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289 relations: Abdominal pain, Acetylcysteine, Acute liver failure, Adaptive immune system, Adefovir, Alanine transaminase, Alcoholic hepatitis, Alcoholic liver disease, Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholism, Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, Amanita phalloides, Amenorrhea, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Anabolic steroid, Analgesic, Ancient Greek, Anorexia (symptom), Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, Anti-nuclear antibody, Antibiotic, Antibody, Anticonvulsant, Antigen, Aplastic anemia, Apoptosis, Ascites, Aspartate transaminase, Autoantibody, Autoimmune disease, Autoimmune hepatitis, Ballooning degeneration, Bartonella henselae, Baruch Samuel Blumberg, Basic metabolic panel, Biliary atresia, Bilirubin, Blood, Blood test, Blood transfusion, Body fluid, Bone marrow suppression, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella, Caesarean section, Campylobacter, Carbon tetrachloride, Case fatality rate, ..., Cell damage, Cellular stress response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cerebral edema, Cestoda, Chemotherapy, Childbirth, Choledochal cysts, Cholestasis, Choluria, Chronic condition, Chronic liver disease, Cirrhosis, Clonorchis sinensis, Coagulation, Coagulopathy, Complete blood count, Constitutional symptoms, Corticosteroid, Coxiella burnetii, CT scan, Cytokine, Cytomegalovirus, Cytotoxic T cell, David Dane, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Diarrhea, Dietary supplement, Dominance (genetics), Drug injection, Drug resistance, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Elevated transaminases, Emergency medicine, Encephalopathy, Entamoeba histolytica, Entecavir, Eosinophil, Epidemic, Epstein–Barr virus, Erythromycin, Escherichia coli, Esophageal varices, Ethanol, Fasciola hepatica, Fatigue, Fatty acid, Fatty liver, Fecal–oral route, Fibrosis, Food and Drug Administration, Gamma-glutamyltransferase, Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal bleeding, Gastrointestinal tract, Glucocorticoid, Glycogen storage disease, Gold standard (test), Granulocyte, Granuloma, Haemophilia, HBcAg, HBeAg, HBsAg, Healthy diet, Heart failure, Hemodialysis, Henry K. Beecher, Hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis A vaccine, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis B immune globulin, Hepatitis B vaccine, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C and HIV coinfection, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E, Hepatitis E virus, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatocyte, Hepatology, Hepatomegaly, Hepatorenal syndrome, Hepatotoxicity, Hepatotoxin, Herb, HFE hereditary haemochromatosis, Hippocrates, Hirsutism, Histopathology, HIV/AIDS, Human leukocyte antigen, Human parasite, Human serum albumin, Hydralazine, Hypoglycemia, Iatrogenesis, Idiopathic disease, Immune system, Immunity (medical), Immunization, Immunoglobulin E, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Immunosuppression, Immunosuppressive drug, Inborn errors of metabolism, Incubation period, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Inflammation, Innate immune system, Insulin resistance, Interferon type I, Ischemic hepatitis, Isoniazid, Jaundice, Kidney failure, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lamivudine, Leishmaniasis, Liver, Liver biopsy, Liver cancer, Liver failure, Liver function tests, Liver transplantation, Lysosomal storage disease, Maculopapular rash, Magnetic resonance imaging, Malaria, Mallory body, Management of HIV/AIDS, Measles, Medical imaging, Medical sign, Medical ultrasound, Medication, Men who have sex with men, Metabolic syndrome, Methyldopa, Mucous membrane, Mycobacterium, Myocarditis, National Institutes of Health, Natural killer cell, Nausea, Necrosis, Needle exchange programme, Needle sharing, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Nephritis, Nitrofurantoin, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Nucleic acid test, Oral contraceptive pill, Outbreak, Pancreatitis, Paracetamol, Paracetamol poisoning, Pegylated interferon, Pentoxifylline, Peripheral edema, Peripheral neuropathy, Phases of clinical research, Phenytoin, Plasmodium, Pleurisy, Polyethylene glycol, Prednisolone, Prednisone, Pregnancy, Primary biliary cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Prodrome, Prothrombin time, Protozoa, Pyogenic liver abscess, Quadrant (abdomen), Recreational drug use, Respiratory failure, Rickettsia, Rubella, Salmonella, Saul Krugman, Scallion, Schistosomiasis, Screening (medicine), Self-limiting (biology), Sensitivity and specificity, Sepsis, Serology, Serositis, Sexually transmitted infection, Shock (circulatory), Silybum marianum, Somnolence, Splenomegaly, Statin, Steatohepatitis, Steatosis, Steroid, Superinfection, Syphilis, T helper cell, Telbivudine, Tenofovir disoproxil, Therapy, Thyroiditis, TNF inhibitor, Toll-like receptor, Toxoplasma gondii, Trematoda, Treponema pallidum, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Tropheryma whipplei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Ulcerative colitis, United States Preventive Services Task Force, Universal precautions, Vaccine, Vaccine-preventable diseases, Vaginal delivery, Valproate, Variable cost, Vertically transmitted infection, Viral hepatitis, Virus, Vomiting, Weight loss, Wilson's disease, World Health Organization, World Hepatitis Day, Wound healing. 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Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain, also known as a stomach ache, is a symptom associated with both non-serious and serious medical issues.
