Communication

313 relations: Abruzzo, African Union, Alberta, Amintore Fanfani, Angela Merkel, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Anthony Barber, Anti-globalization movement, Arab League, Édouard Philippe, Évian-les-Bains, Île-de-France, Barack Obama, Bavaria, BBC News, Belgium, Berlin, Biarritz, Big Four (Western Europe), Bild, Bill Clinton, Bill Morneau, Birmingham, Bloomberg L.P., Bonn, Boris Yeltsin, Brian Mulroney, Bruno Le Maire, Brussels, Camp David, Campania, Canada, Catshuis, Central bank, Chancellor of Germany, Chancellor of Germany (1949–present), Chancellor of the Exchequer, Château de Rambouillet, Chicago, China, Cologne, Colorado, Commonwealth of Independent States, Constitutional monarchy, County Fermanagh, Credit Suisse, Crimea, David Cameron, Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan, Death of Carlo Giuliani, ..., Deauville, Denver, Der Spiegel, Developed country, Development Assistance Committee, Donald Trump, Donald Tusk, Dorado, Puerto Rico, Elizabeth II, Emerging markets, Emmanuel Macron, England, European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro, European Union, European Union and the G7, Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany), Federation of American Scientists, Finance minister, Financial crisis of 2007–2008, Financial Stability Forum, Fitch Ratings, Food and Agriculture Organization, François Mitterrand, François Villeroy de Galhau, France, Francesco Cossiga, French Ministry for the Economy and Finance, G20, G8+5, Genoa, George H. W. Bush, George P. Shultz, George W. Bush, Georges Pompidou, Gerald Ford, Gerhard Schröder, Germany, Giovanni Tria, Giuseppe Conte, Gleneagles (Scotland), Global Apollo Programme, Gross domestic product, Group of Eight, Group of Seven, Group of Thirty, Guardian Media Group, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Harold Wilson, Haruhiko Kuroda, Head of government, Heavily indebted poor countries, Heiligendamm, Helmut Kohl, Helmut Schmidt, Herman Van Rompuy, Houston, Human Development Index, Huntsville, Ontario, Ignazio Visco, Illinois, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Energy Agency, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, International organization, International trade, Italian Minister of Economy and Finances, Italy, Jacques Chirac, James Callaghan, Japan, Jean Chrétien, Jean-Claude Juncker, Jens Weidmann, Jerome Powell, John Major, José Manuel Barroso, Justin Trudeau, Kakuei Tanaka, Kananaskis Improvement District, Kiichi Miyazawa, L'Aquila, La Maddalena, La Malbaie, Library (White House), Liguria, List of countries by credit rating, List of countries by exports, List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves, List of countries by GDP (nominal), List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita, List of countries by GDP (PPP), List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, List of country groupings, List of multilateral free-trade agreements, List of Prime Ministers of Italy, List of states with nuclear weapons, London, Lough Erne, Lower Normandy, Lyon, Make Poverty History, Margaret Thatcher, Mario Draghi, Mark Carney, Maryland, Masayoshi Ōhira, Max Boot, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Mie Prefecture, Minister of Finance (Canada), Minister of Finance (Japan), Minsk Protocol, Montebello, Quebec, Moody's Investors Service, Munich, Nago, Naples, National wealth, NATO Quint, Net worth, Nicolas Sarkozy, Nixon shock, North Rhine-Westphalia, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Nova Scotia, Nuclear sharing, OECD, Office of the Prime Minister (Canada), Olaf Scholz, Ontario, Paolo Gentiloni, Paris, Parliamentary republic, Paul Krugman, Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, Philip Hammond, Pierre Trudeau, Plaza Accord, Presidency of the Council of the European Union, President of France, President of the European Commission, President of the European Council, President of the United States, Presidential system, Price of oil, Prime Minister of Canada, Prime Minister of France, Prime Minister of Italy, Prime Minister of Japan, Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Purchasing power parity, Quebec, Rhône-Alpes, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Royal United Services Institute, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Sardinia, Schloss Elmau, Sea Island, Georgia, September 11 attacks, Shima, Mie, Shinzō Abe, Sicily, Silvio Berlusconi, Sochi, Sovereign wealth fund, Standard & Poor's, Stephen Harper, Stephen Poloz, Steven Mnuchin, Strelna, Taormina, Tarō Asō, Tōyako, Hokkaido, Texas, The Guardian, The Hague, Theresa May, Tokyo, Tony Blair, Toronto, UNESCO, United Kingdom, United Kingdom general election, February 1974, United Kingdom general election, October 1974, United Nations, United States, United States Secretary of the Treasury, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Valdis Dombrovskis, Veneto, Venice, Versailles, Yvelines, Vladimir Putin, WBBM-TV, West Germany, West Midlands (county), White House, Williamsburg, Virginia, World Bank Group, World economy, World Food Programme, World Health Organization, World Trade Organization, Yasuhiro Nakasone, Yasuo Fukuda, Yoshirō Mori, 10th G7 summit, 11th G7 summit, 12th G7 summit, 13th G7 summit, 14th G7 summit, 15th G7 summit, 16th G7 summit, 17th G7 summit, 18th G7 summit, 1970s energy crisis, 1973 oil crisis, 19th G7 summit, 1st G6 summit, 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, 2012 Chicago summit, 2014 Nuclear Security Summit, 20th G7 summit, 21st G7 summit, 22nd G7 summit, 23rd G8 summit, 24th G8 summit, 25th G8 summit, 26th G8 summit, 27th G8 summit, 28th G8 summit, 29th G8 summit, 2nd G7 summit, 30th G8 summit, 31st G8 summit, 32nd G8 summit, 33rd G8 summit, 34th G8 summit, 35th G8 summit, 36th G8 summit, 37th G8 summit, 38th G8 summit, 39th G8 summit, 3rd G7 summit, 40th G7 summit, 41st G7 summit, 42nd G7 summit, 43rd G7 summit, 44th G7 summit, 45th G7 summit, 4th G7 summit, 5th G7 summit, 6th G7 summit, 7th G7 summit, 8th G7 summit, 9th G7 summit. 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Abruzzo

