Home Army

The Home Army (Armia Krajowa;, abbreviated AK) was the dominant Polish resistance movement in Poland, occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, during World War II. ^[1]

Adam Boryczka

Adam Boryczka (1913-1988) was a Captain of the Polish Army and member of the underground Home Army in the area of Wilno, where he fought the Germans and after 1944 - the Soviets.

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Administrative division of the Second Polish Republic

Administrative division of the Second Polish Republic became an issue immediately after Poland regained independence in the aftermath of the First World War, 1918.

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Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

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Airdrop

An airdrop is a type of airlift, developed during World War II to resupply otherwise inaccessible troops, who themselves may have been airborne forces.

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Aleksander Kamiński

Aleksander Kamiński, assumed name: Aleksander Kędzierski.

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Aleksander Krzyżanowski

Aleksander Krzyżanowski nom de guerre "Wilk" (February 18, 1895 – September 29, 1951) was a Polish army officer, major, member of the Polish resistance movement in World War II and Commandant of the Armia Krajowa in the Vilnius Region.

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Allies of World War II

The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945).

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Amnesty

Amnesty (from the Greek ἀμνηστία amnestia, "forgetfulness, passing over") is defined as: "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." It includes more than pardon, inasmuch as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense.

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Anders' Army

Anders' Army was the informal yet common name of the Polish Armed Forces in the East in the 1941–42 period, in recognition of its commander Władysław Anders.

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Anglo-Soviet Agreement

The Anglo-Soviet Agreement was a formal military alliance signed by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union against Germany on July 12, 1941; shortly after the German invasion of the latter.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.

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Antoni Chruściel

Gen. Antoni Chruściel (nom de guerre Monter; 1895–1960) was a Polish military officer and a general of the Polish Army.

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Antoni Kocjan

Antoni Kocjan (12 August 1902 – 13 August 1944) was a renowned Polish glider constructor and a contributor to the intelligence services of the Polish Home Army during World War II.

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Arūnas Bubnys

Arūnas Bubnys (born November 7, 1961) is a Lithuanian historian and archivist.

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Armed Forces Delegation for Poland

The Armed Forces Delegation for Poland (Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj) was a Polish anticommunist resistance organization formed on May 7, 1945 by the Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces, General Władysław Anders, as a continuation of the NIE ("NO") organization subordinate to the Government Delegation for Poland (Delegatura Rządu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na Kraj) which in turn was an agency of the Polish Government in Exile.

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Armia Krajowa Museum in Kraków

The Home Army Museum in Kraków (Muzeum Armii Krajowej w Krakowie) was created in Kraków, Poland in 2000, to commemorate the struggle for independence by the underground Polish Secret State and its military arm Armia Krajowa (The Home Army), the largest resistance movement in occupied Europe during World War II.

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Armia Ludowa

Armia Ludowa (AL, pronounced; English: the People's Army) was a communist partisan force set up by the communist Polish Workers' Party (PPR) during World War II.

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Armored car (military)

A military armored (or armoured) car is a lightweight wheeled armored fighting vehicle, historically employed for reconnaissance, internal security, armed escort, and other subordinate battlefield tasks.

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Assassination campaign

An assassination campaign is a series of assassinations carried out to achieve a larger political goal.

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Auschwitz concentration camp

Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II.

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Autonomy

In development or moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, un-coerced decision.

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Łódź

Łódź (לאדזש, Lodzh; also written as Lodz) is the third-largest city in Poland and an industrial hub.

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Żegota

Żegota (full codename: the "Konrad Żegota Committee"Yad Vashem Shoa Resource Center) was the Polish Council to Aid Jews with the Government Delegation for Poland (Rada Pomocy Żydom przy Delegaturze Rządu RP na Kraj), an underground Polish resistance organization, and part of the Polish Underground State, active 1942–45 in German-occupied Poland.

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Żeligowski's Mutiny

Żeligowski's Mutiny (bunt Żeligowskiego also żeligiada, Želigovskio maištas) was a Polish military operation led by General Lucjan Żeligowski in October 1920, which resulted in the creation of the Republic of Central Lithuania.

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Bataliony Chłopskie

Bataliony Chłopskie (BCh, Polish Farmers' Battalions) was a Polish World War II resistance movement, guerrilla and partisan organisation.

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Battalion Zośka

Batalion Zośka (pronounced Zoshka; Sophie in Polish) was a Scouting battalion of the Polish resistance movement organisation - Home Army (Armia Krajowa or "AK") during World War II.

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Battle

A battle is a combat in warfare between two or more armed forces, or combatants.

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Battle of Murowana Oszmianka

The Battle of Murowana Oszmianka of May 13–May 14, 1944 was the largest clash between the Polish resistance movement organization Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK) and the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force (LTDF); a Lithuanian volunteer security force subordinated to Nazi Germany occupational administration.

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Błyskawica submachine gun

The Błyskawica (Polish for lightning), was a submachine gun produced by the Armia Krajowa, or Home Army, a Polish resistance movement fighting the Germans in occupied Poland.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.

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Białystok

Białystok (Bielastok, Balstogė, Belostok, Byalistok) is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship.

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Biuletyn Informacyjny

Biuletyn Informacyjny ("Information Bulletin") was a Polish underground weekly published covertly in General Government territory of occupied Poland during World War II.

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Black market

A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or transaction that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules.

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Brigadeführer

Brigadeführer ("brigade leader") was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that was used between the years of 1932 to 1945.

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Brindisi

Brindisi (Brindisino: Brìnnisi; Brundisium; translit; Brunda) is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy, the capital of the province of Brindisi, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea.

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British intelligence agencies

The Government of the United Kingdom maintains intelligence agencies within several different government departments.

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Budapest

Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary, and one of the largest cities in the European Union.