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Acetylcysteine
Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), is a medication that is used to treat paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose, and to loosen thick mucus in individuals with cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Acute liver failure
Acute liver failure is the appearance of severe complications rapidly after the first signs of liver disease (such as jaundice), and indicates that the liver has sustained severe damage (loss of function of 80–90% of liver cells).
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Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
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Adefovir
Adefovir is a prescription medicine used to treat (chronic) infections with hepatitis B virus.
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Alanine transaminase
Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a transaminase enzyme.
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Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis is hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) due to excessive intake of alcohol.
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Alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholic liver disease is a term that encompasses the liver manifestations of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.
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Alcoholics Anonymous
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an international mutual aid fellowship whose stated purpose is to enable its members to "stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety." It was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio.
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Alcoholism
Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in mental or physical health problems.
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Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or AATD) is a genetic disorder that may result in lung disease or liver disease.
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Amanita phalloides
Amanita phalloides, commonly known as the death cap, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita.
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Amenorrhea
Amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.
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American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) is a leading organization of scientists and health care professionals committed to preventing and curing liver disease.
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American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists is a professional association of physicians specializing in obstetrics and gynecology in the United States.
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Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, also known as co-amoxiclav, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Anabolic steroid
Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS), are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone.
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Analgesic
An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Anorexia (symptom)
Anorexia (from Ancient Greek ανορεξία: 'ἀν-' "without" + 'όρεξις', spelled 'órexis' meaning "appetite") is the decreased sensation of appetite.
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Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies, mainly of the IgG type, against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes (the most common type of white blood cell) and monocytes.
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Anti-nuclear antibody
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs, also known as antinuclear factor or ANF) are autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Anticonvulsant
Anticonvulsants (also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.
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Antigen
In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.
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Aplastic anemia
Aplastic anaemia is a rare disease in which the bone marrow and the hematopoietic stem cells that reside there are damaged.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Ascites
Ascites is the abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen.
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Aspartate transaminase
Aspartate transaminase (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase, also known as AspAT/ASAT/AAT or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent transaminase enzyme that was first described by Arthur Karmen and colleagues in 1954.
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Autoantibody
An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins.
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Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.
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Autoimmune hepatitis
Autoimmune hepatitis, formerly called lupoid hepatitis, is a chronic, autoimmune disease of the liver that occurs when the body's immune system attacks liver cells causing the liver to be inflamed.
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Ballooning degeneration
In histopathology, ballooning degeneration, formally ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, is a form of liver parenchymal cell (i.e. hepatocyte) death.
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Bartonella henselae
Bartonella henselae, formerly Rochalimæa, is a proteobacterium that is the causative agent of cat-scratch disease (bartonellosis).
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Baruch Samuel Blumberg
Baruch Samuel Blumberg (July 28, 1925April 5, 2011) — known as Barry Blumberg — was an American physician, geneticist, and co-recipient of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Daniel Carleton Gajdusek), for his work on the hepatitis B virus while an investigator at the NIH.
