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280 relations: Abu Kabir, Acre, Israel, Africa, Air force, Al-Tira, Haifa, Alan Dershowitz, Albert Einstein, Alexandroni Brigade, Aliyah, Aliyah Bet, Allies of World War II, Altalena Affair, Aluf, Amichai Paglin, Amin al-Husseini, Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Asmara, Avi Shlaim, Avraham Stern, Avraham Tehomi, Avshalom Haviv, Baghdad, Balad al-Shaykh massacre, Bat Yam, Bayt Nabala, Betar, Binyamina-Giv'at Ada, Black Sunday, 1937, British Armed Forces, British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument), Bruce Hoffman, Bulgaria, Cabinet of Israel, Cairo, Ceasefire, Chaim Weizmann, Chauvinism, Chief Rabbi, Clare Hollingworth, Convoy of 35, Corporal, Court-martial, Criminal investigation department, Cyprus, David Ben-Gurion, David Raziel, Dawid Wdowiński, Dawn (Wiesel novel), Deir Yassin massacre, Dov Gruner, ..., Egged (company), Elie Wiesel, Eliezer Kashani, Eliyahu Bet-Zuri, Eliyahu Hakim, Eliyahu Lankin, Emirate of Transjordan, Eritrea, Ernest Bevin, Europe, Folke Bernadotte, Forced displacement, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Freedom of information laws by country, French language, Galilee, Gangster, General Zionists, German-occupied Europe, Germany, Guerrilla warfare, Haaretz, Hadera, Haganah, Haifa, Haifa Oil Refinery massacre, Hannah Arendt, Hanoch Kalai, Hapoel Hatzair, Harold MacMichael, Hatikvah, Hatzohar, Havlagah, Hergé, Herman Wouk, Herut, Herzliya, Hillel Kook, Histadrut, History of the Jews in Europe, Holon, Hostage, Howard Sachar, II Corps (Poland), Improvised explosive device, Institute for Palestine Studies, Iraq, Irgun, Israel, Israel Defense Forces, Israel Defense Forces ranks, Israeli Declaration of Independence, Italy, J. Bowyer Bell, Jaffa, Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem, Jessurun Cardozo, Jewish Agency for Israel, Jewish Brigade, Jewish Combat Organization, Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine, Jewish Military Union, Jewish National Council, Jewish religious terrorism, Jewish Resistance Movement, Jews, Jordan River, Kerem HaTeimanim, Kfar Saba, Kfar Vitkin, Kibbutz, King David Hotel bombing, Kiryat Anavim, Kiryat Malakhi, Kol Tsion HaLokhemet, Labour Party (UK), Lance corporal, Land mine, Land of Black Gold, Land of Israel, Latrun, Law of the United Kingdom, Lebanon, Lehi (militant group), Lieutenant, Lifta, Likud, List of Irgun members, List of Irgun operations, Lod, Luftwaffe, Ma'ale HaHamisha, Maccabees, Maccabi World Union, Malcolm MacDonald, Mandatory Palestine, Master sergeant, Meir Bar-Ilan, Meir Feinstein, Meir Nakar, Memoir, Menachem Begin, Metula, Military, Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army), Militia, Mishmar HaYarden, Mizrachi (religious Zionism), Mordechai Alkahi, Mordechai Weingarten, Morocco, Moshe Barazani, Moshe Zvi Segal (rabbi), Mossad LeAliyah Bet, Nabi Musa, Nahariya, Nationalist terrorism, Nazism, Ness Ziona, Netanya, New York (state), Night of the Beatings, Odessa, Old City (Jerusalem), Olei Hagardom, Operation Agatha, Palestine Police Force, Palmach, Paramilitary, Pardes Hanna-Karkur, Parliament of the United Kingdom, Paweł Frenkiel, Peel Commission, Petah Tikva, Poland, Population transfer, President of the United States, Public relations, Qastina, Rabbi, Ralph Cairns, Ramallah, Ramat Gan, Rehovot, Revisionist Zionism, Right-wing politics, Rishon LeZion, Robert Bitker, Romania, Rome, Rosh Pinna, Russian Compound, Safed, Samaria, Schneller Orphanage, Second lieutenant, Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sergeant first class, Shanghai, Sharon plain, Shir Betar, Shlomo Ben-Yosef, Shofar, Shuafat, Sidney Hook, Souq, Southern District (Israel), Special Interrogation Group, SS Exodus, Staff sergeant, Syria, Tactic (method), Tammuz (Hebrew month), Tegart fort, Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv Promenade, Terrorism, The Canberra Times, The Case for Israel, The Daily Telegraph, The Holocaust, The Hope (novel), The National Archives (United Kingdom), The New York Times, The Revolt, The Scotsman, Theodor Herzl, Tom Segev, Torture, Tunisia, Tzrifin, United Nations, United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, United Nations Security Council Resolution 50, United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, Uri Zvi Greenberg, Vienna, Wadi Nisnas, Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne, War Refugee Board, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, Władysław Anders, West Jerusalem, Western Wall, White Paper of 1939, World War II, World Zionist Congress, World Zionist Organization, Ya'akov Meridor, Yaacov Shavit, Yaakov Weiss, Yehiel Dresner, Yehudiya, Yesud HaMa'ala, Yigael Yadin, Yishuv, Yisrael Galili, Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, Yom Kippur, Ze'ev Jabotinsky, Zionism, Zionist political violence, 1929 Palestine riots, 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, 1946 British Embassy bombing, 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 1948 Palestine war. Expand index (230 more) »
Abu Kabir
Abu Kabir (ابو كبير) was a satellite village of Jaffa founded by Egyptians following Ibrahim Pasha's 1832 defeat of Turkish forces in Ottoman era Palestine.
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Acre, Israel
Acre (or, עַכּוֹ, ʻAko, most commonly spelled as Akko; عكّا, ʻAkkā) is a city in the coastal plain region of Israel's Northern District at the extremity of Haifa Bay.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Air force
An air force, also known in some countries as an aerospace force or air army, is in the broadest sense, the national military branch that primarily conducts aerial warfare.
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Al-Tira, Haifa
al-Tira (الطيرة, also called Tirat al-Lawz or "Tira of the almonds" to distinguish it from other al-Tiras) was a Palestinian town located 7 kilometres south of Haifa.
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Alan Dershowitz
Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American lawyer and academic.
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
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Alexandroni Brigade
The Alexandroni Brigade (3rd Brigade) is an Israel Defense Forces brigade that fought in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
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Aliyah
Aliyah (עֲלִיָּה aliyah, "ascent") is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel (Eretz Israel in Hebrew).
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Aliyah Bet
Aliyah Bet (עלייה ב', "Aliyah 'B'" – bet being the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet) was the code name given to illegal immigration by Jews, most of whom were Holocaust survivors and refugees from Nazi Germany, to Mandatory Palestine between 1934-48, in violation of the restrictions laid out in the British White Paper of 1939.
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Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945).