Abruzzo (Aquiliano: Abbrùzzu) is a region of Southern Italy, with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.2 million.

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African Union

The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent, extending slightly into Asia via the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.

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Alberta

Alberta is a western province of Canada.

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Amintore Fanfani

Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and the Prime Minister of Italy for five separate runs.

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Angela Merkel

Angela Dorothea Merkel (Kasner, born 17 July 1954) is a German politician serving as Chancellor of Germany since 2005 and leader of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2000.

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Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

The Crimean peninsula was annexed from Ukraine by the Russian Federation in February–March 2014.

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Anthony Barber

Anthony Perrinott Lysberg Barber, Baron Barber, TD, PC, DL (4 July 1920 – 16 December 2005) was a British Conservative politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer.

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Anti-globalization movement

The anti-globalization movement, or counter-globalisation movement, is a social movement critical of economic globalization.

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Arab League

The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization of Arab states in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa and Arabia.

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Édouard Philippe

Édouard Charles Philippe (born 28 November 1970) is a French lawyer and politician serving as Prime Minister of France since 15 May 2017.

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Évian-les-Bains

Évian-les-Bains or Évian is a commune in the northern part of the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

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Île-de-France

Île-de-France ("Island of France"), also known as the région parisienne ("Parisian Region"), is one of the 18 regions of France and includes the city of Paris.

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Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.

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Bavaria

Bavaria (Bavarian and Bayern), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.

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Biarritz

Biarritz (Biarritz or Miarritze; Gascon Biàrritz) is a city on the Bay of Biscay, on the Atlantic coast in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the French Basque Country in Southwestern France.

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Big Four (Western Europe)

The Big Four, also known as G4 or EU4, refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom.

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Bild

The Bild newspaper (or Bild-Zeitung, literally Picture) is a German tabloid published by Axel Springer AG.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Bill Morneau

William Francis "Bill" Morneau (born October 7, 1962) is a Canadian politician and businessman who was elected in the 2015 Canadian federal election as the Member of Parliament for Toronto Centre.

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Birmingham

Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England, with an estimated population of 1,101,360, making it the second most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Bloomberg L.P.

Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

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Bonn

The Federal City of Bonn is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000.

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Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (p; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.

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Brian Mulroney

Martin Brian Mulroney (born March 20, 1939) is a Canadian politician who served as the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993.

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Bruno Le Maire

Bruno Le Maire (born 15 April 1969) is a French politician and former diplomat.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.

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Camp David

Camp David is the country retreat for the President of the United States.

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Campania

Campania is a region in Southern Italy.

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Canada

Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.

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Catshuis

The Catshuis (English: House of Cats), initially known as Huis Sorgvliet (English: Sorgvliet House), is the official residence of the Prime Minister of the Netherlands.

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Central bank

A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates.

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Chancellor of Germany

The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany.

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Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)

The Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (in German called Bundeskanzler(in), meaning "Federal Chancellor", or in) for short) is, under the German 1949 Constitution, the head of government of Germany.

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Chancellor of the Exchequer

The Chancellor and Under-Treasurer of Her Majesty's Exchequer, commonly known as the Chancellor of the Exchequer, or simply the Chancellor, is a senior official within the Government of the United Kingdom and head of Her Majesty's Treasury.

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Château de Rambouillet

The Château de Rambouillet, also known in English as the Castle of Rambouillet, is a château in the town of Rambouillet, Yvelines department, in the Île-de-France region in northern France, southwest of Paris.

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Chicago

Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third most populous city in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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Cologne

Cologne (Köln,, Kölle) is the largest city in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth most populated city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich).

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Colorado

Colorado is a state of the United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains.

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Commonwealth of Independent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS; r), also nicknamed the Russian Commonwealth (in order to distinguish it from the Commonwealth of Nations), is a political and economic intergovernmental organization of nine member states and one associate member, all of which are former Soviet Republics located in Eurasia (primarily in Central to North Asia), formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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Constitutional monarchy

A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.

