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Genetically modified food

Index Genetically modified food

Genetically modified foods or GM foods, also known as genetically engineered foods, bioengineered foods, genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. [1]

156 relations: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acrylamide, Agaricus bisporus, Allergen, Amaranthus palmeri, American Medical Association, Amylopectin, Amylose, Animal feed, Antinutrient, AquAdvantage salmon, Arctic Apples, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacteria, BASF, Bioinformatics, Bovine somatotropin, British Medical Association, Bromoxynil, Bt cotton, California Proposition 37, 2012, Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment, Canola, Cash crop, CBC News, Center for Science in the Public Interest, Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, Cheese curd, Chemophobia, Chinook salmon, Chymosin, Colorado potato beetle, Convenience food, Cooking oil, Corn syrup, Cotton, Cottonseed oil, CRISPR, Crossbreed, Cucurbita, Cultivar, Distillers grains, DNA, Dog food, Domestication, Enzyme, Erythritol, Ethanol, European Food Safety Authority, European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility, ..., F1 hybrid, Farm Service Agency, Flavr Savr, Food and Drug Administration, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Fructose, Fungus, Gene, Gene silencing, Generally recognized as safe, Genetic engineering, Genetically engineered potato, Genetically modified crops, Genetically modified food controversies, Genetically modified food in Europe, Genetically modified livestock, Genetically modified maize, Genetically modified organism, Genetically modified soybean, Genetically modified sugar beet, Genetically modified wheat, Genetics, Genome, Glucose, Glucose syrup, Glycerophospholipid, Glyphosate, Golden rice, Granular cheese, Growth hormone, Guangdong, Hainan, Herbicide, Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, Hydrogenation, Hydrolysis, Identity preservation, Insecticide, Insulin-like growth factor 1, International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, Lecithin, Lipid, List of genetically modified crops, Los Angeles Times, Lycopene, Maize, Maltitol, Maltodextrin, Mannitol, Margarine, Medium-chain triglyceride, Microbiota, Modified starch, Molecular cloning, Monsanto, Mutation breeding, National Corn Growers Association, National Institutes of Health, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Ocean pout, Organism, Papaya, Papaya ringspot virus, Pathogen, Pharming (genetics), Phenotypic trait, Phytophthora infestans, Plant breeders' rights, Pollen, Polymerase chain reaction, Polyphenol oxidase, Polysaccharide, Precautionary principle, Promoter (genetics), Public Law 114-214, Regulation of genetic engineering, Rennet, RNA interference, Scientific consensus, Selective breeding, Shortening, Simplot, Solanum bulbocastanum, Sorbitol, South China Agricultural University, Soybean, Starch, StarLink corn recall, Substantial equivalence, Sugar alcohol, Sugar beet, Sugarcane, Tangerine, Transgene, Transgenesis, Triglyceride, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, United States Department of Agriculture, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Vegetable oil, Whey, World Health Organization, Xylose isomerase, Yeast, Zucchini, Zygosity. Expand index (106 more) »

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is the United States' largest organization of food and nutrition professionals, and represents over 100,000 credentialed practitioners — registered dietitian nutritionists, dietetic technicians, registered, and other dietetics professionals holding undergraduate and advanced degrees in nutrition and dietetics.

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Acrylamide

Acrylamide (or acrylic amide) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C3H5NO.

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Agaricus bisporus

Agaricus bisporus is an edible basidiomycete mushroom native to grasslands in Europe and North America.

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Allergen

An allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body.

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Amaranthus palmeri

Amaranthus palmeri is a species of edible flowering plant in the amaranth genus.

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American Medical Association

The American Medical Association (AMA), founded in 1847 and incorporated in 1897, is the largest association of physicians—both MDs and DOs—and medical students in the United States.

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Amylopectin

Amylopectin is a water-soluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of α-glucose units found in plants.

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Amylose

Amylose is a polysaccharide made of α-D-glucose units, bonded to each other through α(1→4) glycosidic bonds.

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Animal feed

Animal feed is food given to domestic animals in the course of animal husbandry.

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Antinutrient

Antinutrients are natural or synthetic compounds that interfere with the absorption of nutrients.

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AquAdvantage salmon

AquAdvantage salmon is a genetically modified (GM) Atlantic salmon developed by AquaBounty Technologies.

