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211 relations: Abd al-Samad, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, Abu-Mansur Daqiqi, Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh, Afghanistan, Afrasiab, Ahmad Sadri, Al-Mu'azzam Isa, Alexander the Great, Ali Akbar Sadeghi, Anatolia, Anvari, Aq Qoyunlu, Arabic, Ardashir I, Armenia, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Asadi Tusi, Ata-Malik Juvayni, Attar of Nishapur, Avesta, Ayyubid dynasty, Azerbaijan, Baghdad, Bangladesh, Baysonghor Shahnameh, Baysonqor, Bengali language, Bijan and Manijeh, Bondari Esfahani, British Museum, Brooklyn Museum, Cambridge Digital Library, Chihrdad, Couplet, Culture of Georgia (country), Dagestan, Devil, Dick Davis (translator), East India Company, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Encyclopædia Iranica, Epic poetry, Esfandiyār, Eurasian Steppe, Evil, Fall of the Sasanian Empire, Ferdowsi, Fereydun, Fitzwilliam Museum, ..., Free will, French people, Garshasp, Georgia (country), Germans, Ghaznavids, Ghor Province, God, Great Mongol Shahnameh, Greater Iran, Habib al-Siyar, Hafez, Hafiz-i Abru, Hamdallah Mustawfi, Hamid Rahmanian, Hatefi, Helen Zimmern, Historiography, History of Iran, Homer, Hushang, Hyperwerks, Ibn Athir, Ibn Bibi, Ibrahim Sultan ibn Shahrukh, Iliad, Ilkhanate, Illuminated manuscript, India, Internet Archive, Iraj, Iran, Iranian peoples, Isfahan, Ismail I, James Atkinson (Persian scholar), Jami, Jamshid, Jamshid Giunashvili, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan, Kara Koyunlu, Kara-Khanid Khanate, Kay Kawād, Kay Kāvus, Kay Khosrow, Kaykhusraw I, Kayqubad I, Kāve, Keyumars, Khaled Hosseini, Khaqani, Khosrow I, Khosrow II, Khwaday-Namag, Konya, List of Shahnameh characters, Lubab ul-Albab, Mahmud of Ghazni, Manuchehr, Masnavi, Masud Sa'd Salman, Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Memory of the World Programme, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Middle Persian, Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi, Mohammad Nourizad, Mojmal al-tawarikh, Moscow, Muhammad Aufi, Muhammad Khwandamir, Muhammad Shaybani, Muslim conquest of Persia, Nariman (Shahnameh), National epic, Nibelungenlied, Nizami Aruzi, Nizami Ganjavi, Nuh I, Pahlavi scripts, Pan-Iranism, Paris, Parsi, Parthian Empire, Persian Empire, Persian language, Persian literature, Persian miniature, Persian mythology, Persian theatre, Phaedra (mythology), Prithviraj Kapoor, Reuben Levy, Richard N. Frye, Rostam, Rostam and Sohrab, Rostam and Sohrab (opera), Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Rudaba, Rumi, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian language, Saadi Shirazi, Sadeh, Safavid dynasty, Saka, Salm (Shahnameh), Samani, Samanid Empire, Sanai, Sasanian Empire, Sām, Seljuq dynasty, Shah, Shahnameh of Rashida, Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp, Shahrokh Meskoob, Shiraz, Shirvanshah, Siamak, Sistan, Sivas, Siyâvash, Smithsonian Institution, Sohrab and Rustum, Sudabeh, Tabriz, Tahmasp I, Tahmuras, Tajikfilm, The Complete History, The Economist, The Kite Runner, The Last Fiction, The Legend of Mardoush, The Seven Beauties, TheFreeDictionary.com, Timur, Timurid dynasty, Toghrul III, Trilogy, Tur (Shahnameh), Turan, Turkey, Turkic peoples, Tus, Iran, UNESCO, University of Cambridge, Uzbeks, Vis and Rāmin, West–östlicher Divan, Windsor Shahnameh, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, Yazdegerd III, Zabihollah Safa, Zafarnamah (Mustawfi), Zahhak, Zāl, Zoroaster, Zoroastrianism. Expand index (161 more) »
Abd al-Samad
'Abd al-Samad or Khwaja Abdus Samad was a 16th-century painter of Persian miniatures who moved to Mughal Empire in South Asia and became one of the founding masters of the Mughal miniature tradition, and later the holder of a number of senior administrative roles.
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Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan (June 2, 1305, Ujan – December 1, 1335) (Persian, Arabic), also spelt Abusaid Bahador Khan, Abu Sa'id Behauder (ᠪᠦᠰᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠬᠠᠲᠦᠷ ᠬᠠᠨ᠂ Busayid Baghatur Khan, Бусайд баатар хаан/Busaid baatar khaan, in modern Mongolian), was the ninth ruler of Ilkhanate c. 1316-1335.
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Abu-Mansur Daqiqi
Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Tusi (935/942-976/980:Sources vary, treat all dates as estimates. ابو منصور محمد بن احمد دقیقی), sometimes referred to as Daqiqi (also Dakiki, Daghighi, دقیقی), was an early Persian poet who is said to have been born in Tus in Iran; or in Balkh, located in modern-day Afghanistan; as well as in Samarqand or Bukhara, both in today's Uzbekistan and Marv in today's Turkmenistan.
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Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh
Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh or The Shahnameh of Abu-Mansur (شاهنامهٔ ابومنصوری) was a prose epic and history of Persian Empire before Muslim conquests.
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.
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Afrasiab
Afrasiab (fa afrāsiyāb; Fraŋrasyan; Middle-Persian: Frāsiyāv, Frāsiyāk, and Freangrāsyāk) is the name of the mythical king and hero of Turan.
