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151 relations: Abstract and concrete, Adolf Hitler, Alain Badiou, Alfred Clebsch, Alfred North Whitehead, Alfred Tarski, Analytic philosophy, Andrew David Irvine, Anthony Kenny, Anti-psychologism, Arithmetic, Axiomatic system, Bad Kleinen, Begriffsschrift, Benno Kerry, Bernard Bolzano, Bertrand Russell, Bruno Bauch, Charles Parsons (philosopher), Concept and object, Constructivism (mathematics), Context principle, Crispin Wright, Currying, David Hume, Descriptivist theory of names, Doctor of Philosophy, Domain of discourse, Donald A. Gillies, Edmund Husserl, Edward N. Zalta, Electronics, Erich Ludendorff, Ernst Abbe, Ernst Christian Julius Schering, Ernst Schröder, Euclid's theorem, Expressivism, Extension (predicate logic), Finitism, First-order logic, Foundations of mathematics, Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Frege (programming language), Frege's puzzles, Frege's theorem, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, Function (mathematics), Function and Concept, Gödel's incompleteness theorems, ..., Geometry, George Boole, George Boolos, German Confederation, German Revolution of 1918–19, Gershom Scholem, Giuseppe Peano, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Gymnasium (school), Habilitation, Hans Sluga, Hermann Lotze, Hume's principle, If and only if, Immanuel Kant, Impredicativity, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Ivor Grattan-Guinness, J. L. Austin, Jean van Heijenoort, Justin Clemens, Kai Wehmeier, Karl Popper, Kuno Fischer, Kurt Gödel, Language, LaTeX, Linguistic turn, List of pioneers in computer science, List of works published posthumously, Logic, Logical constant, Logicism, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Mathematical logic, Mathematics, Max Black, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Mediated reference theory, Michael Dummett, Michael Resnik, Naming and Necessity, North German Confederation, On Denoting, Ontology, Ordinary language philosophy, Otto Liebmann, Otto von Bismarck, Peter Geach, Philip Melanchthon, Philosopher, Philosophical realism, Philosophy of language, Philosophy of mathematics, Plane (geometry), Poles, Predicate (mathematical logic), Prime number, Principia Mathematica, Principle of compositionality, Privatdozent, Problem of multiple generality, Proper noun, Proposition, Psychologism, Quantifier (logic), Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Redundancy theory of truth, Revolutions in Mathematics, Right-wing politics, Robert Brandom, Rudolf Carnap, Russell's paradox, Sam Gillespie, Saul Kripke, Second-order arithmetic, Second-order logic, Semantics, Sense and reference, Set-theoretic definition of natural numbers, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Steve Awodey, Textbook, The Foundations of Arithmetic, The Principles of Mathematics, Theory of descriptions, Transcendental idealism, Trichotomy (mathematics), Universal suffrage, University of Göttingen, University of Jena, Variable (mathematics), Weimar Republic, Western philosophy, Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Willard Van Orman Quine, Wismar, Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 19th-century philosophy, 20th-century philosophy. Expand index (101 more) »
Abstract and concrete
Abstract and concrete are classifications that denote whether a term describes an object with a physical referent or one with no physical referents.
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
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Alain Badiou
Alain Badiou (born 17 January 1937) is a French philosopher, formerly chair of Philosophy at the École normale supérieure (ENS) and founder of the faculty of Philosophy of the Université de Paris VIII with Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault and Jean-François Lyotard.
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Alfred Clebsch
Rudolf Friedrich Alfred Clebsch (19 January 1833 – 7 November 1872) was a German mathematician who made important contributions to algebraic geometry and invariant theory.
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Alfred North Whitehead
Alfred North Whitehead (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician and philosopher.
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Alfred Tarski
Alfred Tarski (January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983), born Alfred Teitelbaum,School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews,, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews.
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Analytic philosophy
Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a style of philosophy that became dominant in the Western world at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Andrew David Irvine
Andrew David Irvine (born July 14, 1958) is a Canadian academic who teaches at the University of British Columbia.
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Anthony Kenny
Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny (born 16 March 1931) is an English philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient and scholastic philosophy, the philosophy of Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion.
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Anti-psychologism
In logic, anti-psychologism (also logical objectivism or logical realism) is a theory about the nature of logical truth, that it does not depend upon the contents of human ideas but exists independent of human ideas.