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Bureau of Information and Propaganda

The Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Headquarters of Związek Walki Zbrojnej, later of Armia Krajowa (Biuro Informacji i Propagandy (Komendy Głównej Związku Walki Zbrojnej - Armii Krajowej) - in short: BIP) a conspiracy department created in spring 1940 during the German occupation of Poland, inside the Związek Walki Zbrojnej, then of the Supreme Command of Armia Krajowa (as 6th Department). Initially, its commander was Major Tadeusz Kruk-Strzelecki, then Colonel Jan Rzepecki pseudonym "Wolski" or "Prezes". Until the end of 1940 his deputy was Hipolit Niepokólczycki, while since 1944 until January 1945 Captain Kazimierz Moczarski. Tasks of BIP included informing of Polish community of activities of the Polish Government in London, documenting activities of the German occupant, psychological warfare against Nazi propaganda, consolidation of solidarity in the fight for independence of the Polish nation, collecting of information, reports and orders. BIP published underground press, like: Biuletyn Informacyjny (Information Bulletin), Wiadomości Polskie (Polish News) and Insurekcja (Insurrection); some of its departments carried secret trainings: Department A (film) in photoreport, direction, operation of megaphones. Among others, cameramen and cutters Antoni Bohdziewicz, Wacław Kaźmierczak, Leonard Zawisławski, Seweryn Kruszyński, film/stage directors Jerzy Gabryelski, Jerzy Zarzycki pseudonym "Pik", Andrzej Ancuta, photographers Sylwester Braun and Joachim Joachimczyk, historian Aleksander Gieysztor, philologist professor Kazimierz Feliks Kumaniecki worked for BIP. Among others, Krystyna Wyczańska and Hanna Bińkowska were its liaisons officers.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.

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Cichociemni

Cichociemni (the "Silent Unseen") were elite special-operations paratroops of the Polish Army in exile, created in Great Britain during World War II to operate in occupied Poland (Cichociemni Spadochroniarze Armii Krajowej).

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Code name

A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project or person.

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Collaborationism

Collaborationism is cooperation with the enemy against one's country in wartime.

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Command hierarchy

A command hierarchy is a group of people who carry out orders based on others authority within the group.

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Communism in Poland

Communism in Poland can trace its origins to the late 19th century: the Marxist First Proletariat party was founded in 1882.

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Council of National Unity

Rada Jedności Narodowej (Council of National Unity, RJN) was the quasi-parliament of the Polish Underground State during World War II.

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Crucian carp

The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is a medium-sized member of the common carp family Cyprinidae.

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Cursed soldiers

The "cursed soldiers" (also known as "doomed soldiers", "accursed soldiers" or "damned soldiers"; Żołnierze wyklęci) or "indomitable soldiers" is a term applied to a variety of Polish anti-Soviet or anti-communist Polish resistance movements formed in the later stages of World War II and its aftermath by some members of the Polish Underground State.

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Directorate of Underground Resistance

Directorate of Underground Resistance (short KWP) was one of the agendas of the Polish Underground State created during World War II.

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District of Warsaw (of Armia Krajowa)

The District of Warsaw (of Armia Krajowa) (Polish: Okręg Warszawa) - one of territorial organisational units of Armia Krajowa, which covered the territory of Warsaw and its close neighbourhood i.e. the Powiat of Warsaw.

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Division (military)

A division is a large military unit or formation, usually consisting of between 10,000 and 20,000 soldiers.

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Douglas C-47 Skytrain

The Douglas C-47 Skytrain or Dakota (RAF designation) is a military transport aircraft developed from the civilian Douglas DC-3 airliner.

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Dubingiai massacre

The Dubingiai massacre was a mass murder of 20–27 Lithuanian civilians in the town of Dubingiai (Dubinki in Polish sources) on 23 June 1944.

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Eastern Front (World War II)

The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Southeast Europe (Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945.

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Eastern Galicia

Eastern Galicia, or Eastern Halychyna (Східна Галичина) is a geographical region in Western Ukraine (present day oblasts of Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil) and Poland that has historic importance.

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Emil August Fieldorf

Emil August Fieldorf “Nil” (20 March 1895 – 24 February 1953) was a Polish brigadier general and a Second World War hero.

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Erich Koch

Erich Koch (19 June 1896 – 12 November 1986) was a Gauleiter of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in East Prussia from 1928 until 1945.

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Ethnic violence

Ethnic violence refers to violence expressly motivated by ethnic hatred and ethnic conflict.

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FB Vis

Vis (Polish designation pistolet wz. 35 Vis, German designation 9 mm Pistole 35(p), or simply the Radom in English sources) is a 9×19mm caliber, single-action, semi-automatic pistol.

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Filipinka

Filipinka (also Wańka, Perełka) was an unofficial, yet common name for the ET wz.

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Financial Times

The Financial Times (FT) is a Japanese-owned (since 2015), English-language international daily newspaper headquartered in London, with a special emphasis on business and economic news.

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Franz Kutschera

Franz Kutschera (22 February 1904 – 1 February 1944) was a high-ranking Austrian Nazi official, SS-Brigadeführer and member of the German security services.

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Franz Liszt

Franz Liszt (Liszt Ferencz, in modern usage Liszt Ferenc;Liszt's Hungarian passport spelt his given name as "Ferencz". An orthographic reform of the Hungarian language in 1922 (which was 36 years after Liszt's death) changed the letter "cz" to simply "c" in all words except surnames; this has led to Liszt's given name being rendered in modern Hungarian usage as "Ferenc". From 1859 to 1867 he was officially Franz Ritter von Liszt; he was created a Ritter (knight) by Emperor Francis Joseph I in 1859, but never used this title of nobility in public. The title was necessary to marry the Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein without her losing her privileges, but after the marriage fell through, Liszt transferred the title to his uncle Eduard in 1867. Eduard's son was Franz von Liszt. 22 October 181131 July 1886) was a prolific 19th-century Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, music teacher, arranger, organist, philanthropist, author, nationalist and a Franciscan tertiary during the Romantic era.

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Freedom and Independence

Freedom and Independence (Zrzeszenie Wolność i Niezawisłość, or WiN) was a Polish underground anti-communist organisation founded on September 2, 1945 and active until 1952.

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Garwolin County

Garwolin County (powiat garwoliński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland.

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Gazeta Wyborcza

Gazeta Wyborcza (meaning Electoral Newspaper in English) is a newspaper published in Warsaw, Poland.

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Gęsiówka

Gęsiówka is the colloquial Polish name for a prison that once existed on Gęsia ("Goose") Street in Warsaw, Poland, and which, under German occupation during World War II, became a Nazi concentration camp.

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Gdynia

Gdynia (Gdingen, Gdiniô) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and a seaport of Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea.

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Gendarmerie

Wrong info! --> A gendarmerie or gendarmery is a military component with jurisdiction in civil law enforcement.

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General Government

The General Government (Generalgouvernement, Generalne Gubernatorstwo, Генеральна губернія), also referred to as the General Governorate, was a German zone of occupation established after the joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II.

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General Inspector of the Armed Forces

General Inspector of the Armed Forces (Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych; GISZ) was an office created in the Second Polish Republic in 1926, after the May Coup.

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Generalmajor

Generalmajor, short GenMaj, (English: major general) is a general officer rank in many countries, and is identical to and translated as major general.

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Generalplan Ost

The Generalplan Ost (Master Plan for the East), abbreviated GPO, was the German government's plan for the genocide and ethnic cleansing on a vast scale, and colonization of Central and Eastern Europe by Germans.