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Ahmad Sadri
Ahmad Sadri is a Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at Lake Forest College.
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Al-Mu'azzam Isa
Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa Sharaf ad-Din (Cairo 1176 - Damascus 1227) was a Kurdish ruler, an Ayyubid Sultan who ruled Damascus from 1218 to 1227.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Aléxandros ho Mégas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.
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Ali Akbar Sadeghi
Ali Akbar Sadeghi (علی اکبر صادقی, born 1937) a graduate of the College of Art, University of Tehran, is one of the most prolific and successful Iranian painters and artists.
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Anatolia
Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.
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Anvari
Anvari (1126–1189), full name Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani or Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mahmud (اوحد الدین علی ابن محد انوری) was a Persian poet.
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Aq Qoyunlu
The Aq Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans (Āq Quyūnlū), was a Persianate Sunni Oghuz Turkic tribal federation that ruled present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Eastern Turkey, most part of Iran, and Iraq from 1378 to 1501.
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Arabic
Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.
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Ardashir I
Ardashir I or Ardeshir I (Middle Persian:, New Persian: اردشیر بابکان, Ardashir-e Bābakān), also known as Ardashir the Unifier (180–242 AD), was the founder of the Sasanian Empire.
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Armenia
Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.
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Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art form the Smithsonian Institution's national museums of Asian art in the United States.
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Asadi Tusi
Abu Mansur Ali ibn Ahmad Asadi Tusi (ابومنصور علی بن احمد اسدی طوسی) was a Persian poet, linguist and author.
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Ata-Malik Juvayni
Atâ-Malek Juvayni (1226–1283) (عطاملک جوینی), in full, Ala al-Din Ata-ullah (علاءالدین عطاءالله), was a Persian historian who wrote an account of the Mongol Empire entitled Tarīkh-i Jahān-gushā (History of the World Conqueror).
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Attar of Nishapur
Abū Ḥamīd bin Abū Bakr Ibrāhīm (c. 1145 – c. 1221; ابو حامد بن ابوبکر ابراهیم), better known by his pen-names Farīd ud-Dīn (فرید الدین) and ʿAṭṭār (عطار, Attar means apothecary), was a 12th-century PersianFarīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār, in Encyclopædia Britannica, online edition - accessed December 2012.
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Avesta
The Avesta is the primary collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism, composed in the otherwise unrecorded Avestan language.
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Ayyubid dynasty
The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; خانەدانی ئەیووبیان) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin founded by Saladin and centred in Egypt.
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Azerbaijan
No description.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (بغداد) is the capital of Iraq.
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Bangladesh
Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ, lit. "The country of Bengal"), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ), is a country in South Asia.
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Baysonghor Shahnameh
The Baysonghor Shahnameh (شاهنامه بایسُنغُری) is an illustrated manuscript of the Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran.
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Baysonqor
Gīāṭ al-dīn Bāysonḡor, commonly known as Baysonqor or Baysunghur, Baysonghor or (incorrectly) as Baysunqar, also called Sultan Bāysonḡor Bahādor Khan (1397, Herat - 1433, the Bāḡ-e Safīd palace near Herat) was a prince from the house of Timurids.
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Bengali language
Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla (বাংলা), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia.
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Bijan and Manijeh
Bijan and Manijeh (also Bizhan and Manizheh, Persian بيژن و منيژه - Bīžan-o Manīža) is a love story in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh (Shāh-Nāmeh, The Epic of Kings).
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Bondari Esfahani
Bondari Esfahani (بُنداری اصفهانی) was a Persian historian and translator of Shahnameh into Arabic.
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British Museum
The British Museum, located in the Bloomsbury area of London, United Kingdom, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture.
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Brooklyn Museum
The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn.
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Cambridge Digital Library
The Cambridge Digital Library is a project operated by the Cambridge University Library designed to make items from the unique and distinctive collections of Cambridge University Library available online.
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Chihrdad
Čihrdād nask is one of the lost nasks of the Avesta and survives only as a summary preserved in Dēnkard 8.13.
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Couplet
A couplet is a pair of successive lines of metre in poetry.
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Culture of Georgia (country)
The culture of Georgia has evolved over the country's long history, providing it with a unique national culture and a strong literary tradition based on the Georgian language and alphabet.
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Dagestan
The Republic of Dagestan (Респу́блика Дагеста́н), or simply Dagestan (or; Дагеста́н), is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region.
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Devil
A devil (from Greek: διάβολος diábolos "slanderer, accuser") is the personification and archetype of evil in various cultures.
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Dick Davis (translator)
Dick Davis FRSL (Portsmouth, 1945) is a British poet and translator.
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East India Company
The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company, formed to trade with the East Indies (in present-day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent.
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Encyclopaedia of Islam
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is an encyclopaedia of the academic discipline of Islamic studies published by Brill.
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Encyclopædia Iranica
Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.
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Epic poetry
An epic poem, epic, epos, or epopee is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily involving a time beyond living memory in which occurred the extraordinary doings of the extraordinary men and women who, in dealings with the gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the moral universe that their descendants, the poet and his audience, must understand to understand themselves as a people or nation.
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Esfandiyār
Esfandiyār, also translated as Sepandiār or, Sepandiyar, Esfandyar, Isfandiar, Isfandiyar or Esfandiar, is a legendary Iranian hero.
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Eurasian Steppe
The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or the steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome.
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Evil
Evil, in a colloquial sense, is the opposite of good, the word being an efficient substitute for the more precise but religion-associated word "wickedness." As defined in philosophy it is the name for the psychology and instinct of individuals which selfishly but often necessarily defends the personal boundary against deadly attacks and serious threats.