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Basic metabolic panel
A basic metabolic panel (BMP) is a blood test consisting of a set of seven or eight biochemical tests and is one of the most common lab tests ordered by health care providers.
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Biliary atresia
Biliary atresia, also known as extrahepatic ductopenia and progressive obliterative cholangiopathy, is a childhood disease of the liver in which one or more bile ducts are abnormally narrow, blocked, or absent.
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Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.
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Blood
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
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Blood test
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.
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Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is generally the process of receiving blood or blood products into one's circulation intravenously.
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Body fluid
Body fluid, bodily fluids, or biofluids are liquids within the bodies of living people.
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Bone marrow suppression
Bone marrow suppression also known as myelotoxicity or myelosuppression, is the decrease in production of cells responsible for providing immunity (leukocytes), carrying oxygen (erythrocytes), and/or those responsible for normal blood clotting (thrombocytes).
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Borrelia burgdorferi
Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class of the genus Borrelia.
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Brucella
Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, named after David Bruce (1855–1931).
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Caesarean section
Caesarean section, also known as C-section or caesarean delivery, is the use of surgery to deliver one or more babies.
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Campylobacter
Campylobacter (meaning "curved bacteria") is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (the most notable being tetrachloromethane, also recognized by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting, and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl4.
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Case fatality rate
In epidemiology, a case fatality rate (CFR)—or case fatality risk, case fatality ratio or just fatality rate—is the proportion of deaths within a designated population of "cases" (people with a medical condition) over the course of the disease.
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Cell damage
Cell injury is a variety or changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well internal environmental changes, is also known as Cell Injury.
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Cellular stress response
Cellular stress response is the wide range of molecular changes that cells undergo in response to environmental stressors, including extremes of temperature, exposure to toxins, and mechanical damage.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.
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Cerebral edema
Cerebral edema is excess accumulation of fluid in the intracellular or extracellular spaces of the brain.
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Cestoda
Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms in the flatworm (Platyhelminthes) phylum, commonly known as tapeworms.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
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Childbirth
Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of a pregnancy by one or more babies leaving a woman's uterus by vaginal passage or C-section.
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Choledochal cysts
Choledochal cysts (a.k.a. bile duct cyst) are congenital conditions involving cystic dilatation of bile ducts.
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Cholestasis
Cholestasis is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum.
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Choluria
Choluria is the presence of bile in urine.
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Chronic condition
A chronic condition is a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time.
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Chronic liver disease
Chronic liver disease in the clinical context is a disease process of the liver that involves a process of progressive destruction and regeneration of the liver parenchyma leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis.
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Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long-term damage.
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Clonorchis sinensis
Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke, is a human liver fluke belonging to the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes.
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Coagulation
Coagulation (also known as clotting) is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.
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Coagulopathy
A bleeding disorder (coagulopathy) is a condition that affects the way the blood clots.
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Complete blood count
A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a complete blood cell count, full blood count (FBC), or full blood exam (FBE), is a blood panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood, such as the cell count for each cell type and the concentrations of various proteins and minerals.
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Constitutional symptoms
Constitutional symptoms refers to a group of symptoms that can affect many different systems of the body.
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Corticosteroid
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.
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Coxiella burnetii
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, and is the causative agent of Q fever.
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CT scan
A CT scan, also known as computed tomography scan, makes use of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting.
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Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.
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Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (from the Greek cyto-, "cell", and megalo-, "large") is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae.
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Cytotoxic T cell
A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways.
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David Dane
David Maurice Surrey Dane, MRCS CRCP MB Bchir MRCP MRCPath FRCPath FRCP (25 March 1923 –9 April 1998) was a pre-eminent British pathologist and clinical virologist known for his pioneering work in infectious diseases including poliomyelitis and the early investigations into the efficacy of a number of vaccines.
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Diabetes mellitus type 2
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.
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Dietary supplement
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.
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Dominance (genetics)
Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus.
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Drug injection
Drug injection is a method of introducing a drug into the bloodstream via a hollow hypodermic needle and a syringe, which is pierced through the skin into the body (usually intravenous, but also intramuscular or subcutaneous).
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Drug resistance
Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in curing a disease or condition.
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Echinococcosis
Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type.