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Gestapo

The Gestapo, abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.

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Ghetto Action

Action Getto (pol. Akcja Getto) - code name for the armed actions of the Polish Underground State during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising aimed at helping the insurgents.

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Glinciszki massacre

The Glinciszki (Glitiškės) massacre was a mass murder of Polish civilians by the Nazi-subordinated Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalion, committed on 20 June 1944 in the village of Glinciszki (now Glitiškės, Vilnius District Municipality, Lithuania) during the occupation of Poland in World War II.

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Government Delegation for Poland

The Government Delegation for Poland (Delegatura Rządu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na Kraj) was an agency of the Polish Government in Exile during World War II.

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Gray Ranks

"Gray Ranks" (Szare Szeregi) was a codename for the underground paramilitary Polish Scouting Association (Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego) during World War II.

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Grenade

A grenade is a small weapon typically thrown by hand.

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Grzegorz Motyka

Grzegorz Motyka (born 1967) is a Polish historian and author specializing in the history of the Polish-Ukrainian relations.

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Guerrilla warfare

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

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Gulag

The Gulag (ГУЛАГ, acronym of Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения, "Main Camps' Administration" or "Chief Administration of Camps") was the government agency in charge of the Soviet forced labor camp system that was created under Vladimir Lenin and reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the 1950s.

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Gunnar S. Paulsson

Gunnar Svante Paulsson (also known as Steve Paulsson) is a Swedish-born Canadian historian, university lecturer and author who has taught in Britain, Canada, Germany and Italy.

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Gwardia Ludowa

Gwardia Ludowa (People’s Guard) or GL was a communist underground armed organization created by the communist Polish Workers Party in German occupied Poland, with sponsorship from the Soviet Union.

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Hajduk

A hajduk is a type of peasant irregular infantry found in Central and Southeast Europe from the early 17th to mid 19th centuries.

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Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) of Germany.

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Henryk Iwański

Henryk Iwański (1902-1978), nom de guerre Bystry, was a member of the Polish resistance during World War II.

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Henryk Woliński

Henryk Woliński (1901–1986) was a member of the Polish resistance movement in World War II, specifically the Armia Krajowa (AK), where he reached the rank of colonel.

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History of Poland (1939–1945)

The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany to the end of World War II.

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History of Poland (1945–1989)

The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of Soviet dominance and communist rule imposed after the end of World War II over Poland, as reestablished within new borders.

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History of the Jews in Poland

The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years.

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Home Army and V-1 and V-2

During World War II, the Polish resistance Home Army (Armia Krajowa), which conducted military operations against occupying German forces, was also heavily involved in intelligence work.

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Home Political Representation

Home Political Representation (Krajowa Reprezentacja Polityczna, KRP) was the representation of the four major Polish political parties continuing their activities underground (PPS-WRN, SL, SN and Labor Party).

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Ignacy Schwarzbart

Ignacy Schwarzbart (1888–1961) was a prominent Polish Zionist, and one of two Jewish representatives on the Polish National Council of the Polish Government-in-Exile during the Second World War, along with Szmul Zygielbojm.

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Igo Sym

Karol Juliusz "Igo" Sym (July 3, 1896 – March 7, 1941) was an Austrian-born Polish actor and collaborator with Nazi Germany.

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Intelligence assessment

Intelligence assessment is the development of behavior forecasts or recommended courses of action to the leadership of an organisation, based on wide ranges of available overt and covert information.

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Internetowa encyklopedia PWN

Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (Polish for Internet PWN Encyclopedia) is a free online Polish-language encyclopedia published by Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

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Invasion of Poland

The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign (Kampania wrześniowa) or the 1939 Defensive War (Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and in Germany as the Poland Campaign (Polenfeldzug) or Fall Weiss ("Case White"), was a joint invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, the Free City of Danzig, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Ivano-Frankivsk

Ivano-Frankivsk (Ivano-Frankivsk; formerly Stanyslaviv, Stanislau, or Stanisławów; see below) is a historic city located in Western Ukraine.

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Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski

Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski (3 September 1921 – 21 July 2016) was a Polish-born polymath and inventor with 50 patents to his credit.

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Jan and Antonina Żabiński

Jan Żabiński (8 April 1897 – 26 July 1974, Warsaw) and his wife Antonina Żabińska née Erdman (1908–1971) were a wedded couple from Warsaw, recognized by the State of Israel as the Polish Righteous Among the Nations for their heroic rescue of Jews during the Holocaust in occupied Poland.

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Jan Dobraczyński

Jan Dobraczyński (Warsaw, 20 April 1910 – 5 March 1994, Warsaw) was a Polish writer, novelist, politician and Catholic publicist.

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Jan Karski

Jan Karski (24 June 1914 – 13 July 2000) was a Polish World War II resistance-movement soldier, and later a professor at Georgetown University.

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Janusz Pałubicki

Janusz Pałubicki (born 1948) is a Polish politician and activist.

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Józef Franczak

Józef Franczak (17 March 1918 – 21 October 1963) was a soldier of the Polish Army, Armia Krajowa World War II resistance, and last of the cursed soldiers – members of the militant anti-communist resistance in Poland.

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Jürgen Stroop

Jürgen Stroop (born Josef Stroop, 26 September 1895 – 6 March 1952) was a German SS commander during the Nazi era, who served as SS and Police Leader in occupied Poland.

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Jewish Combat Organization

The Jewish Combat Organization (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, ŻOB; ייִדישע קאַמף אָרגאַניזאַציע Yidishe Kamf Organizatsie; often translated to English as the Jewish Fighting Organization) was a World War II resistance movement in occupied Poland, which was instrumental in engineering the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

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Jewish Military Union

Żydowski Związek Wojskowy (ŻZW, Polish for Jewish Military Union) was an underground resistance organization operating during World War II in the area of the Warsaw Ghetto, which fought during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and 1944 Warsaw Uprising.

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Jewish partisans

Jewish partisans were fighters in irregular military groups participating in the Jewish resistance movement against Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II.

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Jews

Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.

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Joseph Rothschild

Joseph Arthur Rothschild (April 5, 1931 at Fulda, Germany – January 30, 2000 at New York City) was an American Jewish professor of history and political science at Columbia University, specializing in Central European and Eastern European history.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.

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Joshua D. Zimmerman

Joshua D. Zimmerman (born 1966) is Professor of History at Yeshiva University, where he holds the Eli and Diana Zborowski Professorial Chair in Interdisciplinary Holocaust Studies.

