Communication

312 relations: Absolute monarchy, Alabama, Alfonso XII of Spain, Alfonso XIII of Spain, Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz, American Revolution, André-Hercule de Fleury, Anjou, Anne of Austria, Anselm de Guibours, Antoine of Navarre, Appanage, Ariel Durant, Arranged marriage, Augustus II the Strong, Augustus III of Poland, Balthazar Napoleon IV de Bourbon, Battle of Bitonto, Battle of Ivry, Battle of Waterloo, Beatrice of Burgundy, Lady of Bourbon, Bourbon County, Kentucky, Bourbon-Busset, Bourbon-Penthièvre, Bourbon-Vendôme, Bourbonnais, Bourbons of India, Brazilian imperial family, Cadet (genealogy), Cadet branch, Caetani, Calvinism, Capetian dynasty, Cardinal Mazarin, Cardinal Richelieu, Carlism, Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, Carlos, Duke of Madrid, Catherine de' Medici, Catholic Church, Catholic League (French), Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, Charles de Bourbon (cardinal), Charles I of England, Charles II of Spain, Charles II, Duke of Parma, Charles III of Spain, Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Charles III, Duke of Parma, Charles IV of Spain, ..., Charles IV, Duke of Alençon, Charles IX of France, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles X of France, Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714), Charles, Duke of Vendôme, Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Chartres Cathedral, Civitella del Tronto, Concino Concini, Constitution of Spain, Count of Artois, Count of Soissons, Counts and dukes of Alençon, Counts and Dukes of Angoulême, Counts and dukes of Anjou, County of La Marche, Courtesy title, Dauphin of France, Duchy of Burgundy, Duchy of Lucca, Duchy of Luxemburg, Duchy of Montpensier, Duchy of Parma, Duke of Berry, Duke of Bourbon, Duke of Calabria, Duke of Orléans, Duke of Parma, Duke of Seville, Dynasty, Edict of Nantes, Elisabeth Farnese, Empire of Brazil, English Civil War, Estates General (France), Estates General of 1789, European balance of power, Family seat, Felipe VI of Spain, Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand VI of Spain, Ferdinand VII of Spain, Fils de France, First French Empire, First Spanish Republic, Flag of France, Fleur-de-lis, Flight to Varennes, Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon, France, Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma, Francis de Bourbon, Count of St. Pol, Francis I of France, Francis I of the Two Sicilies, Francis II of the Two Sicilies, Francis, Duke of Anjou, Francisco Franco, Francoist Spain, Frederick the Great, French First Republic, French people, French Revolution, French Revolution of 1848, French Revolutionary Wars, French Second Republic, French Third Republic, French Wars of Religion, Fronde, Gaeta, Gaspard II de Coligny, Gaston, Duke of Orléans, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Glorious Revolution (Spain), Gobelins Manufactory, Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), Grand Constable of France, Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg, Guastalla, Guillotine, Habsburg Spain, Henri, Count of Chambord, Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999), Henri, Count of 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Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Jeanne d'Albret, Joachim Murat, Joseph Bonaparte, Juan Carlos I of Spain, Juan, Count of Montizón, July Monarchy, July Revolution, Kingdom of Etruria, Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Navarre, Kingdom of Sardinia, Kingdom of Sicily, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Le Retour des Princes français à Paris, Legitimists, Line of succession to the former Brazilian throne, List of coats of arms of the Capetian dynasty, List of counts and dukes of Vendôme, List of French monarchs, List of heirs to the French throne, List of living legitimate male Capetians, List of medieval great powers, List of monarchs of Naples, List of monarchs of Sicily, List of monarchs of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, List of Navarrese monarchs, List of rulers of Provence, List of Spanish monarchs, Los Angeles Times, Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, Louis I of Etruria, Louis I of Spain, Louis I, Duke of Bourbon, Louis IX of France, Louis Philippe I, Louis XIII of France, Louis XIV of France, Louis XV of France, Louis XVI of France, Louis XVII of France, Louis XVIII of France, Louis, Count of Vendôme, Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV), Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569), Luxembourg, Madame de Pompadour, Manchester Evening News, Manorialism, Manuel Godoy, Margaret of Valois, Maria Christina of Austria, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, Maria Theresa, Maria Theresa of Spain, Marie Antoinette, Marie de' Medici, Marie Leszczyńska, Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, Massimo family, Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, Messina, Middle Ages, Miguel Primo de Rivera, Napoleon, Napoleon III, Napoleonic Wars, National Assembly (France), National Assembly (French Revolution), National Convention, Navarre, Netherlands, Nobility, Orléanist, Pacte de Famille, Peace of Vervins, Pedro II of Brazil, Peninsular War, Philip III of Spain, Philip IV of Spain, Philip V of Spain, Philip, Duke of Parma, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Prince du sang, Prince Jean, Duke of Guise, Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark, Prince Philippe, Count of Paris, Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1869–1926), Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma, Princes of Condé, Princes of Conti, Pyrenees, Queen Victoria, Ratification, Régence, Renunciation, Robert I, Duke of Parma, Robert II, Count of Hesbaye, Robert, Count of Clermont, Robertians, Salic law, Second Spanish Republic, Seven Years' War, Siege of Gaeta (1860), Simon & Schuster, Sire de Bourbon, Spain, Spanish Civil War, Spanish Empire, Spanish Netherlands, Spanish royal family, Spanish transition to democracy, St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, Taille, The Guardian, The Hindu, Thirty Years' War, Treaty of Bärwalde, Treaty of The Hague (1720), Treaty of the Pyrenees, Treaty of Utrecht, Tricolour (flag), Tuberculosis, War of the Austrian Succession, War of the Polish Succession, War of the Quadruple Alliance, War of 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Absolute monarchy

Absolute monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.

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Alabama

Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Alfonso XII of Spain

Alfonso XII (Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo; 28 November 185725 November 1885) was King of Spain, reigning from 1874 to 1885, after a revolution deposed his mother Isabella II from the throne in 1868, Alfonso studied in Austria and France.

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Alfonso XIII of Spain

Alfonso XIII (Spanish: Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941) was King of Spain from 1886 until the proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931.

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Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz

Alfonso, Duke of Anjou, Duke of Cádiz, Grandee of Spain (Alfonso Jaime Marcelino Manuel Víctor María de Borbón y Dampierre, French citizen as Alphonse de Bourbon; 20 April 1936 – 30 January 1989) was a grandson of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, a potential heir to the throne in the event of restoration of the Spanish monarchy, and a Legitimist claimant to the defunct throne of France as Alphonse II.

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American Revolution

The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783.

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André-Hercule de Fleury

André-Hercule de Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus, Archbishop of Aix (22 June or 26 June 165329 January 1743) was a French cardinal who served as the chief minister of Louis XV.

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Anjou

Anjou (Andegavia) is a historical province of France straddling the lower Loire River.