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Arctic Apples

Arctic apples are a group of trademarked apples that contain a nonbrowning trait (when the apples are subjected to mechanical damage, such as slicing or bruising, the apple flesh remains as its original color) introduced through biotechnology.

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Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.

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BASF

BASF SE is a German chemical company and the largest chemical producer in the world.

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Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data.

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Bovine somatotropin

Bovine somatotropin or bovine somatotrophin (abbreviated bST and BST), or bovine growth hormone (BGH), is a peptide hormone produced by cows' pituitary glands.

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British Medical Association

The British Medical Association (BMA) is the professional association and registered trade union for doctors in the United Kingdom.

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Bromoxynil

Bromoxynil is an organic compound with the formula HOBr2C6H2CN.

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Bt cotton

Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to bollworm.

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California Proposition 37, 2012

Proposition 37 was a California ballot measure rejected in California at the statewide election on November 6, 2012.

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Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment

The Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (CAPE) is a Canadian-based non-profit organization dedicated to environmental issues, especially as they relate to human health.

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Canola

Canola oil, or canola for short, is a vegetable oil derived from rapeseed that is low in erucic acid, as opposed to colza oil.

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Cash crop

A cash crop or profit crop is an agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a profit.

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CBC News

CBC News is the division of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the news gathering and production of news programs on the corporation's English-language operations, namely CBC Television, CBC Radio, CBC News Network, and CBC.ca.

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Center for Science in the Public Interest

The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit watchdog and consumer advocacy group that advocates for safer and healthier foods.

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Chartered Institute of Environmental Health

The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH) is a professional membership body, dedicated to enhancing environmental health and promoting the highest possible standards in the training and education of environmental health professionals in order to benefit people’s health and well-being.

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Cheese curd

Cheese curds are the solid pieces of curdled milk either eaten alone as a snack, or used in various regional dishes.

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Chemophobia

Chemophobia (or chemphobia or chemonoia) is an aversion to or prejudice against chemicals or chemistry.

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Chinook salmon

The Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is the largest species in the Pacific salmon genus Oncorhynchus.

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Chymosin

Chymosin or rennin is a protease found in rennet.

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Colorado potato beetle

The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), also known as the Colorado beetle, the ten-striped spearman, the ten-lined potato beetle or the potato bug, is a major pest of potato crops.

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Convenience food

Convenience food, or tertiary processed food, is food that is commercially prepared (often through processing) to optimise ease of consumption.

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Cooking oil

Cooking oil is plant, animal, or synthetic fat used in frying, baking, and other types of cooking.

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Corn syrup

Corn syrup is a food syrup which is made from the starch of corn (called maize in some countries) and contains varying amounts of maltose and higher oligosaccharides, depending on the grade.

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Cotton

Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.

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Cottonseed oil

Cottonseed oil is a cooking oil extracted from the seeds of cotton plants of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum, that are grown for cotton fiber, animal feed, and oil.

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CRISPR

CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences in bacteria and archaea.

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Crossbreed

A crossbreed is an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations.

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Cucurbita

Cucurbita (Latin for gourd) is a genus of herbaceous vines in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae, also known as cucurbits, native to the Andes and Mesoamerica.

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Cultivar

The term cultivarCultivar has two denominations as explained in Formal definition.

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Distillers grains

Distillers grains are a cereal byproduct of the distillation process.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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Dog food

Dog food is food specifically formulated and intended for consumption by dogs and other related canines.

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Domestication

Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

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Erythritol

Erythritol ((2R,3S)-butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol) is a sugar alcohol (or polyol) that has been approved for use as a food additive in the United States and throughout much of the world.

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Ethanol

Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.

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European Food Safety Authority

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain.

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European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility

The European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility (ENSSER), is an international non-profit group of scientists, academics and physicians, founded in 2009.

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F1 hybrid

An F1 hybrid (or filial 1 hybrid) is the first filial generation of offspring of distinctly different parental types.

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Farm Service Agency

The Farm Service Agency (FSA) is the United States Department of Agriculture agency into which were merged several predecessor agencies, including the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS).

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Flavr Savr

Flavr Savr (also known as CGN-89564-2; pronounced "flavor saver"), a genetically modified tomato, was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption.

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Food and Drug Administration

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.

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Food Standards Australia New Zealand

Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) (Māori: Te Mana Kounga Kai - Ahitereiria me Aotearoa), formerly Australia New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA), is the governmental body responsible for developing food standards for Australia and New Zealand.

