Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)

The original Irish Republican Army (IRA) fought a guerrilla war against British rule in Ireland in the Irish War of Independence between 1919 and 1921. ^[1]

Abwehr

The Abwehr was the German military intelligence service for the Reichswehr and Wehrmacht from 1920 to 1945.

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Andrew Cooney (Irish republican)

Andrew Cooney (Aindreas Ó Cuana; 22 April 1897 – 4 August 1968) was an Irish republican from Nenagh, County Tipperary, who later settled in the United States.

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Anglo-Irish is a term which was more commonly used in the 19th and early 20th centuries to identify a social class in Ireland, whose members are mostly the descendants and successors of the English Protestant Ascendancy.

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Anglo-Irish Treaty

The Anglo-Irish Treaty (An Conradh Angla-Éireannach), commonly known as The Treaty and officially the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was an agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and representatives of the Irish Republic that concluded the Irish War of Independence.

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Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland

Article 2 and Article 3 of the Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann) were adopted with the constitution as a whole on 29 December 1937, but completely revised by means of the Nineteenth Amendment which took effect on 2 December 1999.

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Éamon de Valera

Éamon de Valera (first registered as George de Valero; changed some time before 1901 to Edward de Valera; 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was a prominent statesman and political leader in 20th-century Ireland.

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Óglaigh na hÉireann

Óglaigh na hÉireann, abbreviated ÓÉ, is an Irish-language idiom that can be translated variously as soldiers of Ireland, warriors of Ireland, volunteers of IrelandO'Leary, Brendan.

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Battle of Dublin

The Battle of Dublin was a week of street battles in Dublin from 28 June to 5 July 1922 that marked the beginning of the Irish Civil War.

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Belfast Blitz

The Belfast Blitz consisted of four German air raids on strategic targets in the city of Belfast in Northern Ireland, in April and May 1941 during World War II, causing high casualties.

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Blueshirts

The Army Comrades Association (ACA), later the National Guard, then Young Ireland and finally League of Youth, but better known by the nickname The Blueshirts (Na Léinte Gorma), was a Right-wing movement in the Irish Free State in the early 1930s.

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Border Campaign (Irish Republican Army)

The Border Campaign (12 December 1956 – 26 February 1962) was a guerrilla warfare campaign (codenamed Operation Harvest) carried out by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) against targets in Northern Ireland, with the aim of overthrowing British rule there and creating a united Ireland.

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British Army

The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of British Armed Forces.

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British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

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Brookeborough

Brookeborough is a village in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, at the westerly foot of Slieve Beagh.

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C. Desmond Greaves

Charles Desmond Greaves (27 September 1913 – 23 August 1988) was an English Marxist activist and historian.

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Charlie Kerins

Charlie Kerins (Cathal Ó Céirín; 23 January 1918 – 1 December 1944) was a physical force Irish Republican, was named the Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army.

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Christmas Raid

The Christmas Raid was an attack by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) against the Irish Army and the Phoenix Park Magazine Fort—Ireland's largest munitions dump.

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Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922

The Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922, often referred to simply as the Special Powers Act, was an Act passed by the Parliament of Northern Ireland shortly after the establishment of Northern Ireland, and in the context of violent conflict over the issue of the partition of Ireland.

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Comhairle na Poblachta

Comhairle na Poblachta was an Irish republican organisation established in 1929.

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Communist Party of Ireland

The Communist Party of Ireland (CPI; Páirtí Cumannach na hÉireann) is an all-Ireland Marxist-Leninist party, founded in 1933.

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Connacht

ConnachtPage five of An tOrdú Logainmneacha (Contaetha agus Cúigí) 2003 clearly lists the official spellings of the names of the four provinces of the country with Connacht listed for both languages; when used without the term 'The province of' / 'Cúige'.

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Connolly Association

The Connolly Association is an organisation based among Irish emigrants in Britain which supports the aims of Irish republicanism.

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Connolly Column

The Connolly Column is a phrase retroactively applied to a group of Irish republican socialist volunteers who fought for the Second Spanish Republic in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War.

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Cork (city)

Cork (from corcach, meaning "marsh") is a city in south-west Ireland, in the province of Munster, which had a population of 125,622 in 2016.

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County Armagh

County Armagh (named after its county town, Armagh) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland.

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County Clare

County Clare (Contae an Chláir) is a county in Ireland, in the Mid-West Region and the province of Munster, bordered on the West by the Atlantic Ocean.

