

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Depressor consonant

A depressor consonant is a consonant that depresses (lowers) the tone of its or a neighboring syllable.

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Dialect continuum

A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a spread of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighbouring varieties differ only slightly, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties are not mutually intelligible.

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Diedrich Hermann Westermann

Diedrich Hermann Westermann (June 24, 1875–May 31, 1956) was a German missionary, Africanist, and linguist.

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Divide and rule

Divide and rule (or divide and conquer, from Latin dīvide et imperā) in politics and sociology is gaining and maintaining power by breaking up larger concentrations of power into pieces that individually have less power than the one implementing the strategy.

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Doctrina Christiana

The Doctrina Christiana was an early book on the Roman Catholic Catechism, written in 1593 by Fray Juan de Plasencia, and is believed to be one of the earliest printed books in the Philippines.

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Dutch language

The Dutch language is a West Germanic language, spoken by around 23 million people as a first language (including the population of the Netherlands where it is the official language, and about sixty percent of Belgium where it is one of the three official languages) and by another 5 million as a second language.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Ernst Henrici

Carl Ernst Julius Henrici (10 December 1854, Berlin – 10 July 1915, Döbeln) was a German grammar school teacher, writer, colonial adventurer and anti-Semitic politician.

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Ethnologue

Ethnologue: Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world.

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Ewe language

Ewe (Èʋe or Èʋegbe) is a Niger–Congo language spoken in southeastern Ghana by approximately 6–7 million people as either the first or second language.

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Ewe people

The Ewe people (Eʋeawó, lit. "Ewe people"; or Mono Kple Volta Tɔ́sisiwo Dome, lit. "Ewe nation","Eʋenyigba" Eweland) are an African ethnic group.

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Fante people

Originally, Fante refers to tiny states within 50 miles radius of Mankessim.

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Focus (linguistics)

Focus (abbreviated) is a grammatical category that determines which part of the sentence contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information.

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Fon language

Fon (fɔ̀ngbè) is part of the Gbe language cluster and belongs to the Volta–Niger branch of the Niger–Congo languages.

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Fon people

The Fon people, also called Fon nu, Agadja or Dahomey, are a major African ethnic and linguistic group.

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Free variation

Free variation in linguistics is the phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speakers.

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French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Fricative consonant

Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

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Front vowel

A front vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively in front in the mouth without creating a constriction that would make it a consonant.

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Ga-Adangbe people

The Ga-Adangme, Gã-Adaŋbɛ, Ga-Dangme, or GaDangme are an ethnic group in Ghana and Togo.

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Ga–Dangme languages

Ga–Dangme is a branch of the Kwa language family.

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Gen language

Gen (also called Gɛ̃, Gɛn gbe, Gebe, Guin, Mina, Mina-Gen, and Popo) is a Gbe language spoken in the southeast of Togo in the Maritime Region.

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Ghana

Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa.

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Gold Coast (British colony)

The Gold Coast was a British colony on the Gulf of Guinea in west Africa from 1867 to its independence as the nation of Ghana in 1957.

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Grammatical gender

In linguistics, grammatical gender is a specific form of noun class system in which the division of noun classes forms an agreement system with another aspect of the language, such as adjectives, articles, pronouns, or verbs.

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Grammatical tense

In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference with reference to the moment of speaking.

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Guang languages

The Guang languages are languages of the Kwa language family spoken by the Guang people in Ghana and Togo.

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Haitian Creole

Haitian Creole (kreyòl ayisyen,; créole haïtien) is a French-based creole language spoken by 9.6–12million people worldwide, and the only language of most Haitians.

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History of slavery

The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day.

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Hounkpati B Christophe Capo

Hounkpati B Christophe Capo (born January 1, 1953) is a Beninese linguist, and professor of linguistics at the Université d'Abomey-Calavi in the Republic of Benin.

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Imperfective aspect

The imperfective (abbreviated or more ambiguously) is a grammatical aspect used to describe a situation viewed with interior composition.