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County Fermanagh

County Fermanagh is one of the thirty-two counties of Ireland and one of the six counties of Northern Ireland.

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Credit Suisse

Credit Suisse Group AG is a Swiss multinational investment bank and financial services company founded and based in Switzerland.

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Crimea

Crimea (Крым, Крим, Krym; Krym; translit;; translit) is a peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast.

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David Cameron

David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016.

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Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan

On June 5, 2004, Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States, died after having suffered from Alzheimer's disease for nearly a decade.

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Death of Carlo Giuliani

During an anti-globalization demonstration outside the July 2001 G8 summit in Genoa, Italy, protester Carlo Giuliani was shot dead by riot police among demonstrators who attacked their van, making his the first death during an anti-globalization demonstration since the movement's rise from the 1999 Seattle WTO protests.

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Deauville

Deauville is a commune in the Calvados département in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

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Denver

Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado.

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Der Spiegel

Der Spiegel (lit. "The Mirror") is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.

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Developed country

A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

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Development Assistance Committee

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) is a forum to discuss issues surrounding aid, development and poverty reduction in developing countries.

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Donald Trump

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States, in office since January 20, 2017.

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Donald Tusk

Donald Franciszek Tusk (Polish:; born 22 April 1957) is a Polish politician who has been the President of the European Council since 2014.

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Dorado, Puerto Rico

Dorado (Golden) is a town and municipality in the northern coast of Puerto Rico (U.S.), west of San Juan and is located in the northern region of the island, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, north of Toa Alta, east of Vega Alta, and west of Toa Baja.

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Elizabeth II

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.

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Emerging markets

An emerging market is a country that has some characteristics of a developed market, but does not meet standards to be a developed market.

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Emmanuel Macron

Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (born 21 December 1977) is a French politician serving as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra since 14 May 2017.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro

The Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro is the member of the European Commission responsible for economic and financial affairs.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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European Union and the G7

The European Union (EU) is a member of the G7 (formerly the G8).

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Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)

The Federal Ministry of Finance (Bundesministerium der Finanzen), abbreviated BMF, is the cabinet-level finance ministry of Germany, with its seat at the Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus in Berlin and a secondary office in Bonn.

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Federation of American Scientists

The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) is a 501(c)(3) organization with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make the world more secure.

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Finance minister

A finance minister is an executive or cabinet position in charge of one or more of government finances, economic policy and financial regulation.

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Financial crisis of 2007–2008

The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the global financial crisis and the 2008 financial crisis, is considered by many economists to have been the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s.

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Financial Stability Forum

The Financial Stability Forum (FSF) was a group consisting of major national financial authorities such as finance ministries, central bankers, and international financial bodies.

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Fitch Ratings

Fitch Ratings Inc.

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Food and Agriculture Organization

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'Alimentazione e l'Agricoltura) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.

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François Mitterrand

François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office of any French president.

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François Villeroy de Galhau

François Villeroy de Galhau (born 24 February 1959) is a French central banker, Governor of the Bank of France since 1 November 2015.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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Francesco Cossiga

Francesco Cossiga, (1928 – 2010).

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French Ministry for the Economy and Finance

The French Ministry for the Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'économie et des finances), called the Finance Ministry for short and informally referred to as Bercy, is one of the most important ministries in the cabinet of France.

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G20

The G20 (or Group of Twenty) is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.

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G8+5

The Group of Eight + Five (G8+5) was an international group that consisted of the leaders of the heads of government from the G8 nations (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia), plus the heads of government of the five leading emerging economies (Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa).

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Genoa

Genoa (Genova,; Zêna; English, historically, and Genua) is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy.

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George H. W. Bush

George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993.

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George P. Shultz

George Pratt Shultz (born December 13, 1920) is an American economist, elder statesman, and businessman.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Georges Pompidou

Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 19112 April 1974) was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968—the longest tenure in the position's history—and later President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974.

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Gerald Ford

Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977.

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Gerhard Schröder

Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder (born 7 April 1944) is a German politician, and served as Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005, during which his most important political project was the Agenda 2010.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Giovanni Tria

Giovanni Tria (born 28 September 1948) is an Italian economist and university professor currently serving as the Italian Minister of Economy and Finances.

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Giuseppe Conte

Giuseppe Conte (born 8 August 1964) is an Italian jurist and politician serving as the 58th and current Prime Minister of Italy since 1 June 2018.

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Gleneagles (Scotland)

Gleneagles (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann na h-Eaglais/Gleann Eagas) is a glen which connects with Glen Devon to form a pass through the Ochil Hills of Perth and Kinross in Scotland.

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Global Apollo Programme

The Global Apollo Programme is a call for a major global science and economics research programme to make carbon-free baseload electricity less costly than electricity from coal by the year 2025.

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Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time.

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Group of Eight

The G8, reformatted as G7 from 2014 due to the suspension of Russia's participation, was an inter-governmental political forum from 1997 until 2014, with the participation of some major industrialized countries in the world, that viewed themselves as democracies.