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County Cork

County Cork (Contae Chorcaí) is a county in Ireland.

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County Kerry

County Kerry (Contae Chiarraí) is a county in Ireland.

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County Longford

County Longford (Contae an Longfoirt) is a county in Ireland.

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County Mayo

County Mayo (Contae Mhaigh Eo, meaning "Plain of the yew trees") is a county in Ireland.

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County Sligo

County Sligo (Contae Shligigh) is a county in Ireland.

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County Wexford

County Wexford (Contae Loch Garman, Yola: Weiseforthe) is a county in Ireland.

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Cumann na nGaedheal

Cumann na nGaedheal ("Society of the Gaels"), sometimes spelt Cumann na nGaedhael, was a political party in the Irish Free State, which formed the government from 1923 to 1932.

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Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)

Dáil Éireann (Assembly of Ireland), also called the Revolutionary Dáil, was the revolutionary, unicameral parliament of the Irish Republic from 1919 to 1922.

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Defence Forces (Ireland)

The Defence Forces (Fórsaí Cosanta, officially styled Óglaigh na hÉireann),Óglaigh na hÉireann derives its origins from the Irish Volunteers.

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Department of Justice and Equality

The Department of Justice and Equality (An Roinn Dlí agus Cirt agus Comhionannais) is a department of the Government of Ireland.

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Dublin

Dublin is the capital of and largest city in Ireland.

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Dublin Guard

The Dublin Guard was a unit of the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence and then of the Irish National Army in the ensuing Civil War.

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Dublin tramways

Dublin tramways was a system of trams in Dublin, Ireland which commenced line-laying in 1871, and began service in 1872, following trials in the mid-1860s.

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Eoin O'Duffy

Eoin O'Duffy (Eoin Ó Dubhthaigh; born Owen Duffy, 28 January 1890 – 30 November 1944) was an Irish nationalist political activist, soldier and police commissioner.

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Ernie O'Malley

Ernie O'Malley (Earnán Ó Maille; born Ernest Bernard Malley; 26 May 1897 – 25 March 1957) was an Irish Republican Army (IRA) officer during the Irish War of Independence and a commander of the anti-Treaty IRA during the Irish Civil War.

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Executions during the Irish Civil War

The executions during the Irish Civil War took place during the guerrilla phase of the Irish Civil War (June 1922 – May 1923).

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Fascism

Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

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Fergal O'Hanlon

Feargal O'Hanlon (Irish: Feargal Ó hAnnluain (2 February 1936 – 1 January 1957) was a volunteer in the Pearse Column of the Irish Republican Army.

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Fianna Fáil

Fianna Fáil (meaning 'Soldiers of Destiny' or 'Warriors of Fál'), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a political party in Ireland.

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Florence O'Donoghue

Florence O'Donoghue (1895–18 December 1967) was an Irish historian and head of intelligence of the Cork No.

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Four Courts

The Four Courts (Na Ceithre Cúirteanna) is Ireland's main courts building, located on Inns Quay in Dublin.

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Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939, after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, until his death in 1975.

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Frank Aiken

Francis Thomas Aiken (13 February 1898 – 18 May 1983) was an Irish politician who served as Tánaiste from 1965-69, Minister for External Affairs from 1957 to 1969 and 1951 to 1954, Minister for Finance from 1945 to 1948, Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures 1939 to 1945, Minister for Defence from 1932 to 1939 and Minister for Lands and Fisheries from June-November 1936.

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Frank Ryan (Irish republican)

Frank Ryan (Proinsias Ó Riain; 11 September 1902 – 10 June 1944) was an Irish politician, journalist, intelligence agent and paramilitary activist.

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Free Stater (Ireland)

Free Stater or pro-Treatyite is a term often used by opponents to describe those in Ireland who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 that led to the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922.

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Garda Síochána

An Garda Síochána (meaning "the Guardian of the Peace"), more commonly referred to as the Gardaí ("Guardians") or "the Guards", is the police force of the Republic of Ireland.

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George Gilmore

George Gilmore (1898–1985) was a Protestant Irish Republican Army leader during the 1920s and 1930s.

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Gerald Boland

Gerald Boland (Gearroid Ua Beolláin; 25 May 1885 – 5 January 1973) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician.

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Great Depression

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.

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Greenshirts (National Corporate Party)

The Greenshirts were members of the fascist National Corporate Party (NCP) in Ireland in the 1930s.

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History Ireland

History Ireland is a magazine with a focus on the history of Ireland rather than archaeology.