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Arithmetic
Arithmetic (from the Greek ἀριθμός arithmos, "number") is a branch of mathematics that consists of the study of numbers, especially the properties of the traditional operations on them—addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
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Axiomatic system
In mathematics, an axiomatic system is any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derive theorems.
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Bad Kleinen
Bad Kleinen (until 1915 Kleinen) is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
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Begriffsschrift
Begriffsschrift (German for, roughly, "concept-script") is a book on logic by Gottlob Frege, published in 1879, and the formal system set out in that book.
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Benno Kerry
Benno Kerry (11 December 1858 – 20 May 1889) was an Austrian philosopher.
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Bernard Bolzano
Bernard Bolzano (born Bernardus Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bolzano; 5 October 1781 – 18 December 1848) was a Bohemian mathematician, logician, philosopher, theologian and Catholic priest of Italian extraction, also known for his antimilitarist views.
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Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate.
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Bruno Bauch
Bruno Bauch (January 19, 1877 in Groß-Nossen – February 27, 1942 in Jena) was a German Neo-Kantian philosopher.
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Charles Parsons (philosopher)
Charles Dacre Parsons (born April 13, 1933) is an American philosopher best known for his work in the philosophy of mathematics and the study of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant.
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Concept and object
In the philosophy of language, the distinction between concept and object is attributable to the German philosopher Gottlob Frege.
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Constructivism (mathematics)
In the philosophy of mathematics, constructivism asserts that it is necessary to find (or "construct") a mathematical object to prove that it exists.
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Context principle
In the philosophy of language, the context principle is a form of semantic holism holding that a philosopher should "never...
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Crispin Wright
Crispin James Garth Wright (born 1942) is a British philosopher, who has written on neo-Fregean (neo-logicist) philosophy of mathematics, Wittgenstein's later philosophy, and on issues related to truth, realism, cognitivism, skepticism, knowledge, and objectivity.
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Currying
In mathematics and computer science, currying is the technique of translating the evaluation of a function that takes multiple arguments (or a tuple of arguments) into evaluating a sequence of functions, each with a single argument.
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David Hume
David Hume (born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.
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Descriptivist theory of names
The descriptivist theory of proper names is that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these descriptions.
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Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or Ph.D.; Latin Philosophiae doctor) is the highest academic degree awarded by universities in most countries.
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Domain of discourse
In the formal sciences, the domain of discourse, also called the universe of discourse, universal set, or simply universe, is the set of entities over which certain variables of interest in some formal treatment may range.
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Donald A. Gillies
Donald A. Gillies (born 1944) is a British philosopher and historian of science and mathematics.
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Edmund Husserl
Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (or;; 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938) was a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology.
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Edward N. Zalta
Edward N. Zalta (born March 16, 1952) is a senior research scholar at the Center for the Study of Language and Information.
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Electronics
Electronics is the discipline dealing with the development and application of devices and systems involving the flow of electrons in a vacuum, in gaseous media, and in semiconductors.
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Erich Ludendorff
Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a German general, the victor of the Battle of Liège and the Battle of Tannenberg.
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Ernst Abbe
Ernst Karl Abbe HonFRMS (23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905) was a German physicist, optical scientist, entrepreneur, and social reformer.
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Ernst Christian Julius Schering
Ernst Christian Julius Schering (May 31, 1824 – November 2, 1897) was a German mathematician.
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Ernst Schröder
Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Ernst Schröder (25 November 1841 in Mannheim, Baden, Germany – 16 June 1902 in Karlsruhe, Germany) was a German mathematician mainly known for his work on algebraic logic.
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Euclid's theorem
Euclid's theorem is a fundamental statement in number theory that asserts that there are infinitely many prime numbers.
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Expressivism
Expressivism in meta-ethics is a theory about the meaning of moral language.
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Extension (predicate logic)
The extension of a predicatea truth-valued functionis the set of tuples of values that, used as arguments, satisfy the predicate.
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Finitism
Finitism is a philosophy of mathematics that accepts the existence only of finite mathematical objects.
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First-order logic
First-order logic—also known as first-order predicate calculus and predicate logic—is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science.
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Foundations of mathematics
Foundations of mathematics is the study of the philosophical and logical and/or algorithmic basis of mathematics, or, in a broader sense, the mathematical investigation of what underlies the philosophical theories concerning the nature of mathematics.
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Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
The Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Freistaat Mecklenburg-Schwerin) was a state in the Weimar Republic that was established in 1918 following the abdication of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin following the German Revolution.
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Frege (programming language)
Frege is a non-strict, purely functional programming language for the Java virtual machine in the spirit of Haskell.