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Group of Seven

The Group of Seven (G7) is a group consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

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Group of Thirty

The Group of Thirty, often abbreviated to G30, is an international body of leading financiers and academics which aims to deepen understanding of economic and financial issues and to examine consequences of decisions made in the public and private sectors related to these issues.

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Guardian Media Group

Guardian Media Group plc (GMG) is a British mass media company owning various media operations including The Guardian and The Observer.

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Halifax, Nova Scotia

Halifax, officially known as the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM), is the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

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Harold Wilson

James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was a British Labour politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and from 1974 to 1976.

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Haruhiko Kuroda

, is the 31st and current Governor of the Bank of Japan (BOJ).

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Head of government

A head of government (or chief of government) is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, (commonly referred to as countries, nations or nation-states) who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.

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Heavily indebted poor countries

The heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) are a group of 37 developing countries with high levels of poverty and debt overhang which are eligible for special assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.

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Heiligendamm

Heiligendamm is a German seaside resort, founded in 1793.

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Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of West Germany 1982–1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990–1998) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998.

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Helmut Schmidt

Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (23 December 1918 – 10 November 2015) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), who served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1974 to 1982.

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Herman Van Rompuy

Herman Achille, Count Van Rompuy (Herman Achille, Graaf Van Rompuy,; born 31 October 1947) is a Belgian politician, who formerly served as Prime Minister of Belgium and then as the first President of the European Council.

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Houston

Houston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, with a census-estimated 2017 population of 2.312 million within a land area of.

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Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

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Huntsville, Ontario

Huntsville (Canada 2016 Census population 19,816) is the largest town in the Muskoka Region of Ontario, Canada.

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Ignazio Visco

Ignazio Visco OMRI (born 21 November 1949) is an Italian economist and the current Governor of the Bank of Italy.

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Illinois

Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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International Atomic Energy Agency

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.

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International Energy Agency

The International Energy Agency (IEA) (Agence internationale de l'énergie) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis.

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International Fund for Agricultural Development

The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (French: Fonds international de développement agricole; FIDA) (Italian: Fondo Internazionale per lo Sviluppo Agricolo) is an international financial institution and a specialised agency of the United Nations dedicated to eradicating poverty and hunger in rural areas of developing countries.

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International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency dealing with labour problems, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all.

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International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system.

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International organization

An international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence.

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International trade

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.

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Italian Minister of Economy and Finances

This is a list of Italian Ministers of Economy and Finances since the Ministry of Economy and Finances' creation in 2001 by the fusion of two former ministries, the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Finances.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Jacques Chirac

Jacques René Chirac (born 29 November 1932) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007.

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James Callaghan

Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005), often known as Jim Callaghan, served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1976 to 1980.

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Japan

Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.

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Jean Chrétien

Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien (born January 11, 1934), known commonly as Jean Chrétien, is a Canadian politician who served as the 20th Prime Minister of Canada from November 4, 1993, to December 12, 2003.

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Jean-Claude Juncker

Jean-Claude Juncker (born 9 December 1954) is a Luxembourgish politician serving as President of the European Commission since 2014.

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Jens Weidmann

Jens Weidmann (born 20 April 1968) is a German economist, president of the Deutsche Bundesbank, and Chairman of the Board of the Bank for International Settlements.

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Jerome Powell

Jerome Hayden "Jay" Powell (born February 4, 1953) is the 16th and current Chairman of the Federal Reserve, serving in that office since February 2018.

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John Major

Sir John Major (born 29 March 1943) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997.

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José Manuel Barroso

José Manuel Durão Barroso (born 23 March 1956) is a Portuguese politician who is the current non-executive chairman at Goldman Sachs International.

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Justin Trudeau

Justin Pierre James Trudeau (born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician serving as the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada since 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party since 2013.

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Kakuei Tanaka

was a Japanese politician who served in the House of Representatives from 26 April 1947 to 24 January 1990, and as the 40th Prime Minister of Japan from 7 July 1972 to 9 December 1974 (his two terms being divided by the 1972 general election).

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Kananaskis Improvement District

Kananaskis Improvement District is an improvement district in Alberta, Canada.

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Kiichi Miyazawa

was a Japanese politician and the 78th Japanese Prime Minister serving from 5 November 1991 to 9 August 1993.

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L'Aquila

L'Aquila (meaning "The Eagle") is a city and comune in Southern Italy, both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila.

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La Maddalena

La Maddalena (Gallurese: Madalena or La Madalena, Sa Madalena) is a town and comune located on the island with the same name, in northern Sardinia, part of the province of Sassari (SS), Italy.

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La Malbaie

La Malbaie is a municipality in the Charlevoix-Est Regional County Municipality in the province of Quebec, Canada, situated on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River, at the mouth of the Malbaie River.

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Library (White House)

The White House Library is on the Ground Floor of the White House, the official home of the President of the United States.

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Liguria

Liguria (Ligûria, Ligurie) is a coastal region of north-western Italy; its capital is Genoa.