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Anne of Austria

Anne of Austria (22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666), a Spanish princess of the House of Habsburg, was queen of France as the wife of Louis XIII, and regent of France during the minority of her son, Louis XIV, from 1643 to 1651.

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Anselm de Guibours

Anselm de Guibours (born 1625) (Father Anselm of the Blessed Mary, O.A.D., Père Anselme de Sainte-Marie, or simply Père Anselme) was a French Discalced Augustinian friar and noted genealogist.

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Antoine of Navarre

Antoine (in English, Anthony; 22 April 1518 – 17 November 1562) was the King of Navarre through his marriage (jure uxoris) to Queen Jeanne III, from 1555 until his death.

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Appanage

An appanage or apanage (pronounced) or apanage is the grant of an estate, title, office, or other thing of value to a younger male child of a sovereign, who would otherwise have no inheritance under the system of primogeniture.

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Ariel Durant

Ariel Durant (10 May 1898 – 25 October 1981) was a Russian-born American researcher and writer and the coauthor of The Story of Civilization with her husband Will Durant.

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Arranged marriage

Arranged marriage is a type of marital union where the bride and groom are selected by individuals other than the couple themselves, particularly family members, such as the parents.

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Augustus II the Strong

Augustus II the Strong (August II.; August II Mocny; Augustas II; 12 May 16701 February 1733) of the Albertine line of the House of Wettin was Elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus I), Imperial Vicar and elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Augustus III of Poland

Augustus III (August III Sas, Augustas III; 17 October 1696 5 October 1763) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1734 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire from 1733 until 1763 where he was known as Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II).

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Balthazar Napoleon IV de Bourbon

Balthazar Napoleon IV de Bourbon claims to be the senior descendant of the House of Bourbon and thus the pretender to the throne of the defunct Kingdom of France.

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Battle of Bitonto

The Battle of Bitonto (25 May 1734) was a Spanish victory over Austrian forces near Bitonto in the Kingdom of Naples (in southern Italy) in the War of Polish Succession.

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Battle of Ivry

The Battle of Ivry was fought on 14 March 1590, during the French Wars of Religion.

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Battle of Waterloo

The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

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Beatrice of Burgundy, Lady of Bourbon

Beatrice of Burgundy (1257 – October 1, 1310) was a ruling Lady of Bourbon in 1288-1310 and, through her mother, heiress of all Bourbon estates.

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Bourbon County, Kentucky

Bourbon County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky.

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Bourbon-Busset

The Bourbon-Busset family is an illegitimate branch of the House of Bourbon, being thus agnatic descendants of the Capetian dynasty.

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Bourbon-Penthièvre

The House of Bourbon-Penthièvre was an illegitimate branch of the House of Bourbon, thus descending from the Capetian dynasty.

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Bourbon-Vendôme

The House of Bourbon-Vendôme referred to two branches of the House of Bourbon.

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Bourbonnais

Bourbonnais was a historic province in the centre of France that corresponded to the modern département of Allier, along with part of the département of Cher.

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Bourbons of India

The Bourbons of India, in India, claim to be legitimate descendants of the House of Bourbon, descended from Jean Philippe de Bourbon, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, an exiled French noble who served in Mughal Emperor Akbar's court.

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Brazilian imperial family

The Brazilian Imperial Family is a cadet branch of the Portuguese Royal House of Braganza that ruled the Empire of Brazil from 1822 to 1889, after the proclamation of independence by Prince Pedro of Braganza who was later acclaimed as Pedro I, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil.

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Cadet (genealogy)

In genealogy, a cadet is a younger son, as opposed to the firstborn heir.

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Cadet branch

In history and heraldry, a cadet branch consists of the male-line descendants of a monarch or patriarch's younger sons (cadets).

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Caetani

Caetani, or Gaetani, is the name of an Italian noble family which played a great part in the history of Pisa and of Rome, principally via their close links to the papacy.

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Calvinism

Calvinism (also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism, or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.

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Capetian dynasty

The Capetian dynasty, also known as the House of France, is a dynasty of Frankish origin, founded by Hugh Capet.

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Cardinal Mazarin

Cardinal Jules Raymond Mazarin, 1st Duke of Rethel, Mayenne and Nevers (14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarino, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the Chief Minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 until his death.

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Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu and Fronsac (9 September 15854 December 1642), commonly referred to as Cardinal Richelieu (Cardinal de Richelieu), was a French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman.

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Carlism

Carlism (Karlismo; Carlisme) is a Traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon dynasty on the Spanish throne.

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Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma

Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (8 April 1930 – 18 August 2010) was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma from 1977 until his death.

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Carlos, Duke of Madrid

Don Carlos, Duke of Madrid (Spanish: Carlos María de los Dolores Juan Isidro José Francisco Quirico Antonio Miguel Gabriel Rafael; 30 March 1848 – 18 July 1909) was the senior member of the House of Bourbon from 1887 until his death.

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Catherine de' Medici

Catherine de Medici (Italian: Caterina de Medici,; French: Catherine de Médicis,; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589), daughter of Lorenzo II de' Medici and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne, was an Italian noblewoman who was queen of France from 1547 until 1559, by marriage to King Henry II.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Catholic League (French)

The Catholic League of France (Ligue catholique), sometimes referred to by contemporary (and modern) Catholics as the Holy League (La Sainte Ligue), was a major participant in the French Wars of Religion.

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Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes

Charles d'Albert, Duke of Luynes (5 August 1578 – Longueville, 15 December 1621) was French courtier and a favourite of Louis XIII, by whom he was made a Peer and Constable of France before dying at the height of his influence.

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Charles de Bourbon (cardinal)

Charles de Bourbon (22 September 1523 – 9 May 1590) was a French cardinal.

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Charles I of England

Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

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Charles II of Spain

Charles II of Spain (Carlos II; 6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700), also known as El Hechizado or the Bewitched, was the last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire.

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Charles II, Duke of Parma

Charles Louis (Carlo Ludovico; 22 December 1799 – 16 April 1883) was King of Etruria (1803–1807; reigned as Louis II), Duke of Lucca (1824–1847; reigned as Charles I), and Duke of Parma (1847–1849; reigned as Charles II).

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Charles III of Spain

Charles III (Spanish: Carlos; Italian: Carlo; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain and the Spanish Indies (1759–1788), after ruling Naples as Charles VII and Sicily as Charles V (1734–1759), kingdoms he abdicated to his son Ferdinand.

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Charles III, Duke of Bourbon

Charles III, Duke of Bourbon (17 February 1490 – 6 May 1527) was a French military leader, the Count of Montpensier, Clermont and Auvergne, and Dauphin of Auvergne from 1501 to 1523, then Duke of Bourbon and Auvergne, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, Forez and La Marche, and Lord of Beaujeu from 1505 to 1521.

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Charles III, Duke of Parma

Charles III (Carlo III di Borbone, Duca di Parma e Piacenza; 14 January 1823 – 27 March 1854) was Duke of Parma from 1849 to 1854.