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Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus, also called the hydatid worm, hyper tape-worm or dog tapeworm, is a cyclophyllid cestode that dwells in the small intestine of canids as an adult, but which has important intermediate hosts such as livestock and humans, where it causes cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease.
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Elevated transaminases
In medicine, the presence of elevated transaminases, commonly the transaminases alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), may be an indicator of liver damage.
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Emergency medicine
Emergency medicine, also known as accident and emergency medicine, is the medical specialty concerned with caring for undifferentiated, unscheduled patients with illnesses or injuries requiring immediate medical attention.
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Encephalopathy
Encephalopathy (from ἐγκέφαλος "brain" + πάθος "suffering") means any disorder or disease of the brain, especially chronic degenerative conditions.
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Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic amoebozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba.
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Entecavir
Entecavir (ETV), sold under the brand name Baraclude, is an antiviral medication used in the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
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Eosinophil
Eosinophils sometimes called eosinophiles or, less commonly, acidophils, are a variety of white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells and basophils, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that develop during hematopoiesis in the bone marrow before migrating into blood, after which they are terminally differentiated and do not multiply. These cells are eosinophilic or "acid-loving" due to their large acidophilic cytoplasmic granules, which show their affinity for acids by their affinity to coal tar dyes: Normally transparent, it is this affinity that causes them to appear brick-red after staining with eosin, a red dye, using the Romanowsky method. The staining is concentrated in small granules within the cellular cytoplasm, which contain many chemical mediators, such as eosinophil peroxidase, ribonuclease (RNase), deoxyribonucleases (DNase), lipase, plasminogen, and major basic protein. These mediators are released by a process called degranulation following activation of the eosinophil, and are toxic to both parasite and host tissues. In normal individuals, eosinophils make up about 1–3% of white blood cells, and are about 12–17 micrometres in size with bilobed nuclei. While they are released into the bloodstream as neutrophils are, eosinophils reside in tissue They are found in the medulla and the junction between the cortex and medulla of the thymus, and, in the lower gastrointestinal tract, ovary, uterus, spleen, and lymph nodes, but not in the lung, skin, esophagus, or some other internal organs under normal conditions. The presence of eosinophils in these latter organs is associated with disease. For instance, patients with eosinophilic asthma have high levels of eosinophils that lead to inflammation and tissue damage, making it more difficult for patients to breathe. Eosinophils persist in the circulation for 8–12 hours, and can survive in tissue for an additional 8–12 days in the absence of stimulation. Pioneering work in the 1980s elucidated that eosinophils were unique granulocytes, having the capacity to survive for extended periods of time after their maturation as demonstrated by ex-vivo culture experiments.
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Epidemic
An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less.
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Epstein–Barr virus
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
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Erythromycin
Erythromycin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Esophageal varices
Esophageal varices (sometimes spelled oesophageal varices) are extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus.
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Ethanol
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.
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Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode (fluke or flatworm, a type of helminth) of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes.
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Fatigue
Fatigue is a subjective feeling of tiredness that has a gradual onset.
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Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
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Fatty liver
Fatty liver is a reversible condition wherein large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis (i.e., abnormal retention of lipids within a cell).
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Fecal–oral route
The fecal–oral route (or oral–fecal route or fecal oral route) describes a particular route of transmission of a disease.
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Fibrosis
Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process.
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Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
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Gamma-glutamyltransferase
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (also γ-glutamyltransferase, GGT, gamma-GT) is a transferase (a type of enzyme) that catalyzes the transfer of gamma-glutamyl functional groups from molecules such as glutathione to an acceptor that may be an amino acid, a peptide or water (forming glutamate).
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Gastroenterology
Gastroenterology (MeSH heading) is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders.
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Gastrointestinal bleeding
Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum.
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Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces.
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Glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.
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Glycogen storage disease
A glycogen storage disease (GSD, also glycogenosis and dextrinosis) is a metabolic disorder caused by enzyme deficiencies affecting either glycogen synthesis, glycogen breakdown or glycolysis (glucose breakdown), typically within muscles and/or liver cells.
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Gold standard (test)
In medicine and statistics, gold standard test is usually diagnostic test or benchmark that is the best available under reasonable conditions.
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Granulocyte
Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.