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List of countries by credit rating

This is a list of countries by credit rating, showing long-term foreign currency credit ratings for sovereign bonds as reported by the three major credit rating agencies: Standard & Poor's, Fitch, and Moody's.

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List of countries by exports

This is a list of countries by merchandise exports, based on The World Factbook of the CIA.

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List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves

Foreign-exchange reserves (also called Forex reserves) are, in a strict sense, only the foreign-currency deposits held by national central banks and monetary authorities (See List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves (excluding gold)).

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List of countries by GDP (nominal)

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.

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List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

The world sorted by their gross domestic product per capita at nominal values.

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List of countries by GDP (PPP)

This article includes a list of countries by their forecasted estimated gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity, abbreviated GDP (PPP).

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List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

Three lists of countries below calculate gross domestic product (at purchasing power parity) per capita, i.e., the purchasing power parity (PPP) value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year.

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List of country groupings

Groups of countries or regions are often referred to by a single term (word, phrase, or abbreviation).

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List of multilateral free-trade agreements

This is a list of multilateral free-trade agreements, between several countries all treated equally.

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List of Prime Ministers of Italy

The Prime Minister of Italy, officially President of the Council of Ministers, is the political leader of Italy since 1861.

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List of states with nuclear weapons

There are eight sovereign states that have successfully detonated nuclear weapons.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Lough Erne

Lough Erne is the name of two connected lakes in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland.

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Lower Normandy

Lower Normandy (Basse-Normandie,; Basse-Normaundie) is a former administrative region of France.

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Lyon

Lyon (Liyon), is the third-largest city and second-largest urban area of France.

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Make Poverty History

Make Poverty History is the name of organizations in a number of countries, which focus on issues relating to 8th Millennium Development Goal such as aid, trade and justice.

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Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (13 October 19258 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.

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Mario Draghi

Mario Draghi (born 3 September 1947) is an Italian economist serving as the President of the European Central Bank since 2011.

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Mark Carney

Mark Joseph Carney, (born March 16, 1965) is a Canadian economist and the Governor of the Bank of England and Chairman of the G20's Financial Stability Board.

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Maryland

Maryland is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C. to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east.

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Masayoshi Ōhira

was a Japanese politician and the 43rd Prime Minister of Japan from 7 December 1978 to 12 June 1980.

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Max Boot

Max Boot (born September 12, 1969) is a Russian-born American author, consultant, editorialist, lecturer, and military historian.

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Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (often Mecklenburg-West Pomerania in English and commonly shortened to "Meck-Pomm" or even "McPom" or "M-V" in German) is a federal state in northern Germany.

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Mie Prefecture

is a prefecture of Japan, which is part of the Kansai region on the main Honshu island.

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Minister of Finance (Canada)

The Minister of Finance (Ministre des Finances) is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible each year for presenting the federal government's budget.

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Minister of Finance (Japan)

The is the member of the Cabinet of Japan in charge of the Ministry of Finance.

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Minsk Protocol

Representatives of Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) signed the Minsk Protocol, an agreement to halt the war in the Donbass region of Ukraine, on 5 September 2014.

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Montebello, Quebec

Montebello is a municipality located in the Papineau Regional County Municipality of Western Quebec, Canada.

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Moody's Investors Service

Moody's Investors Service, often referred to as Moody's, is the bond credit rating business of Moody's Corporation, representing the company's traditional line of business and its historical name.

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Munich

Munich (München; Minga) is the capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps.

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Nago

is a city located in the northern part of Okinawa Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.

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Naples

Naples (Napoli, Napule or; Neapolis; lit) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy after Rome and Milan.

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National wealth

National net wealth, also known as national net worth, is the total sum of the value of a nation's assets minus its liabilities.

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NATO Quint

The Quint is an informal decision-making group consisting of the United States and the Big Four of Western Europe (France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom).

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Net worth

Net worth is the value of all the non-financial and financial assets owned by an institutional unit or sector minus the value of all its outstanding liabilities.

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Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa KOGF GCB (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012.

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Nixon shock

The Nixon shock was a series of economic measures undertaken by United States President Richard Nixon in 1971, the most significant of which was the unilateral cancellation of the direct international convertibility of the United States dollar to gold.

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North Rhine-Westphalia

North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen,, commonly shortened to NRW) is the most populous state of Germany, with a population of approximately 18 million, and the fourth largest by area.

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Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Nouvelle-Aquitaine ("New Aquitaine"; Nòva Aquitània; Akitania Berria; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Novéle-Aguiéne) is the largest administrative region in France, located in the southwest of the country.

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Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland"; Nouvelle-Écosse; Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh) is one of Canada's three maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces that form Atlantic Canada.

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Nuclear sharing

Nuclear sharing is a concept in NATO's policy of nuclear deterrence, which involves member countries without nuclear weapons of their own in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons by NATO.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)

In Canada, the Office of the Prime Minister (more commonly referred to as the Prime Minister's Office and abbreviated as PMO), located in the Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building, facing Parliament Hill, in Ottawa, is one of the most powerful parts of the government.