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Charles IV of Spain

Charles IV (Spanish: Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Januario Serafín Diego; 11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain from 14 December 1788, until his abdication on 19 March 1808.

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Charles IV, Duke of Alençon

Charles IV of Alençon (1489 in Alençon – 1525 in Lyon) was the son of René of Alençon and the Margaret of Vaudémont.

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Charles IX of France

Charles IX (27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574) was a French monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1560 until his death from tuberculosis.

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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838), 1st Prince of Benevento, then 1st Prince of Talleyrand, was a laicized French bishop, politician, and diplomat.

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Carlos; Karl; Carlo; Karel; Carolus; 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506.

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Charles X of France

Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.

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Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)

Charles of France, Duke of Berry, (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714) was a grandson of Louis XIV of France.

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Charles, Duke of Vendôme

Charles de Bourbon (2 June 1489 – 25 March 1537) was a French prince du sang and military commander at the court of Francis I of France.

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Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

Charlotte (Charlotte Adelgonde Élise/Elisabeth Marie Wilhelmine; 23 January 1896 – 9 July 1985) reigned as Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 1919 until her abdication in 1964.

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Chartres Cathedral

Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), is a Roman Catholic church of the Latin Church located in Chartres, France, about southwest of Paris.

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Civitella del Tronto

Civitella del Tronto is a town and comune in the province of Teramo, within the Abruzzo region of central Italy.

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Concino Concini

Concino Concini, 1er Marquis d'Ancre (c1575 – 24 April 1617), was an Italian politician, best known for being a minister of Louis XIII of France, as the favourite of Louis's mother, Marie de Medici, Queen of France.

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Constitution of Spain

The Spanish Constitution (Constitución Española; Espainiako Konstituzioa; Constitució Espanyola; Constitución Española; Constitucion espanhòla) is the democratic law that is supreme in the Kingdom of Spain.

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Count of Artois

The Count of Artois (French: Comtes d'Artois, Dutch: Graven van Artesië) was the ruler over the County of Artois from the 9th century until the abolition of the countship by the French revolutionaries in 1790.

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Count of Soissons

This is a list of those who bore the title Count of Soissons (Comte de Soissons) and ruled Soissons and its civitas or diocese as a county in the Middle Ages.

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Counts and dukes of Alençon

Several counts and then royal dukes of Alençon have figured in French history.

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Counts and Dukes of Angoulême

Angoulême (L'Angoumois) in western France was part of the Carolingian Empire as the kingdom of Aquitaine.

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Counts and dukes of Anjou

The Count of Anjou was the ruler of the county of Anjou, first granted by Charles the Bald in the 9th century to Robert the Strong.

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County of La Marche

The County of Marche (la Marcha) was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse.

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Courtesy title

A courtesy title is a title that does not have legal significance but rather is used through custom or courtesy, particularly, in the context of nobility, the titles used by children of members of the nobility (c.f. substantive title).

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Dauphin of France

The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France)—strictly The Dauphin of Viennois (Dauphin de Viennois)—was the dynastic title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830.

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Duchy of Burgundy

The Duchy of Burgundy (Ducatus Burgundiae; Duché de Bourgogne) emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians, which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the Frankish Empire.

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Duchy of Lucca

The Duchy of Lucca was a small Italian state existing from 1815 to 1847.

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Duchy of Luxemburg

The Duchy of Luxemburg (Luxembourg, Lëtzebuerg) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, the ancestral homeland of the noble House of Luxembourg.

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Duchy of Montpensier

The French lordship of Montpensier (named after the village of Montpensier, département of Puy-de-Dôme), located in historical Auvergne, became a countship in the 14th century.

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Duchy of Parma

The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, which was conquered by the Papal States in 1512.

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Duke of Berry

The title of Duke of Berry (Duc de Berry) or Duchess of Berry (Duchesse de Berry) in the French nobility was frequently created for junior members of the French royal family.

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Duke of Bourbon

Duke of Bourbon (Duc de Bourbon) is a title in the peerage of France.

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Duke of Calabria

Duke of Calabria was the traditional title of the heir apparent of the Kingdom of Naples after the accession of Robert of Naples.

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Duke of Orléans

Duke of Orléans (Duc d'Orléans) was a title reserved for French royalty, first created in 1344 by Philip VI in favor of his son Philip of Valois.

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Duke of Parma

The Duke of Parma was the ruler of the Duchy of Parma, a small historical state which existed between 1545 and 1802, and again from 1814 to 1859.

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Duke of Seville

The Dukedom of Seville is a title of Spanish nobility that was granted in 1823 by King Ferdinand VII of Spain to his nephew, Infante Enrique of Spain.

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Dynasty

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,Oxford English Dictionary, "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.

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Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes (French: édit de Nantes), signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

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Elisabeth Farnese

Elisabeth Farnese (Italian: Elisabetta Farnese, Spanish: Isabel de Farnesio; 25 October 1692 – 11 July 1766) was Queen of Spain by marriage to King Philip V. She exerted great influence over Spain's foreign policy and was the de facto ruler of Spain from 1714 until 1746.

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Empire of Brazil

The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and (until 1828) Uruguay.

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English Civil War

The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") over, principally, the manner of England's governance.

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Estates General (France)

In France under the Old Regime, the Estates General (French: États généraux) or States-General was a legislative and consultative assembly (see The Estates) of the different classes (or estates) of French subjects.

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Estates General of 1789

The estates general was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate).

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European balance of power

The European balance of power referred to European international relations before the First World War, which evolved into the present states of Europe.

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Family seat

A family seat or sometimes just called seat is the principal residence of the landed gentry and aristocracy.

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Felipe VI of Spain

Felipe VI (Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbón y de Grecia; born 30 January 1968) is the King of Spain.

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Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand I (12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825), was the King of the Two Sicilies from 1816, after his restoration following victory in the Napoleonic Wars.

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Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand II (Ferdinando Carlo; Ferdinannu Carlu; 12 January 1810 – 22 May 1859) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1830 until his early death in 1859.

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Ferdinand VI of Spain

Ferdinand VI (Spanish: Fernando VI; 23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759), called the Learned, King of Spain from 9 July 1746 until his death in 1759, was the third ruler of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty.

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Ferdinand VII of Spain

Ferdinand VII (Fernando; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was twice King of Spain: in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death.

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Fils de France

Fils de France (Son of France) was the style and rank held by the sons of the kings and dauphins of France.

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First French Empire

The First French Empire (Empire Français) was the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte of France and the dominant power in much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

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First Spanish Republic

The Republic of Spain (officially in Spanish República de España), commonly known as the First Spanish Republic to distinguish it from the Spanish Republic of 1931–39, was the short-lived political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez-Campos's pronunciamento marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain.

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Flag of France

The flag of France (Drapeau français) is a tricolour flag featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red.