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Journal of Cold War Studies

The Journal of Cold War Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal on the history of the Cold War.

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Journal of Genocide Research

The Journal of Genocide Research is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering studies of genocide.

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Julian Aleksandrowicz

Julian Aleksandrowicz (1908 Kraków –1988 Kraków) was a Polish medical professional, professor of medicine, and a notable specialist on leukemia.

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Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad (p; former German name: Königsberg; Yiddish: קעניגסבערג, Kenigsberg; r; Old Prussian: Twangste, Kunnegsgarbs, Knigsberg; Polish: Królewiec) is a city in the administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea.

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Karl Freudenthal

Karl Freudenthal (died 5 July 1944) was a German lawyer, a Nazi and an officer of the Schutzstaffel.

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Katowice

Katowice (Katowicy; Kattowitz; officially Miasto Katowice) is a city in southern Poland, with a population of 297,197 and the center of the Silesian Metropolis, with a population of 2.2 million.

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Katyn massacre

The Katyn massacre (zbrodnia katyńska, "Katyń massacre" or "Katyn crime"; Катынская резня or Катынский расстрел Katynskij reznya, "Katyn massacre") was a series of mass executions of Polish intelligentsia carried out by the NKVD ("People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", the Soviet secret police) in April and May 1940.

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Kedyw

Kedyw (partial acronym of Kierownictwo Dywersji ("Directorate of Diversion") was a Polish World War II Home Army unit that conducted active and passive sabotage, propaganda, and armed operations against German forces and collaborators.

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Kielce

Kielce is a city in south central Poland with 199,475 inhabitants.

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KIS (weapon)

KIS was the name of a Polish submachine gun from the time of the Second World War.

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Kotwica

The Kotwica (Polish for "Anchor") was a World War II emblem of the Polish Underground State and Armia Krajowa (Home Army, or AK).

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Kraków

Kraków, also spelled Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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Kraków Uprising (1944)

The Kraków Uprising was a planned but never realized uprising of the Polish Resistance against the German occupation in the city of Kraków during World War II.

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Kresy

Kresy Wschodnie or Kresy (Eastern Borderlands, or Borderlands) was the Eastern part of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period constituting nearly half of the territory of the state.

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Kubuś

Kubuś (Polish for "Little Jacob") is a Polish improvised fighting vehicle used by the Home Army in the Warsaw Uprising during World War II.

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Labor Party (Stronnictwo Pracy)

Stronnictwo Pracy (Labour Party) was a Polish Christian democratic political party, active from 1937 in the Second Polish Republic and later part of the Polish government in exile.

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Leśni

Leśni ludzie ("forest people") is an informal name applied to some anti-German partisan groups that operated in occupied Poland during World War II, being a part of Polish resistance movement.

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Leopold Okulicki

General Leopold Okulicki (noms de guerre Kobra, Niedźwiadek; 1898 – 1946) was a General of the Polish Army and the last commander of the anti-German underground Home Army during World War II.

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Lithuanian Security Police

The Lithuanian Security Police (LSP), also known as Saugumas (Saugumo policija), was a local police force that operated in German-occupied Lithuania from 1941 to 1944, in collaboration with the occupational authorities.

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Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force

The Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force or LTDF (Lietuvos vietinė rinktinė, LVR, Litauische Sonderverbände) was a short-lived, Lithuanian, volunteer armed force created and disbanded in 1944 during the German occupation of Lithuania.

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Lublin

Lublin (Lublinum) is the ninth largest city in Poland and the second largest city of Lesser Poland.

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Lviv

Lviv (Львів; Львов; Lwów; Lemberg; Leopolis; see also other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of around 728,350 as of 2016.

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Lwów uprising

The Lwów uprising (powstanie lwowskie, akcja Burza) was an armed insurrection by the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) underground forces of the Polish resistance movement in World War II against the Nazi German occupation of the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) in the latter stages of World War II.

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Marceli Handelsman

Marceli Handelsman (1882 – 1945) was a Polish historian, a Warsaw University professor, medievalist, modern historian, and historical methodologist.

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Marek Jan Chodakiewicz

Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (born 1962 in Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American historian specializing in East Central European history of the 19th and 20th century.

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Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia

The massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia (rzeź wołyńska, literally: Volhynian slaughter; Волинська трагедія., Volyn tragedy), were part of an ethnic cleansing operation carried out in Nazi German-occupied Poland by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) against Poles in the area of Volhynia, Polesia, Lublin region and Eastern Galicia beginning in 1943 and lasting up to 1945.

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Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski

General Michał Tadeusz Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski, Coat of arms of Trąby pseudonym Doktor, Stolarski, TorwidJozef Garlinski Poland in the Second World War, Page 40 (b. 5 January 1893 in Lwów - 22 May 1964 in Casablanca, Morocco) was a Polish general, founder of the resistance movement "Polish Victory Service".

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Michael Alfred Peszke

Michael Alfred Peszke (19 December 1932 – 17 May 2015) was a Polish-American psychiatrist and historian of the Polish Armed Forces in World War II.

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Mieczysław Fogg

Mieczysław Fogg (born Mieczysław Fogiel; May 30, 1901, Warsaw - September 3, 1990, Warsaw), was a Polish singer and artist.

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Ministry of Public Security (Poland)

The Ministry of Public Security of Poland (Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego or MBP) was a postwar communist, secret police, intelligence and counter-espionage service operating from 1945 to 1954 under minister for Public Security general (Generał brygady) Stanisław Radkiewicz, and supervised by Jakub Berman of the Politburo.

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National Armed Forces

Narodowe Siły Zbrojne (NSZ; English: National Armed Forces) was a Polish anti-Nazi and later anti-Soviet military organization which was part of Poland's World War II resistance movement.

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National Democracy

National Democracy (Narodowa Demokracja, also known from its abbreviation ND as "Endecja") was a Polish political movement active from the second half of the 19th century under the foreign partitions of the country until the end of the Second Polish Republic.

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National Party (Poland)

The National Party (Stronnictwo Narodowe, SN) was a Polish nationalist political party formed on 7 October 1928 after the transformation of Popular National Union.

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National Security Corps

Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa (Polish for National Security Corps, short PKB, sometimes also referred to as Kadra Bezpieczeństwa) was a Polish underground police force organized by the Armia Krajowa and Government Delegate's Office at Home under German occupation during World War II.

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Navahrudak

Navahrudak (Навагрудак), more commonly known by its Russian name Novogrudok (Новогрудок) (Naugardukas; Nowogródek; נאָווהאַרדאָק Novhardok) is a city in the Grodno Region of Belarus.