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Altalena Affair
The Altalena Affair was a violent confrontation that took place in June 1948 by the newly created Israel Defense Forces against the Irgun (also known as IZL), one of the Jewish paramilitary groups that were in the process of merging to form the IDF.
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Aluf
Aluf (אלוף, lit. "champion") is the term used in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) for officers who in other countries would have the rank of general, air marshal, or admiral.
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Amichai Paglin
Amichai Paglin, code name "Gidi" (עמיחי פאגלין;1922–1978) was an Israeli businessman who served as Chief Operations Officer of the Irgun during the Mandate era.
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Amin al-Husseini
Mohammed Amin al-Husseini (محمد أمين الحسيني; 1897 – 4 July 1974) was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in Mandatory Palestine.
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Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry
The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry was a joint British and American committee assembled in Washington on 4 January 1946.
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Asmara
Asmara (ኣስመራ), known locally as Asmera (meaning "They made them unite" in Tigrinya), is the capital city and largest city of Eritrea.
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Avi Shlaim
Avraham "Avi" Shlaim FBA (born 31 October 1945) is an Israeli historian, Emeritus Professor of International Relations at the University of Oxford and fellow of the British Academy.
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Avraham Stern
Avraham Stern (אברהם שטרן, Avraham Shtern), alias Yair (יאיר; December 23, 1907 – February 12, 1942) was one of the leaders of the Jewish paramilitary organization Irgun.
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Avraham Tehomi
Avraham Tehomi (born as Zilberg, 1903–1990), also spelled Avraham T'homi, was a noted Jewish militant who served as a Haganah commander, and was one of the founders and first commander of the Irgun.
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Avshalom Haviv
Avshalom Haviv (אבשלום חביב; June 18, 1926–July 29, 1947) was a member of the Irgun underground organization in Mandatory Palestine, and one of the Olei Hagardom executed by the British authorities during the Jewish insurgency in Palestine.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (بغداد) is the capital of Iraq.
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Balad al-Shaykh massacre
Balad al-Shaykh was a Palestinian Arab village, now part of the Israeli town of Nesher where a massacre was perpetrated on the night of December 31, 1947, to January 1, 1948.
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Bat Yam
Bat Yam (בַּת יָם, بات يام) is a city located on Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast, on the central coastal strip, just south of Tel Aviv.
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Bayt Nabala
Bayt Nabala or Beit Nabala was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict in Palestine that was destroyed during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
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Betar
The Betar Movement (also spelled Beitar) is a Revisionist Zionist youth movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia, by Vladimir (Ze'ev) Jabotinsky.
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Binyamina-Giv'at Ada
Binyamina-Giv'at Ada (בִּנְיָמִינָה-גִּבְעַת עָדָה, بنيامينا غفعات عادة) is a town in the Haifa District of Israel.
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Black Sunday, 1937
Black Sunday, 1937 refers to a series of acts undertaken by Jewish militants of the Irgun faction against Arab civilians on 14 November 1937.
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British Armed Forces
The British Armed Forces, also known as Her/His Majesty's Armed Forces, are the military services responsible for the defence of the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and the Crown dependencies.
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British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)
The British Mandate for Palestine (valid 29 September 1923 - 15 May 1948), also known as the Mandate for Palestine or the Palestine Mandate, was a "Class A" League of Nations mandate for the territories of Mandatory Palestine – in which the Balfour Declaration's "national home for the Jewish people" was to be established – and a separate Arab Emirate of Transjordan, both of which were conceded by the Ottoman Empire under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.
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Bruce Hoffman
Bruce Hoffman (born 1954) is a political analyst specializing in the study of terrorism and counterterrorism and insurgency and counter-insurgency.
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria (България, tr.), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, tr.), is a country in southeastern Europe.
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Cabinet of Israel
The Government of Israel (officially: ממשלת ישראל Memshelet Yisrael) exercises executive authority in the State of Israel.
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Cairo
Cairo (القاهرة) is the capital of Egypt.
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Ceasefire
A ceasefire (or truce), also called cease fire, is a temporary stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions.
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Chaim Weizmann
Chaim Azriel Weizmann (חיים עזריאל ויצמן, Хаим Вейцман Khaim Veytsman; 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Zionist leader and Israeli statesman who served as President of the Zionist Organization and later as the first President of Israel.
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Chauvinism
Chauvinism is a form of extreme patriotism and a belief in national superiority and glory.
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Chief Rabbi
Chief Rabbi is a title given in several countries to the recognised religious leader of that country's Jewish community, or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular authorities.
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Clare Hollingworth
Clare Hollingworth, OBE (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author.
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Convoy of 35
The Convoy of 35 (or the Lamed He, which stands for "thirty five" in Hebrew numerals), was a convoy of Haganah fighters sent during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on a mission to reach by foot and resupply the blockaded kibbutzim of Gush Etzion in January 1948, after earlier motorized convoys had been attacked.
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Corporal
Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations.
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Court-martial
A court-martial or court martial (plural courts-martial or courts martial, as "martial" is a postpositive adjective) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court.
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Criminal investigation department
A criminal investigation department (CID) is the branch of all territorial police forces within the British Police, and many other Commonwealth police forces, to which plainclothes detectives belong.
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Cyprus
Cyprus (Κύπρος; Kıbrıs), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean.
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David Ben-Gurion
David Ben-Gurion (דָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן;, born David Grün; 16 October 1886 – 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first Prime Minister of Israel.
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David Raziel
David Raziel (דוד רזיאל; 19 November 1910 - 20 May 1941) was a leader of the Zionist underground in British Mandatory Palestine and one of the founders of the Irgun.
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Dawid Wdowiński
Dawid (David) Wdowiński (1896–1970) was a psychiatrist and doctor of neurology in the Second Polish Republic.
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Dawn (Wiesel novel)
Dawn is a novel by Elie Wiesel, published in 1961.
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Deir Yassin massacre
The Deir Yassin massacre took place on April 9, 1948, when around 120 fighters from the Zionist paramilitary groups Irgun and Lehi attacked Deir Yassin, a Palestinian Arab village of roughly 600 people near Jerusalem.
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Dov Gruner
Dov Bela Gruner (דב בלה גרונר; 1912–1947) was a Hungarian-born Zionist activist in Mandatory Palestine and a member of the pre-state Jewish underground Irgun.
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Egged (company)
Egged Israel Transport Cooperative Society Ltd (אֶגֶד), a cooperative owned by its members, is the largest transit bus company in Israel.
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Elie Wiesel
Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel (’Ēlí‘ézer Vízēl; September 30, 1928 – July 2, 2016) was a Romanian-born American Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor.
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Eliezer Kashani
Eliezer Kashani (אליעזר קשאני; 1923–1947) was an Irgun member in Mandatory Palestine and one of the 12 Olei Hagardom.
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Eliyahu Bet-Zuri
Eliyahu Bet-Zuri (אליהו בית צורי 10 February 1922 – 22 March 1945) was a member of Lehi, who was executed in Egypt for his part in the assassination of Lord Moyne, the British Minister Resident in the Middle East.