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Frege's puzzles
Frege's puzzles are puzzles about the semantics of proper names, although related puzzles also arise in the case of indexicals.
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Frege's theorem
In metalogic and metamathematics, Frege's theorem is a metatheorem that states that the Peano axioms of arithmetic can be derived in second-order logic from Hume's principle.
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Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg
Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (30 November 1802 – 24 January 1872) was a German philosopher and philologist.
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Function (mathematics)
In mathematics, a function was originally the idealization of how a varying quantity depends on another quantity.
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Function and Concept
"Function and Concept" (Über Funktion und Begriff, "On Function and Concept") is an article by Gottlob Frege, published in 1891.
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Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two theorems of mathematical logic that demonstrate the inherent limitations of every formal axiomatic system containing basic arithmetic.
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Geometry
Geometry (from the γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.
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George Boole
George Boole (2 November 1815 – 8 December 1864) was a largely self-taught English mathematician, philosopher and logician, most of whose short career was spent as the first professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork in Ireland.
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George Boolos
George Stephen Boolos (September 4, 1940 – May 27, 1996) was an American philosopher and a mathematical logician who taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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German Confederation
The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) was an association of 39 German-speaking states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries and to replace the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806.
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German Revolution of 1918–19
The German Revolution or November Revolution (Novemberrevolution) was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic.
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Gershom Scholem
Gerhard Scholem who, after his immigration from Germany to Israel, changed his name to Gershom Scholem (Hebrew: גרשום שלום) (December 5, 1897 – February 21, 1982), was a German-born Israeli philosopher and historian.
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Giuseppe Peano
Giuseppe Peano (27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician and glottologist.
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
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Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a territory in Northern Germany held by the House of Mecklenburg residing at Schwerin.
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Gymnasium (school)
A gymnasium is a type of school with a strong emphasis on academic learning, and providing advanced secondary education in some parts of Europe comparable to British grammar schools, sixth form colleges and US preparatory high schools.
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Habilitation
Habilitation defines the qualification to conduct self-contained university teaching and is the key for access to a professorship in many European countries.
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Hans Sluga
Hans D. Sluga (born April 24, 1937) is a German academic, who has served as a lecturer in philosophy at University College London and is now a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1970.
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Hermann Lotze
Rudolf Hermann Lotze (21 May 1817 – 1 July 1881) was a German philosopher and logician.
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Hume's principle
Hume's principle or HP—the terms were coined by George Boolos—says that the number of Fs is equal to the number of Gs if and only if there is a one-to-one correspondence (a bijection) between the Fs and the Gs.
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If and only if
In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, if and only if (shortened iff) is a biconditional logical connective between statements.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy.
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Impredicativity
Something that is impredicative, in mathematics and logic, is a self-referencing definition.
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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP) is a scholarly online encyclopedia, dealing with philosophy, philosophical topics, and philosophers.
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Ivor Grattan-Guinness
Ivor Owen Grattan-Guinness (23 June 1941 – 12 December 2014) was a historian of mathematics and logic.
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J. L. Austin
John Langshaw "J.
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Jean van Heijenoort
Jean Louis Maxime van Heijenoort (July 23, 1912 – March 29, 1986) was a pioneer historian of mathematical logic.
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Justin Clemens
Justin Clemens (born 22 April 1969) is an Australian academic known for his work on Alain Badiou, psychoanalysis, European philosophy, and contemporary Australian art and literature.
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Kai Wehmeier
Kai Frederick Wehmeier (born 1968) is a German-American philosopher and logician.
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Karl Popper
Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian-British philosopher and professor.
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Kuno Fischer
Ernst Kuno Berthold Fischer (23 July 1824 – 5 July 1907) was a German philosopher, a historian of philosophy and a critic.
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Kurt Gödel
Kurt Friedrich Gödel (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was an Austrian, and later American, logician, mathematician, and philosopher.
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Language
Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.
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LaTeX
LaTeX (or; a shortening of Lamport TeX) is a document preparation system.
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Linguistic turn
The linguistic turn was a major development in Western philosophy during the early 20th century, the most important characteristic of which is the focusing of philosophy and the other humanities primarily on the relationship between philosophy and language.
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List of pioneers in computer science
This article presents a list of individuals who made transformative breakthroughs in the creation, development and imagining of what computers and electronics could do.
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List of works published posthumously
The following is a list of works that were published or distributed posthumously.
