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Historical linguistics

Index Historical linguistics

Historical linguistics, also called diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. [1]

94 relations: Accent (sociolinguistics), Allophone, American English, Archaeology, Archaism, Aspirated consonant, Attested language, August Schleicher, Austronesian languages, Berthold Delbrück, Clitic, Comparative linguistics, Comparative method, Complementary distribution, Conservative (language), Dialect, Dialectology, Etymological dictionary, Etymology, Evolution (term), Ferdinand de Saussure, Formal grammar, Genetic relationship (linguistics), Genetics, Germanic philology, Germanic strong verb, Glottochronology, Grammaticalization, Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, Henry M. Hoenigswald, Historical dictionary, History, Indigenous languages of the Americas, Indo-European ablaut, Indo-European languages, Indo-European studies, Internal reconstruction, Intonation (linguistics), Irish syntax, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Karl Brugmann, Lamarckism, Language change, Language family, Larry Trask, Lexicology, Lexicostatistics, Linguistic description, Linguistics, List of languages by first written accounts, ..., Loanword, Mass comparison, Modality (semiotics), Morphological derivation, Morphology (linguistics), Natural language, Neurolinguistics, Nostratic languages, Origin of language, Paleolinguistics, Perception, Philology, Phoneme, Phonetics, Phono-semantic matching, Phonograph, Phonology, Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-Europeans, Proto-language, Psycholinguistics, Quechuan languages, Real-time sociolinguistics, Regular and irregular verbs, Root (linguistics), Second-language acquisition, Semantics, Sentence (linguistics), Set phrase, Sign language, Sociolinguistics, Sound, Speech community, Stress (linguistics), Syllable, Synchrony and diachrony, Syntax, Telephone, Thai language, Title page, Universal grammar, Uralic languages, Winfred P. Lehmann, Word. Expand index (44 more) »

Accent (sociolinguistics)

In sociolinguistics, an accent is a manner of pronunciation peculiar to a particular individual, location, or nation.

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Allophone

In phonology, an allophone (from the ἄλλος, állos, "other" and φωνή, phōnē, "voice, sound") is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds, or phones, or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language.

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American English

American English (AmE, AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US), sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States.

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Archaeology

Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of humanactivity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

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Archaism

In language, an archaism (from the ἀρχαϊκός, archaïkós, 'old-fashioned, antiquated', ultimately ἀρχαῖος, archaîos, 'from the beginning, ancient') is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current or that is current only within a few special contexts.

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Aspirated consonant

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.

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Attested language

In linguistics, attested languages are languages (living or dead) that have been documented and for which the evidence has survived to the present day.

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August Schleicher

August Schleicher (19 February 1821 – 6 December 1868) was a German linguist.

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Austronesian languages

The Austronesian languages are a language family that is widely dispersed throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar and the islands of the Pacific Ocean, with a few members in continental Asia.

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Berthold Delbrück

Berthold Gustav Gottlieb Delbrück (26 July 1842 – 3 January 1922) was a German linguist who devoted himself to the study of the comparative syntax of the Indo-European languages.

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Clitic

A clitic (from Greek κλιτικός klitikos, "inflexional") is a morpheme in morphology and syntax that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase.

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Comparative linguistics

Comparative linguistics (originally comparative philology) is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.

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Comparative method

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, in order to extrapolate back to infer the properties of that ancestor.

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Complementary distribution

In linguistics, complementary distribution, as distinct from contrastive distribution and free variation, is the relationship between two different elements of the same kind in which one element is found in one set of environments and the other element is found in a non-intersecting (complementary) set of environments.

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Conservative (language)

In linguistics, a conservative form, variety, or modality is one that has changed relatively little over its history, or which is relatively resistant to change.

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Dialect

The term dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word,, "discourse", from,, "through" and,, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.

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Dialectology

Dialectology (from Greek διάλεκτος, dialektos, "talk, dialect"; and -λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics.

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Etymological dictionary

An etymological dictionary discusses the etymology of the words listed.

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Etymology

EtymologyThe New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time".

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Evolution (term)

The English noun evolution (from Latin ēvolūtiō "unfolding, unrolling") refers to any kind of accumulation of change, or gradual directional change.

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Ferdinand de Saussure

Ferdinand de Saussure (26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician.

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Formal grammar

In formal language theory, a grammar (when the context is not given, often called a formal grammar for clarity) is a set of production rules for strings in a formal language.