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Fructose

Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Gene

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.

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Gene silencing

Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene.

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Generally recognized as safe

Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) is an American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts, and so is exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive tolerance requirements.

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Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

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Genetically engineered potato

A genetically engineered potato is a potato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering.

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Genetically modified crops

Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods.

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Genetically modified food controversies

Genetically modified food controversies are disputes over the use of foods and other goods derived from genetically modified crops instead of conventional crops, and other uses of genetic engineering in food production.

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Genetically modified food in Europe

Genetic engineering in Europe has varying degrees of regulation.

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Genetically modified livestock

Genetically modified livestock (GM livestock) are organisms from the group of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, birds, horses and fish kept for human consumption, whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

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Genetically modified maize

Genetically modified maize (corn) is a genetically modified crop.

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Genetically modified organism

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (i.e., a genetically engineered organism).

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Genetically modified soybean

A genetically modified soybean is a soybean (Glycine max) that has had DNA introduced into it using genetic engineering techniques.

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Genetically modified sugar beet

A genetically modified sugar beet is a sugar beet that has been genetically engineered by the direct manipulation of its genome using biotechnology.

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Genetically modified wheat

Genetically modified wheat is wheat that has been genetically engineered by the direct manipulation of its genome using biotechnology.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

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Genome

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.

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Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

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Glucose syrup

Glucose syrup, also known as confectioner's glucose, is a syrup made from the hydrolysis of starch.

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Glycerophospholipid

Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides are glycerol-based phospholipids.

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Glyphosate

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant.

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Golden rice

"cultivar"/"strain".

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Granular cheese

Granular cheese, also known as stirred curd cheese and hard cheese, is a type of cheese produced by repeatedly stirring and draining a mixture of curd and whey.

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Growth hormone

Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin (or as human growth hormone in its human form), is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals.

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Guangdong

Guangdong is a province in South China, located on the South China Sea coast.

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Hainan

Hainan is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea.

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Herbicide

Herbicides, also commonly known as weedkillers, are chemical substances used to control unwanted plants.

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Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates

Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSHs) are mixtures of several sugar alcohols (a type of sugar substitute).

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Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation – to treat with hydrogen – is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum.

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Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.

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Identity preservation

Identity preservation is the practice of tracking the details of agricultural shipments so that the specific characteristics of each shipment is known.

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Insecticide

Insecticides are substances used to kill insects.

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Insulin-like growth factor 1

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene.

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International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications

The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) is a non-profit international organization that shares agricultural biotechnology, focusing on genetic engineering.

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Lecithin

Lecithin (from the Greek lekithos, "egg yolk") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues, which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so are both hydrophilic and lipophilic), and are used for smoothing food textures, dissolving powders (emulsifying), homogenizing liquid mixtures, and repelling sticking materials.

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Lipid

In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.

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List of genetically modified crops

Genetically modified crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.

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Lycopene

Lycopene (from the neo-Latin Lycopersicum, the tomato species) is a bright red carotene and carotenoid pigment and phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, watermelons, gac, and papayas, but it is not in strawberries or cherries.

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Maize

Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.

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Maltitol

Maltitol is a sugar alcohol (a polyol) used as a sugar substitute.

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Maltodextrin

Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide that is used as a food additive.

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Mannitol

Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol which is also used as a medication.

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Margarine

Margarine is an imitation butter spread used for flavoring, baking, and cooking.

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Medium-chain triglyceride

Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are triglycerides whose fatty acids have an aliphatic tail of 6–12 carbon atoms.

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Microbiota

A microbiota is an "ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms" found in and on all multicellular organisms studied to date from plants to animals.

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Modified starch

Modified starch, also called starch derivatives, are prepared by physically, enzymatically, or chemically treating native starch to change its properties.

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Molecular cloning

Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms.

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Monsanto

Monsanto Company was an agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation.

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Mutation breeding

Mutation breeding, sometimes referred to as "variation breeding", is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with other cultivars.

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National Corn Growers Association

The National Corn Growers Association (NCGA) is an association that represents and advocates for the interests of corn growers in the United States.

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National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research, founded in the late 1870s.

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Natural Resources Conservation Service

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), formerly known as the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that provides technical assistance to farmers and other private landowners and managers.

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Ocean pout

The ocean pout (Zoarces americanus) is an eelpout in the family Zoarcidae.

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Organism

In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.