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Granuloma
Granuloma is an inflammation found in many diseases.
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Haemophilia
Haemophilia, also spelled hemophilia, is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.
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HBcAg
HBcAg (core antigen) is a hepatitis B viral protein.
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HBeAg
HBeAg is a hepatitis B viral protein.
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HBsAg
HBsAg (also known as the Australia antigen) is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
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Healthy diet
A healthy diet is a diet that helps to maintain or improve overall health.
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Heart failure
Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
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Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis, also spelled haemodialysis, commonly called kidney dialysis or simply dialysis, is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working normally.
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Henry K. Beecher
Henry Knowles Beecher (February 4, 1904 – July 25, 1976) was a pioneering American anesthesiologist, medical ethicist, and investigator of the placebo effect at Harvard Medical School.
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Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is an altered level of consciousness as a result of liver failure.
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Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV).
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Hepatitis A vaccine
Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A. It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least fifteen years and possibly a person's entire life.
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Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver.
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Hepatitis B immune globulin
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) is a human immunoglobulin that is used to prevent the development of hepatitis B.
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Hepatitis B vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that.
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Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis B virus, abbreviated HBV, is a double stranded DNA virus, a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus, and a member of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses.
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Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.
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Hepatitis C and HIV coinfection
In HIV–HCV co-infected patients, the Hepatitis C (HCV) viral load is higher than in HCV-mono-infected patients in both the plasma and liver tissue.
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Hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae.
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Hepatitis D
Hepatitis D (hepatitis delta) is a disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), a small spherical enveloped virusoid.
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Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is a viral hepatitis (liver inflammation) caused by infection with a virus called hepatitis E virus.
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Hepatitis E virus
The hepatitis E virus, or HEV, is the causative agent of hepatitis E. Its taxonomic name is Orthohepevirus A. The global burden of infections from the two major genotypes (1 and 2) is estimated at 20 million per year, leading to 70,000 deaths and 3,000 stillbirths.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults, and is the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis.
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Hepatocyte
A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver.
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Hepatology
Hepatology is the branch of medicine that incorporates the study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas as well as management of their disorders.
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Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly is the condition of having an enlarged liver.
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Hepatorenal syndrome
Hepatorenal syndrome (often abbreviated HRS) is a life-threatening medical condition that consists of rapid deterioration in kidney function in individuals with cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure.
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Hepatotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage.
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Hepatotoxin
A hepatotoxin (Gr., hepato.
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Herb
In general use, herbs are plants with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, in medicine, or as fragrances.
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HFE hereditary haemochromatosis
Haemochromatosis (or hemochromatosis) type 1 autosomal recessive is a hereditary disease characterized by excessive intestinal absorption of dietary iron resulting in a pathological increase in total body iron stores.
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Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Kos (Hippokrátēs ho Kṓos), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Greece), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
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Hirsutism
Hirsutism is excessive body hair in men and women on parts of the body where hair is normally absent or minimal, such as on the chin or chest in particular, or the face or body in general.
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Histopathology
Histopathology (compound of three Greek words: ἱστός histos "tissue", πάθος pathos "suffering", and -λογία -logia "study of") refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.
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HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Human leukocyte antigen
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system or complex is a gene complex encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in humans.
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Human parasite
Human parasites include various protozoa and worms which may infect humans that cause parasitic diseases.
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Human serum albumin
Human serum albumin is the serum albumin found in human blood.
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Hydralazine
Hydralazine, sold under the brand name Apresoline among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure.
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Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels.
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Iatrogenesis
Iatrogenesis (from the Greek for "brought forth by the healer") refers to any effect on a person resulting from any activity of one or more persons acting as healthcare professionals or promoting products or services as beneficial to health that does not support a goal of the person affected.
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Idiopathic disease
An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparently spontaneous origin.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Immunity (medical)
In biology, immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
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Immunization
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as the immunogen).
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Immunoglobulin E
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody (or immunoglobulin (Ig) "isotype") that has only been found in mammals.
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Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody.
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Immunoglobulin M
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is one of several forms of antibody that are produced by vertebrates.
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Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system.
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Immunosuppressive drug
Immunosuppressive drugs or immunosuppressive agents or antirejection medications are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system.