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Eliyahu Hakim
Eliyahu Hakim (אליהו חכים; January 2, 1925–March 22, 1945) was a Lehi member, known for taking part in the 1944 assassination of Lord Moyne, the British Minister Resident in the Middle East.
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Eliyahu Lankin
Eliyahu Lankin (אליהו לנקין, 25 September 1914 – 10 August 1994) was a Revisionist Zionist activist, Irgun member and an Israeli politician.
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Emirate of Transjordan
The Emirate of Transjordan (إمارة شرق الأردن lit. "Emirate of east Jordan"), also hyphenated as Trans-Jordan and previously known as Transjordania or Trans-Jordania, was a British protectorate established in April 1921.
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Eritrea
Eritrea (ኤርትራ), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa, with its capital at Asmara.
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Ernest Bevin
Ernest Bevin (9 March 1881 – 14 April 1951) was a British statesman, trade union leader, and Labour politician.
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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Folke Bernadotte
Folke Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg (2 January 1895 – 17 September 1948) was a Swedish diplomat and nobleman.
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Forced displacement
Forced displacement or forced immigration is the coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region and it often connotes violent coercion.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr. (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
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Freedom of information laws by country
Freedom of Information laws (FOI laws) allow access by the general public to data held by national governments.
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French language
French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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Galilee
Galilee (הגליל, transliteration HaGalil); (الجليل, translit. al-Jalīl) is a region in northern Israel.
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Gangster
A gangster is a criminal who is a member of a gang.
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General Zionists
The General Zionists (הַצִיּוֹנִים הַכְּלָלִיים, translit. HaTzionim HaKlaliym) were a centre-right Zionist movement and a political party in Israel.
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German-occupied Europe
German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were occupied by the military forces of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and 1945 and administered by the Nazi regime.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.
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Haaretz
Haaretz (הארץ) (lit. "The Land ", originally Ḥadashot Ha'aretz – חדשות הארץ, – "News of the Land ") is an Israeli newspaper.
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Hadera
Hadera (חֲדֵרָה, الخضيرة) is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel, in the northern Sharon region, approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa.
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Haganah
Haganah (הַהֲגָנָה, lit. The Defence) was a Jewish paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine (1921–48), which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).
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Haifa
Haifa (חֵיפָה; حيفا) is the third-largest city in Israel – after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv– with a population of in.
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Haifa Oil Refinery massacre
The Haifa Oil Refinery massacrePappe, 1999, p. 119.
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Hannah Arendt
Johanna "Hannah" Arendt (14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German-born American philosopher and political theorist.
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Hanoch Kalai
Hanoch Kalai (March 13, 1910 – April 15, 1979) (חנוך קלעי) was a member of Irgun and Lehi, and an expert on the Hebrew language.
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Hapoel Hatzair
Hapoel Hatzair (The Young Worker) was a Zionist group active in Palestine from 1905 until 1930.
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Harold MacMichael
Sir Harold Alfred MacMichael (15 October 1882 – 19 September 1969) was a British colonial administrator.
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Hatikvah
"Hatikvah" (הַתִּקְוָה,, الأمل, lit. English: "The Hope") is a Jewish poem and the national anthem of Israel.
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Hatzohar
HaTzohar (an acronym for HaTzionim HaRevizionistim, lit. The Revisionist Zionists), officially Brit HaTzionim HaRevizionistim (lit. Union of Revisionist Zionists) was a Revisionist Zionist organization and political party in Mandatory Palestine and newly independent Israel.
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Havlagah
Havlagah (ההבלגה, "The Restraint") was a strategic policy used by the Haganah members with regard to actions taken against Arab groups who were attacking the Jewish settlement during the British Mandate of Palestine.
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Hergé
Georges Prosper Remi (22 May 1907 – 3 March 1983), known by the pen name Hergé, was a Belgian cartoonist.
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Herman Wouk
Herman Wouk (born May 27, 1915) is an American author.
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Herut
Herut (חרות, Freedom) was the major right-wing nationalist political party in Israel from 1948 until its formal merger into Likud in 1988.
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Herzliya
Herzliya (הֶרְצְלִיָּה; هرتسيليا) is an affluent city in the central coast of Israel, at the Northern part of the Tel Aviv District known for its robust start-up and entrepreneurial culture.
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Hillel Kook
Hillel Kook (הלל קוק, 24 July 1915 –18 August 2001), also known as Peter Bergson (Hebrew: פיטר ברגסון), was a Revisionist Zionist activist, politician, and prominent member of the Irgun.
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Histadrut
Histadrut or the General Organization of Workers in Israel originally (ההסתדרות הכללית של העובדים בארץ ישראל, HaHistadrut HaKlalit shel HaOvdim B'Eretz Yisrael) is Israel's national trade union centre, representing the majority of trade unionists in the State of Israel.
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History of the Jews in Europe
Jews, originally Judaean Israelite tribes from the Levant in Western Asia, Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12-19.
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Holon
Holon (חוֹלוֹן; حُولُون Ḥūlūn) is a city on the central coastal strip south of Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Hostage
A hostage is a person or entity which is held by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security for the carrying out of an agreement, or as a preventive measure against war.
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Howard Sachar
Howard Morley Sachar (February 10, 1928 – April 18, 2018) was an American historian.
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II Corps (Poland)
The Polish II Corps (Drugi Korpus Wojska Polskiego), 1943–1947, was a major tactical and operational unit of the Polish Armed Forces in the West during World War II.
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Improvised explosive device
An improvised explosive device (IED) is a bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional military action.
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Institute for Palestine Studies
The Institute for Palestine Studies (IPS) is the oldest independent nonprofit public service research institute in the Arab world.
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Iraq
Iraq (or; العراق; عێراق), officially known as the Republic of Iraq (جُمُهورية العِراق; کۆماری عێراق), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.
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Irgun
The Irgun (ארגון; full title:, lit. "The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel") was a Zionist paramilitary organization that operated in Mandate Palestine between 1931 and 1948.
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Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.
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Israel Defense Forces
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit. "The Army of Defense for Israel"; جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي), commonly known in Israel by the Hebrew acronym Tzahal, are the military forces of the State of Israel.
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Israel Defense Forces ranks
The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) has a unique rank structure.
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Israeli Declaration of Independence
The Israeli Declaration of Independence,Hebrew: הכרזת העצמאות, Hakhrazat HaAtzma'ut/מגילת העצמאות Megilat HaAtzma'utArabic: وثيقة إعلان قيام دولة إسرائيل, Wathiqat 'iielan qiam dawlat 'iisrayiyl formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (הכרזה על הקמת מדינת ישראל), was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708) by David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist OrganizationThen known as the Zionist Organization.
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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J. Bowyer Bell
J.
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Jaffa
Jaffa, in Hebrew Yafo, or in Arabic Yaffa (יפו,; يَافَا, also called Japho or Joppa), the southern and oldest part of Tel Aviv-Yafo, is an ancient port city in Israel.