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Interdental consonant

Interdental consonants are produced by placing the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower front teeth.

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Isolating language

An isolating language is a type of language with a very low morpheme per word ratio and no inflectional morphology whatsoever.

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Johann Gottlieb Christaller

Johann Gottlieb Christaller (19 November 1827 – 16 December 1895) was a German missionary, clergyman, ethnolinguist, translator and philologist who served with the Basel Mission.

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Joseph Greenberg

Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was an American linguist, known mainly for his work concerning linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages.

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Keta

Keta is a town in the Volta Region of Ghana.

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Ketu (Benin)

Ketu is a historical region in what is now the Republic of Benin, in the area of the town of Kétou (Ketu).

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Kwa languages

The Kwa languages, often specified as New Kwa, are a proposed but as-yet-undemonstrated family of languages spoken in the south-eastern part of Ivory Coast, across southern Ghana, and in central Togo.

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Labial consonant

Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator.

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Labial–velar consonant

Labial–velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips, such as.

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Labialization

Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages.

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Labiodental consonant

In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.

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Lake Ahémé

Lake Ahémé is Benin's second largest lake, with an area of in the dry season which expands to in the rainy season.

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Lake Togo

Lake Togo (French: Lac Togo) is the largest part of a lagoon in Togo, separated from the head by a narrow coastal strip.

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Laminal consonant

A laminal consonant is a phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue on the top.

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Language

Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.

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Latitude

In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.

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Leiden University

Leiden University (abbreviated as LEI; Universiteit Leiden), founded in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands.

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Liquid consonant

In phonetics, liquids or liquid consonants are a class of consonants consisting of lateral consonants like 'l' together with rhotics like 'r'.

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Literacy

Literacy is traditionally meant as the ability to read and write.

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Loanword

A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word adopted from one language (the donor language) and incorporated into another language without translation.

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Maurice Delafosse

Maurice Delafosse (December 20, 1870 – November 13, 1926) was a French ethnographer and colonial official who also worked in the field of the languages of Africa.

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Missionary

A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.

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Mono River

The Mono River is the major river of eastern Togo.

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Nasal consonant

In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive, nasal stop in contrast with a nasal fricative, or nasal continuant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.

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Nasal vowel

A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through the nose as well as the mouth, such as the French vowel.

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Nasalization

In phonetics, nasalization (or nasalisation) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth.

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Negation

In logic, negation, also called the logical complement, is an operation that takes a proposition P to another proposition "not P", written \neg P (¬P), which is interpreted intuitively as being true when P is false, and false when P is true.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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New World

The New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas (including nearby islands such as those of the Caribbean and Bermuda).

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Niger–Congo languages

The Niger–Congo languages constitute one of the world's major language families and Africa's largest in terms of geographical area, number of speakers and number of distinct languages.

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Nigeria

Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north.

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Notsé

Notsé (Notsie, Nuatja) is a town in the Plateaux Region of Togo.

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Noun

A noun (from Latin nōmen, literally meaning "name") is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.

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Noun class

In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns.

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Obstruent

An obstruent is a speech sound such as,, or that is formed by obstructing airflow.

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Open vowel

An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth.

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Open-mid vowel

An open-mid vowel (also mid-open vowel, low-mid vowel, mid-low vowel or half-open vowel) is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.

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Ouémé River

The Ouémé River, also known as the Weme River, is a river in Benin.

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Palatal consonant

Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).

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Periphrasis

In linguistics, periphrasis is the usage of multiple separate words to carry the meaning of prefixes, suffixes or verbs, among other things, where either would be possible.

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Pherá language

Pherá, also spelled Xwela, is a Gbe language of Benin.

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Phla language

Phla (Kpla), also spelled Xwla and also known as Popo, is a Gbe language of Benin and Togo.

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Phla–Pherá languages

The Phla–Pherá (Xwla–Xwela) languages form a possible group of Gbe languages spoken mainly in southeastern and southwestern Benin; some communities are found in southeastern Togo and southwestern Nigeria.