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Genetic relationship (linguistics)

In linguistics, genetic relationship is the usual term for the relationship which exists between languages that are members of the same language family.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

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Germanic philology

Germanic philology is the philological study of the Germanic languages, particularly from a comparative or historical perspective.

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Germanic strong verb

In the Germanic languages, a strong verb is a verb that marks its past tense by means of changes to the stem vowel (ablaut).

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Glottochronology

Glottochronology (from Attic Greek γλῶττα "tongue, language" and χρóνος "time") is the part of lexicostatistics dealing with the chronological relationship between languages.

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Grammaticalization

In historical linguistics and language change, grammaticalization (also known as grammatization or grammaticization) is a process of language change by which words representing objects and actions (i.e. nouns and verbs) become grammatical markers (affixes, prepositions, etc.). Thus it creates new function words by a process other than deriving them from existing bound, inflectional constructions, instead deriving them from content words.

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Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen

Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen (German for "Outline of the comparative grammar of the Indo-Germanic languages") is a major work of historical linguistics by Karl Brugmann and Berthold Delbrück, published in two editions between 1886 and 1916.

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Henry M. Hoenigswald

Henry Max Hoenigswald was born on 17 April 1915 in Breslau named as Heinrich Max Franz Hönigswald, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland) and died on 16 June 2003 in Haverford, Pennsylvania.

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Historical dictionary

A historical dictionary or dictionary on historical principles is a type of dictionary which deals not only with the present-day meanings of words but also the historical development of their forms and meanings.

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History

History (from Greek ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past as it is described in written documents.

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Indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America, encompassing the land masses that constitute the Americas.

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Indo-European ablaut

In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut (pronounced) is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language.

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Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects.

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Indo-European studies

Indo-European studies is a field of linguistics and an interdisciplinary field of study dealing with Indo-European languages, both current and extinct.

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Internal reconstruction

Internal reconstruction is a method of recovering information about a language's past from the characteristics of the language at a later date.

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Intonation (linguistics)

In linguistics, intonation is variation in spoken pitch when used, not for distinguishing words (a concept known as tone), but, rather, for a range of other functions such as indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statements and questions, and between different types of questions, focusing attention on important elements of the spoken message and also helping to regulate conversational interaction.

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Irish syntax

Irish syntax is rather different from that of most Indo-European languages, especially because of its VSO word order.

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist.

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Karl Brugmann

Karl Brugmann (16 March 1849 – 29 June 1919) was a German linguist.

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Lamarckism

Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the hypothesis that an organism can pass on characteristics that it has acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime to its offspring.

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Language change

Language change is variation over time in a language's phonological, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features.

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Language family

A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.

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Larry Trask

Robert Lawrence "Larry" Trask (November 10, 1944 – March 27, 2004) was an American–British professor of linguistics at the University of Sussex, and an authority on the Basque language and field of historical linguistics.

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Lexicology

Lexicology is the part of linguistics that studies words.

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Lexicostatistics

Lexicostatistics is a method of comparative linguistics that involves comparing the percentage of lexical cognates between languages to determine their relationship.

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Linguistic description

In the study of language, description or descriptive linguistics is the work of objectively analyzing and describing how language is actually used (or how it was used in the past) by a group of people in a speech community.

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Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context.

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List of languages by first written accounts

This is a list of languages arranged by the approximate dates of the oldest existing texts recording a complete sentence in the language.

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Loanword

A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word adopted from one language (the donor language) and incorporated into another language without translation.

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Mass comparison

Mass comparison is a method developed by Joseph Greenberg to determine the level of genetic relatedness between languages.

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Modality (semiotics)

In semiotics, a modality is a particular way in which information is to be encoded for presentation to humans, i.e. to the type of sign and to the status of reality ascribed to or claimed by a sign, text, or genre.

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Morphological derivation

Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as For example, happiness and unhappy derive from the root word happy.

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Morphology (linguistics)

In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.

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Natural language

In neuropsychology, linguistics, and the philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that has evolved naturally in humans through use and repetition without conscious planning or premeditation.

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Neurolinguistics

Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.

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Nostratic languages

Nostratic is a macrofamily, or hypothetical large-scale language family, which includes many of the indigenous language families of Eurasia, although its exact composition and structure vary among proponents.