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Jaffa Gate
Jaffa Gate (שער יפו, Sha'ar Yafo; باب الخليل, Bab al-Khalil, "Hebron Gate"; also Arabic, Bab Mihrab Dawud, "Gate of David's Chamber"; Crusader name: "David's Gate") is a stone portal in the historic walls of the Old City of Jerusalem.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
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Jessurun Cardozo
Rabbi David Abraham Jessurun Cardozo (March 29, 1896 – August 31, 1972) was a Dutch-born American Sephardic Rabbi who served as assistant minister of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue in New York City, the oldest synagogue in the United States and was the first rabbi to conduct High Holidays services in Spain since the Alhambra Decree of 1492 expelled Jews from that country.
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Jewish Agency for Israel
The Jewish Agency for Israel (הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל, HaSochnut HaYehudit L'Eretz Yisra'el) is the largest Jewish nonprofit organization in the world.
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Jewish Brigade
The Jewish Infantry Brigade Group, more commonly known as the Jewish Brigade Group or Jewish Brigade, was a military formation of the British Army composed of Jews from the Yishuv in Mandatory Palestine commanded by British-Jewish officers that served in Europe during World War II.
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Jewish Combat Organization
The Jewish Combat Organization (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, ŻOB; ייִדישע קאַמף אָרגאַניזאַציע Yidishe Kamf Organizatsie; often translated to English as the Jewish Fighting Organization) was a World War II resistance movement in occupied Poland, which was instrumental in engineering the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
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Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
The Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine involved paramilitary actions carried out by Jewish underground groups against the British forces and officials in Mandatory Palestine.
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Jewish Military Union
Żydowski Związek Wojskowy (ŻZW, Polish for Jewish Military Union) was an underground resistance organization operating during World War II in the area of the Warsaw Ghetto, which fought during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and 1944 Warsaw Uprising.
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Jewish National Council
The Jewish National Council (JNC) (ועד לאומי, Va'ad Le'umi), also known as the Jewish People's Council was the main national executive institution of the Jewish community (Yishuv) within Mandatory Palestine.
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Jewish religious terrorism
Jewish religious terrorism is religious terrorism committed by extremists within Judaism motivated by religious rather than ethnic or nationalistic beliefs.
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Jewish Resistance Movement
The Jewish Resistance Movement (תנועת המרי העברי, Tnu'at HaMeri HaIvri, literally Hebrew Rebellion Movement), also called United Resistance Movement (URM), was an alliance of the Zionist paramilitary organizations Haganah, Irgun and Lehi in the British Mandate of Palestine.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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Jordan River
The Jordan River (also River Jordan; נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן Nahar ha-Yarden, ܢܗܪܐ ܕܝܘܪܕܢܢ, نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ Nahr al-Urdunn, Ancient Greek: Ιορδάνης, Iordànes) is a -long river in the Middle East that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee (Hebrew: כנרת Kinneret, Arabic: Bohayrat Tabaraya, meaning Lake of Tiberias) and on to the Dead Sea.
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Kerem HaTeimanim
Kerem HaTeimanim (כֶּרֶם התֵּימָנִים) is a neighborhood in the center of Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Kfar Saba
Kfar Saba (כְּפַר סָבָא), officially Kefar Sava, is a city in the Sharon region, of the Central District of Israel.
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Kfar Vitkin
Kfar Vitkin (כְּפַר וִיתְקִין, lit. Vitkin Village) is a moshav in central Israel.
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Kibbutz
A kibbutz (קִבּוּץ /, lit. "gathering, clustering"; regular plural kibbutzim /) is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture.
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King David Hotel bombing
The King David Hotel bombing was a terrorist attack carried out on Monday, July 22, 1946, by the militant right-wing Zionist underground organization the Irgun on the British administrative headquarters for Palestine, which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem.
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Kiryat Anavim
Kiryat Anavim (קִרְיַת עֲנָבִים, lit. City of Grapes) is a kibbutz in the Judean Hills of Israel.
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Kiryat Malakhi
Kiryat Malakhi (קִרְיַת מַלְאָכִי, also Qiryat Malakhi or Kiryat Malachi) is a city in the Southern District of Israel, from Ashkelon.
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Kol Tsion HaLokhemet
Kol Tsion HaLokhemet (קוֹל צִיּוֹן הלוֹחֶמֶת.) (lit. "Voice of Fighting Zion") was the underground radio station of the Irgun.
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Labour Party (UK)
The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom.
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Lance corporal
Lance corporal is a military rank, used by many armed forces worldwide, and also by some police forces and other uniformed organisations.
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Land mine
A land mine is an explosive device concealed under or on the ground and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over or near it.
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Land of Black Gold
Land of Black Gold (Tintin au pays de l'or noir) is the fifteenth volume of The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé.
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Land of Israel
The Land of Israel is the traditional Jewish name for an area of indefinite geographical extension in the Southern Levant.
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Latrun
Latrun (לטרון, Latrun; اللطرون, al-Latrun) is located at a strategic hilltop in the Latrun salient in the Ayalon Valley.
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Law of the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has three legal systems, each of which applies to a particular geographical area.
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Lebanon
Lebanon (لبنان; Lebanese pronunciation:; Liban), officially known as the Lebanese RepublicRepublic of Lebanon is the most common phrase used by Lebanese government agencies.
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Lehi (militant group)
Lehi (לח"י – לוחמי חרות ישראל Lohamei Herut Israel – Lehi, "Fighters for the Freedom of Israel – Lehi"), often known pejoratively as the Stern Gang,"This group was known to its friends as LEHI and to its enemies as the Stern Gang." Blumberg, Arnold.
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Lieutenant
A lieutenant (abbreviated Lt, LT, Lieut and similar) is a junior commissioned officer in the armed forces, fire services, police and other organizations of many nations.
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Lifta
Lifta (لفتا; מי נפתוח Mei Neftoach) was a Palestinian Arab village on the outskirts of Jerusalem.
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Likud
Likud (הַלִּיכּוּד, translit. HaLikud, lit., The Consolidation), officially, the Likud-National Liberal Movement, is a centre-right to right-wing political party in Israel.
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List of Irgun members
This is a list of notable members of the Irgun, either having been listed by the Irgun's website etzel.org.il or by reputable independent sources.
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List of Irgun operations
During the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine against the Mandatory Palestine, the militant Zionist group Irgun carried out 60 attacks against Palestinian people and the British Army.
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Lod
Lod (לוֹד; اللُّدّ; Latin: Lydda, Diospolis, Ancient Greek: Λύδδα / Διόσπολις - city of Zeus) is a city southeast of Tel Aviv in the Central District of Israel.
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Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe was the aerial warfare branch of the combined German Wehrmacht military forces during World War II.
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Ma'ale HaHamisha
Ma'ale Hahamisha (מַעֲלֵה הַחֲמִישָּׁה, lit. Ascent of the Five) is a kibbutz in central Israel.