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Fall of the Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian era is one of the most influential periods in Iran's history.
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Ferdowsi
Abu ʾl-Qasim Firdowsi Tusi (c. 940–1020), or Ferdowsi (also transliterated as Firdawsi, Firdusi, Firdosi, Firdausi) was a Persian poet and the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is the world's longest epic poem created by a single poet, and the national epic of Greater Iran.
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Fereydun
Fereydun (فریدون - Feraydūn or Farīdūn; Middle Persian: Frēdōn; Avestan: Θraētaona), also pronounced and spelled Freydun, Faridon and Afridun, is the name of an Iranian mythical king and hero from the kingdom of Varena.
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Fitzwilliam Museum
The Fitzwilliam Museum is the art and antiquities museum of the University of Cambridge, located on Trumpington Street opposite Fitzwilliam Street in central Cambridge, England.
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Free will
Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.
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French people
The French (Français) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France.
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Garshasp
Garshāsp (گرشاسپ) is the name of a monster-slaying hero in Iranian mythology.
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Georgia (country)
Georgia (tr) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.
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Germans
Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history.
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Ghaznavids
The Ghaznavid dynasty (غزنویان ġaznaviyān) was a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of Iran, Afghanistan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186.
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Ghor Province
Ghōr (Pashto/غور), also spelled Ghowr or Ghur, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.
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God
In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and the principal object of faith.
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Great Mongol Shahnameh
The Great Mongol Shahnameh, also known as the Demotte Shahnameh or Great Ilkhanid Shahnama, is an illustrated manuscript of the Shahnameh (also rendered "Shahnama"), the national epic of Greater Iran.
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Greater Iran
Greater Iran (ایران بزرگ) is a term used to refer to the regions of the Caucasus, West Asia, Central Asia, and parts of South Asia that have significant Iranian cultural influence due to having been either long historically ruled by the various imperial dynasties of Persian Empire (such as those of the Medes, Achaemenids, Parthians, Sassanians, Samanids, Safavids, and Afsharids and the Qajars), having considerable aspects of Persian culture due to extensive contact with the various imperial dynasties of Iran (e.g., those regions and peoples in the North Caucasus that were not under direct Iranian rule), or are simply nowadays still inhabited by a significant amount of Iranic peoples who patronize their respective cultures (as it goes for the western parts of South Asia, Bahrain and Tajikistan).
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Habib al-Siyar
Ḥabīb as-siyar (The friend of biographies) is a historical work by Islamic scholar Ghiyāś ad-Dīn Moḥammad Khwāndamīr.
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Hafez
Khwāja Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī (خواجه شمسالدین محمد حافظ شیرازی), known by his pen name Hafez (حافظ Ḥāfeẓ 'the memorizer; the (safe) keeper'; 1315-1390) and as "Hafiz", was a Persian poet who "lauded the joys of love and wine but also targeted religious hypocrisy." His collected works are regarded as a pinnacle of Persian literature and are often found in the homes of people in the Persian speaking world, who learn his poems by heart and still use them as proverbs and sayings.
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Hafiz-i Abru
Hafiz-e AbruMaria Eva Subtelny and Charles Melville, (حافظ ابرو) died June 1430) was a Persian historian working at the courts of Timurid rulers of Central Asia. His full name is ʿAbdallah (or Nur-Allah) ibn Lotf-Allah ibn 'Abd-al-Rashid Behdadini; his short name is also transcribed in Western literature as Hafiz-i Abru, Hafez-e Abru, Hafiz Abru etc. Hafiz-i Abru was born in Khorasan and studied in Hamadān. He entered Timur's court in the 1380s; after the death of Timur, Hafiz-i Abru continued in the service of Timur's son, Shah Rukh, in Herat. He interacted with other scholars congregating around Timur's and Shah Rukh's courts, and became recognized as a good chess player. Hafiz-i Abru is the author and/or compiler of numerous works on the history and geography of the Timurid state and adjacent regions, commissioned by his master Shah Rukh.
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Hamdallah Mustawfi
Ḥamdallāh Mustawfī Qazvīnī (1281–1349; fa) was a Persian historian, geographer and epic poet who was descended from a family of Arab origin.
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Hamid Rahmanian
Hamid Rahmanian (born 1968) is a New York–based Iranian filmmaker and graphic artist.
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Hatefi
Hatefi, 'Abd-Allah (هاتفی) was a Persian poet (1454–1521) and nephew of Abdul Rahman Jami.
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Helen Zimmern
Helen Zimmern (25 March 1846 – 11 January 1934) was naturalised British writer and translator born in Germany.
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Historiography
Historiography is the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject.
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History of Iran
The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.
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Homer
Homer (Ὅμηρος, Hómēros) is the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature.
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Hushang
Hushang or Hōshang (in), older Persian Hōšang, was the second Shāh to rule the world according to Ferdowsi's Shāhnāmeh.
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Hyperwerks
Hyperwerks Entertainment was founded by Karl Altstaetter and Jamie Douraghy in 1997, it is mostly noted for its comic book series.
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Ibn Athir
Ibn Athīr is the family name of three Kurdish brothers, all famous in Arabian literature, born at Jazīrat ibn Umar in Cizre nowadays in south-eastern Turkey.
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Ibn Bibi
Ibn Bibi was a Persian historiographer and the author of the primary source for the history of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum during the 13th century.
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Ibrahim Sultan ibn Shahrukh
Ibrahim Sultan ibn Shahrukh (ابراهيم سلطان بن شاهرخ) was a Timurid prince who governed a region around modern Fars from 1415 to 1435 under his father Shahrukh.