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Logic
Logic (from the logikḗ), originally meaning "the word" or "what is spoken", but coming to mean "thought" or "reason", is a subject concerned with the most general laws of truth, and is now generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of valid inference.
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Logical constant
In logic, a logical constant of a language \mathcal is a symbol that has the same semantic value under every interpretation of \mathcal.
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Logicism
Logicism is one of the schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics, putting forth the theory that mathematics is an extension of logic and therefore some or all mathematics is reducible to logic.
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.
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Mathematical logic
Mathematical logic is a subfield of mathematics exploring the applications of formal logic to mathematics.
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Mathematics
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.
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Max Black
Max Black (24 February 1909 – 27 August 1988) was a British-American philosopher, who was a leading figure in analytic philosophy in the years after World War II.
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Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (often Mecklenburg-West Pomerania in English and commonly shortened to "Meck-Pomm" or even "McPom" or "M-V" in German) is a federal state in northern Germany.
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Mediated reference theory
A mediated reference theory is any semantic theory that posits that words refer to something in the external world, but insists that there is more to the meaning of a name than simply the object to which it refers.
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Michael Dummett
Sir Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett, FBA (27 June 192527 December 2011) was an English philosopher, described as "among the most significant British philosophers of the last century and a leading campaigner for racial tolerance and equality." He was, until 1992, Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford.
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Michael Resnik
Michael David Resnik (born March 20, 1938) is a leading contemporary American philosopher of mathematics.
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Naming and Necessity
Naming and Necessity is a 1980 book with the transcript of three lectures, given by philosopher Saul Kripke, at Princeton University in 1970, in which he dealt with the debates of proper names in the philosophy of language.
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North German Confederation
The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund) was the German federal state which existed from July 1867 to December 1870.
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On Denoting
"On Denoting" is an essay by Bertrand Russell.
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Ontology
Ontology (introduced in 1606) is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
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Ordinary language philosophy
Ordinary language philosophy is a philosophical methodology that sees traditional philosophical problems as rooted in misunderstandings philosophers develop by distorting or forgetting what words actually mean in everyday use.
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Otto Liebmann
Otto Liebmann (25 February 1840 – 14 January 1912) was a German Neo-Kantian philosopher.
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Otto von Bismarck
Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890 and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890.
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Peter Geach
Peter Thomas Geach, FBA (29 March 1916 – 21 December 2013) was a British philosopher and professor of logic at the University of Leeds.
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Philip Melanchthon
Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems.
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Philosopher
A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside either theology or science.
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Philosophical realism
Realism (in philosophy) about a given object is the view that this object exists in reality independently of our conceptual scheme.
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Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language explores the relationship between language and reality.
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Philosophy of mathematics
The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies the assumptions, foundations, and implications of mathematics, and purports to provide a viewpoint of the nature and methodology of mathematics, and to understand the place of mathematics in people's lives.
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Plane (geometry)
In mathematics, a plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely far.
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Poles
The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.
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Predicate (mathematical logic)
In mathematical logic, a predicate is commonly understood to be a Boolean-valued function P: X→, called the predicate on X. However, predicates have many different uses and interpretations in mathematics and logic, and their precise definition, meaning and use will vary from theory to theory.
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Prime number
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers.
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Principia Mathematica
The Principia Mathematica (often abbreviated PM) is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell and published in 1910, 1912, and 1913.
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Principle of compositionality
In mathematics, semantics, and philosophy of language, the principle of compositionality is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them.
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Privatdozent
Privatdozent (for men) or Privatdozentin (for women), abbreviated PD, P.D. or Priv.-Doz., is an academic title conferred at some European universities, especially in German-speaking countries, to someone who holds certain formal qualifications that denote an ability to teach (venia legendi) a designated subject at university level.
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Problem of multiple generality
The problem of multiple generality names a failure in traditional logic to describe certain intuitively valid inferences.
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Proper noun
A proper noun is a noun that in its primary application refers to a unique entity, such as London, Jupiter, Sarah, or Microsoft, as distinguished from a common noun, which usually refers to a class of entities (city, planet, person, corporation), or non-unique instances of a specific class (a city, another planet, these persons, our corporation).
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Proposition
The term proposition has a broad use in contemporary analytic philosophy.
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Psychologism
Psychologism is a philosophical position, according to which psychology plays a central role in grounding or explaining some other, non-psychological type of fact or law.
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Quantifier (logic)
In logic, quantification specifies the quantity of specimens in the domain of discourse that satisfy an open formula.