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Nazi concentration camps

Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (Konzentrationslager, KZ or KL) throughout the territories it controlled before and during the Second World War.

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NIE (resistance)

NIE (short for niepodległość "independence", and also meaning "no") was a Polish anticommunist resistance organisation formed in 1943.

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NKVD

The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union.

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Non-commissioned officer

A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is a military officer who has not earned a commission.

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Norman Davies

Ivor Norman Richard Davies (born 8 June 1939) is a British-Polish historian noted for his publications on the history of Europe, Poland and the United Kingdom.

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Oberscharführer

Oberscharführer ("senior squad leader") was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that existed between 1932 and 1945.

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Olsztyn

Olsztyn (Allenstein; Old Polish: Holstin; Old Prussian: Alnāsteini or Alnestabs; Alnaštynas, Alnštynas, Alštynas (historical) and Olštynas (modern)) is a city on the Łyna River in northeastern Poland.

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Operation Antyk

Operation Antyk (Antyk being an acronym for the Polish phrase Akcja Antykomunistyczna, "Anti-Communist Operation") also known as Department RGrzegorz Mazur,, 2003, London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association was a complex of counter-propaganda activities of Polish resistance movement organisation Home Army, directed against pro-Soviet and pro-communist circles in Polish society, mostly members of the Polish Workers' Party.

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Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.

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Operation Bürkl

Operation Bürkl (operacja Bürkl), or the special combat action Bürkl (specjalna akcja bojowa Bürkl), was an operation by the Polish resistance conducted on September 7, 1943.

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Operation Belt

Operation Belt (Polish Akcja Taśma) was one of the large-scale anti-Nazi Germany operations of the Armia Krajowa Kedyw during World War II.

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Operation Heads

Operation Heads (Operacja Główki) was the code name for a series of assassinations of Nazi officials by the World War II Polish Resistance.

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Operation Kutschera

Operation Kutschera was the code name for the successful execution of Franz Kutschera, SS and Reich's Police Chief in German-occupied Warsaw, who was shot on 1 February 1944 by a combat sabotage unit of Kedyw of the Home Army (predecessor of Battalion Parasol) mainly manned by members of scouting and guiding Gray Ranks.

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Operation Most III

Operation Most III (Polish for Bridge III) or Operation Wildhorn III (in British documents) was a World War II operation in which Poland's Armia Krajowa provided the Allies with crucial intelligence on the German V-2 rocket.

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Operation N

Operation N (Akcja N, where "N" stands for the Polish word "Niemcy," "Germany") was a complex of sabotage, subversion and black-propaganda activities carried out by the Polish resistance against Nazi German occupation forces during World War II, from April 1941 to April 1944.

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Operation Ostra Brama

Operation Ostra Brama (lit. Operation Sharp Gate, English: Operation Gate of Dawn) was an armed conflict during World War II between the Polish Home Army and the Nazi German occupiers of Vilnius (Polish: Wilno).

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Operation Tempest

Operation Tempest (akcja „Burza”, sometimes referred in English as Operation Storm) was a series of anti-Nazi uprisings conducted during World War II by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), the dominant force in the Polish resistance.

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Operation Wieniec

Operation Wieniec (Akcja Wieniec, "Operation Garland") was a large-scale World War II anti-Nazi Home Army operation.

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Operational Group

Operational Group (Grupa Operacyjna, abbreviated GO) was the highest level of tactical division of the Polish Army before and during World War II and the invasion of Poland.

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Ordnungspolizei

The Ordnungspolizei (Order Police), abbreviated Orpo, were the uniformed police force in Nazi Germany between 1936 and 1945.

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Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists

The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) (Організація Українських Націоналістів, (ОУН), Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv) was a Ukrainian nationalist political organization established in 1929 in Vienna; it first operated in Western Ukraine (at the time part of interwar Poland).

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Partisan (military)

A partisan is a member of an irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation by some kind of insurgent activity.

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Pawiak

Pawiak was a prison built in 1835 in Warsaw, Poland.

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Peenemünde

Peenemünde ("Peene Mouth") is a municipality on the Baltic Sea island of Usedom in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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People's Party (Poland)

The People's Party (Stronnictwo Ludowe, SL) was a Polish political party, active from 1931 in the Second Polish Republic.

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PIAT

The Projector, Infantry, Anti Tank (PIAT) Mk I was a British man-portable anti-tank weapon developed during the Second World War.

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Pinsk

Pinsk (Пі́нск, Pinsk; Пи́нск; Пи́нськ, Pyns'k; Pińsk; Yiddish/פינסק, Pinskas) is a city in Belarus, in the Polesia region, traversed by the river Pina, at the confluence of the Pina and Pripyat rivers.

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Plastic explosive

Plastic explosive is a soft and hand-moldable solid form of explosive material.

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Podchorąży

Podchorąży - a Polish military title for officer cadets, not to be confused with chorąży.

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Polesia

Polesia, Polesie or Polesye (Палессе Paliessie, Полісся Polissia or Polisia, Polesie, Поле́сье Poles'e) is a natural and historical region starting from the farthest edges of Central Europe and into Eastern Europe, stretching from parts of Eastern Poland, touching similarly named Podlasie, straddling the Belarus–Ukraine border and into western Russia.

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Polish Academy of Sciences

The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored institution of higher learning.

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Polish Armed Forces in the West

The Polish Armed Forces in the West refers to the Polish military formations formed to fight alongside the Western Allies against Nazi Germany and its allies during World War II.

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Polish Committee of National Liberation

The Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polish: Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN), also known as the Lublin Committee, was a puppet provisional government of Poland,.

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Polish contribution to World War II

The European theatre of World War II opened with the German invasion of Poland on Friday September 1, 1939 and the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939.

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Polish government-in-exile

The Polish government-in-exile, formally known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile (Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie), was the government in exile of Poland formed in the aftermath of the Invasion of Poland of September 1939, and the subsequent occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, which brought to an end the Second Polish Republic.

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Polish People's Republic

The Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) covers the history of contemporary Poland between 1952 and 1990 under the Soviet-backed socialist government established after the Red Army's release of its territory from German occupation in World War II.

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Polish resistance movement in World War II

The Polish resistance movement in World War II, with the Polish Home Army at its forefront, was the largest underground resistance movement in all of occupied Europe, covering both German and Soviet zones of occupation.

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Polish Socialist Party

The Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) was a left-wing Polish political party.

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Polish Underground State

The Polish Underground State (Polskie Państwo Podziemne, also known as the Polish Secret State) is a collective term for the underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian, that were loyal to the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile in London.

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Polish United Workers' Party

The Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP; Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR) was the Communist party which governed the Polish People's Republic from 1948 to 1989.