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Origin of language

The evolutionary emergence of language in the human species has been a subject of speculation for several centuries.

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Paleolinguistics

Paleolinguistics is a term used by some linguists for the study of the distant human past by linguistic means.

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Perception

Perception (from the Latin perceptio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information, or the environment.

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Philology

Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics.

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Phoneme

A phoneme is one of the units of sound (or gesture in the case of sign languages, see chereme) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language.

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Phonetics

Phonetics (pronounced) is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign.

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Phono-semantic matching

Phono-semantic matching (PSM) is the incorporation of a word into one language from another, often creating a neologism), where the word's non-native quality is hidden by replacing it with phonetically and semantically similar words or roots from the adopting language. Thus, the approximate sound and meaning of the original expression in the source language are preserved, though the new expression (the PSM) in the target language may sound native. Phono-semantic matching is distinct from calquing, which includes (semantic) translation but does not include phonetic matching (i.e. retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word or morpheme in the target language). At the same time, phono-semantic matching is also distinct from homophonic translation, which retains the sound of a word but not the meaning.

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Phonograph

The phonograph is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound.

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Phonology

Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.

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Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world.

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Proto-Indo-Europeans

The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the prehistoric people of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the ancestor of the Indo-European languages according to linguistic reconstruction.

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Proto-language

A proto-language, in the tree model of historical linguistics, is a language, usually hypothetical or reconstructed, and usually unattested, from which a number of attested known languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language family.

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Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language.

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Quechuan languages

Quechua, usually called Runasimi ("people's language") in Quechuan languages, is an indigenous language family spoken by the Quechua peoples, primarily living in the Andes and highlands of South America.

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Real-time sociolinguistics

Real-time sociolinguistics is a sociolinguistic research method concerned with observing linguistic variation and change in progress via longitudinal studies.

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Regular and irregular verbs

A regular verb is any verb whose conjugation follows the typical pattern, or one of the typical patterns, of the language to which it belongs.

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Root (linguistics)

A root (or root word) is a word that does not have a prefix in front of the word or a suffix at the end of the word.

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Second-language acquisition

Second-language acquisition (SLA), second-language learning, or L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process by which people learn a second language.

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Semantics

Semantics (from σημαντικός sēmantikós, "significant") is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning, in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.

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Sentence (linguistics)

In non-functional linguistics, a sentence is a textual unit consisting of one or more words that are grammatically linked.

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Set phrase

A set phrase or fixed phrase is a phrase whose parts are fixed in a certain order, even if the phrase could be changed without harming the literal meaning.

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Sign language

Sign languages (also known as signed languages) are languages that use manual communication to convey meaning.

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Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and society's effect on language.

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Sound

In physics, sound is a vibration that typically propagates as an audible wave of pressure, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid.

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Speech community

A speech community is a group of people who share a set of linguistic norms and expectations regarding the use of language.

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Stress (linguistics)

In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word, or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence.

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Syllable

A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds.

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Synchrony and diachrony

Synchrony and diachrony are two different and complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis.

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Syntax

In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order.

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Telephone

A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly.

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Thai language

Thai, Central Thai, or Siamese, is the national and official language of Thailand and the first language of the Central Thai people and vast majority Thai of Chinese origin.

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Title page

The title page of a book, thesis or other written work is the page at or near the front which displays its title, subtitle, author, publisher, and edition.

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Universal grammar

Universal grammar (UG) in linguistics, is the theory of the genetic component of the language faculty, usually credited to Noam Chomsky.

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Uralic languages

The Uralic languages (sometimes called Uralian languages) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia.

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Winfred P. Lehmann

Winfred Philip Lehmann (23 June 1916, Surprise, Nebraska – 1 August 2007, Austin, Texas) was an American linguist noted for his work in historical linguistics, particularly Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic, as well as for pioneering work in machine translation.

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Word

In linguistics, a word is the smallest element that can be uttered in isolation with objective or practical meaning.

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Archaic (linguistics), Changes in language over time, Comparative historical linguistics, Comparative philologist, Diachronic linguistics, Glottologist, Glottology, Historic linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Historical linguist, Historical philology, Historical-Comparative Linguistics, Historical-comparative linguistics, History of language, Innovative (linguistics), Language divergence, Language history, Linguistic divergence, Linguistic speciation, Phonological reconstruction, Proto-linguistics, Relative dating (linguistics).

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics

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