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Maccabees
The Maccabees, also spelled Machabees (מכבים or, Maqabim; or Maccabaei; Μακκαβαῖοι, Makkabaioi), were a group of Jewish rebel warriors who took control of Judea, which at the time was part of the Seleucid Empire.
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Maccabi World Union
The Maccabi World Union (in some past occasions spelled Makkabi) is an international Jewish sports organisation spanning five continents and more than 50 countries, with some 400,000 members.
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Malcolm MacDonald
Malcolm John MacDonald (17 August 1901 – 11 January 1981) was a British politician and diplomat.
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Mandatory Palestine
Mandatory Palestine (فلسطين; פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (א"י), where "EY" indicates "Eretz Yisrael", Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity under British administration, carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 until 1948.
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Master sergeant
A master sergeant is the military rank for a senior non-commissioned officer in the armed forces of some countries.
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Meir Bar-Ilan
Meir Berlin, later Hebraized to Meir Bar-Ilan, (1880 at Volozhin, Russian Empire – 1949 at Jerusalem, Israel) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Religious Zionism, the Mizrachi movement in the United States and the British Mandate of Palestine.
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Meir Feinstein
Meir Feinstein (מאיר פיינשטיין; October 5, 1927 – April 21, 1947) was an Irgun member in pre-state Mandatory Palestine, during the Jewish insurgency in Palestine.
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Meir Nakar
Meir Nakar (מאיר נקר; 1926–1947) was an Irgun member in pre-state Mandatory Palestine and one of 12 Olei Hagardom.
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Memoir
A memoir (US: /ˈmemwɑːr/; from French: mémoire: memoria, meaning memory or reminiscence) is a collection of memories that an individual writes about moments or events, both public or private, that took place in the subject's life.
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Menachem Begin
Menachem Begin (Menaḥem Begin,; Menakhem Volfovich Begin; 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992) was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel.
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Metula
Metula (מְטֻלָּה) is a town in the Northern District of Israel.
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Military
A military or armed force is a professional organization formally authorized by a sovereign state to use lethal or deadly force and weapons to support the interests of the state.
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Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)
The Military Intelligence Corps (sometimes referred to as MI) is the intelligence branch of the United States Army.
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Militia
A militia is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a nation, or subjects of a state, who can be called upon for military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel, or historically, members of a warrior nobility class (e.g., knights or samurai).
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Mishmar HaYarden
Mishmar HaYarden (מִשְׁמַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, lit. Guard of the Jordan) is a moshav in northern Israel.
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Mizrachi (religious Zionism)
The Mizrachi (תנועת הַמִזְרָחִי, Tnuat HaMizrahi, an acronym for Merkaz Ruhani lit. Religious centre) is the name of the religious Zionist organization founded in 1902 in Vilnius at a world conference of religious Zionists called by Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines.
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Mordechai Alkahi
Mordechai Alkahi (מרדכי אלקחי; 10 March 1925–16 April 1947) was a member of the Irgun Jewish guerrilla organization in pre-state Mandatory Palestine, and one of 12 Olei Hagardom executed by the British during the Jewish insurgency in Palestine.
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Mordechai Weingarten
Mordechai Weingarten (מרדכי ויינגרטן; 1896-1964) was a Jewish community leader in Jerusalem during the British Mandate.
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Morocco
Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.
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Moshe Barazani
Moshe Barazani, also Barzani (משה ברזני; June 14, 1926–April 21, 1947), was an Iraqi-born Kurdish Jew and a member of Lehi ("Freedom Fighters of Israel," aka the "Stern Gang") underground movement in pre-state Mandate Palestine during the Jewish insurgency in Palestine.
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Moshe Zvi Segal (rabbi)
Moshe Zvi Segal Moshe Zvi Segal (23 February 1904 – 25 September 1985) was a prominent figure in various movements and organizations in Israel, including Etzel and Lechi.
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Mossad LeAliyah Bet
The Mossad LeAliyah Bet (המוסד לעלייה ב', lit. Institution for Immigration B) was a branch of the Haganah in the British Mandate of Palestine, and later the State of Israel that operated to facilitate Jewish immigration to British Palestine (later Israel).
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Nabi Musa
Nabi Musa (نبي موسى, meaning the "Prophet Moses", also transliterated Nebi Musa) is the name of a site in the West Bank believed to be the tomb of Moses.
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Nahariya
Nahariya (נַהֲרִיָּה) is the northernmost coastal city in Israel.
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Nationalist terrorism
Nationalist terrorism is a form of terrorism motivated by nationalism.
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Nazism
National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.
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Ness Ziona
Ness Ziona (נֵס צִיּוֹנָה, Nes Tziyona) is a city in central Israel.
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Netanya
Netanya (נְתַנְיָה, lit., "God gave"; نتانيا) is a city in the Northern Central District of Israel, and is the capital of the surrounding Sharon plain.
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New York (state)
New York is a state in the northeastern United States.
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Night of the Beatings
The Night of the Beating (ליל ההלקאות) refers to an action taken by the Irgun on December 29, 1946 in the British Mandate of Palestine, in which several British soldiers were flogged in response to a similar punishment inflicted upon an Irgun member.
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Odessa
Odessa (Оде́са; Оде́сса; אַדעס) is the third most populous city of Ukraine and a major tourism center, seaport and transportation hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea.
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Old City (Jerusalem)
The Old City (הָעִיר הָעַתִּיקָה, Ha'Ir Ha'Atiqah, البلدة القديمة, al-Balda al-Qadimah) is a walled area within the modern city of Jerusalem.
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Olei Hagardom
Olei Hagardom (Hebrew: "Those hanged in the gallows", עולי הגרדום) refers to members of the two Jewish Revisionist pre-state underground organisations Irgun and Lehi, who were tried in British Mandate courts and sentenced to death by hanging, most of them in Acre prison.
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Operation Agatha
Operation Agatha (Saturday, June 29, 1946) sometimes called Black Sabbath ("השבת השחורה") or Black Saturday because it began on the Jewish sabbath, was a police and military operation conducted by the British authorities in Mandatory Palestine.
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Palestine Police Force
The Palestine Police Force was a British colonial police service established in Mandatory Palestine on 1 July 1920,Sinclair, 2006.
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Palmach
The Palmach (Hebrew:, acronym for Plugot Maḥatz (Hebrew), lit. "strike forces") was the elite fighting force of the Haganah, the underground army of the Yishuv (Jewish community) during the period of the British Mandate for Palestine.
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Paramilitary
A paramilitary is a semi-militarized force whose organizational structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar to those of a professional military, but which is not included as part of a state's formal armed forces.
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Pardes Hanna-Karkur
Pardes Hanna-Karkur (פַּרְדֵּס חַנָּה-כַּרְכּוּר, برديس حنه كركور) is a town in the Haifa District of Israel.
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Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Parliament of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the UK Parliament or British Parliament, is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown dependencies and overseas territories.
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Paweł Frenkiel
Paweł Frenkiel (sometimes also Frenkel, פאוול פרנקל; 1920–1943) was a Polish Army officer and a Jewish youth leader in Warsaw and one of the senior commanders of the Jewish Military Union, or the ŻZW.