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Fleur-de-lis

The fleur-de-lis/fleur-de-lys (plural: fleurs-de-lis/fleurs-de-lys) or flower-de-luce is a stylized lily (in French, fleur means "flower", and lis means "lily") that is used as a decorative design or motif, and many of the Catholic saints of France, particularly St. Joseph, are depicted with a lily.

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Flight to Varennes

The royal Flight to Varennes (Fuite à Varennes) during the night of 20–21 June 1791 was a significant episode in the French Revolution in which King Louis XVI of France, his queen Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family unsuccessfully attempted to escape from Paris in order to initiate a counter-revolution at the head of loyal troops under royalist officers concentrated at Montmédy near the frontier.

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Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon

Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon (27 November 1635 – 15 April 1719) was the second wife of King Louis XIV of France.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma

Francesco Farnese (19 May 1678 – 26 February 1727) reigned as the seventh and penultimate Farnese Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1694 until his death.

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Francis de Bourbon, Count of St. Pol

Francis I de Bourbon, Count of St.

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Francis I of France

Francis I (François Ier) (12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was the first King of France from the Angoulême branch of the House of Valois, reigning from 1515 until his death.

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Francis I of the Two Sicilies

Francis I of the Two Sicilies (Francesco Gennaro Giuseppe; 19 August 1777 – 8 November 1830) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1825 to 1830.

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Francis II of the Two Sicilies

Francis II (Francesco II, christened Francesco d'Assisi Maria Leopoldo, 16 January 1836 – 27 December 1894) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1859 to 1861.

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Francis, Duke of Anjou

Francis, Duke of Anjou and Alençon (Hercule François; 18 March 1555 – 10 June 1584) was the youngest son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici.

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Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939, after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, until his death in 1975.

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Francoist Spain

Francoist Spain (España franquista) or the Franco regime (Régimen de Franco), formally known as the Spanish State (Estado Español), is the period of Spanish history between 1939, when Francisco Franco took control of Spain after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War establishing a dictatorship, and 1975, when Franco died and Prince Juan Carlos was crowned King of Spain.

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Frederick the Great

Frederick II (Friedrich; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king.

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French First Republic

In the history of France, the First Republic (French: Première République), officially the French Republic (République française), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution.

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French people

The French (Français) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.

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French Revolution of 1848

The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution (révolution de Février), was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe.

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French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution.

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French Second Republic

The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte that initiated the Second Empire.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.

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French Wars of Religion

The French Wars of Religion refers to a prolonged period of war and popular unrest between Roman Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed/Calvinist Protestants) in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598.

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Fronde

The Fronde was a series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635.

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Gaeta

Gaeta (Caiēta, Ancient Greek: Καιέτα) is a city and comune in the province of Latina, in Lazio, central Italy.

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Gaspard II de Coligny

Gaspard de Coligny, Seigneur de Châtillon (16 February 1519 – 24 August 1572) was a French nobleman and admiral, best remembered as a disciplined Huguenot leader in the French Wars of Religion and a close friend and advisor to King Charles IX of France.

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Gaston, Duke of Orléans

Gaston, Duke of Orléans (24 April 1608 – 2 February 1660), was the third son of King Henry IV of France and his wife Marie de' Medici.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi; 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, politician and nationalist. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland" along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini. Garibaldi has been called the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in Brazil, Uruguay and Europe. He personally commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the Italian unification. Garibaldi was appointed general by the provisional government of Milan in 1848, General of the Roman Republic in 1849 by the Minister of War, and led the Expedition of the Thousand on behalf and with the consent of Victor Emmanuel II. His last military campaign took place during the Franco-Prussian War as commander of the Army of the Vosges. Garibaldi was very popular in Italy and abroad, aided by exceptional international media coverage at the time. Many of the greatest intellectuals of his time, such as Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, and George Sand, showered him with admiration. The United Kingdom and the United States helped him a great deal, offering him financial and military support in difficult circumstances. In the popular telling of his story, he is associated with the red shirts worn by his volunteers, the Garibaldini, in lieu of a uniform.

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Glorious Revolution (Spain)

The Glorious Revolution (La Gloriosa or Sexenio Democrático) took place in Spain in 1868, resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II.

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Gobelins Manufactory

The Manufacture des Gobelins is a tapestry factory located in Paris, France, at 42 avenue des Gobelins, near the Les Gobelins métro station in the 13th arrondissement.

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Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)

The Grand Alliance is the name commonly used for the coalition formed on 20 December 1689 by England, the Dutch Republic and Emperor Leopold, on behalf of the Archduchy of Austria.

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Grand Constable of France

The Grand Constable of France (Grand Connétable de France, from Latin comes stabuli for 'count of the stables'), as the First Officer of the Crown, was one of the original five Great Officers of the Crown of France (along with seneschal, chamberlain, butler, and chancellor) and Commander in Chief of the army.

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Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg

The Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg constitutes the House of Luxembourg-Nassau, headed by the sovereign Grand Duke, and in which the throne of the grand duchy is hereditary.

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Guastalla

Guastalla (Guastallese: Guastàla) is a town and comune in the province of Reggio Emilia in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

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Guillotine

A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.

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Habsburg Spain

Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516–1700), when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg (also associated with its role in the history of Central Europe).

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Henri, Count of Chambord

Henri, Count of Chambord (Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de Chambord); 29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883) was disputedly King of France from 2 to 9 August 1830 as Henry V, although he was never officially proclaimed as such. Afterwards, he was the Legitimist pretender to the throne of France from 1844 to 1883. He was nearly received as King in 1871 and 1873. Henri was the posthumous son of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of Charles X of France, by his wife, Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies. As the grandson of the King Charles X of France, Henri was a Petit-Fils de France. He also was the last legitimate descendant in the male line of Louis XV of France (His grandfather Charles X was a grandson of Louis XV).

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Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)

Henri of Orléans, Count of Paris (Henri Robert Ferdinand Marie Louis Philippe d'Orléans; 5 July 1908 – 19 June 1999), was the Orléanist claimant to the throne of France as Henry VI from 1940 until his death.

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Henri, Count of Paris (born 1933)

Henri d'Orléans, Count of Paris, Duke of France (Henri Philippe Pierre Marie d'Orléans; born 14 June 1933), is head of the House of Orléans, and one of the current pretenders to the defunct French crown as Henry VII.

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Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

Henri (Henri Albert Gabriel Félix Marie Guillaume,; born 16 April 1955) is the Grand Duke of Luxembourg, reigning since 7 October 2000.

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Henrietta Maria of France

Henrietta Maria of France (Henriette Marie; 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland as the wife of King Charles I. She was mother of his two immediate successors, Charles II and James II/VII.

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Henry I, Duke of Guise

Henry I, Prince of Joinville, Duke of Guise, Count of Eu (31 December 1550 – 23 December 1588), sometimes called Le Balafré (Scarface), was the eldest son of Francis, Duke of Guise, and Anna d'Este.