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Olaf Scholz

Olaf Scholz (born) is a German politician, serving as Federal Minister of Finance and Vice Chancellor alongside Chancellor Angela Merkel from the CDU since 14 March 2018.

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Ontario

Ontario is one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada and is located in east-central Canada.

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Paolo Gentiloni

Paolo Gentiloni Silveri (born 22 November 1954) is an Italian politician, who served as the 57th Prime Minister of Italy from 12 December 2016 to 1 June 2018.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Parliamentary republic

A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament).

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Paul Krugman

Paul Robin Krugman (born February 28, 1953) is an American economist who is currently Distinguished Professor of Economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and a columnist for The New York Times.

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Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.

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Philip Hammond

Philip Anthony Hammond (born 4 December 1955) is a British Conservative Party politician who has been the Chancellor of the Exchequer since 13 July 2016 and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Runnymede and Weybridge since 1997.

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Pierre Trudeau

Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau (October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000), often referred to by the initials PET, was a Canadian statesman who served as the 15th Prime Minister of Canada (1968–1979 and 1980–1984).

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Plaza Accord

The Plaza Accord or Plaza Agreement was an agreement between the governments of France, West Germany, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom, to depreciate the U.S. dollar in relation to the Japanese yen and German Deutsche Mark by intervening in currency markets.

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Presidency of the Council of the European Union

The presidency of the Council of the European Union is responsible for the functioning of the Council of the European Union, the upper house of the EU legislature.

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President of France

The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française) is the executive head of state of France in the French Fifth Republic.

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President of the European Commission

The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the:European Union.

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President of the European Council

The President of the European Council is a principal representative of the European Union (EU) on the world stage, and the person presiding over and driving forward the work of the European Council.

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President of the United States

The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.

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Presidential system

A presidential system is a democratic and republican system of government where a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch.

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Price of oil

The price of oil, or the oil price, (generally) refers to the spot price of a barrel of benchmark crude oil—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent ICE, Dubai Crude, OPEC Reference Basket, Tapis Crude, Bonny Light, Urals oil, Isthmus and Western Canadian Select (WCS).

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Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister of Canada (Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Canada's head of government, charged with advising the Canadian monarch or Governor General of Canada on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution.

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Prime Minister of France

The French Prime Minister (Premier ministre français) in the Fifth Republic is the head of government.

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Prime Minister of Italy

The President of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic (Italian: Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri della Repubblica Italiana), commonly referred to in Italy as Presidente del Consiglio, or informally as Premier and known in English as the Prime Minister of Italy, is the head of government of the Italian Republic.

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Prime Minister of Japan

The is the head of government of Japan.

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Prime Minister of the Netherlands

The Prime Minister of the Netherlands (Minister-president van Nederland) is the head of the executive branch of the Government of the Netherlands in his quality of chair of the Council of Ministers.

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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of the United Kingdom government.

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Purchasing power parity

Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a neoclassical economic theory that states that the exchange rate between two countries is equal to the ratio of the currencies' respective purchasing power.

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Quebec

Quebec (Québec)According to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in English; the name is.

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Rhône-Alpes

Rhône-Alpes (Arpitan: Rôno-Arpes; Ròse-Aups; Rodano-Alpi) is a former administrative region of France.

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Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so.

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Royal United Services Institute

The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI), sometimes still referred to by its pre-2004 name, the Royal United Services Institution, is a British defence and security think tank.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).

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Sardinia

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Schloss Elmau

Schloss Elmau, built by the architect Carl Sattler in the style of ''Reformarchitektur'' during WW1 between 1914 and 1916, is a two-story listed monument with hipped roof, tower and porch, situated between Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Mittenwald in Bavaria, Germany.

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Sea Island, Georgia

Sea Island is a privately owned, unincorporated area of Glynn County, Georgia; and is part of the Golden Isles of Georgia, including St. Simons Island, Jekyll Island, Little St. Simons Island, and the mainland city of Brunswick.

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September 11 attacks

The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

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Shima, Mie

is a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan.

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Shinzō Abe

is a Japanese politician serving as the 63rd and current Prime Minister of Japan and Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) since 2012, previously being the 57th officeholder from 2006 to 2007.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia; Sicìlia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi (born 29 September 1936) is an Italian media tycoon and politician who has served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments.

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Sochi

Sochi (a) is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia/Abkhazia and Russia.

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Sovereign wealth fund

A sovereign wealth fund (SWF) or sovereign investment fund is a state-owned investment fund that invests in real and financial assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, precious metals, or in alternative investments such as private equity fund or hedge funds.

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Standard & Poor's

Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC (S&P) is an American financial services company.

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Stephen Harper

Stephen Joseph Harper (born April 30, 1959) is a Canadian economist, entrepreneur, and retired politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada, from February 6, 2006, to November 4, 2015.

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Stephen Poloz

Stephen S. Poloz (born 1956) is a Canadian banker and the ninth and current Governor of the Bank of Canada.