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Political Consultative Committee

Political Consultative Committee (Polityczny Komitet Porozumiewawczy, PKP) was the beginning of the political arm of the Polish Secret State in occupied Poland during World War II.

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Pomerania

Pomerania (Pomorze; German, Low German and North Germanic languages: Pommern; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Germany and Poland.

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Ponary massacre

The Ponary or the Paneriai massacre (zbrodnia w Ponarach) was the mass murder of up to 100,000 people by German SD, SS, and the Lithuanian Nazi collaborators, including killing squads of Ypatingasis būrys, during World War II and the Holocaust in Reichskommissariat Ostland.

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Povilas Plechavičius

Povilas Plechavičius (February 1, 1890 – December 19, 1973) was an Imperial Russian and then Lithuanian military officer and statesman with polish roots.

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Power (social and political)

In social science and politics, power is the ability to influence or outright control the behaviour of people.

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Poznań

Poznań (Posen; known also by other historical names) is a city on the Warta River in west-central Poland, in the Greater Poland region.

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Praga

Praga is a district of Warsaw, Poland.

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Project Big Ben

"Big Ben" was the World War II code name for the British project to reconstruct and evaluate captured German missiles such as the V-2 rocket.

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Przebraże Defence

The Przebraże Defence was the World War II defence of Przebraże (now Гайове, Ukraine), a Polish settlement, located in Lutsk county of the Wołyń (i.e. Volhynian) Voivodeship, near the village of Troscianiec.

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Pseudonym

A pseudonym or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their first or true name (orthonym).

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Psychological warfare

Psychological warfare (PSYWAR), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations (PSYOP), have been known by many other names or terms, including MISO, Psy Ops, political warfare, "Hearts and Minds", and propaganda.

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Quisling regime

The Quisling regime or Quisling government are common names used to refer to the fascist collaborationist government led by Vidkun Quisling in German-occupied Norway during the Second World War.

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Radom

Radom (ראָדעם Rodem) is a city in east-central Poland with 219,703 inhabitants (2013).

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Raymond Taras

Raymond Taras (also Ray Taras) is a Canadian political scientist.

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Red Army

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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Reich

Reich is a German word literally meaning "realm".

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Resistance in Lithuania during World War II

During World War II, Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union (1940–1941), Nazi Germany (1941–1944), and the Soviet Union again in 1944.

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Resistance movement

A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability.

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Revolutions of 1989

The Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond.

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Richard C. Lukas

Richard C. Lukas (born 1937) is an American historian and author of numerous books and articles in military, diplomatic, Polish, and Polish-American history.

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Righteous Among the Nations

Righteous Among the Nations (חֲסִידֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, khasidei umót ha'olám "righteous (plural) of the world's nations") is an honorific used by the State of Israel to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust to save Jews from extermination by the Nazis.

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Rivne

Rivne (Рівне; Rovno; Równe) is a historic city in western Ukraine and the historical region of Volhynia.

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Roger Moorhouse

Roger Moorhouse (born 1968 in Stockport, Cheshire) is a British historian and author.

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Roman Zambrowski

Roman Zambrowski born Rubin Nassbau (July 15, 1909 in Warsaw – August 19, 1977 in Warsaw) was a Polish and Soviet Communist.

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Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)

Rzeczpospolita is a nationwide daily economic and legal newspaper and the only conservative-liberal newspaper in Poland.

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Sabotage

Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, effort or organization through subversion, obstruction, disruption or destruction.

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Sachsenhausen concentration camp

Sachsenhausen ("Saxon's Houses") or Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg was a Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used primarily for political prisoners from 1936 to the end of the Third Reich in May 1945.

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Sarmatian Review

Sarmatian Review is an English language peer reviewed academic journal on Slavistics, which is the study of culture, history, and societies of Slavic nations (located in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe) published by the Polish Institute of Houston at Rice University three times a year in January, April, and September.

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Sarny

Sarny (Сáрни, Russian and Belarusian: Сáрны, Sarny), translated as Does, is a small city in Rivne Oblast (province) of western Ukraine.

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Schutzmannschaft

The Schutzmannschaft or Auxiliary Police (literally: "protective, or guard units"; plural: Schutzmannschaften, abbreviated as Schuma) was the collaborationist auxiliary police of native policemen serving in those areas of the Soviet Union and the Baltic states occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II.

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Schutzstaffel

The Schutzstaffel (SS; also stylized as with Armanen runes;; literally "Protection Squadron") was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.

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Secretary (title)

Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization.

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Sejm

The Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the lower house of the Polish parliament.

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Service for Poland's Victory

Służba Zwycięstwu Polski (Service for Poland's Victory, or Polish Victory Service, abbreviated SZP) was the first Polish resistance movement in World War II.

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Sidolówka

Sidolówka (pron. seedoloofka) was an unofficial, yet common, name of the R wz.

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Sikorski–Mayski agreement

The Sikorski–Mayski Agreement was a treaty between the Soviet Union and Poland, signed in London on 30 July 1941.

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Silesia

Silesia (Śląsk; Slezsko;; Silesian German: Schläsing; Silesian: Ślůnsk; Šlazyńska; Šleska; Silesia) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Solihull

Solihull is a large town in the West Midlands of England with a population of 206,700 in the 2011 Census.

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Southern Illinois University Carbondale

Southern Illinois University (known colloquially as SIU or SIU Carbondale) is a public research university located in Carbondale, Illinois, United States.

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Soviet invasion of Poland

The Soviet invasion of Poland was a Soviet Union military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September 1939.

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Soviet partisans

The Soviet partisans were members of resistance movements that fought a guerrilla war against the Axis forces in the Soviet Union, the previously Soviet-occupied territories of interwar Poland in 1941–45 and eastern Finland.

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Soviet partisans in Poland

Poland was invaded and annexed by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the invasion of Poland in 1939.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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SS and police leader

The title of SS and police leader (SS- und Polizeiführer) was used to designate a senior Nazi official who commanded large units of the SS, Gestapo and the German uniformed police (Ordnungspolizei), prior to and during World War II.

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Stalinism

Stalinism is the means of governing and related policies implemented from the 1920s to 1953 by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953).

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Stanisław Aronson

Stanisław Witold Aronson (nom de guerre "Rysiek") (born May 6, 1925 in Warsaw) is a Polish Jew and an Israeli citizen, as well as a former officer of the Polish Home Army (AK) with a rank of Lieutenant.

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Stanisław Haller

Stanisław Haller (April 26, 1872 – April 1940) was a Polish politician and general, also cousin of General Józef Haller von Hallenburg of Haller coat of arms.