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Iliad
The Iliad (Ἰλιάς, in Classical Attic; sometimes referred to as the Song of Ilion or Song of Ilium) is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer.
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Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate (ایلخانان, Ilxānān; Хүлэгийн улс, Hu’legīn Uls), was established as a khanate that formed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.
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Illuminated manuscript
An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge." It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and nearly three million public-domain books.
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Iraj
Iraj (ایرج - Iraj.) alternatively Iradj is a Persian given name.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples, or Iranic peoples, are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of the Iranian languages.
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Isfahan
Isfahan (Esfahān), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Sepahan, Esfahan or Hispahan, is the capital of Isfahan Province in Iran, located about south of Tehran.
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Ismail I
Ismail I (Esmāʿīl,; July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), also known as Shah Ismail I (شاه اسماعیل), was the founder of the Safavid dynasty, ruling from 1501 to 23 May 1524 as Shah of Iran (Persia).
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James Atkinson (Persian scholar)
James Atkinson (17 March 1780 – 7 August 1852) was a surgeon, artist and Persian scholar - "a Renaissance man among Anglo-Indians".
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Jami
Nur ad-Dīn Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmī (نورالدین عبدالرحمن جامی), also known as Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān or Abd-Al-Rahmān Nur-Al-Din Muhammad Dashti, or simply as Jami or Djāmī and in Turkey as Molla Cami (7 November 1414 – 9 November 1492), was a Persian poet who is known for his achievements as a prolific scholar and writer of mystical Sufi literature.
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Jamshid
Jamshid (جمشید, Jamshīd) (Middle- and New Persian: جم, Jam) (Avestan: Yima) is a mythological figure of Greater Iranian culture and tradition.
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Jamshid Giunashvili
Jamshid Giunashvili (ჯემშიდ გიუნაშვილი; 1 May 1931 – 21 January 2017) was a Georgian linguist, Iranologist, researcher, author, and diplomat, having served as the first ambassador of Georgia to Iran for a period of ten years.
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and statesman.
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Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
The Kār-Nāmag ī Ardašīr ī Pābagān ("Book of the Deeds of Ardeshir, Son of Papak") (New کارنامهٔ اردشیر بابکان), is a short Middle Persian prose tale written in the Sassanid period (226-651).
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Kara Koyunlu
The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans (قره قویونلو), were a Muslim Oghuz Turkic monarchy that ruled over the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia (1406), northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.
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Kara-Khanid Khanate
The Kara-Khanid Khanate was a Turkic dynasty that ruled in Transoxania in Central Asia, ruled by a dynasty known in literature as the Karakhanids (also spelt Qarakhanids) or Ilek Khanids.
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Kay Kawād
Kai Kobad (also known as Kay Qobád) is a mythological figure of Iranian folklore and oral tradition.
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Kay Kāvus
Kay Kāvus (كيكاوس; Kauui Usan); sometimes Kai-Káús or Kai-Kaus,Firdawsī, The Sháh námeh of the Persian poet Firdausí.
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Kay Khosrow
Kay Khosrow (کیخسرو) is a legendary king of Iran of Kayanian dynasty and a character in the Persian epic book, Shahnameh.
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Kaykhusraw I
Kaykhusraw I (كَیخُسرو or Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kaykhusraw bin Qilij Arslān; غياث الدين كيخسرو بن قلج ارسلان), the eleventh and youngest son of Kilij Arslan II, was Seljuk Sultan of Rûm.
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Kayqubad I
Kayqubad I or Alā ad-Dīn Kayqubād bin Kaykāvūs (علاء الدين كيقباد بن كيكاوس; I., 1188–1237) was the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm who reigned from 1220 to 1237.
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Kāve
Kaveh the Blacksmith (کاوه آهنگر – Kāve ye Āhangar; Kaway Asngar), also known as Kawa or the Blacksmith of Isfahan, is a mythical figure in the Iranian mythology who leads a popular uprising against a ruthless foreign ruler, Zahāk (Aži Dahāk).
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Keyumars
Keyumars (کیومرث) is the Persian form of the name Gayō Marətan (appearing in medieval Zoroastrian texts as Gayōmard or Gayōmart), the Avestan name of the mythological first human being in the world.
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Khaled Hosseini
Khaled Hosseini (خالد حسیني.;; born March 4, 1965) is an Afghan-born American novelist and physician.
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Khaqani
Khāqāni or Khāghāni (خاقانی) (1121/1122, Shamakhi, Shirwan – 1190, Tabriz), was a Persian poet.
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Khosrow I
Khosrow I (also known as Chosroes I and Kisrā in classical sources; 501–579, most commonly known in Persian as Anushiruwān (انوشيروان, "the immortal soul"; also known as Anushiruwan the Just (انوشيروان دادگر, Anushiruwān-e Dādgar), was the King of Kings (Shahanshah) of the Sasanian Empire from 531 to 579. He was the successor of his father Kavadh I (488–531). Khosrow I was the twenty-second Sasanian Emperor of Persia, and one of its most celebrated emperors. He laid the foundations of many cities and opulent palaces, and oversaw the repair of trade roads as well as the building of numerous bridges and dams. His reign is furthermore marked by the numerous wars fought against the Sassanid's neighboring archrivals, the Roman-Byzantine Empire, as part of the already centuries-long lasting Roman-Persian Wars. The most important wars under his reign were the Lazic War which was fought over Colchis (western Georgia-Abkhazia) and the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591. During Khosrow's ambitious reign, art and science flourished in Persia and the Sasanian Empire reached its peak of glory and prosperity. His rule was preceded by his father's and succeeded by Hormizd IV. Khosrow Anushiruwan is one of the most popular emperors in Iranian culture and literature and, outside of Iran, his name became, like that of Caesar in the history of Rome, a designation of the Sasanian kings. He also introduced a rational system of taxation, based upon a survey of landed possessions, which his father had begun, and tried in every way to increase the welfare and the revenues of his empire. His army was in discipline decidedly superior to the Byzantines, and apparently was well paid. He was also interested in literature and philosophical discussions. Under his reign chess was introduced from India, and the famous book of Kalilah and Dimnah was translated. He thus became renowned as a wise king.