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Steven Mnuchin

Steven Terner Mnuchin (born December 21, 1962) is an American former investment banker who is serving as the 77th and current United States Secretary of the Treasury as part of the Cabinet of Donald Trump.

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Strelna

Strelna (p) is a municipal settlement in Petrodvortsovy District of the federal city of Saint Petersburg, Russia, located about halfway between Saint Petersburg proper and Petergof, and overlooking the shore of the Gulf of Finland.

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Taormina

Taormina (Sicilian: Taurmina; Latin: Tauromenium; Ταυρομένιον, Tauromenion) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina, on the east coast of the island of Sicily, Italy.

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Tarō Asō

is a Japanese politician who is the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance.

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Tōyako, Hokkaido

is a town in Iburi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan.

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Texas

Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Hague

The Hague (Den Haag,, short for 's-Gravenhage) is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands and the capital of the province of South Holland.

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Theresa May

Theresa Mary May (Brasier; born 1 October 1956) is a British politician serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2016.

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Tokyo

, officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and has been the capital since 1869.

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Tony Blair

Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007.

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Toronto

Toronto is the capital city of the province of Ontario and the largest city in Canada by population, with 2,731,571 residents in 2016.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United Kingdom general election, February 1974

The February 1974 United Kingdom general election was held on the 28th day of that month.

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United Kingdom general election, October 1974

The October 1974 United Kingdom general election took place on Thursday 10 October 1974 to elect 635 members of the British House of Commons.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Secretary of the Treasury

The Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the U.S. Department of the Treasury which is concerned with financial and monetary matters, and, until 2003, also included several federal law enforcement agencies.

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Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (born 2 February 1926), also known as Giscard or VGE, is a French author and elder statesman who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981 and is now a member of the Constitutional Council.

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Valdis Dombrovskis

Valdis Dombrovskis (born 5 August 1971) is a Latvian politician and the current European Commission Vice-President for the Euro and Social Dialogue, serving since November 2014.

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Veneto

Veneto (or,; Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

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Venice

Venice (Venezia,; Venesia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

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Versailles, Yvelines

Versailles is a city in the Yvelines département in Île-de-France region, renowned worldwide for the Château de Versailles and the gardens of Versailles, designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

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Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (a; born 7 October 1952) is a Russian statesman and former intelligence officer serving as President of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008.

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WBBM-TV

WBBM-TV, virtual channel 2 (VHF digital channel 12), is a CBS owned-and-operated television station licensed to Chicago, Illinois, United States.

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West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990.

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West Midlands (county)

The West Midlands is a metropolitan county and city region in western-central England with a 2014 estimated population of 2,808,356, making it the second most populous county in England.

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White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States.

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Williamsburg, Virginia

Williamsburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia.

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World Bank Group

The World Bank Group (WBG) (Groupe de la Banque mondiale) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries.

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World economy

The world economy or global economy is the economy of the world, considered as the international exchange of goods and services that is expressed in monetary units of account (money).

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World Food Programme

The World Food Programme (WFP) is the food-assistance branch of the United Nations and the world's largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security.

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World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.

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World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.

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Yasuhiro Nakasone

is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 27 November 1982 to 6 November 1987.

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Yasuo Fukuda

was the 58th Prime Minister of Japan, serving from 2007 to 2008.

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Yoshirō Mori

is a Japanese politician who served as the 55th Prime Minister of Japan between 5 April 2000 and 26 April 2001.

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10th G7 summit

The 10th G7 Summit was held in London, England, United Kingdom from June 7 to June 9, 1984.

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11th G7 summit

The 11th G7 Summit was held in Bonn, West Germany between May 2 and May 4, 1985.

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12th G7 summit

The 12th G7 Summit was held in Tokyo, Japan between May 4 and May 6, 1986.

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13th G7 summit

The 13th G7 Summit was held in Venice, Italy between June 8 and 10, 1987.

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14th G7 summit

The 14th G7 Summit was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between June 19 and 21, 1988.

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15th G7 summit

The 15th G7 Summit was held in the business district of La Défense to the west of Paris, France between July 14 to 16, 1989.

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16th G7 summit

The 16th G7 Summit was held at Houston between July 9 and 11, 1990.

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17th G7 summit

The 17th G7 Summit was held in London, England, United Kingdom between July 15 to 17, 1991.

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18th G7 summit

The 18th G7 Summit was held in Munich, Germany between July 6 to 8, 1992.

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1970s energy crisis

The 1970s energy crisis was a period when the major industrial countries of the world, particularly the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, faced substantial petroleum shortages, real and perceived, as well as elevated prices.

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1973 oil crisis

The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo.

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19th G7 summit

The 19th G7 Summit was held in Tokyo, Japan, on July 7–9, 1993.

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1st G6 summit

The 1st G6 summit took place on 15–17 November 1975, in Rambouillet, France.

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2009 L'Aquila earthquake

The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake occurred in the region of Abruzzo, in central Italy.