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Henry III of France

Henry III (19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589; born Alexandre Édouard de France, Henryk Walezy, Henrikas Valua) was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1573 to 1575 and King of France from 1574 until his death.

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Henry IV of France

Henry IV (Henri IV, read as Henri-Quatre; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.

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Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 AD, from Charlemagne to Francis II).

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House of Bonaparte

The House of Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte) was an imperial and royal European dynasty founded in 1804 by Italian noble Carlo Buonaparte and his son Napoleon I, a French military leader of Italian heritage who had risen to notability out of the French Revolution and who in 1804 transformed the First French Republic into the First French Empire, five years after his ''coup d'état'' of November 1799.

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House of Bourbon-Braganza

The House of Bourbon-Braganza (Spanish: Casa de Borbón-Braganza; Portuguese: Casa de Bourbon-Bragança) was an Iberian noble house that had its origins in a royal marriage arranged in 1785 between Infante Gabriel of Spain (1752–1788) and Infanta Mariana Victoria of Portugal (1768–1788).

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House of Bourbon-Dampierre

The House of Bourbon-Dampierre refers to a noble dynasty emerged from the marriage of Guy II of Dampierre with Mathilde of Bourbon in 1197.

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House of Bourbon-Maine

The House of Bourbon-Maine was an illegitimate branch of the House of Bourbon, being thus part of the Capetian dynasty.

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House of Bourbon-Parma

The House of Bourbon-Parma (Casa di Borbone di Parma) is an Italian royal and ducal family and cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, whose members once ruled as King of Etruria and as Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Guastalla, and Lucca.

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House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

The House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies is a cadet branch of the Spanish royal family which ruled parts of southern Italy for more than a century in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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House of Capet

The House of Capet or the Direct Capetians (Capétiens directs, Maison capétienne), also called the House of France (la maison de France), or simply the Capets, ruled the Kingdom of France from 987 to 1328.

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House of Gonzaga

The House of Gonzaga was a princely family that ruled Mantua, in northern Italy, from 1328 to 1708; they also ruled Monferrato in Piedmont and Nevers in France, and also many other lesser fiefs throughout Europe.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called House of Austria was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

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House of Hesse

The House of Hesse is a European dynasty, directly descended from the House of Brabant, and it ruled the region of Hesse, with one branch as prince electors until 1866, and another branch as grand dukes until 1918.

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House of Nassau-Weilburg

The House of Nassau-Weilburg, a branch of the House of Nassau, ruled a division of the County of Nassau, which was a state in what is now Germany, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1344 to 1806.

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House of Orléans

The 4th House of Orléans, sometimes called House of Bourbon-Orléans (Maison de Bourbon-Orléans) to distinguish it, is the fourth holder of a surname previously used by several branches of the Royal House of France, all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's founder, Hugh Capet.

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House of Orléans-Braganza

The House of Orléans-Braganza (Portuguese: Casa de Orleães-Bragança) is a imperial and royal house, of French and Brazilian origin.

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House of Savoy

The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia) is a royal family that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, the family grew in power from ruling a small county in the Alps of northern Italy to absolute rule of the kingdom of Sicily in 1713 to 1720 (exchanged for Sardinia). Through its junior branch, the House of Savoy-Carignano, it led the unification of Italy in 1861 and ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 until 1946 and, briefly, the Kingdom of Spain in the 19th century. The Savoyard kings of Italy were Victor Emmanuel II, Umberto I, Victor Emmanuel III, and Umberto II. The last monarch ruled for a few weeks before being deposed following the Constitutional Referendum of 1946, after which the Italian Republic was proclaimed.

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House of Trastámara

The House of Trastámara was a dynasty of kings in Spain, which first governed in Castile beginning in 1369 before expanding its rule into Aragon, Navarre and Naples.

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House of Valois

The House of Valois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.

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House of Welf

The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century.

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House of Wettin

The House of Wettin is a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors and kings that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia.

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Hugh Capet

Hugh CapetCapet is a byname of uncertain meaning distinguishing him from his father Hugh the Great.

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Huguenots

Huguenots (Les huguenots) are an ethnoreligious group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed tradition.

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Imperial House of Japan

The, also referred to as the Imperial Family and the Yamato Dynasty, comprises those members of the extended family of the reigning Emperor of Japan who undertake official and public duties.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Infante

Infante (f. infanta), also anglicised as Infant or translated as Prince, is the title and rank given in the Iberian kingdoms of Spain (including the predecessor kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, Navarre and León), and Portugal, to the sons and daughters (infantas) of the king, sometimes with the exception of the heir apparent to the throne who usually bears a unique princely or ducal title.

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Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime

Alfonso Carlos, Infante of Spain, Duke of San Jaime (Alfonso Carlos Fernando José Juan Pío; London, 12 September 1849 – Vienna, 29 September 1936) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Alfonso Carlos I (though some Carlists who supported Alfonso XIII as his heir later referred to him as Alfonso XII) and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France under the name Charles XII.

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Infante Carlos, Count of Molina

Infante Carlos of Spain (29 March 178810 March 1855) was an Infante of Spain and the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma.

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Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin

Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolín (31 January 1818 – 13 January 1861), was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos VI after his father's renouncement in 1845, when he took the title of Conde de Montemolín (Count of Montemolín).

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Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia

Infante Jaime of Spain, Duke of Segovia, Duke of Anjou, (Jaime Leopoldo Isabelino Enrique Alejandro Alberto Alfonso Víctor Acacio Pedro Pablo María de Borbón y Battenberg) (23 June 1908 – 20 March 1975), was the second son of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and his wife Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg.

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Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona

Infante Juan of Spain, Count of Barcelona (Juan Carlos Teresa Silverio Alfonso de Borbón y Battenberg; 20 June 1913 – 1 April 1993), was the third son and designated heir of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg.

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Intendant

The title of intendant (intendant, Portuguese and intendente) has been used in several countries through history.

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Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil

Dona Isabel (29 July 1846 – 14 November 1921), nicknamed "the Redemptress", was the heiress presumptive to the throne of the Empire of Brazil, bearing the title of Princess Imperial.

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Isabella II of Spain

Isabella II (Isabel; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868.

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Italian unification

Italian unification (Unità d'Italia), or the Risorgimento (meaning "the Resurgence" or "revival"), was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Jacques Mallet du Pan

Jacques Mallet du Pan (1749 – 10 May 1800) was a French journalist, who took up the Royalist cause during the French Revolution.

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Jaime, Duke of Madrid

Jaime de Borbón y de Borbón-Parma, known as Duke of Madrid and as Jacques de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou in France (27 June 1870 – 2 October 1931), was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Jaime III and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France as Jacques I.

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James I, Count of La Marche

James I of Bourbon (1319 – 6 April 1362; also translated as Jacob (I) of Bourbon) was the son of Louis I, Duke of Bourbon and Mary of Avesnes.