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Khosrow II
Khosrow II (Chosroes II in classical sources; Middle Persian: Husrō(y)), entitled "Aparvēz" ("The Victorious"), also Khusraw Parvēz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز), was the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, reigning from 590 to 628.
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Khwaday-Namag
Khwadāy-Nāmag ("Book of Kings") was a Middle Persian history text from the Sasanid era, now lost, imagined first by Theodor Nöldeke to be the common ancestor of all later Persian-language histories of the Sasanian Empire, a view which has recently been disproven.
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Konya
Konya (Ikónion, Iconium) is a major city in south-western edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau and is the seventh-most-populous city in Turkey with a metropolitan population of over 2.1 million.
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List of Shahnameh characters
Here is a list of characters represented in the Persian epic poem Shāhnāmeh by Ferdowsi, including both heroes and villains.
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Lubab ul-Albab
Lubab ul-Albab (لباب الالباب) is a famous anthology written by Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi in the early 13th century in eastern Persia.
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Mahmud of Ghazni
Yamīn-ud-Dawla Abul-Qāṣim Maḥmūd ibn Sebüktegīn (یمینالدوله ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین), more commonly known as Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی; November 971 – 30 April 1030), also known as Mahmūd-i Zābulī (محمود زابلی), was the most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire.
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Manuchehr
Manūchehr (in, older Persian Manōčihr, Avestan Manuščiθra), is a character in the Shahnameh.
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Masnavi
The Masnavi, or Masnavi-i Ma'navi (مثنوی معنوی), also written Mesnevi, Mathnawi, or Mathnavi, is an extensive poem written in Persian by Jalal al-Din Muhammad Balkhi also known as Rumi, the celebrated Persian Sufi poet.
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Masud Sa'd Salman
Mas'ud-i Sa'd-i Salmān (مسعود سعد سلمان) was an 11th-century Persian poet of the Ghaznavid empire who is known as the prisoner poet.
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Mehmet Fuat Köprülü
Mehmet Fuat Köprülü (December 5, 1890 – June 28, 1966), also known as Köprülüzade Mehmed Fuad, was a highly influential Turkish Turcologist, scholar, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey.
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Memory of the World Programme
UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme is an international initiative launched to safeguard the documentary heritage of humanity against collective amnesia, neglect, the ravages of time and climatic conditions, and willful and deliberate destruction.
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Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the United States.
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Middle Persian
Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language or ethnolect of southwestern Iran that during the Sasanian Empire (224–654) became a prestige dialect and so came to be spoken in other regions of the empire as well.
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Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi
Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi (میرجلالالدین کزازی; born 19 January 1949) is an outstanding master of Persian literature and a renowned Iranist.
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Mohammad Nourizad
Mohammad Nourizad, (محمد نوری زاد) born 10 December 1952 in Shahriar County is an Iranian filmmaker, activist, and former journalist for the conservative daily Kayhan.
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Mojmal al-tawarikh
Mojmal al-Tawarikh wa al-Qasas (مُجمل التواریخ و القصص "The Collection of histories and Tales") was a book written in Ghaznavid Persia (in c. 1126).
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Moscow
Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.
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Muhammad Aufi
Sadiduddin Muhammad Aufi (1171-1242) (سدید الدین محمد عوفی) was a Persian historian, scientist, and author.
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Muhammad Khwandamir
Ghiyāś ad-Dīn Muḥammad Khwāndamīr, Khvandamir, or Khondamir or Hondemir (غياث الدين محمد خواندامير) (1475–1534) was a Persian Islamic scholar born in Herat, in 880 AH or 1475 CE, a grandson and successor to noted historian Mirkhond.
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Muhammad Shaybani
Muhammad Shaybani Khan (Muhammad Shayboniy, شیبک خان) also known as Abul-Fath Shaybani Khan or Shayabak Khan or Shahi Beg Khan (c. 1451 – 2 December 1510), was an Uzbek leader whose original name: shibägh, stands for wormwood and also black obsidian.
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Muslim conquest of Persia
The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, led to the end of the Sasanian Empire of Persia in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Iran (Persia).
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Nariman (Shahnameh)
Nariman (نریمان) is an ancient Persian name meaning "faith and brightness." The name was first referred to in the historic Shahname of Ferdowsi as son of Gorshtasb, and father of Sām who himself is grandfather of Rostam the hero (Rostam's Father was Zal).
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National epic
A national epic is an epic poem or a literary work of epic scope which seeks or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular nation; not necessarily a nation state, but at least an ethnic or linguistic group with aspirations to independence or autonomy.
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Nibelungenlied
The Nibelungenlied (Middle High German: Der Nibelunge liet or Der Nibelunge nôt), translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem from around 1200 written in Middle High German.
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Nizami Aruzi
Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Alī, known as Nizamī-i Arūzī-i Samarqandī (نظامی عروضی) and also Arudi ("The Prosodist"), was a Persian poet and prose writer who flourished between 1110 and 1161 AD.