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International Brigades

The International Brigades (Brigadas Internacionales) were paramilitary units set up by the Communist International to assist the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War.

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Internment

Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges, and thus no trial.

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IRA Army Council

The IRA Army Council was the decision-making body of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, more commonly known as the IRA, a paramilitary group dedicated to bringing about the end of the Union between Northern Ireland and Great Britain.

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Ireland

Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic.

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Irish Army

The Irish Army, known simply as the Army (an tArm), is the land component of the Defence Forces of Ireland.

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Irish Brigade (Spanish Civil War)

The Irish Brigade ("Irish Brigade") fought on the Nationalist side of Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War.

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Irish Civil War

The Irish Civil War (Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann; 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) was a conflict that followed the Irish War of Independence and accompanied the establishment of the Irish Free State, an entity independent from the United Kingdom but within the British Empire.

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Irish Free State

The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann; 6 December 192229 December 1937) was a state established in 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921.

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Irish Free State offensive

The Irish Free State offensive of July–September 1922 was the decisive military stroke of the Irish Civil War.

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Irish general election, 1932

The Irish general election of 1932 was held on 16 February 1932, just over two weeks after the dissolution of the Dáil on 29 January.

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Irish general election, 1957

The Irish general election of 1957 was held on 5 March 1957, over four weeks after the dissolution of the Dáil on 4 February.

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Irish language

The Irish language (Gaeilge), also referred to as the Gaelic or the Irish Gaelic language, is a Goidelic language (Gaelic) of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people.

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Irish Republic

The Irish Republic (Poblacht na hÉireann or Saorstát Éireann) was a revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in January 1919.

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Irish Republican Army

The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is any of several paramilitary movements in Ireland in the 20th and 21st centuries dedicated to Irish republicanism, the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic.

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Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)

The Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Óglaigh na hÉireann) was an Irish republican revolutionary paramilitary organisation.

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Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)

The original Irish Republican Army (IRA) fought a guerrilla war against British rule in Ireland in the Irish War of Independence between 1919 and 1921.

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Irish War of Independence

The Irish War of Independence (Cogadh na Saoirse) or Anglo-Irish War was a guerrilla war fought from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army (IRA, the army of the Irish Republic) and the British security forces in Ireland.

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J. Bowyer Bell

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Joe McKelvey

Joe McKelvey (17 June 1898 – 8 December 1922) was an Irish Republican Army officer who was executed during the Irish Civil War.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.

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Kenmare

Kenmare is a small town (population 2175 – CSO 2011) in the south of County Kerry, Ireland.

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Kevin O'Higgins

Kevin Christopher O'Higgins (Caoimhghín Críostóir Ó hUigín; 7 June 1892 – 10 July 1927) was an Irish politician who served as Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice.

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Kilmainham Gaol

Kilmainham Gaol (Príosún Chill Mhaighneann) is a former prison in Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland.

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Kilrush

Kilrush is a coastal town in County Clare, Ireland.

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Land mine

A land mine is an explosive device concealed under or on the ground and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over or near it.

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Leinster

Leinster (— Laighin / Cúige Laighean — /) is one of the Provinces of Ireland situated in the east of Ireland.

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Liam Lynch (Irish republican)

Liam Lynch (Liam Ó Loingsigh; 9 November 1893 – 10 April 1923) was an officer in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence and the commanding general of the Irish Republican Army during the Irish Civil War.

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Liam Tobin

Major General Liam Tobin (born William Joseph Tobin; 1895 – 30 April 1963) was an officer in the Irish Army and the instigator of an Irish Army Mutiny in March 1924.

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Limerick

Limerick (Luimneach) is a city in County Limerick, Ireland.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Luftwaffe

The Luftwaffe was the aerial warfare branch of the combined German Wehrmacht military forces during World War II.

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Magazine Fort

The Magazine Fort is a bastion fort and magazine located within the Phoenix Park, in Dublin, Ireland.

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Main Intelligence Directorate

Main Intelligence Directorate (p), abbreviated GRU (p), is the foreign military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (formerly the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union).

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Marxism

Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.

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Marxism–Leninism

In political science, Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, of the Communist International and of Stalinist political parties.

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Mary MacSwiney

Mary MacSwiney (pronounced 'MacSweeney'; Máire Nic Shuibhne; 27 March 1872 – 8 March 1942) was an Irish politician and educationalist.

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Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Michael Collins (Mícheál Ó Coileáin; 16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary, soldier and politician who was a leading figure in the early-20th-century Irish struggle for independence.