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Phonation

The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics.

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Phonology

Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.

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Portuguese language

Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language originating from the regions of Galicia and northern Portugal in the 9th century.

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Postalveolar consonant

Postalveolar consonants (sometimes spelled post-alveolar) are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge, farther back in the mouth than the alveolar consonants, which are at the ridge itself but not as far back as the hard palate, the place of articulation for palatal consonants.

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Proto-language

A proto-language, in the tree model of historical linguistics, is a language, usually hypothetical or reconstructed, and usually unattested, from which a number of attested known languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language family.

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Question

A question is a linguistic expression used to make a request for information, or the request made using such an expression.

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Reduplication

Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.

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Robert Needham Cust

Robert Needham Cust (24 February 1821 – 27 October 1909) was a British administrator and judge in colonial India apart from being an Anglican evangelist and linguist.

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Roger Blench

Roger Marsh Blench (born 1953) is a British linguist, ethnomusicologist and development anthropologist.

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Saxwe language

Saxwɛ, also spelled Tsáphɛ, is a Gbe language of Benin.

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Schwa

In linguistics, specifically phonetics and phonology, schwa (rarely or; sometimes spelled shwa) is the mid central vowel sound (rounded or unrounded) in the middle of the vowel chart, denoted by the IPA symbol ə, or another vowel sound close to that position.

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Serial verb construction

The serial verb construction, also known as (verb) serialization or verb stacking, is a syntactic phenomenon in which two or more verbs or verb phrases are strung together in a single clause.

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SIL International

SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a U.S.-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages, and aid minority language development.

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Slave Coast of West Africa

The Slave Coast is a historical name formerly used for parts of coastal West Africa along the Bight of Benin.

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Sonorant

In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages.

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Sprachbund

A sprachbund ("federation of languages") – also known as a linguistic area, area of linguistic convergence, diffusion area or language crossroads – is a group of languages that have common features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact.

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Stop consonant

In phonetics, a stop, also known as a plosive or oral occlusive, is a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.

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Subapical consonant

A subapical consonant is a consonant made by contact with the underside of the tip of the tongue.

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Subject–verb–object

In linguistic typology, subject–verb–object (SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first, the verb second, and the object third.

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Suriname

Suriname (also spelled Surinam), officially known as the Republic of Suriname (Republiek Suriname), is a sovereign state on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America.

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Syllable

A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds.

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The Languages of Africa

The Languages of Africa is a 1963 book of essays by Joseph Greenberg, in which the author sets forth a genetic classification of African languages that, with some changes, continues to be the most commonly used one today.

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Tofin language

Tɔfin (Toffi) is a Gbe language of Benin.

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Togo

Togo, officially the Togolese Republic (République Togolaise), is a sovereign state in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north.

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Tone (linguistics)

Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning – that is, to distinguish or to inflect words.

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Topic and comment

In linguistics, the topic, or theme, of a sentence is what is being talked about, and the comment (rheme or focus) is what is being said about the topic.

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Triangular trade

Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions.

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Trill consonant

In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator.

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Uvular consonant

Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants.

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Velar consonant

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum).

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Verb

A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).

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Voice (phonetics)

Voice is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).

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Voiced labial–velar stop

The voiced labial–velar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

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Voicelessness

In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.

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Volta River

The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana.

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Volta–Congo languages

Volta–Congo is a hypothetical major branch of languages of the Niger–Congo family.

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Volta–Niger languages

The Volta–Niger family of languages, also known as West Benue–Congo or East Kwa, is one of the branches of the Niger–Congo language family, with perhaps 50 million speakers.

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West Africa

West Africa, also called Western Africa and the West of Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa.

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Working group

A working group or working party is a group of experts working together to achieve specified goals.

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Wudu language

Wudu is a language spoken in Togo.

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Yoruba language

Yoruba (Yor. èdè Yorùbá) is a language spoken in West Africa.

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Gbe language.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbe_languages

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