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Nizami Ganjavi
Nizami Ganjavi (translit) (1141–1209), Nizami Ganje'i, Nizami, or Nezāmi, whose formal name was Jamal ad-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Ilyās ibn-Yūsuf ibn-Zakkī,Mo'in, Muhammad(2006), "Tahlil-i Haft Paykar-i Nezami", Tehran.: p. 2: Some commentators have mentioned his name as “Ilyas the son of Yusuf the son of Zakki the son of Mua’yyad” while others have mentioned that Mu’ayyad is a title for Zakki. Mohammad Moin, rejects the first interpretation claiming that if it were to mean 'Zakki son of Muayyad' it should have been read as 'Zakki i Muayyad' where izafe (-i-) shows the son-parent relationship but here it is 'Zakki Muayyad' and Zakki ends in silence/stop and there is no izafe (-i-). Some may argue that izafe is dropped due to meter constraints but dropping parenthood izafe is very strange and rare. So it is possible that Muayyad was a sobriquet for Zaki or part of his name (like Muayyad al-Din Zaki). This is supported by the fact that later biographers also state Yusuf was the son of Mu’ayyad was a 12th-century Persian Sunni Muslim poet. Nezāmi is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature, who brought a colloquial and realistic style to the Persian epic. excerpt: Greatest romantic epic poet in Persian Literature, who brought a colloquial and realistic style to the Persian epic..... Nezami is admired in Persian-speaking lands for his originality and clarity of style, though his love of language for its own sake and of philosophical and scientific learning makes his work difficult for the average reader. His heritage is widely appreciated and shared by Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, the Kurdistan region and Tajikistan.
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Nuh I
Nuh ibn Nasr, or Nuh I (died 954), was the amir of the Samanids in 943–954.
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Pahlavi scripts
Pahlavi or Pahlevi is a particular, exclusively written form of various Middle Iranian languages.
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Pan-Iranism
Pan-Iranism is an ideology that advocates solidarity and reunification of Iranian peoples living in the Iranian plateau and other regions that have significant Iranian cultural influence, including the Persians, Azerbaijanis (who are currently considered Turkic, but have historically and genetically been Iranic), Lurs, Gilaks, Mazanderanis, Ossetians, Kurds, Zazas, Talysh, Tajiks of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, the Pashtuns and the Baloch of Pakistan.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Parsi
A Parsi (or Parsee) means "Persian" in the "Persian Language", which today mainly refers to a member of a Zoroastrian community, one of two (the other being Iranis) mainly located in India, with a few in Pakistan.
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Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran and Iraq.
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Persian Empire
The Persian Empire (شاهنشاهی ایران, translit., lit. 'Imperial Iran') refers to any of a series of imperial dynasties that were centred in Persia/Iran from the 6th-century-BC Achaemenid Empire era to the 20th century AD in the Qajar dynasty era.
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Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Persian literature
Persian literature (ادبیات فارسی adabiyāt-e fārsi), comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and it is one of the world's oldest literatures.
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Persian miniature
A Persian miniature (Persian:نگارگری ایرانی) is a small painting on paper, whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works called a muraqqa.
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Persian mythology
Persian mythology are traditional tales and stories of ancient origin, all involving extraordinary or supernatural beings.
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Persian theatre
Persian theater or Iranian theater (Persian:تئاتر در ایران) goes back to antiquity.
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Phaedra (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Phaedra (Φαίδρα, Phaidra) (or Fedra) is the daughter of Minos and Pasiphaë, wife of Theseus, sister of Ariadne, and the mother of Demophon of Athens and Acamas.
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Prithviraj Kapoor
Prithviraj Kapoor (3 November 1906– 29 May 1972) born Prithvinath Kapoor, was a pioneer of Indian theatre and of the Hindi film industry, who started his career as an actor in the silent era of Hindi cinema, associated with IPTA as one of its founding members and who founded the Prithvi Theatres, a travelling theatre company based in Mumbai, in 1944.
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Reuben Levy
Reuben Levy (28 April 1891 – 6 September 1966) was Professor of Persian at the University of Cambridge, who wrote on Persian literature and Islamic history.
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Richard N. Frye
Richard Nelson Frye (January 10, 1920 – March 27, 2014) was an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies, and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University.
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Rostam
Rostam or Rustam (رُستَم, pronounced) is the most celebrated legendary hero in Shahnameh and Iranian mythology.
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Rostam and Sohrab
The tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab forms part of the 10th-century Persian epic Shahnameh by the Persian poet Ferdowsi.
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Rostam and Sohrab (opera)
Rostam and Sohrab is an opera by Loris Tjeknavorian.
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Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, commonly known as the Royal Asiatic Society (RAS), was established, according to its Royal Charter of 11 August 1824, to further "the investigation of subjects connected with and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia." From its incorporation the Society has been a forum, through lectures, its journal, and other publications, for scholarship relating to Asian culture and society of the highest level.
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Rudaba
Rūdāba or Roodabeh (رودابه) is a Persian mythological female figure in Ferdowsi's epic Shahnameh.
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Rumi
Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī (جلالالدین محمد رومی), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (جلالالدین محمد بلخى), Mevlânâ/Mawlānā (مولانا, "our master"), Mevlevî/Mawlawī (مولوی, "my master"), and more popularly simply as Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century PersianRitter, H.; Bausani, A. "ḎJ̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵh̲aṭībī." Encyclopaedia of Islam.
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Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíiskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.
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Russian language
Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
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Saadi Shirazi
Abū-Muhammad Muslih al-Dīn bin Abdallāh Shīrāzī (ابومحمد مصلحالدین بن عبدالله شیرازی), better known by his pen-name Saadi (سعدی Saʿdī()), also known as Saadi of Shiraz (سعدی شیرازی Saadi Shirazi), was a major Persian poet and literary of the medieval period.