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Peel Commission
The Peel Commission, formally known as the Palestine Royal Commission, was a British Royal Commission of Inquiry, headed by Lord Peel, appointed in 1936 to investigate the causes of unrest in Mandatory Palestine, which was administered by Britain, following the six-month-long Arab general strike in Mandatory Palestine.
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Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva (פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה,, "Opening of Hope"), also known as Em HaMoshavot ("Mother of the Moshavot"), is a city in the Central District of Israel, east of Tel Aviv.
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Poland
Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.
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Population transfer
Population transfer or resettlement is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another, often a form of forced migration imposed by state policy or international authority and most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion but also due to economic development.
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President of the United States
The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.
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Public relations
Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public.
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Qastina
Qastina (قسطينة) was a Palestinian village, located 38 kilometers northeast of Gaza City.
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Rabbi
In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah.
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Ralph Cairns
Inspector Ralph Cairns (1908 – 26 August 1939) was a British police officer who was commander of the Palestine Police CID's Jewish Section until his assassination.
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Ramallah
Ramallah (رام الله) is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank located north of Jerusalem at an average elevation of above sea level, adjacent to al-Bireh. It currently serves as the de facto administrative capital of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). Ramallah was historically an Arab Christian town. Today Muslims form the majority of the population of nearly 27,092 in 2007, with Christians making up a significant minority.
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Ramat Gan
Ramat Gan (help; رَمَات چَان) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv.
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Rehovot
Rehovot (רְחוֹבוֹת) is a city in the Central District of Israel, about south of Tel Aviv.
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Revisionist Zionism
Revisionist Zionism is a faction within the Zionist movement.
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Right-wing politics
Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable, natural, normal or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics or tradition.
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Rishon LeZion
Rishon LeZion (רִאשׁוֹן לְצִיּוֹן, lit. First to Zion) is the fourth largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain south of Tel Aviv.
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Robert Bitker
Robert (Boris) Bitker (1907-1977) was a military commander of the Zionist paramilitary group Irgun.
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Romania
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
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Rome
Rome (Roma; Roma) is the capital city of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale).
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Rosh Pinna
Rosh Pina (רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה, lit. Cornerstone) is a town and local council in the Upper Galilee on the eastern slopes of Mount Kna'an in the Northern District of Israel.
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Russian Compound
The Russian Compound (מִגְרַשׁ הָרוּסִים, Migraš ha-Rusim, المسكوبية, al-Muskubīya) is one of the oldest districts in central Jerusalem, featuring a large Russian Orthodox church and several former pilgrim hostels, some of which are used as Israeli government buildings (such as the Moscovia Detention Centre) and for the Museum of Underground Prisoners.
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Safed
Safed (צְפַת Tsfat, Ashkenazi: Tzfas, Biblical: Ṣ'fath; صفد, Ṣafad) is a city in the Northern District of Israel.
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Samaria
Samaria (שֹׁמְרוֹן, Standard, Tiberian Šōmərôn; السامرة, – also known as, "Nablus Mountains") is a historical and biblical name used for the central region of ancient Land of Israel, also known as Palestine, bordered by Galilee to the north and Judaea to the south.
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Schneller Orphanage
Schneller Orphanage, also called the Syrian Orphanage, was a German Protestant orphanage that operated in Jerusalem from 1860 to 1940.
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Second lieutenant
Second lieutenant (called lieutenant in some countries) is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces, comparable to NATO OF-1b rank.
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Secretary of State for the Colonies
The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet minister in charge of managing the United Kingdom's various colonial dependencies.
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Sergeant first class
Sergeant First Class (SFC) is a military rank in some militaries and other uniformed organizations around the world, typically that of a senior non-commissioned officer.
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Shanghai
Shanghai (Wu Chinese) is one of the four direct-controlled municipalities of China and the most populous city proper in the world, with a population of more than 24 million.
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Sharon plain
The Sharon plain (HaSharon) is the central section of the Coastal Plain of Israel.
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Shir Betar
Shir Betar (in English: "The Betar Song") is a poem written by the Zionist leader Zeev Jabotinsky in Paris in 1932.
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Shlomo Ben-Yosef
Shlomo Ben-Yosef (שלמה בן-יוסף; 1913–1938) was a member of the Revisionist Zionist underground group Irgun.
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Shofar
A shofar (pron., from Shofar.ogg) is an ancient musical horn typically made of a ram's horn, used for Jewish religious purposes.
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Shuafat
Shuafat (شعفاط), also Shu'fat and Sha'fat, is a mostly Arab neighborhood of East Jerusalem, forming part of north-eastern Jerusalem.
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Sidney Hook
Sidney Hook (December 20, 1902 – July 12, 1989) was an American philosopher of the Pragmatist school known for his contributions to the philosophy of history, the philosophy of education, political theory, and ethics.
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Souq
A souq or souk (سوق, שוק shuq, Spanish: zoco, also spelled shuk, shooq, soq, esouk, succ, suk, sooq, suq, soek) is a marketplace or commercial quarter in Western Asian, North African and some Horn African cities (ሱቅ sooq).
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Southern District (Israel)
The Southern District (מחוז הדרום, Meḥoz HaDarom; لواء الجنوب) is one of Israel's six administrative districts, the largest in terms of land area but the most sparsely populated.
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Special Interrogation Group
The Special Interrogation Group (SIG) (some sources interpret this acronym as Special Identification Group or Special Intelligence Group) was a unit of the British Army during World War II.
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SS Exodus
Exodus 1947 was a ship that carried 4,500 Jewish immigrants from France to British Mandatory Palestine on July 11, 1947.
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Staff sergeant
Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries.
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Syria
Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Tactic (method)
A tactic (from the Ancient Greek τακτική taktike meaning "art of arrangement") is a conceptual action aiming at the achievement of a goal.
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Tammuz (Hebrew month)
Tammuz (תמוז: Standard, Tiberian), or Tamuz, is the tenth month of the civil year and the fourth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar, and the Assyrian calendar.
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Tegart fort
A Tegart fort is a type of militarized police fort constructed throughout Palestine during the British Mandatory period, initiated as a measure against the 1936–39 Arab Revolt.
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Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv (תֵּל אָבִיב,, تل أَبيب) is the second most populous city in Israel – after Jerusalem – and the most populous city in the conurbation of Gush Dan, Israel's largest metropolitan area.
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Tel Aviv Promenade
Tel Aviv Promenade (רצועת חוף תל אביב-יפו, commonly referred to in Hebrew simply as the Tayelet) runs along the Mediterranean seashore in Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Terrorism
Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.
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The Canberra Times
The Canberra Times is a daily newspaper, published by Fairfax Media in Canberra.
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The Case for Israel
The Case for Israel is a 2003 book by Alan Dershowitz, a law professor at Harvard University.
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The Daily Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.
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The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.
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The Hope (novel)
The Hope is a historical novel by Herman Wouk about pivotal events in the history of the State of Israel from 1948 to 1967.