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James II, Count of La Marche

James II of Bourbon-La Marche (1370 – 1438 in Besançon) was the first son of John I, Count of La Marche and Catherine of Vendôme.

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Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

Jean (given names: Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano; born 5 January 1921) reigned as Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1964 until his abdication in 2000.

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Jeanne d'Albret

Jeanne d'Albret (Basque: Joana Albretekoa; Occitan: Joana de Labrit; 16 November 1528 – 9 June 1572), also known as Jeanne III, was the queen regnant of Navarre from 1555 to 1572.

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Joachim Murat

Joachim-Napoléon Murat (born Joachim Murat; Gioacchino Napoleone Murat; Joachim-Napoleon Murat; 25 March 1767 – 13 October 1815) was a Marshal of France and Admiral of France under the reign of Napoleon.

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Joseph Bonaparte

Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte, born Giuseppe Buonaparte (7 January 1768 – 28 July 1844) was a French diplomat and nobleman, the elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of Naples and Sicily (1806–1808, as Giuseppe I), and later King of Spain (1808–1813, as José I).

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Juan Carlos I of Spain

Juan Carlos I (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, born 5 January 1938) reigned as King of Spain from 1975 until his abdication in 2014.

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Juan, Count of Montizón

Don Juan Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, Count of Montizón (Jean Charles Marie Isidore de Bourbon, comte de Montizón) (15 May 1822 – 18 November 1887) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain from 1860 to 1868, and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France from 1883 to 1887.

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July Monarchy

The July Monarchy (Monarchie de Juillet) was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848.

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July Revolution

The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Third French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French ("Three Glorious "), led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would be overthrown in 1848.

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Kingdom of Etruria

The Kingdom of Etruria (Regno di Etruria) was a kingdom between 1801 and 1807 which made up a large part of modern Tuscany.

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Kingdom of Naples

The Kingdom of Naples (Regnum Neapolitanum; Reino de Nápoles; Regno di Napoli) comprised that part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816.

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Kingdom of Navarre

The Kingdom of Navarre (Nafarroako Erresuma, Reino de Navarra, Royaume de Navarre, Regnum Navarrae), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona (Iruñeko Erresuma), was a Basque-based kingdom that occupied lands on either side of the western Pyrenees, alongside the Atlantic Ocean between present-day Spain and France.

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Kingdom of Sardinia

The Kingdom of SardiniaThe name of the state was originally Latin: Regnum Sardiniae, or Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica.

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Kingdom of Sicily

The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae, Regno di Sicilia, Regnu di Sicilia, Regne de Sicília, Reino de Sicilia) was a state that existed in the south of the Italian peninsula and for a time Africa from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816.

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Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Regno dê Doje Sicilie, Regnu dî Dui Sicili, Regno delle Due Sicilie) was the largest of the states of Italy before the Italian unification.

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Le Retour des Princes français à Paris

"Le Retour des Princes français à Paris" was the de facto national anthem of France during the Bourbon Restoration.

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Legitimists

The Legitimists (Légitimistes) are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution.

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Line of succession to the former Brazilian throne

The Brazilian monarchy came to an end on November 15, 1889, following a military coup which overthrew Emperor ''Dom'' Pedro II and established a republic.

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List of coats of arms of the Capetian dynasty

Most of the members of the Capetian dynasty bore a version of the arms of France.

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List of counts and dukes of Vendôme

Count of Vendôme, and, later, Duke of Vendôme, were French titles of nobility.

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List of French monarchs

The monarchs of the Kingdom of France and its predecessors (and successor monarchies) ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of the Franks in 486 until the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.

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List of heirs to the French throne

The following is a list of the heirs to the throne of the Kingdom of France, that is, those who were legally next in line to assume the throne upon the death of the King.

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List of living legitimate male Capetians

The Capetian dynasty is the largest dynasty in Europe, with over 120 living male members descended in the legitimate agnatic line.

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List of medieval great powers

This is a list of great powers during the medieval period.

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List of monarchs of Naples

In 1382, the Kingdom of Naples was heired by Charles III, King of Hungary, Great grandson of King Charles II of Naples After this, the House of Anjou of Naples was renamed House of Anjou-Durazzo, like Charles III married his first cousin Margaret of Durazzo, member of a prominent Neapolitan noble family.

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List of monarchs of Sicily

The monarchs of Sicily ruled from the establishment of the County of Sicily in 1071 until the "perfect fusion" in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816.

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List of monarchs of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The following is a list of rulers of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, until the fusion into the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

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List of Navarrese monarchs

This is a list of the kings and queens of Pamplona, later Navarre.

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List of rulers of Provence

The land of Provence has a history quite separate from that of any of the larger nations of Europe.

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List of Spanish monarchs

This is a list of Spanish monarchs, that is, rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.

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Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou

Louis Alphonse de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou (Luis Alfonso Gonzalo Víctor Manuel Marco de Borbón y Martínez-Bordiú, Louis Alphonse Gonzalve Victor Emmanuel Marc de Bourbon;Eilers, Marlene A. Queen Victoria's Descendants. Princess Beatrice. Rosvall Royal Books, Falkoping, Sweden, 1997. pp. 166, 181; Enache, Nicolas. La Descendanace de Marie-Therese de Habsburg Reine de Hongrie and Boheme. Maison royale regnante d'Espagne. ICC/Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris, 1999, p. 535. (French)..Willis, Daniel A. The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain. The Descendants of Princess Anne, The Princess of Orange. Clearfield, Baltimore, 2002. p. 231. born 25 April 1974 in Madrid) is a member of the Royal House of Bourbon, and one of the current pretenders to the defunct French throne as Louis XX.

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Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême

Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) was the eldest son of Charles X of France and the last Dauphin of France from 1824 to 1830.

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Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon

Louis Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon, or Louis Henri I, Prince of Condé (18 August 1692 – 27 January 1740), was head of the Bourbon-Condé cadet branch of the France's reigning House of Bourbon from 1710 to his death, and served as prime minister to his kinsman Louis XV from 1723 to 1726.

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Louis I of Etruria

Louis I (5 July 1773 – 27 May 1803) was the first of the two kings of Etruria.

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Louis I of Spain

Louis I (Luis Felipe; 25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) was King of Spain from 15 January 1724 until his death in August the same year.

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Louis I, Duke of Bourbon

Louis I, called the Lame (1279 – 22 January 1341) was Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis and La Marche and the first Duke of Bourbon.

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Louis IX of France

Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France and is a canonized Catholic and Anglican saint.

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Louis Philippe I

Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 as the leader of the Orléanist party.

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Louis XIII of France

Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.

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Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louis XV of France

Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774.

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Louis XVI of France

Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793), born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

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Louis XVII of France

Louis XVII (27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795), born Louis-Charles, was the younger son of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette.

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Louis XVIII of France

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.

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Louis, Count of Vendôme

Louis de Bourbon (Louis I, Count of Vendôme) (1376 – December 21, 1446, Tours), younger son of John I, Count of La Marche and Catherine de Vendôme, was Count of Vendôme from 1393, and Count of Castres from 1425 until his death.