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Inborn errors of metabolism
Inborn errors of metabolism form a large class of genetic diseases involving congenital disorders of metabolism.
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Incubation period
Incubation period is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent.
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Infectious disease (medical specialty)
Infectious disease, also known as infectious diseases, infectious medicine, infectious disease medicine or infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections.
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms involved in the defense of the host from infection by other organisms.
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Insulin resistance
Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin.
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Interferon type I
Human type I interferons (IFNs) are a large subgroup of interferon proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system.
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Ischemic hepatitis
Ischemic hepatitis, also known as ischemic hepatopathy or shock liver, is a condition defined as an acute liver injury caused by insufficient blood flow (and consequently insufficient oxygen delivery) to the liver.
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Isoniazid
Isoniazid, also known as isonicotinylhydrazide (INH), is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Jaundice
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels.
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Kidney failure
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease, is a medical condition in which the kidneys no longer work.
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.
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Lamivudine
Lamivudine, commonly called 3TC, is an antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS.
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Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania type.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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Liver biopsy
Liver biopsy is the biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue) from the liver.
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Liver cancer
Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer, is cancer that starts in the liver.
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Liver failure
Liver failure or hepatic insufficiency is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic function as part of normal physiology.
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Liver function tests
Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs) are groups of blood tests that give information about the state of a patient's liver.
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Liver transplantation
Liver transplantation or hepatic transplantation is the replacement of a diseased liver with the healthy liver from another person (allograft).
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Lysosomal storage disease
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of about 50 rare inherited metabolic disorders that result from defects in lysosomal function.
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Maculopapular rash
A maculopapular rash is a type of rash characterized by a flat, red area on the skin that is covered with small confluent bumps.
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Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Mallory body
In histopathology, a Mallory body, Mallory-Denk body, and Mallory's hyaline, is an inclusion found in the cytoplasm of liver cells.
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Management of HIV/AIDS
The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs in an attempt to control HIV infection.
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Measles
Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus.
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Medical imaging
Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).
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Medical sign
A medical sign is an objective indication of some medical fact or characteristic that may be detected by a patient or anyone, especially a physician, before or during a physical examination of a patient.
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Medical ultrasound
Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography) is a diagnostic imaging technique based on the application of ultrasound.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Men who have sex with men
Men who have sex with men (MSM), also known as males who have sex with males, are male persons who engage in sexual activity with members of the same sex, regardless of how they identify themselves; many such men do not sexually identify as gay, homosexual or bisexual.
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Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome, sometimes known by other names, is a clustering of at least three of the five following medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.
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Methyldopa
Methyldopa, sold under the brand name Aldomet among others, is a medication used for high blood pressure.
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Mucous membrane
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs.
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Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae.
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Myocarditis
Myocarditis, also known as inflammatory cardiomyopathy, is inflammation of the heart muscle.
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National Institutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research, founded in the late 1870s.
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Natural killer cell
Natural killer cells or NK cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system.
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Nausea
Nausea or queasiness is an unpleasant sense of unease, discomfort, and revulsion towards food.
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Necrosis
Necrosis (from the Greek νέκρωσις "death, the stage of dying, the act of killing" from νεκρός "dead") is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis.
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Needle exchange programme
A needle and syringe programme (NSP), syringe-exchange programme (SEP), or needle exchange program (NEP) is a social service that allows injecting drug users (IDUs) to obtain hypodermic needles and associated paraphernalia at little or no cost.
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Needle sharing
Needle sharing is the practice of intravenous drug-users by which a syringe is shared by multiple individuals to administer intravenous drugs, and is a primary vector for diseases which can be transmitted through blood (blood-borne pathogens).
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as gonococcus (singular), or gonococci (plural) is a species of gram-negative diplococci bacteria isolated by Albert Neisser in 1879.
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Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis, often referred to as meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis.
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Nephritis
Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys and may involve the glomeruli, tubules, or interstitial tissue surrounding the glomeruli and tubules.
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Nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin, sold under the trade name Macrobid among others, is an antibiotic used to treat bladder infections.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the types of fatty liver which occurs when fat is deposited (steatosis) in the liver due to causes other than excessive alcohol use.