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Sadeh
Sadeh (سده also transliterated as Sade), is an Iranian festival that dates back to the first Persian Empire, Achaemenid Empire.
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Safavid dynasty
The Safavid dynasty (دودمان صفوی Dudmān e Safavi) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.
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Saka
Saka, Śaka, Shaka or Saca mod. ساکا; Śaka; Σάκαι, Sákai; Sacae;, old *Sək, mod. Sāi) is the name used in Middle Persian and Sanskrit sources for the Scythians, a large group of Eurasian nomads on the Eurasian Steppe speaking Eastern Iranian languages.
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Salm (Shahnameh)
Salm (سلم) is a character in the Persian epic Shahnameh.
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Samani
The growing of samani (səməni) - green sprouting wheat - is the most sacred Novruz ceremony as the herald of spring.
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Samanid Empire
The Samanid Empire (سامانیان, Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid Emirate, or simply Samanids, was a Sunni Iranian empire, ruling from 819 to 999.
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Sanai
Hakim Abul-Majd Majdūd ibn Ādam Sanā'ī Ghaznavi (حکیم ابوالمجد مجدود بن آدم سنایی غزنوی) was a Persian poet who lived in Ghazni between the 11th century and the 12th century in what is now Afghanistan.
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Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire, also known as the Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire (known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr in Middle Persian), was the last period of the Persian Empire (Iran) before the rise of Islam, named after the House of Sasan, which ruled from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognised as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighbouring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1-3 pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 The Sasanian Empire was founded by Ardashir I, after the fall of the Parthian Empire and the defeat of the last Arsacid king, Artabanus V. At its greatest extent, the Sasanian Empire encompassed all of today's Iran, Iraq, Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatif, Qatar, UAE), the Levant (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan), the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan), Egypt, large parts of Turkey, much of Central Asia (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), Yemen and Pakistan. According to a legend, the vexilloid of the Sasanian Empire was the Derafsh Kaviani.Khaleghi-Motlagh, The Sasanian Empire during Late Antiquity is considered to have been one of Iran's most important and influential historical periods and constituted the last great Iranian empire before the Muslim conquest and the adoption of Islam. In many ways, the Sasanian period witnessed the peak of ancient Iranian civilisation. The Sasanians' cultural influence extended far beyond the empire's territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe, Africa, China and India. It played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art. Much of what later became known as Islamic culture in art, architecture, music and other subject matter was transferred from the Sasanians throughout the Muslim world.
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Sām
Sām (سام), also transliterated Saam is a mythical hero of ancient Persia, and an important character in the Shahnameh epic.
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Seljuq dynasty
The Seljuq dynasty, or Seljuqs (آل سلجوق Al-e Saljuq), was an Oghuz Turk Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became a Persianate society and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition in the medieval West and Central Asia.
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Shah
Shah (Šāh, pronounced, "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically also known as Persia).
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Shahnameh of Rashida
Shahnameh of Rashidā (شاهنامهٔ رشیدا) is an illustrated manuscript of the Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran.
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Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp
The Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp (شاهنامه شاهطهماسب) or Houghton Shahnameh is one of the most famous illustrated manuscripts of the Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran, and a high point in the art of the Persian miniature.
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Shahrokh Meskoob
Shahrokh Meskoob (شاهرخ مسکوب) (January 11, 1924 in Babol, Iran – April 12, 2005 in Paris, France), was an Iranian writer, translator, scholar and university professor.
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Shiraz
Shiraz (fa, Šīrāz) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars Province (Old Persian as Pars).
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Shirvanshah
Shirvanshah (شروانشاه, Şirvanşah), also spelled as Shīrwān Shāh or Sharwān Shāh, was the title of the rulers of Shirvan, located in modern Azerbaijan, from the mid-9th century to the early 16th century.
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Siamak
Siāmak (سيامک., sometimes transliterated as Siyamak or Siamac) is a character in Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran.
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Sistan
Sīstān (Persian/Baloch/Pashto: سیستان), known in ancient times as Sakastan (Persian/Baloch/Pashto: ساكاستان; "the land of the Saka"), is a historical and geographical region in present-day eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province), southern Afghanistan (Nimruz, Kandahar) and the Nok Kundi region of Balochistan (western Pakistan).
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Sivas
Sivas (Latin and Greek: Sebastia, Sebastea, Sebasteia, Sebaste, Σεβάστεια, Σεβαστή) is a city in central Turkey and the seat of Sivas Province.
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Siyâvash
Siyâvoš (in سياووش), from Avestan Syâvaršan, is a major figure in Ferdowsi's epic, the Shahnameh.
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Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution, established on August 10, 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States.
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Sohrab and Rustum
Sohrab and Rustum: An Episode is a narrative poem with strong tragic themes first published in 1853 by Matthew Arnold.
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Sudabeh
Sudabeh is a fictional character in the Persian epic Shahnameh.
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Tabriz
Tabriz (تبریز; تبریز) is the most populated city in Iranian Azerbaijan, one of the historical capitals of Iran and the present capital of East Azerbaijan province.
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Tahmasp I
Tahmasp I (شاه تهماسب یکم) (22 February 1514 – 14 May 1576) was an influential Shah of Iran, who enjoyed the longest reign of any member of the Safavid dynasty.
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Tahmuras
Tahmuras or Tahmures (تهمورث,طهمورث,; from Avestan Taxma Urupi) was the third Shah of the world according to Ferdowsi's epic poem, the Shahnameh.
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Tajikfilm
Tajikfilm (Тоҷикфилм, Таджикфильм) is a Tajik (former Soviet) film studio.