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Papaya

The papaya (from Carib via Spanish), papaw, or pawpaw is the plant Carica papaya, one of the 22 accepted species in the genus Carica of the family Caricaceae.

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Papaya ringspot virus

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae which primarily infects the papaya tree.

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Pathogen

In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.

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Pharming (genetics)

Pharming, a portmanteau of "farming" and "pharmaceutical", refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO).

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Phenotypic trait

A phenotypic trait, or simply trait, is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two.

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Phytophthora infestans

Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete or water mold, a microorganism which causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight.

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Plant breeders' rights

Plant breeders' rights (PBR), also known as plant variety rights (PVR), are rights granted to the breeder of a new variety of plant that give the breeder exclusive control over the propagating material (including seed, cuttings, divisions, tissue culture) and harvested material (cut flowers, fruit, foliage) of a new variety for a number of years.

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Pollen

Pollen is a fine to coarse powdery substance comprising pollen grains which are male microgametophytes of seed plants, which produce male gametes (sperm cells).

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Polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

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Polyphenol oxidase

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO; also monophenol monooxygenase or polyphenol oxidase i, chloroplastic) is a tetramer that contains four atoms of copper per molecule, and binding sites for two aromatic compounds and oxygen.

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Polysaccharide

Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages, and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides.

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Precautionary principle

The precautionary principle (or precautionary approach) generally defines actions on issues considered to be uncertain, for instance applied in assessing risk management.

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Promoter (genetics)

In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.

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Public Law 114-214

Public Law 114-216 is the federal law of the United States that regulates GMO food labeling.

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Regulation of genetic engineering

The regulation of genetic engineering varies widely by country.

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Rennet

Rennet is a complex set of enzymes produced in the stomachs of ruminant mammals.

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RNA interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.

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Scientific consensus

Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of study.

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Selective breeding

Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.

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Shortening

Shortening is any fat that is a solid at room temperature and used to make crumbly pastry and other food products.

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Simplot

The J. R. Simplot Company (commonly referred to as Simplot) was founded in 1929 by 20-year-old John Richard Simplot near the small agricultural community of Declo in south central Idaho, USA.

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Solanum bulbocastanum

Solanum bulbocastanum, the ornamental nightshade, is a plant in the Solanaceae family, native to Mexico and parts of the U.S. Southwest.

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Sorbitol

Sorbitol, less commonly known as glucitol, is a sugar alcohol with a sweet taste which the human body metabolizes slowly.

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South China Agricultural University

South China Agricultural University (SCAU) (Chinese: 华南农业大学/華南農業大學) commonly referred to as SCAU, is a public comprehensive university in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

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Soybean

The soybean (Glycine max), or soya bean, is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.

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Starch

Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.

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StarLink corn recall

The StarLink corn recalls occurred in the autumn of 2000, when over 300 food products were found to contain a genetically modified corn that had not been approved for human consumption.

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Substantial equivalence

In food safety, the concept of substantial equivalence holds that the safety of a new food, particularly one that has been genetically modified (GM), may be assessed by comparing it with a similar traditional food that has proven safe in normal use over time.

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Sugar alcohol

Sugar alcohols (also called polyhydric alcohols, polyalcohols, alditols or glycitols) are organic compounds, typically derived from sugars, that comprise a class of polyols.

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Sugar beet

A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and which is grown commercially for sugar production.

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Sugarcane

Sugarcane, or sugar cane, are several species of tall perennial true grasses of the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae, native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South and Southeast Asia, Polynesia and Melanesia, and used for sugar production.

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Tangerine

The tangerine (Citrus tangerina) is a group of orange-colored citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata).

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Transgene

A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.

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Transgenesis

Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene—called a transgene—into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring.

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Triglyceride

A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (from tri- and glyceride).

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United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (in case citations, 6th Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts.

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United States Department of Agriculture

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), also known as the Agriculture Department, is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, and food.

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United States Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection.

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Vegetable oil

Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are fats extracted from seeds, or less often, from other parts of fruits.

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Whey

Whey is the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained.

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World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.

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Xylose isomerase

In enzymology, a xylose isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of D-xylose and D-xylulose.

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Yeast

Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.

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Zucchini

The zucchini (American English) or courgette (British English) is a summer squash which can reach nearly in length, but is usually harvested when still immature at about.

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Zygosity

Zygosity is the degree of similarity of the alleles for a trait in an organism.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food

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