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Nucleic acid test
A nucleic acid test (NAT) or nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) is a technique utilized to detect a particular nucleic acid, virus, or bacteria which acts as a pathogen in blood, tissue, urine, etc.
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Oral contraceptive pill
Oral contraceptives, abbreviated OCPs, also known as birth control pills, are medications taken by mouth for the purpose of birth control.
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Outbreak
In epidemiology, an outbreak is a sudden increase in occurrences of a disease in a particular time and place.
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Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas.
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Paracetamol
--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.
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Paracetamol poisoning
Paracetamol poisoning, also known as acetaminophen poisoning, is caused by excessive use of the medication paracetamol (acetaminophen).
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Pegylated interferon
Pegylated interferon (PEG-INF) is a class of medication that includes three different drugs as of 2012.
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Pentoxifylline
Pentoxifylline, also known as oxpentifylline, is a xanthine derivative used as a drug to treat muscle pain in people with peripheral artery disease. It is generic and sold under many brand names worldwide.Drugs.com. Page accessed Feb 1, 206.
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Peripheral edema
Peripheral edema is edema (accumulation of fluid causing swelling) in tissues perfused by the peripheral vascular system, usually in the lower limbs.
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Peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is damage to or disease affecting nerves, which may impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function, or other aspects of health, depending on the type of nerve affected.
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Phases of clinical research
The phases of clinical research are the steps in which scientists do experiments with a health intervention in an attempt to find enough evidence for a process which would be useful as a medical treatment.
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Phenytoin
Phenytoin (PHT), sold under the brand name Dilantin among others, is an anti-seizure medication.
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Plasmodium
Plasmodium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects.
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Pleurisy
Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is inflammation of the membranes that surround the lungs and line the chest cavity (pleurae).
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Polyethylene glycol
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polyether compound with many applications from industrial manufacturing to medicine.
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Prednisolone
Prednisolone is a steroid medication used to treat certain types of allergies, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders, and cancers.
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Prednisone
Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is mostly used to suppress the immune system.
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Pregnancy
Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.
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Primary biliary cholangitis
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is an autoimmune disease of the liver.
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a long-term progressive disease of the liver and gallbladder characterized by inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts which normally allow bile to drain from the gallbladder.
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Prodrome
In medicine, a prodrome is an early sign or symptom (or set of signs and symptoms), which often indicate the onset of a disease before more diagnostically specific signs and symptoms develop.
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Prothrombin time
The prothrombin time (PT)—along with its derived measures of prothrombin ratio (PR) and international normalized ratio (INR)—are assays evaluating the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.
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Protozoa
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
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Pyogenic liver abscess
A pyogenic liver abscess is a type of liver abscess caused by bacteria.
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Quadrant (abdomen)
The human abdomen is divided into regions by anatomists and physicians for purposes of study, diagnosis, and therapy.
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Recreational drug use
Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to induce an altered state of consciousness for pleasure, by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of the user.
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Respiratory failure
Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide or both cannot be kept at normal levels.
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Rickettsia
Rickettsia is a genus of nonmotile, Gram-negative, nonspore-forming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that can be present as cocci (0.1 μm in diameter), rods (1–4 μm long), or thread-like (10 μm long).
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Rubella
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus.
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Salmonella
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Saul Krugman
Saul Krugman (April 7, 1911 – October 26, 1995) U.S. award-winning pediatrician whose studies of hepatitis, rubella, and measles resulted in the development of vaccinations for these debilitating diseases.
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Scallion
Scallions (green onion, spring onion and salad onion) are vegetables of various Allium onion species.
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Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever and bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes.
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Screening (medicine)
Screening, in medicine, is a strategy used in a population to identify the possible presence of an as-yet-undiagnosed disease in individuals without signs or symptoms.
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Self-limiting (biology)
In biology, a self-limiting organism or colony of organisms limits its own growth by its actions.
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Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test, also known in statistics as a classification function.
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Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.
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Serology
Serology is the scientific study of serum and other bodily fluids.
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Serositis
Serositis refers to inflammation of the serous tissues of the body, the tissues lining the lungs (pleura), heart (pericardium), and the inner lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) and organs within.