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Stavka

The Stavka (Ставка) was the high command of the armed forces in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.

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Stefan Korboński

Stefan Korboński (2 March 1901 in Praszka - 23 April 1989 in Washington, D.C., USA) was a Polish agrarian politician, lawyer, journalist and a notable member of the wartime authorities of the Polish Secret State.

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Stefan Rowecki

Stefan Paweł Rowecki (pseudonym: Grot, "Spearhead", hence the alternate name, Stefan Grot-Rowecki, 25 December 1895 – 2 August 1944) was a Polish general, journalist and the leader of the Armia Krajowa.

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Sten

The STEN (or Sten gun) was a family of British submachine guns chambered in 9×19mm and used extensively by British and Commonwealth forces throughout World War II and the Korean War.

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Stepan Bandera

Stepan Andriyovych Bandera (Степан Андрійович Бандера, Stepan Andrijowycz Bandera; 1 January 1909 – 15 October 1959) was a Ukrainian political activist and a leader of the nationalist and independence movement of Ukraine.

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Stroop Report

The Stroop Report is an official report prepared by General Jürgen Stroop for the SS chief Heinrich Himmler, recounting the German suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the liquidation of the ghetto in the spring of 1943.

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Submachine gun

A submachine gun (SMG) is a magazine-fed, automatic carbine designed to fire pistol cartridges.

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Szmalcownik

Szmalcownik, in English also spelt shmaltsovnik, is pejorative Polish slang used during World War II for a person who blackmailed Jews who were hiding, or who blackmailed Poles who protected Jews during the German occupation.

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Szmul Zygielbojm

Szmul Zygielbojm (שמואל זיגלבוים; February 21, 1895 – May 11, 1943) was a Jewish-Polish socialist politician, leader of the Bund, and a member of the National Council of the Polish government in exile.

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Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski

General Tadeusz Komorowski (1 June 1895 – 24 August 1966), better known by the name Bór-Komorowski (after one of his wartime code-names: Bór – "The Forest") was a Polish military leader.

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Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)

Tadeusz Piotrowski or Thaddeus Piotrowski (born 1940) is a Polish-American sociologist.

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Ternopil

Ternopil (Ternopil',; Tarnopol; Ternopol'; Tarnopol; Ternepol/Tarnopl; Tarnopol) is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River.

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Territorial evolution of Poland

Poland (Polska) is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north.

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The Black Book of Communism

The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression is a 1997 book by Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Andrzej Paczkowski and several other European academics documenting a history of political repressions by Communist states, including genocides, extrajudicial executions, deportations, killing population in labor camps and artificially created famines.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.

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The Polish Review

The Polish Review is an English-language academic journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.

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The Zookeeper's Wife

The Zookeeper's Wife is a non-fiction book written by the poet and naturalist Diane Ackerman.

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Timothy D. Snyder

Timothy David Snyder (born 1969) is an American author and historian specializing in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, and the Holocaust.

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Tomasz Strzembosz

Tomasz Strzembosz (11 September 1930 – 16 October 2004) was a Polish historian and writer who specialized in the history of Poland during World War II.

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Trial of the Sixteen

The Trial of the Sixteen (Proces szesnastu) was a staged trial of 16 leaders of the Polish Underground State held by the Soviet authorities in Moscow in 1945.

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Tuchola

Tuchola (Tuchel; Tëchòlô) is a town in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship in northern Poland.

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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Ukrainian Insurgent Army

The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Українська повстанська армія, УПА, Ukrayins’ka Povstans’ka Armiya, UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and later partisan army that engaged in a series of guerrilla conflicts during World War II against Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and both Underground and Communist Poland.

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Union of Armed Struggle

Związek Walki Zbrojnej (abbreviation: ZWZ; Union of Armed Struggle; also translated as Union for Armed Struggle, Association of Armed Struggle or Association for Armed Struggle) was an underground army formed in Poland following its invasion in September 1939 by Germany and the Soviet Union that opened World War II.

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Union of Retaliation

Union of Retaliation (Polish:Związek Odwetu or Z.O.) was a Polish World War II resistance organization established on 20 April 1940.

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V-2 rocket

The V-2 (Vergeltungswaffe 2, "Retribution Weapon 2"), technical name Aggregat 4 (A4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile.

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Vichy France

Vichy France (Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.

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Victory parade

A victory parade is a parade held to celebrate a victory.

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Vilnius

Vilnius (see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city, with a population of 574,221.

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Vilnius Region

Vilnius Region (Vilniaus kraštas, Wileńszczyzna, Віленшчына, also formerly known in English: as Wilno Region or Vilna Region) is the territory in the present-day Lithuania and Belarus that was originally inhabited by ethnic Baltic tribes and was a part of Lithuania proper, but came under East Slavic and Polish cultural influences over time.

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Voivodeships of Poland

A województwo (plural: województwa) is the highest-level administrative subdivision of Poland, corresponding to a "province" in many other countries.

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Volhynia

Volhynia, also Volynia or Volyn (Wołyń, Volýn) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe straddling between south-eastern Poland, parts of south-western Belarus, and western Ukraine.

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Wachlarz

Wachlarz (folding fan) was a Polish World War II resistance organization formed by the Armia Krajowa for sabotage duties behind the German Eastern Front, outside of the Polish borders.

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Walter Laqueur

Walter Ze'ev Laqueur (born 26 May 1921) is an American historian, journalist and political commentator.

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Warsaw

Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.

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Warsaw concentration camp

The Warsaw concentration camp (Konzentrationslager Warschau, short KL or KZ Warschau) was an associated group of the German Nazi concentration camps, including an extermination camp, located in German-occupied Warsaw, capital city of Poland.

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Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto (Warschauer Ghetto, officially Jüdischer Wohnbezirk in Warschau Jewish Residential District in Warsaw; getto warszawskie) was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II.

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Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (אױפֿשטאַנד אין װאַרשעװער געטאָ; powstanie w getcie warszawskim; Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto) was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance that arose within the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II, and which opposed Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining Ghetto population to Treblinka.

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Warsaw Uprising

The Warsaw Uprising (powstanie warszawskie; Warschauer Aufstand) was a major World War II operation, in the summer of 1944, by the Polish underground resistance, led by the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), to liberate Warsaw from German occupation.

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Warsaw Uprising Museum

The Warsaw Uprising Museum (named Warsaw Rising Museum, Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego), in the Wola district of Warsaw, Poland, is dedicated to the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

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Władysław Bartoszewski

Władysław Bartoszewski (19 February 1922 – 24 April 2015) was a Polish politician, social activist, journalist, writer and historian.