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Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV)

Louis, Dauphin of France (4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) was the elder and only surviving son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, Queen Marie Leszczyńska.

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Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569)

Louis de Bourbon or Louis I, Prince of Condé (7 May 1530 – 13 March 1569) was a prominent Huguenot leader and general, the founder of the House of Condé, a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.

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Luxembourg

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxembourg, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe.

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Madame de Pompadour

Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de Pompadour (29 December 1721 – 15 April 1764), commonly known as Madame de Pompadour, was a member of the French court and was the official chief mistress of Louis XV from 1745 to 1751, and remained influential as court favourite until her death.

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Manchester Evening News

The Manchester Evening News (MEN) is a regional daily newspaper covering Greater Manchester in North West England.

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Manorialism

Manorialism was an essential element of feudal society.

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Manuel Godoy

Manuel Godoy y Álvarez de Faria, Prince of the Peace (May 12, 1767October 4, 1851) was Prime Minister of Spain from 1792 to 1797 and from 1801 to 1808.

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Margaret of Valois

Margaret of Valois (Marguerite, 14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615), commonly Margot, was a French princess of the Valois dynasty who became queen consort of Navarre and later also of France.

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Maria Christina of Austria

Maria Christina Henriette Desideria Felicitas Raineria of Austria, also known as Maria Christina Henrietta Désirée Félicité Rénière (21 July 1858 – 6 February 1929) was Queen of Spain as the second wife of King Alfonso XII.

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Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies

Princess Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (Maria Cristina Ferdinanda di Borbone, Principessa delle Due Sicilie, María Cristina de Borbón, Princesa de las Dos Sicilias; 27 April 1806 – 22 August 1878) was queen consort of Spain (1829 to 1833) and Regent of Spain (1833 to 1840).

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Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

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Maria Theresa of Spain

Maria Theresa of Spain (María Teresa de Austria; Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683), was by birth Infanta of Spain and Portugal (until 1640) and Archduchess of Austria as member of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Queen of France.

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Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette (born Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last Queen of France before the French Revolution.

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Marie de' Medici

Marie de' Medici (Marie de Médicis, Maria de' Medici; 26 April 1575 – 3 July 1642) was Queen of France as the second wife of King Henry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon.

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Marie Leszczyńska

Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska (23 June 1703 – 24 June 1768) also known as Marie Leczinska, was a Polish noblewoman and French Queen consort.

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Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma

Marie Louise (Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Therese Josepha Lucia; Italian: Maria Luigia Leopoldina Francesca Teresa Giuseppa Lucia; 12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was an Austrian archduchess who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 1814 until her death.

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Massimo family

The princely House of Massimo is historically one of the great aristocratic families of Rome, renowned for its influence on the politics, the church and the artistic heritage of the city.

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Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully

Maximilien de Béthune, 1st Duke of Sully, Marquis of Rosny and Nogent, Count of Muret and Villebon, Viscount of Meaux (13 December 156022 December 1641) was a nobleman, soldier, statesman, and faithful right-hand man who assisted king Henry IV of France in the rule of France.

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Messina

Messina (Sicilian: Missina; Messana, Μεσσήνη) is the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Miguel Primo de Rivera

Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquess of Estella, 22nd Count of Sobremonte, GE, OIC, OSH, LCSF, OMC, OTS, KOC (8 January 1870 – 16 March 1930) was a dictator, aristocrat, and military officer who served as Prime Minister of Spain from 1923 to 1930 during Spain's Restoration era.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Napoleon III

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of France from 1848 to 1852 and as Napoleon III the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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National Assembly (France)

The National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic, the upper house being the Senate (Sénat).

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National Assembly (French Revolution)

During the French Revolution, the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale), which existed from 13 June 1789 to 9 July 1789, was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General; thereafter (until replaced by the Legislative Assembly on 30 Sept 1791) it was known as the National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante), though popularly the shorter form persisted.

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National Convention

The National Convention (Convention nationale) was the first government of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly.

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Navarre

Navarre (Navarra, Nafarroa; Navarra), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre (Spanish: Comunidad Foral de Navarra; Basque: Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea), is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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Nobility

Nobility is a social class in aristocracy, normally ranked immediately under royalty, that possesses more acknowledged privileges and higher social status than most other classes in a society and with membership thereof typically being hereditary.

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Orléanist

The Orléanists were a French right-wing (except for 1814–1830) faction which arose out of the French Revolution as opposed to Legitimists.

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Pacte de Famille

The Pacte de Famille (Family Compact; Pacto de Familia) is one of three separate, but similar alliances between the Bourbon kings of France and Spain.

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Peace of Vervins

The Peace of Vervins or Treaty of Vervins was signed between the representatives of Henry IV of France and Philip II of Spain, on 2 May 1598, at the small town of Vervins in Picardy, northern France, close to the territory of the Habsburg Netherlands.

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Pedro II of Brazil

Dom Pedro II (English: Peter II; 2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years.

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Peninsular War

The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was a military conflict between Napoleon's empire (as well as the allied powers of the Spanish Empire), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Portugal, for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Philip III of Spain

Philip III (Felipe; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain.

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Philip IV of Spain

Philip IV of Spain (Felipe IV; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain (as Philip IV in Castille and Philip III in Aragon) and Portugal as Philip III (Filipe III).

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Philip V of Spain

Philip V (Felipe V, Philippe, Filippo; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to his abdication in favour of his son Louis on 15 January 1724, and from his reascendancy of the throne upon his son's death on 6 September 1724 to his own death on 9 July 1746.

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Philip, Duke of Parma

Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Infante of Spain by birth, and Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765.

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Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

Philippe, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife, Anne of Austria.

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Philippe II, Duke of Orléans

Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (Philippe Charles; 2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723), was a member of the royal family of France and served as Regent of the Kingdom from 1715 to 1723.

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Prince du sang

A prince du sang (Prince of the Blood) is a person legitimately descended in dynastic line from any of a realm's hereditary monarchs.

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Prince Jean, Duke of Guise

Prince Jean of Orléans, Duke of Guise (Jean Pierre Clément Marie; 4 September 1874 – 25 August 1940), was the son of Robert, Duke of Chartres (1840–1910), grandson of Prince Ferdinand Philippe and great-grandson of Louis Philippe I, King of the French.

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Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark, (born 7 January 1939) is the author of several historical books and biographies of Greek and other European figures,Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh.

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Prince Philippe, Count of Paris

Prince Philippe of Orléans, Count of Paris (Louis Philippe Albert; 24 August 1838 – 8 September 1894), was the grandson of Louis Philippe I, King of the French.

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Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1869–1926)

Prince Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (Louis Philippe Robert d'Orléans; 6 February 1869 – 28 March 1926) was the Orléanist claimant to the throne of France from 1894 to 1926.

