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134 relations: Abiogenesis, Acetohalobium arabaticum, Adenine, Alternative flatworm mitochondrial code, Alternative yeast nuclear code, Amino acid, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, Aptamer, Archaea, Ascidian mitochondrial code, Bacteria, Bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code, Blastocrithidia nuclear code, Blepharisma nuclear code, Candida albicans, Candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code, Cell (biology), Cell-free system, Chlorophycean mitochondrial code, Chloroplast, Ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code, Clonal interference, Codon usage bias, Condylostoma nuclear code, Copolymer, Cytosine, Deletion (genetics), Dieter Söll, Directionality (molecular biology), DNA, DNA codon table, DNA polymerase, DNA replication, Echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code, Enzyme, Escherichia coli, Eukaryote, Exon, Fitness (biology), Four color theorem, Frameshift mutation, Gene, Genetic code, Genetics, George Gamow, Glutamic acid, Har Gobind Khorana, Human mitochondrial genetics, Hydrophile, Hydrophobe, ..., Immune system, In vivo, Indel, Information theory, Initiation factor, Insertion (genetics), Intron, Invertebrate mitochondrial code, J. Heinrich Matthaei, Karyorelict nuclear code, Kinetoplast, Leucine, List of genetic engineering software, Lysine, Marshall Warren Nirenberg, Mesodinium nuclear code, Messenger RNA, Metabolism, Methionine, Missense mutation, Mitochondrion, Mutation, Mycoplasma, N-Formylmethionine, Natural selection, Nediljko Budisa, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nonsense mutation, Nucleic acid notation, Nucleotide, Open reading frame, Pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code, Peptide, Per mille, Peritrich nuclear code, Phenotype, Phenylalanine, Philip Leder, Point mutation, Polymerization, Proline, Protein, Protein structure, Pterobranchia mitochondrial code, Pyrrolysine, Rate–distortion theory, Reading frame, Regulation of gene expression, Release factor, Ribosome, Ribozyme, RNA, RNA world, Robert W. Holley, Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code, Selenocysteine, Serine, Severo Ochoa, Shine-Dalgarno sequence, Sickle cell disease, Signaling game, Singular-value decomposition, Start codon, Steven A. Benner, Stop codon, Tay–Sachs disease, Thalassemia, The euplotid nuclear code, The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code, Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code, Thymine, Topology, Totivirus, Transfer RNA, Translation (biology), Translational frameshift, Trematode mitochondrial code, Tryptophan, Uracil, Valine, Vertebrate mitochondrial code, Virus, Wild type, Yeast mitochondrial code. Expand index (84 more) »
Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life,Compare: Also occasionally called biopoiesis.
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Acetohalobium arabaticum
Acetohalobium arabaticum is the type species of the genus Acetohalobium.
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Adenine
Adenine (A, Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative).
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Alternative flatworm mitochondrial code
The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code (translation table 14) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Platyhelminthes and Nematodes.
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Alternative yeast nuclear code
The alternative yeast nuclear code (translation table 12) is a genetic code found in certain yeasts.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS or ARS), also called tRNA-ligase, is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA.
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Aptamer
Aptamers (from the Latin aptus – fit, and Greek meros – part) are oligonucleotide or peptide molecules that bind to a specific target molecule.
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Archaea
Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.
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Ascidian mitochondrial code
The ascidian mitochondrial code (translation table 13) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Ascidia.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code
The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code is the DNA code used by bacteria, archaea, prokaryotic viruses and chloroplast proteins.
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Blastocrithidia nuclear code
The Blastocrithidia nuclear code (translation table 31) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the trypanosomatid Blastocrithidia.
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Blepharisma nuclear code
The Blepharisma nuclear code (translation table 15) is a genetic code found in the nuclei of Blepharisma.
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Candida albicans
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora.
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Candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code
The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code (translation table 25) is used in two groups of (so far) uncultivated bacteria found in marine and fresh-water environments and in the intestines and oral cavities of mammals among others.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell-free system
A cell-free system is an in vitro tool widely used to study biological reactions that happen within cells apart from a full cell system, thus reducing the complex interactions typically found when working in a whole cell.