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The Complete History
The Complete History (al-Kāmil fit-Tārīkh), is a classic Islamic history book written by Ali ibn al-Athir.
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The Economist
The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.
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The Kite Runner
The Kite Runner is the first novel by Afghan-American author Khaled Hosseini.
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The Last Fiction
The animated movie of The Last Fiction is an open interpretation of the story of “Zahhak”, a page from the historical identity of Iranians and one of the central tales of the “Book of Kings/Shahnameh“: the masterpiece of the great “Ferdowsi“.
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The Legend of Mardoush
The Legend of Mardoush, (افسانه ماردوش), is a long animated Persian trilogy based on the mythical stories of Shahnameh.
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The Seven Beauties
The Seven Beauties (هفت پیکر haft paikar) also known as Bahramnameh (بهرامنامه, The Book of Bahram) is a romantic epic by Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi written in 1197.
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TheFreeDictionary.com
TheFreeDictionary.com is an American online dictionary and encyclopedia that gathers information from a variety of sources.
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Timur
Timur (تیمور Temūr, Chagatai: Temür; 9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Amir Timur and Tamerlane (تيمور لنگ Temūr(-i) Lang, "Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror.
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Timurid dynasty
The Timurid dynasty (تیموریان), self-designated as Gurkani (گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān), was a Sunni Muslim dynasty or clan of Turco-Mongol lineageB.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006Encyclopædia Britannica, "", Online Academic Edition, 2007.
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Toghrul III
Toghrul III (طغرل سوم) (died 1194) was the last sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire.
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Trilogy
A trilogy (from Greek τρι- tri-, "three" and -λογία -logia, "discourse") is a set of three works of art that are connected, and that can be seen either as a single work or as three individual works.
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Tur (Shahnameh)
Tur (تور) is a character in the Persian epic Shahnameh.
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Turan
Turan (Persian: توران Tūrān, "the land of the Tur") is a historical region in Central Asia.
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Turkey
Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.
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Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethno-linguistic groups of Central, Eastern, Northern and Western Asia as well as parts of Europe and North Africa.
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Tus, Iran
Tus (fa or fa Tus or Tuws), also spelled as Tous, Toos or Tūs, is an ancient city in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran near Mashhad.
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UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris.
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University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.
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Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek/Ўзбек, pl. Oʻzbeklar/Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group; the largest Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia.
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Vis and Rāmin
Vis and Rāmin (ويس و رامين., Vis o Rāmin) is an ancient Persian love story.
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West–östlicher Divan
(West–Eastern Diwan) is a diwan, or collection of lyrical poems, by the German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
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Windsor Shahnameh
The Windsor Shahnameh or Shahnameh of Qarajaghay Khan (شاهنامه قرچغای خان) is an illustrated manuscript of the Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran.
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Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
Ya'qūb ibn al-Layth al-Saffār (يعقوب بن الليث الصفار), or Ya'qūb-i Layth-i Saffārī (یعقوب لیث صفاری), born Rādmān pūr-i Māhak (رادمان پور ماهک) (October 25, 840 – June 5, 879), a Persian coppersmith, was the founder of the Saffarid dynasty of Sistan, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in south-western Afghanistan).
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Yazdegerd III
Yazdegerd III or Yazdgerd III (literally meaning "made by God"; New Persian: یزدگرد; Izdegerdes in classical sources), was the thirty-eighth and last king of the Sasanian Empire of Iran from 632 to 651.
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Zabihollah Safa
Zabihollah Safa (ذبیحاللّه صفا) (May 7, 1911 in Shahmirzad, Iran – April 29, 1999 in Lübeck, Germany) was a scholar and professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at the University of Tehran.
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Zafarnamah (Mustawfi)
Zafarnamah, (ظفرنامه, "Book of Victory") is an epic poem written by the Persian poet Hamdollah Mostowfi (d. 1334).
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Zahhak
Zahhāk or Zahāk (ضحّاک) is an evil figure in Persian mythology, evident in ancient Persian folklore as Aži Dahāka (اژی دهاک), the name by which he also appears in the texts of the Avesta.
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Zāl
Zāl (زال) is a legendary Iranian king from Sistan, and is recognized as one of the greatest warriors of the Shahnameh epic.
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Zoroaster
Zoroaster (from Greek Ζωροάστρης Zōroastrēs), also known as Zarathustra (𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 Zaraθuštra), Zarathushtra Spitama or Ashu Zarathushtra, was an ancient Iranian-speaking prophet whose teachings and innovations on the religious traditions of ancient Iranian-speaking peoples developed into the religion of Zoroastrianism.
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Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest extant religions, which is monotheistic in having a single creator god, has dualistic cosmology in its concept of good and evil, and has an eschatology which predicts the ultimate destruction of evil.
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Book of Kings (Firdusi), Ghaaran, Sahname, Sahnameh, Sha-nameh, Shaahnaama, Shaahnaamah, Shaahnaameh, Shaahnamah, Shaahnameh, Shah Namah, Shah Nameh (Epic of Kings), Shah Namu, Shah nama, Shah nameh, Shah-Nameh, Shah-nama, Shah-namah, Shah-name, Shah-nameh, Shahanama, Shahnama, Shahnamah, Shahname, Shahnameh Epic, Shahnameh Ferdowsi, Shanama, Shâhnâma, Shâhnâmah, Shâhnâme, Shâhnâmeh, Shāh-nāma, Shāhnāma, Shāhnāme, Shāhnāmeh, Tahmasbi Shahnameh, The Epic of Kings, The Shahnameh, The Shāhnāmeh, Šâhnâme, Šāhnāme, Šāhnāmeh.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh