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Sexually transmitted infection
Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex.
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Shock (circulatory)
Shock is the state of low blood perfusion to tissues resulting in cellular injury and inadequate tissue function.
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Silybum marianum
Silybum marianum has other common names include cardus marianus, milk thistle, blessed milkthistle, Marian thistle, Mary thistle, Saint Mary's thistle, Mediterranean milk thistle, variegated thistle and Scotch thistle.
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Somnolence
Somnolence (alternatively "sleepiness" or "drowsiness") is a state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (compare hypersomnia).
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Splenomegaly
Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen.
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Statin
Statins, also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are a class of lipid-lowering medications.
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Steatohepatitis
Steatohepatitis is a type of fatty liver disease, characterized by inflammation of the liver with concurrent fat accumulation in liver.
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Steatosis
Steatosis, also called fatty change, is the process describing the abnormal retention of lipids within a cell.
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Steroid
A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration.
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Superinfection
A superinfection is a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that is resistant to the treatment being used against the first infection.
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Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
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T helper cell
The T helper cells (Th cells) are a type of T cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system.
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Telbivudine
Telbivudine is an antiviral drug used in the treatment of hepatitis B infection.
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Tenofovir disoproxil
Tenofovir disoproxil, sold under the trade name Viread among others, is a medication used to treat chronic hepatitis B and to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS.
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Therapy
Therapy (often abbreviated tx, Tx, or Tx) is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis.
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Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland.
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TNF inhibitor
A TNF inhibitor is a pharmaceutical drug that suppresses the physiologic response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which is part of the inflammatory response.
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Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system.
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Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular, parasitic alveolate that causes the disease toxoplasmosis.
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Trematoda
Trematoda is a class within the phylum Platyhelminthes.
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Treponema pallidum
Treponema pallidum is a spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel, and yaws.
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Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), also known as co-trimoxazole among other names, is an antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
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Tropheryma whipplei
Tropheryma whipplei, formerly called Tropheryma whippelii, is a bacterium and the causative organism of Whipple's disease and, rarely, of endocarditis.
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Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic euglenoids.
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Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a long-term condition that results in inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum.
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United States Preventive Services Task Force
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is "an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention that systematically reviews the evidence of effectiveness and develops recommendations for clinical preventive services".
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Universal precautions
Universal precautions refers to the practice, in medicine, of avoiding contact with patients' bodily fluids, by means of the wearing of nonporous articles such as medical gloves, goggles, and face shields.
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Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
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Vaccine-preventable diseases
A vaccine-preventable disease is an infectious disease for which an effective preventive vaccine exists.
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Vaginal delivery
A vaginal delivery is the birth of offspring (babies in humans) in mammals through the vagina.
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Valproate
Valproate (VPA), and its valproic acid, sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms, are medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and to prevent migraine headaches.
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Variable cost
Variable costs are costs that change in proportion to the good or service that a business produces.
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Vertically transmitted infection
A vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by pathogens (such as bacteria and viruses) that uses mother-to-child transmission, that is, transmission directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth.
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Viral hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation due to a viral infection.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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Vomiting
Vomiting, also known as emesis, puking, barfing, throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.
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Weight loss
Weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue.
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Wilson's disease
Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder in which copper builds up in the body.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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World Hepatitis Day
World Hepatitis Day, observed on July 28 every year, aims to raise global awareness of hepatitis — a group of infectious diseases known as Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E — and encourage prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
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Wound healing
Wound healing is an intricate process in which the skin repairs itself after injury.
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Acute hepatitis, Chronic Active Hepatitis, Chronic Viral Hepatitis, Chronic active hepatitis, Chronic hepatitis, Chronic lobular hepatitis, Chronic persistent hepatitis, Chronic viral hepatitis, Fulminant hepatitis, Hepatis, Hepatite, Hepatitis antibodies, Hepatitis antigens, Hepatitis biochemical markers, Hepatitis epidemica, Hepatitis non-A, Hepatitis non-B, Hepatitis, alcoholic, Hepatitis, autoimmune, Hepatitis, chronic autoimmune, Hepatitus, Hepititus, Hepotitis, Homologous serum jaundice, Lifrarbolga, Lifrarbólga.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis