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Chlorophycean mitochondrial code
The chlorophycean mitochondrial code(translation table 16) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Chlorophyceae.
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Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.
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Ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code
The ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code (translation table 6) is a genetic code used by certain ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita species.
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Clonal interference
Clonal interference is a phenomenon in the population genetics of organisms with significant linkage disequilibrium, especially asexually reproducing organisms.
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Codon usage bias
Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA.
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Condylostoma nuclear code
The Condylostoma nuclear code (translation table 28) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the heterotrich ciliate Condylostoma magnum.
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Copolymer
When two or more different monomers unite together to polymerize, the product is called a copolymer and the process is called copolymerization.
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Cytosine
Cytosine (C) is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
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Deletion (genetics)
In genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) (sign: Δ) is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication.
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Dieter Söll
Dieter Gerhard Söll (born 1935) is a Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Chemistry at the Yale University.
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Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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DNA codon table
The genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table because, when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is mRNA that directs protein synthesis.
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DNA polymerase
DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.
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DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
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Echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code
The echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code (translation table 9) is a genetic code used by the mitochondria of certain echinoderm and flatworm species.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
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Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is the quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection within evolutionary biology.
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Four color theorem
In mathematics, the four color theorem, or the four color map theorem, states that, given any separation of a plane into contiguous regions, producing a figure called a map, no more than four colors are required to color the regions of the map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color.
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Frameshift mutation
A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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George Gamow
George Gamow (March 4, 1904- August 19, 1968), born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov, was a Russian-American theoretical physicist and cosmologist.
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Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
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Har Gobind Khorana
Har Gobind Khorana (9 January 1922 – 9 November 2011) was an Indian American biochemist.
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Human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria).
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Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
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Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule (known as a hydrophobe) that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
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Indel
Indel is a molecular biology term for an '''in'''sertion or '''del'''etion of bases in the genome of an organism.
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Information theory
Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information.
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Initiation factor
Initiation factors are proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation, a part of protein biosynthesis.
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Insertion (genetics)
In genetics, an insertion (also called an insertion mutation) is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.
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Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product.
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Invertebrate mitochondrial code
The invertebrate mitochondrial code is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of invertebrates.
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J. Heinrich Matthaei
J.
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Karyorelict nuclear code
The karyorelictid nuclear code (translation table 27) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the Karyorelictea ciliate Parduczia sp.
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Kinetoplast
A kinetoplast is a network of circular DNA (called kDNA) inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome.
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Leucine
Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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List of genetic engineering software
This article provides a list of genetic engineering software.
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Lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Marshall Warren Nirenberg (April 10, 1927 – January 15, 2010) was a Jewish American biochemist and geneticist.
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Mesodinium nuclear code
The Mesodinium nuclear code (translation table 29) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the ciliates Mesodinium and Myrionecta.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
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Missense mutation
In genetics, a missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membrane.
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N-Formylmethionine
N-Formylmethionine (fMet) is a derivative of the amino acid methionine in which a formyl group has been added to the amino group.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Nediljko Budisa
Nediljko "Ned" Budisa (Nediljko Budiša; born November 21, 1966 in Šibenik, Croatia) is a Croatian biochemist and professor of biocatalysis at the TU Berlin.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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Nonsense mutation
In genetics, a point-nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a point-nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and in a truncated, incomplete, and usually nonfunctional protein product.
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Nucleic acid notation
The nucleic acid notation currently in use was first formalized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1970.
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Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
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Open reading frame
In molecular genetics, an open reading frame (ORF) is the part of a reading frame that has the ability to be translated.
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Pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code
The pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code (translation table 26) is a genetic code found in the ascomycete fungus Pachysolen tannophilus.
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Peptide
Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.
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Per mille
A per milleCambridge Dictionary Online.
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Peritrich nuclear code
The peritrich nuclear code (translation table 30) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the peritrich ciliates Vorticella and Opisthonecta.
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Phenotype
A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest).
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Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula.
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Philip Leder
Philip Leder (born November 19, 1934) is an American geneticist.