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The National Archives (United Kingdom)
The National Archives (TNA) is a non-ministerial government department.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The Revolt
The Revolt (also published as Revolt, The Revolt: Inside Story of the Irgun and The Revolt: the Dramatic Inside Story of the Irgun) is a book about the militant Zionist organization Irgun Zvai Leumi, by one of its principal leaders, Menachem Begin.
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The Scotsman
The Scotsman is a Scottish compact newspaper and daily news website headquartered in Edinburgh.
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Theodor Herzl
Theodor Herzl (תאודור הֶרְצֵל Te'odor Hertsel, Herzl Tivadar; 2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904), Hebrew name given at his brit milah Binyamin Ze'ev (בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב), also known in Hebrew as, Chozeh HaMedinah (lit. "Visionary of the State") was an Austro-Hungarian journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer who was the father of modern political Zionism.
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Tom Segev
Tom Segev (תום שגב; born March 1, 1945) is an Israeli historian, author and journalist.
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Torture
Torture (from the Latin tortus, "twisted") is the act of deliberately inflicting physical or psychological pain in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or compel some action from the victim.
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Tunisia
Tunisia (تونس; Berber: Tunes, ⵜⵓⵏⴻⵙ; Tunisie), officially the Republic of Tunisia, (الجمهورية التونسية) is a sovereign state in Northwest Africa, covering. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11.93 million in 2016. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains, and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert. Much of the rest of the country's land is fertile soil. Its of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and, by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel, feature the African mainland's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar. Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic. It is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World. It has a high human development index. It has an association agreement with the European Union; is a member of La Francophonie, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, the OIC, the Greater Arab Free Trade Area, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States. In addition, Tunisia is also a member state of the United Nations and a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Close relations with Europe in particular with France and with Italy have been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation and industrial modernization. In ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC; these immigrants founded Carthage. A major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the next eight hundred years, introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the El Djem amphitheater. After several attempts starting in 647, the Muslims conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, followed by the Ottoman Empire between 1534 and 1574. The Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881. Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, followed by parliamentary elections. The country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014.
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Tzrifin
Tzrifin (צְרִיפִין) is an area in Gush Dan (Dan Region) in central Israel, located on the eastern side of Rishon LeZion and including parts of Be'er Ya'akov.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
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United Nations General Assembly
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; Assemblée Générale AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), the only one in which all member nations have equal representation, and the main deliberative, policy-making and representative organ of the UN.
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United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was a proposal by the United Nations, which recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate. On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted the Plan as Resolution 181 (II). The resolution recommended the creation of independent Arab and Jewish States and a Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem. The Partition Plan, a four-part document attached to the resolution, provided for the termination of the Mandate, the progressive withdrawal of British armed forces and the delineation of boundaries between the two States and Jerusalem. Part I of the Plan stipulated that the Mandate would be terminated as soon as possible and the United Kingdom would withdraw no later than 1 August 1948. The new states would come into existence two months after the withdrawal, but no later than 1 October 1948. The Plan sought to address the conflicting objectives and claims of two competing movements, Palestinian nationalism and Jewish nationalism, or Zionism. Molinaro, Enrico The Holy Places of Jerusalem in Middle East Peace Agreements Page 78 The Plan also called for Economic Union between the proposed states, and for the protection of religious and minority rights. The Plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, despite its perceived limitations. Arab leaders and governments rejected it and indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division, arguing that it violated the principles of national self-determination in the UN Charter which granted people the right to decide their own destiny.Sami Hadawi, Olive Branch Press, (1989)1991 p.76. Immediately after adoption of the Resolution by the General Assembly, a civil war broke out and the plan was not implemented.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 50
United Nations Security Council Resolution 50, adopted on May 29, 1948, called upon all governments and authorities involved in the conflict in Palestine to order a cessation of all acts of armed force of four weeks, to refrain from introducing any fighting personnel into Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan or Yemen during the cease-fire, to refrain from importing or exporting war material into or to Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan or Yemen during the cease-fire.
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United Nations Special Committee on Palestine
The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) was created on 15 May 1947 in response to a United Kingdom government request that the General Assembly "make recommendations under article 10 of the Charter, concerning the future government of Palestine".
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Uri Zvi Greenberg
Uri Zvi Greenberg (אורי צבי גרינברג; September 22, 1896 – May 8, 1981) was an acclaimed Israeli poet and journalist who wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew.
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Vienna
Vienna (Wien) is the federal capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria.
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Wadi Nisnas
Wadi Nisnas (وادي النسناس) is an Arab neighborhood in the city of Haifa in northern Israel.
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Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne
Walter Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne, DSO & Bar, PC (29 March 1880 – 6 November 1944) was an Anglo-Irish politician and businessman.
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War Refugee Board
The War Refugee Board, established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1944, was a U.S. executive agency to aid civilian victims of the Nazi and Axis powers.
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Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (אױפֿשטאַנד אין װאַרשעװער געטאָ; powstanie w getcie warszawskim; Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto) was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance that arose within the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II, and which opposed Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining Ghetto population to Treblinka.
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Władysław Anders
Władysław Albert Anders (11 August 1892 – 12 May 1970) was a general in the Polish Army and later in life a politician and prominent member of the Polish government-in-exile in London.
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West Jerusalem
West Jerusalem or Western Jerusalem refers to the section of Jerusalem that remained under Israeli control after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, whose ceasefire lines delimited the boundary with the rest of the city, which was then under Jordanian control.
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Western Wall
The Western Wall, Wailing Wall, or Kotel, known in Arabic as Al-Buraq Wall, is an ancient limestone wall in the Old City of Jerusalem.
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White Paper of 1939
The White Paper of 1939Occasionally also known as the MacDonald White Paper (e.g. Caplan, 2015, p.117) after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary who presided over its creation.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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World Zionist Congress
The Zionist Congress was established in 1897 by Theodor Herzl as the supreme organ of the Zionist Organization (ZO) and its legislative authority.
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World Zionist Organization
The World Zionist Organization (הַהִסְתַּדְּרוּת הַצִּיּוֹנִית הָעוֹלָמִית; HaHistadrut HaTzionit Ha'Olamit), or WZO, was founded as the Zionist Organization (ZO; 1897–1960) at the initiative of Theodor Herzl at the First World Zionist Congress, which took place in August 1897 in Basel, Switzerland.
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Ya'akov Meridor
Ya'akov Meridor (יעקב מרידור, born Yaakov Viniarsky on 29 September 1913, died 30 June 1995) was an Israeli politician, Irgun commander, and businessman.
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Yaacov Shavit
Yaacov Shavit is a professor at the Department of Jewish History, Tel Aviv University.
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Yaakov Weiss
Yaakov Weiss (יעקב וייס; 1924–1947) was a Hungarian Jew born in Czechoslovakia and member of the Irgun Jewish guerrilla organization in Mandatory Palestine.