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Władysław Filipkowski

Władysław Filipkowski (noms de guerre Cis and Janka; May 1, 1892–April 17, 1950) was a Polish military commander and a professional officer of the Polish Army.

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Władysław Gomułka

Władysław Gomułka (6 February 1905 – 1 September 1982) was a Polish communist politician.

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Władysław I Herman

Władysław I Herman (1044 – 4 June 1102) was a Duke of Poland from 1079 until his death.

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Władysław Sikorski

Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (20 May 1881 – 4 July 1943) was a Polish military and political leader.

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Wehrmacht

The Wehrmacht (lit. "defence force")From wehren, "to defend" and Macht., "power, force".

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Western betrayal

The concept of Western betrayal refers to the view that the United Kingdom and France failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military and moral obligations with respect to the Czechoslovak and Polish nations during the prelude to and aftermath of World War II.

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WIEM Encyklopedia

WIEM Encyklopedia (full name in Wielka Interaktywna Encyklopedia Multimedialna - "Great Interactive Multimedia Encyclopedia"; 'wiem' in the Polish language also means "I know") is a Polish Internet encyclopedia.

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Wilhelm Koppe

Karl Heinrich Wilhelm Koppe (15 June 1896 – 2 July 1975) was a German Nazi commander (Höhere SS und Polizeiführer (HSSPF), SS-Obergruppenführer).

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Witold Bieńkowski

Witold Bieńkowski, code-name Wencki (1906–1965), was a Polish politician, publicist and leader of the Catholic underground organization called Front for a Reborn Poland (Front Odrodzenia Polski, F.O.P.) during World War II, as well as member of the Provisional Committee to Aid Jews, Żegota, and a permanent representative of the Delegation for Poland of the Polish Government-in-Exile.

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Witold Pilecki

Witold Pilecki (13 May 190125 May 1948;; codenames Roman Jezierski, Tomasz Serafiński, Druh, Witold) was a Polish cavalryman and intelligence officer.

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Wood wool

Wood wool, known primarily as excelsior in North America, is a product made of wood slivers cut from logs and is mainly used in packaging, for cooling pads in home evaporative cooling systems known as swamp coolers, for erosion control mats, and as a raw material for the production of other products such as bonded wood wool boards and used as stuffing for stuffed animals.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Yaffa Eliach

Yaffa Eliach (May 31, 1935 – November 8, 2016) was a Polish-born American historian, author, and scholar of Judaic Studies and the Holocaust.

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Zamość uprising

The Zamość uprising comprised World War II partisan operations, 1942–1944, by the Polish resistance (primarily the Home Army and Peasant Battalions) against Germany's Generalplan-Ost forced expulsion of Poles from the Zamość region (Zamojszczyzna) and the region's colonization by German settlers.

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Zygmunt Miłkowski

Zygmunt Miłkowski, pseudonym Teodor Tomasz Jeż (March 23, 1824 Podolia Governorate, Russian Empire — January 11, 1915 Lausanne, Switzerland) was Polish romantic writer and politician who struggled for independence of Poland as leader of Polish Union (Liga Polska).

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Zygmunt Rumel

Zygmunt Jan Rumel (22 February 1915 – 10 July 1943) was a Polish poet and, during World War II, underground officer of the Bataliony Chłopskie partisans in the Wolhynia Region of the Second Polish Republic.

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10th Infantry Division (Poland)

10th Infantry Division (10. Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army during the interbellum period, which took part in the 1939 German Invasion of Poland.

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11th Infantry Division (Poland)

The 11th Carpathian Infantry Division (Polish 11 Karpacka Dywizja Piechoty), was a tactical unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period, which fought in the Invasion of Poland in 1939.

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12th Infantry Division (Poland)

Polish 12th Kresy Infantry Division (Polish: 12 Kresowa Dywizja Piechoty), was a tactical unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period, which was stationed in Tarnopol.

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21st Mountain Infantry Division (Poland)

The 21st Mountain Infantry Division (21 DPG) was a pre-war unit of the Polish Army.

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22nd Mountain Infantry Division (Poland)

The 22nd Mountain Infantry Division (22 DPG) was a pre-war unit of the Polish Army.

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24th Infantry Division (Poland)

Polish 24th Infantry Division (24.) was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period, which took part in the Polish September Campaign.

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25th Infantry Division (Poland)

The 25th Infantry Division (Polish: 25 Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period, created in 1921 with headquarters in Kalisz.

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26th Infantry Division (Poland)

The Polish 26th Infantry Division (26 Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army.

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27th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland)

27 Volhynian Infantry Division (27 Wołyńska Dywizja Piechoty) was a World War II Polish Armia Krajowa unit fighting in the Volhynia region in 1944.

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27th Infantry Division (Poland)

The 27 Infantry Division (Polish: 27 Dywizja Piechoty), was a unit of the Polish Army in the inter-war period.

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28th Infantry Division (Poland)

The 28 Dywizja Piechoty was a Polish Army infantry division which saw action against the invading Germans during the Invasion of Poland of World War II.

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29th Infantry Division (Poland)

29th Grodno Infantry Division (Polish: 29 Grodzienska Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army during the interbellum period.

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2nd Legions Infantry Division (Poland)

Polish 2nd Legions Infantry Division (2. Dywizja Piechoty Legionów) was a tactical unit of the Polish Army between the World Wars.

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30th Infantry Division (Poland)

The 30th Polesie Infantry Division (30. Poleska Dywizja Piechoty), was a unit of the Polish Army in the inter-war period.

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3rd Legions Infantry Division (Poland)

Polish 3rd Legions Infantry Division (3. Dywizja Piechoty Legionów) was a tactical unit of the Polish Army between the World Wars.

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5th Infantry Division (Poland)

5th Lwów Infantry Division (Polish: 5 Lwowska Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period, with headquarters stationed in Lwów.

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6th Infantry Division (Poland)

Polish 6th Infantry Division (6.) was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period, which fought in the Polish–Ukrainian War, Polish–Soviet War and Polish September Campaign.

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7th Infantry Division (Poland)

The 7th Infantry Division (7 DP) was the name of several units of the Polish Army.

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8th Infantry Division (Poland)

The 8th Infantry Division was a tactical unit of the Polish Army.

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9th Infantry Division (Poland)

The 9th Infantry Division (9 Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic.

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Redirects here:

Armia Krajowa, Armija Krajova, Armija Krajowa, Armja Krajowa, Headquarters of Armia Krajowa, Home Army (Poland), Poland's Home Army, Polish Armia Krajowa, Polish Home Army, Polish Resistance Army, Polish Underground Army, The Polish Home Army.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Army

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