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Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma

Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma (Don Sixto Enrique de Borbón-Parma y Borbón-Busset; Sisto Enrico di Borbone Parma; born 22 July 1940) is considered Regent of Spain by some Carlists who accord him the titles Duke of Aranjuez, Infante of Spain, and Standard-bearer of Tradition.

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Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma

Xavier, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, known in France before 1974 as Prince Xavier de Bourbon-Parme, known in Spain as Francisco Javier de Borbón-Parma y de Braganza or simply as Don Javier (25 May 1889 – 7 May 1977), was the head of the ducal House of Bourbon-Parma.

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Princes of Condé

The Most Serene House of Condé (named after Condé-en-Brie, now in the Aisne département) was a French princely house and a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.

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Princes of Conti

The title of Prince of Conti (French: prince de Conti) was a French noble title, assumed by a cadet branch of the princely house of Bourbon-Condé.

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Pyrenees

The Pyrenees (Pirineos, Pyrénées, Pirineus, Pirineus, Pirenèus, Pirinioak) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France.

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Queen Victoria

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death.

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Ratification

Ratification is a principal's approval of an act of its agent that lacked the authority to bind the principal legally.

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Régence

The Régence (Regency) was the period in French history between 1715 and 1723, when King Louis XV was a minor and the land was governed by Philippe d'Orléans, a nephew of Louis XIV of France, as prince regent.

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Renunciation

Renunciation (or renouncing) is the act of rejecting something, especially if it is something that the renouncer has previously enjoyed or endorsed.

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Robert I, Duke of Parma

Robert I (Italian: Roberto I Carlo Luigi Maria di Borbone, Duca di Parma e Piacenza; 9 July 1848 – 16 November 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 to 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento.

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Robert II, Count of Hesbaye

Robert II (Rodbert, Chrodobert) (died 12 July 807) was a Frankish nobleman who was count of Worms and of Rheingau and Count of Hesbaye around the year 800.

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Robert, Count of Clermont

Robert of Clermont (1256 – 7 February 1317) was created Count of Clermont in 1268.

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Robertians

The Robertians, or Robertines, was the Frankish predecessor family of origin to the ruling houses of France; it emerged to prominence in the ancient Frankish kingdom of Austrasia as early as the eighth centuryin roughly the same region as present-day Belgiumand later emigrated to West Francia, between the Seine and the Loire rivers.

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Salic law

The Salic law (or; Lex salica), or the was the ancient Salian Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis.

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Second Spanish Republic

The Spanish Republic (República Española), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (Segunda República Española), was the democratic government that existed in Spain from 1931 to 1939.

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Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.

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Siege of Gaeta (1860)

The Siege of Gaeta was the concluding event of the war between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, part of the unification of Italy.

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Simon & Schuster

Simon & Schuster, Inc., a subsidiary of CBS Corporation, is an American publishing company founded in New York City in 1924 by Richard Simon and Max Schuster.

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Sire de Bourbon

The Sire de Bourbon or Seigneur de Bourbon, meaning Lord of Bourbon, was the title by which the rulers of the Bourbonnais were known, from 913 to 1327, and from which the cognomen of the illustrious royal House of the same name derives.

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española),Also known as The Crusade (La Cruzada) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (La Rebelión) or Uprising (Sublevación) among Republicans.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español; Imperium Hispanicum), historically known as the Hispanic Monarchy (Monarquía Hispánica) and as the Catholic Monarchy (Monarquía Católica) was one of the largest empires in history.

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Spanish Netherlands

Spanish Netherlands (Países Bajos Españoles; Spaanse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas espagnols, Spanische Niederlande) was the collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held in personal union by the Spanish Crown (also called Habsburg Spain) from 1556 to 1714.

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Spanish royal family

The House of Bourbon-Anjou (or simply House of Bourbon-Spain) is the current Spanish Royal Family.

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Spanish transition to democracy

The Spanish transition to democracy (Transición española a la democracia), known in Spain as the Transition (La Transición), or the Spanish transition (Transición española) is a period of modern Spanish history, that started on 20 November 1975, the date of death of Francisco Franco, who had established a military dictatorship after the victory of the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War.

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St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

The St.

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Taille

The taille was a direct land tax on the French peasantry and non-nobles in Ancien Régime France.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Hindu

The Hindu is an Indian daily newspaper, headquartered at Chennai.

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Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

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Treaty of Bärwalde

The Treaty of Bärwalde (Traité de Barwalde; Fördraget i Bärwalde; Vertrag von Bärwalde) of 23 January 1631 was a treaty concluding an alliance between the Swedish Empire and the Kingdom of France during the Thirty Years' War,Parker (1997), p.121 shortly after Sweden had invaded Northern Germany then occupied by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor's forces.

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Treaty of The Hague (1720)

The Treaty of The Hague (also known as the Treaty of Den Haag) was signed on 17 February 1720.

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Treaty of the Pyrenees

The Treaty of the Pyrenees (Traité des Pyrénées, Tratado de los Pirineos, Tractat dels Pirineus, Tratado dos Pirenéus) was signed on 7 November 1659 to end the 1635–1659 war between France and Spain, a war that was initially a part of the wider Thirty Years' War.

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Treaty of Utrecht

The Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, is a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713.

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Tricolour (flag)

A tricolour or tricolor is a type of flag or banner design with a triband design which originated in the 16th century as a symbol of republicanism, liberty or indeed revolution.

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).

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War of the Austrian Succession

The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to the Habsburg Monarchy.

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War of the Polish Succession

The War of the Polish Succession (1733–35) was a major European war sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II, which the other European powers widened in pursuit of their own national interests.

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War of the Quadruple Alliance

The War of the Quadruple Alliance (1717–1720) was a result of the ambitions of Bourbon King Philip V of Spain, his wife, Elisabeth Farnese, and his chief minister Giulio Alberoni to retake territories in Italy lost to the Habsburgs in Vienna, and perhaps even to claim the French throne.

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War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was a European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700.

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War of the Three Henrys

The War of the Three Henrys (1587–1589) was the eighth and final conflict in the series of civil wars in France known as the Wars of Religion.

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Will Durant

William James "Will" Durant (November 5, 1885 – November 7, 1981) was an American writer, historian, and philosopher.

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Borbonic, Bourbon Dynasty, Bourbon Spain, Bourbon dynasty, Bourbon family, Bourbon house, Bourbon kings, Bourbon kings of France, Bourbon monarchy, Bourbon of Naples, Bourbones, Bourbons, Bourbons of Naples, Capetian House of Bourbon, Family of Bourbon, France: Wars of Religion - Bourbon Dynasty, France: Wars of Religion – Bourbon Dynasty, France: Wars of Religion/Bourbon Dynasty, House Of Bourbon, House of Borbon, House of Borbón, House of bourbon, Maison de Bourbon, Prince of Bourbon, Prince of bourbon, Royal family of Bourbon, The Bourbons.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon

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