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Yehiel Dresner
Yehiel Dov Dresner (יחיאל דב דרזנר; 1922–1947) was an Irgun member in pre-state Mandatory Palestine and one of 12 Olei Hagardom.
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Yehudiya
Yehudiya (يهودية, "Jewish”) is an abandoned village and archeological site in the center of the Golan Heights, about 5 kilometers south of Katzrin.
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Yesud HaMa'ala
Yesud HaMa'ala (יְסוּד הַמַּעֲלָה) is a moshava and local council (Israel) in northern Israel.
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Yigael Yadin
Yigael Yadin (יִגָּאֵל יָדִין, born Yigael Sukenik 20 March 1917 – 28 June 1984) was an Israeli archeologist, politician, and the second Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.
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Yishuv
The Yishuv (ישוב, literally "settlement") or Ha-Yishuv (the Yishuv, הישוב) or Ha-Yishuv Ha-Ivri (the Hebrew Yishuv, הישוב העברי) is the term referring to the body of Jewish residents in the land of Israel (corresponding to Ottoman Syria until 1917, OETA South 1917–1920 and later Mandatory Palestine 1920–1948) prior to the establishment of the State of Israel.
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Yisrael Galili
Yisrael Galili (ישראל גלילי, born Yisrael Berchenko on 10 February 1911, died 8 February 1986) was an Israeli politician, government minister and member of Knesset.
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Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog
Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog (יצחק אייזיק הלוי הרצוג; 3 December 1888 – 25 July 1959), also known as Isaac Herzog or Hertzog, was the first Chief Rabbi of Ireland, his term lasting from 1921 to 1936.
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Yom Kippur
Yom Kippur (יוֹם כִּיפּוּר,, or), also known as the Day of Atonement, is the holiest day of the year in Judaism.
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Ze'ev Jabotinsky
Ze'ev Jabotinsky, MBE (זאב ז'בוטינסקי, Ze'ev Zhabotinski; זאב זשאבאטינסקי; born Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky, Влади́мир Евге́ньевич Жаботи́нский; 5 (17) October 1880, Odessa – 4 August 1940, Hunter, New York), was a Russian Jewish Revisionist Zionist leader, author, poet, orator, soldier and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa.
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Zionism
Zionism (צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut after Zion) is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine).
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Zionist political violence
Zionist political violence or refers to acts of violence or terror committed by Zionists.
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1929 Palestine riots
The 1929 Arab riots in Palestine, or the Buraq Uprising (ثورة البراق), also known as the 1929 Massacres, (מאורעות תרפ"ט,, lit. Events of 5689 Anno Mundi) refers to a series of demonstrations and riots in late August 1929 when a long-running dispute between Muslims and Jews over access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem escalated into violence.
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1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, later came to be known as "The Great Revolt", was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against the British administration of the Palestine Mandate, demanding Arab independence and the end of the policy of open-ended Jewish immigration and land purchases with the stated goal of establishing a "Jewish National Home". The dissent was directly influenced by the Qassamite rebellion, following the killing of Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam in 1935, as well as the declaration by Hajj Amin al-Husseini of 16 May 1936 as 'Palestine Day' and calling for a General Strike. The revolt was branded by many in the Jewish Yishuv as "immoral and terroristic", often comparing it to fascism and nazism. Ben Gurion however described Arab causes as fear of growing Jewish economic power, opposition to mass Jewish immigration and fear of the English identification with Zionism.Morris, 1999, p. 136. The general strike lasted from April to October 1936, initiating the violent revolt. The revolt consisted of two distinct phases.Norris, 2008, pp. 25, 45. The first phase was directed primarily by the urban and elitist Higher Arab Committee (HAC) and was focused mainly on strikes and other forms of political protest. By October 1936, this phase had been defeated by the British civil administration using a combination of political concessions, international diplomacy (involving the rulers of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Transjordan and Yemen) and the threat of martial law. The second phase, which began late in 1937, was a violent and peasant-led resistance movement provoked by British repression in 1936 that increasingly targeted British forces. During this phase, the rebellion was brutally suppressed by the British Army and the Palestine Police Force using repressive measures that were intended to intimidate the Arab population and undermine popular support for the revolt. During this phase, a more dominant role on the Arab side was taken by the Nashashibi clan, whose NDP party quickly withdrew from the rebel Arab Higher Committee, led by the radical faction of Amin al-Husseini, and instead sided with the British – dispatching "Fasail al-Salam" (the "Peace Bands") in coordination with the British Army against nationalist and Jihadist Arab "Fasail" units (literally "bands"). According to official British figures covering the whole revolt, the army and police killed more than 2,000 Arabs in combat, 108 were hanged, and 961 died because of what they described as "gang and terrorist activities". In an analysis of the British statistics, Walid Khalidi estimates 19,792 casualties for the Arabs, with 5,032 dead: 3,832 killed by the British and 1,200 dead because of "terrorism", and 14,760 wounded. Over ten percent of the adult male Palestinian Arab population between 20 and 60 was killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled. Estimates of the number of Palestinian Jews killed range from 91 to several hundred.Morris, 1999, p. 160. The Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine was unsuccessful, and its consequences affected the outcome of the 1948 Palestine war.Morris, 1999, p. 159. It caused the British Mandate to give crucial support to pre-state Zionist militias like the Haganah, whereas on the Palestinian Arab side, the revolt forced the flight into exile of the main Palestinian Arab leader of the period, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem – Haj Amin al-Husseini.
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1946 British Embassy bombing
The bombing of the British Embassy at Porta Pia in Rome was a terrorist action perpetrated by the Irgun that occurred on 31 October 1946.
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1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
The 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine was the first phase of the 1948 Palestine war.
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1948 Arab–Israeli War
The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, or the First Arab–Israeli War, was fought between the State of Israel and a military coalition of Arab states over the control of Palestine, forming the second stage of the 1948 Palestine war.
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1948 Palestine war
The 1948 Palestine war, known in Hebrew as the War of Independence (מלחמת העצמאות, Milkhemet Ha'Atzma'ut) or the War of Liberation (מלחמת השחרור, Milkhemet HaShikhrur) and in Arabic as The Nakba or Catastrophe (النكبة, al-Nakba), refers to the war that occurred in the former Mandatory Palestine during the period between the United Nations vote on the partition plan on November 30, 1947, and the official end of the first Arab–Israeli war on July 20, 1949.
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Redirects here:
Etze"l, Etzel (Irgun Tzvai-Leumi), Eztel, HaIrgun HaTzva'i HaLe'umi BeEretz Yisra'el, Hagana Bet, IZL, Ir gun, Irgun Gang, Irgun Tsvai Leumi, Irgun Tsvai-Leumi, Irgun Tzvai-Leumi, Irgun Zvai Leumi, Irgun Zvai Leumi group, Irgun Zvai-Leumi, Irgun Zvei Leumi, Irgun Zvi Leumi, Irgun gang, Irgun zvai Leumi, Moshe Rosenberg, Moshe Rozenberg, National Military Organization in the Land of Israel, Rak Kach, Raq Kach, ארגון, הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irgun