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Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary is a large American dictionary, first published in 1966 as The Random House Dictionary of the English Language: The Unabridged Edition.
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Redundancy theory of truth
According to the redundancy theory of truth (or the disquotational theory of truth), asserting that a statement is true is completely equivalent to asserting the statement itself.
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Revolutions in Mathematics
Revolutions in Mathematics is a collection of essays in the history and philosophy of mathematics.
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Right-wing politics
Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable, natural, normal or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics or tradition.
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Robert Brandom
Robert Boyce Brandom (born March 13, 1950) is an American philosopher who teaches at the University of Pittsburgh.
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Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was a German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter.
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Russell's paradox
In the foundations of mathematics, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy), discovered by Bertrand Russell in 1901, showed that some attempted formalizations of the naïve set theory created by Georg Cantor led to a contradiction.
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Sam Gillespie
Sam Gillespie (September 1, 1970 – August 8, 2003) was a philosopher with a particular interest in the work of Alain Badiou, a French philosopher, formerly chair of Philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) who wrote about being, truth and the subject in a way that, he claims, is neither postmodern nor simply a repetition of modernity.
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Saul Kripke
Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician.
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Second-order arithmetic
In mathematical logic, second-order arithmetic is a collection of axiomatic systems that formalize the natural numbers and their subsets.
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Second-order logic
In logic and mathematics second-order logic is an extension of first-order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic.
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Semantics
Semantics (from σημαντικός sēmantikós, "significant") is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning, in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.
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Sense and reference
In the philosophy of language, the distinction between sense and reference was an innovation of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in 1892 (in his paper "On Sense and Reference"; German: "Über Sinn und Bedeutung"), reflecting the two ways he believed a singular term may have meaning.
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Set-theoretic definition of natural numbers
Several ways have been proposed to construct the natural numbers using set theory.
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer-reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely accessible to Internet users.
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Steve Awodey
Steve Awodey (born 1959, Michigan) is a Professor of Philosophy and Mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University.
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Textbook
A textbook or coursebook (UK English) is a manual of instruction in any branch of study.
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The Foundations of Arithmetic
The Foundations of Arithmetic (Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik) is a book by Gottlob Frege, published in 1884, which investigates the philosophical foundations of arithmetic.
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The Principles of Mathematics
The Principles of Mathematics (PoM) is a book written by Bertrand Russell in 1903.
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Theory of descriptions
The theory of descriptions is the philosopher Bertrand Russell's most significant contribution to the philosophy of language.
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Transcendental idealism
Transcendental idealism is a doctrine founded by German philosopher Immanuel Kant in the 18th century.
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Trichotomy (mathematics)
In mathematics, the law of trichotomy states that every real number is either positive, negative, or zero.
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Universal suffrage
The concept of universal suffrage, also known as general suffrage or common suffrage, consists of the right to vote of all adult citizens, regardless of property ownership, income, race, or ethnicity, subject only to minor exceptions.
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University of Göttingen
The University of Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, GAU, known informally as Georgia Augusta) is a public research university in the city of Göttingen, Germany.
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University of Jena
Friedrich Schiller University Jena (FSU; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, shortened form Uni Jena) is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany.
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Variable (mathematics)
In elementary mathematics, a variable is a symbol, commonly an alphabetic character, that represents a number, called the value of the variable, which is either arbitrary, not fully specified, or unknown.
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Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik) is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state during the years 1919 to 1933.
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Western philosophy
Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western world.
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Wilhelm Eduard Weber
Wilhelm Eduard Weber (24 October 1804 – 23 June 1891) was a German physicist and, together with Carl Friedrich Gauss, inventor of the first electromagnetic telegraph.
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Willard Van Orman Quine
Willard Van Orman Quine (known to intimates as "Van"; June 25, 1908 – December 25, 2000) was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century." From 1930 until his death 70 years later, Quine was continually affiliated with Harvard University in one way or another, first as a student, then as a professor of philosophy and a teacher of logic and set theory, and finally as a professor emeritus who published or revised several books in retirement.
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Wismar
Wismar is a port and Hanseatic city in Northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
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Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik
The Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik was an academic journal.
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19th-century philosophy
In the 19th century the philosophies of the Enlightenment began to have a dramatic effect, the landmark works of philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau influencing new generations of thinkers.
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20th-century philosophy
20th-century philosophy saw the development of a number of new philosophical schools—including logical positivism, analytic philosophy, phenomenology, existentialism, and poststructuralism.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege