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Moss (Maurice) Twomey

Maurice (Moss) Twomey (Muirgheas Ó Tuama; 10 June 1897 – October 1978) was an Irish republican and chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army (IRA).

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Munster

Munster (an Mhumhain / Cúige Mumhan,.

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National Army (Ireland)

The National Army, sometimes unofficially referred to as the Free State army or the Regulars, was the army of the Irish Free State from January 1922 until October 1924.

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New York City

The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.

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Northern Campaign (Irish Republican Army)

The Northern Campaign was a series of attacks by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) Northern Command between September 1942 and December 1944 against the security forces in Northern Ireland.

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Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann; Ulster-Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland, variously described as a country, province or region.

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Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)

The Irish Oath of Allegiance was a controversial provision in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which Irish TDs (members of the Lower House of the Irish Parliament) and Senators were required to swear before taking their seats in Dáil Éireann (Chamber of Deputies) and Seanad Éireann (Irish Senate) before the 'Constitution (Removal of Oath) Act, 1933' was passed on 3 May 1933.

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Official Irish Republican Army

The Official Irish Republican Army or Official IRA (OIRA) was an Irish republican paramilitary group whose goal was to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and create a "workers' republic" encompassing all of Ireland.

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Oireachtas

The Oireachtas, sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann, is the legislature of Ireland.

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Operation Dove (Ireland)

Operation Dove ("Unternehmen Taube" in German) also sometimes known as Operation Pigeon, was an Abwehr sanctioned mission devised in early 1940.

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Oscar Traynor

Oscar Traynor (21 March 1886 – 15 December 1963) was an Irish politician and republican.

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Peadar O'Donnell

Peadar O'Donnell (Peadar Ó Domhnaill; 22 February 1893 – 13 May 1986) was one of the foremost radicals of 20th-century Ireland.

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Phoenix Park

Phoenix Park (Páirc an Fhionnuisce) is an urban park in Dublin, Ireland, lying 2–4 km west of the city centre, north of the River Liffey.

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Piaras Béaslaí

Piaras Béaslaí (15 February 1881 – 22 June 1965) was an Irish author, playwright, biographer and translator, who was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, fought in the Easter Rising and served as a member of Dáil Éireann.

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Plan Kathleen

Plan Kathleen, sometimes referred to as Artus Plan, was a military plan for the invasion of Northern Ireland sanctioned by Stephen Hayes, Acting Irish Republican Army (IRA) Chief of Staff, in 1940.

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President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State

The President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State (Uachtarán ar Ard-Chomhairle Shaorstát Éireann) was the head of government or prime minister of the Irish Free State which existed from 1922 to 1937.

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Proinsias Mac Aonghusa

Proinsias Mac Aonghusa (English: Francis McGuinness; 23 June 1933 – 28 September 2003) was an Irish journalist, writer, tv presenter and campaigner.

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Provisional Irish Republican Army

The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA or Provisional IRA) was an Irish republican revolutionary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate the reunification of Ireland and bring about an independent socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland.

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Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign

From 1969 until 1997,Moloney, p. 472 the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) conducted an armed paramilitary campaign primarily in Northern Ireland and England, aimed at ending British rule in Northern Ireland in order to create a united Ireland.

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Republic of Ireland

Ireland (Éire), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland.

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Republican Congress

The Republican Congress (An Chomhdháil Phoblachtach) was an Irish republican and Marxist-Leninist political organisation founded in 1934, when pro-communist republicans left the Anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army.

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Richard Mulcahy

Richard James Mulcahy (10 May 1886 – 16 December 1971) was an Irish Fine Gael politician and army general who served as Minister for Education from 1954 to 1957 and 1948 to 1951, Minister for the Gaeltacht from June 1956 to October 1956, Leader of the Opposition from 1944 to 1948, Leader of Fine Gael from 1944 to 1959, Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1927 to 1932, Minister for Defence from 1922 to 1924 and January 1919 to April 1919.

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Roy Johnston

Roy H.W. Johnston (born 1929) is an Irish physicist.

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Royal Irish Constabulary

The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC, Irish: Constáblacht Ríoga na hÉireann; simply called the Irish Constabulary 1836–67) was the police force in Ireland from the early nineteenth century until 1922.

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Royal Ulster Constabulary

The Royal Ulster Constabulary was the police force in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 2001.