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2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

The was a magnitude 9.0–9.1 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday 11 March 2011, with the epicentre approximately east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately.

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2012 Chicago summit

The 2012 Chicago Summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), held in Chicago, Illinois, on May 20 and 21 of 2012.

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2014 Nuclear Security Summit

The 2014 Nuclear Security Summit was a summit held in The Hague, the Netherlands, on March 24 and 25, 2014.

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20th G7 summit

The 20th G7 Summit was held in Naples, Italy, on July 8–10, 1994.

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21st G7 summit

The 21st G7 summit was held on June 15–17, 1995 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

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22nd G7 summit

The 22nd G7 Summit was held in Lyon, France, on June 27–29, 1996.

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23rd G8 summit

The 23rd G8 summit was held on June 20–22, 1997 in Denver, Colorado, United States.

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24th G8 summit

The 24th G8 Summit was held in Birmingham, England, United Kingdom on May 15–17, 1998.

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25th G8 summit

The 25th G8 Summit was held in Cologne, Germany, on June 18–20, 1999.

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26th G8 summit

The 26th G8 summit was held in Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, on July 21–23, 2000.

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27th G8 summit

The 27th G8 summit was held in Genoa, Italy, on July 21–22, 2001 and is remembered as the peak of the worldwide antiglobalization movement as well as for human rights crimes against demonstrators.

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28th G8 summit

The 28th G8 Summit was held in Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada, on June 26–27, 2002.

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29th G8 summit

The 29th G8 summit was held in Évian-les-Bains, France, on June 1–3, 2003.

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2nd G7 summit

The 2nd G7 Summit was held at Dorado, Puerto Rico between June 27 and 28, 1976.

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30th G8 summit

The 30th G8 summit was held in Sea Island, Georgia, United States, on June 8–10, 2004.

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31st G8 summit

President George W. Bush of the United States, Prime Minister Paul Martin of Canada, President Jacques Chirac of France, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi of Japan, Prime Minister Tony Blair of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi of Italy, President Vladimir Putin of Russia, President José Manuel Barroso of the European Commission, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of Germany --> The 31st G8 summit was held on July 6–8, 2005 at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Scotland, United Kingdom and hosted by British Prime Minister Tony Blair.

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32nd G8 summit

The 32nd G8 summit was held on 15–17 July 2006 in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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33rd G8 summit

The 33rd G8 summit was held at Kempinski Grand Hotel, 6–8 June 2007.

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34th G8 summit

The 34th G8 summit was held in the town of Tōyako, Hokkaido, Japan, on July 7–9, 2008.

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35th G8 summit

The 35th G8 summit was held in L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy, on July 8–10, 2009.

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36th G8 summit

The 36th G8 summit was held in Huntsville, Ontario, Canada, on June 25–26, 2010.

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37th G8 summit

The 37th G8 summit was held on May 26–27, 2011, in Deauville, France.

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38th G8 summit

The 38th G8 summit was held in Camp David, Maryland, United States, on 18–19 May 2012.

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39th G8 summit

The 39th G8 summit was held on 17–18 June 2013, at the Lough Erne Resort, a five-star hotel and golf resort on the shore of Lough Erne in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.

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3rd G7 summit

The 3rd G7 Summit was held at London, United Kingdom between 7–8 May 1977.

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40th G7 summit

The 40th G8 summit was due to be held in Russia in 2014.

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41st G7 summit

The 41st G7 summit was held in Schloss Elmau, Krün, Bavaria, Germany on June 7–8, 2015.

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42nd G7 summit

The 42nd G7 summit was held on May 26–27, 2016 at the Shima Kanko Hotel in Kashiko Island, Shima, Mie Prefecture, Japan.

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43rd G7 summit

The 43rd G7 summit was held on May 26–27, 2017 in Taormina (ME), Sicily, Italy.

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44th G7 summit

The 44th G7 summit was held on 8–9 June 2018, in La Malbaie, Quebec, Canada.

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45th G7 summit

The 45th G7 summit will be held in mid-2019 in Biarritz, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.

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4th G7 summit

The 4th G7 Summit was held at Bonn, West Germany between 16 and 17 July 1978.

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5th G7 summit

The 5th G7 Summit was held at Tokyo, Japan between June 28 and 29, 1979.

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6th G7 summit

The 6th G7 Summit was held at Venice, Italy between June 22 and 23rd, 1980.

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7th G7 summit

The 7th G7 Summit was called the Ottawa Summit, and was held in Montebello, Quebec, Canada and nearby Ottawa between July 20 and 21, 1981.

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8th G7 summit

The 8th G7 Summit was held in Versailles, France between June 4 to 6, 1982.

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9th G7 summit

The 9th G7 Summit was held at Williamsburg, Virginia, United States during the 28th to 30 May 1983.

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Chair of the G7, G7, G7 (economies), G7 (finance ministers), G7 (forum), G7 (major advanced economies), G7 finance ministers, G7 forum, Group of Seven (G7), Group of Six, Group of seven, Major advanced economies.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven

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