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Point mutation
A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA.
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Polymerization
In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks.
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Proline
Proline (symbol Pro or P) is a proteinogenic amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein structure
Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule.
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Pterobranchia mitochondrial code
The pterobranchia mitochondrial code is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of Rhabdopleura compacta (Pterobranchia).
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Pyrrolysine
Pyrrolysine (symbol Pyl or O; encoded by the 'amber' stop codon UAG) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins in some methanogenic archaea and bacteria; it is not present in humans.
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Rate–distortion theory
Rate–distortion theory is a major branch of information theory which provides the theoretical foundations for lossy data compression; it addresses the problem of determining the minimal number of bits per symbol, as measured by the rate R, that should be communicated over a channel, so that the source (input signal) can be approximately reconstructed at the receiver (output signal) without exceeding a given distortion D.
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Reading frame
In molecular biology, a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets.
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Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation.
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Release factor
A release factor is a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognizing the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence.
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Ribosome
The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).
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Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that are capable of catalyzing specific biochemical reactions, similar to the action of protein enzymes.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA world
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins.
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Robert W. Holley
Robert William Holley (January 28, 1922 – February 11, 1993) was an American biochemist.
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Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code
The scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code (translation table 22) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Scenedesmus obliquus.
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Selenocysteine
Selenocysteine (symbol Sec or U, in older publications also as Se-Cys) is the 21st proteinogenic amino acid.
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Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Severo Ochoa
Severo Ochoa de Albornoz (24 September 1905 – 1 November 1993) was a Spanish-American physician and biochemist, and joint winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Arthur Kornberg.
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Shine-Dalgarno sequence
The Shine-Dalgarno (SD) Sequence is a ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG.
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Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from a person's parents.
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Signaling game
In game theory, a signaling game is a simple type of a dynamic Bayesian game.
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Singular-value decomposition
In linear algebra, the singular-value decomposition (SVD) is a factorization of a real or complex matrix.
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Start codon
The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome.
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Steven A. Benner
Steven Albert Benner (born October 23, 1954) has been a professor at Harvard University, ETH Zurich, and the University of Florida where he was the V.T. & Louise Jackson Distinguished Professor of Chemistry.
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Stop codon
In the genetic code, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins.
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Tay–Sachs disease
Tay–Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
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Thalassemia
Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production.
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The euplotid nuclear code
The euplotid nuclear code (translation table 10) is the genetic code used by Euplotidae.
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The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code
The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code is the genetic code used by various organisms, in some cases with slight variations, notably the use of UGA as a tryptophan codon rather than a stop codon.
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Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code
The thraustochytrium mitochondrial code (translation table 23) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of labyrinthulid Thraustochytrium aureum.
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Thymine
---> Thymine (T, Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T.
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Topology
In mathematics, topology (from the Greek τόπος, place, and λόγος, study) is concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, crumpling and bending, but not tearing or gluing.
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Totivirus
Totivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Totiviridae.
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Transfer RNA
A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Translation (biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.
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Translational frameshift
Translational frameshifting or ribosomal frameshifting refers to an alternative process of protein translation.
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Trematode mitochondrial code
The trematode mitochondrial code (translation table 21) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of trematoda.
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Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Uracil
Uracil (U) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. The others are adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
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Valine
Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Vertebrate mitochondrial code
The vertebrate mitochondrial code is the genetic code found in the mitochondria of all vertebrata.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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Wild type
Wild type (WT) refers to the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature.
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Yeast mitochondrial code
The yeast mitochondrial code is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of yeasts, notably Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Hansenula saturnus, and Kluyveromyces thermotolerans.
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Redirects here:
Codon, Codon Dictionary, Codon table, Codons, Degeneracy of the genetic code, Degenerate code, Degenerate codon, Gene code, Genetic Code, Genetic coding, Genocode, RNA codon table, Recoding (biology), Sense codon, Standard code, Standard genetic code, Triplet code, Universal Code (Biology), Universal Code (biology), Universal Genetic Code, Universal genetic code.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code