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S-Plan

The S-Plan or Sabotage Campaign or England Campaign was a campaign of bombing and sabotage against the civil, economic, and military infrastructure of the United Kingdom from 1939 to 1940, conducted by members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA).

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Saor Éire

Saor Éire (/, meaning Free Ireland) was a far-left political organisation established in September 1931 by communist-leaning members of the Irish Republican Army, with the backing of the IRA leadership.

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Sean Hales

Sean Hales (30 March 1880 – 7 December 1922) was an Irish political activist and member of Dáil Éireann in the early 20th century.

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Seán Cronin

Seán Cronin (29 August 1922 – 9 March 2011) was a journalist and former Irish Army officer and twice Irish Republican Army chief of staff.

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Seán Mac Eoin

Seán Mac Eoin (30 September 1893 – 7 July 1973) was an Irish Fine Gael politician and soldier.

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Seán MacBride

Seán MacBride (26 January 1904 – 15 January 1988) was an Irish government minister, a prominent international politician and a Chief of Staff of the IRA.

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Seán Russell

Seán Russell (1893 – 14 August 1940) was an Irish republican who held senior positions in the IRA until the end of the Irish War of Independence.

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Seán South

Seán South (Seán Sabhat; 1928–1 January 1957)A New Dictionary of Irish History from 1800, D.J. Hickey & J.E. Doherty, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin 2003, Pg.452 was a member of an IRA military column led by Sean Garland on a raid against a Royal Ulster Constabulary barracks in Brookeborough, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, on New Year's Day, 1957.

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Second Dáil

The Second Dáil was Dáil Éireann as it convened from 16 August 1921 until 8 June 1922.

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Second Spanish Republic

The Spanish Republic (República Española), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (Segunda República Española), was the democratic government that existed in Spain from 1931 to 1939.

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Shotgun

A shotgun (also known as a scattergun, or historically as a fowling piece) is a firearm that is usually designed to be fired from the shoulder, which uses the energy of a fixed shell to fire a number of small spherical pellets called shot, or a solid projectile called a slug.

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Sinn Féin

Sinn Féin (isbn) is a left-wing Irish republican political party active in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

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Skibbereen

Skibbereen, is a town in County Cork, Ireland.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española),Also known as The Crusade (La Cruzada) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (La Rebelión) or Uprising (Sublevación) among Republicans.

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Stephen Hayes (Irish republican)

Stephen Hayes (26 December 1902 – 28 December 1974) was a member and leader of the Irish Republican Army from April 1939 to June 1941.

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Teachta Dála

A TD (plural TDanna in Irish or TDs in English; full Irish form Teachta Dála,, plural Teachtaí Dála) is a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas (the Irish Parliament).

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The Times

The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London, England.

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The Troubles

The Troubles (Na Trioblóidí) was an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century.

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Tom Barry (soldier)

Thomas (Tom) Barry (1 July 1897 – 2 July 1980) was a prominent guerrilla leader in the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Irish War of Independence, when he was commander of the 3rd West Cork Flying Column.

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Tony Magan

Tony (Anthony) Magan (15 December 1910 – 4 July 1981) was an Irish republican and chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army (IRA).

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Ulster

Ulster (Ulaidh or Cúige Uladh, Ulster Scots: Ulstèr or Ulster) is a province in the north of the island of Ireland.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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W. T. Cosgrave

William Thomas Cosgrave (6 June 1880 – 16 November 1965) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as President of the Executive Council from 1922 to 1932, Leader of the Opposition from 1932 to 1944, Leader of Fine Gael from 1934 to 1944, Leader of Cumann na nGaedheal from 1923 to 1933, Chairman of the Provisional Government from August 1922 to December 1922, President of Dáil Éireann from September 1922 to December 1922, Minister for Finance from 1922 to 1923 and Minister for Local Government from 1919 to 1922.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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1969 Northern Ireland riots

During 12–17 August 1969, intense political and sectarian rioting took place in Northern Ireland.

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Redirects here:

Anti-Treaty IRA, Anti-Treaty IRA (From the Treaty to the Troubles), Anti-Treaty IRA fighters, Anti-Treaty IRA men, Anti-Treaty IRA unit, Anti-Treaty IRA units, Anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army, Anti-Treaty fighters, Anti-Treaty forces, Anti-Treaty garrison, Anti-Treaty leader, Anti-Treaty leaders, Anti-Treaty wings, IRA in World War II, Irish Republican Army (1922-1969), Irish Republican Army (1922-69), Irish Republican Army (1922–69).

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922–1969)

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