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Kaluga Oblast

Index Kaluga Oblast

Kaluga Oblast (Калу́жская о́бласть, Kaluzhskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). [1]

151 relations: A Just Russia, Administrative centre, Agrarian Party of Russia, Ambrose of Optina, Anatoly Artamonov, Armenians, Atheism, Azerbaijanis, Babyninsky District, Balabanovo, Barley, Baryatinsky District, Beeline (brand), Belarusians, Bobak marmot, Borovsky District, Bryansk Oblast, Buckwheat, Cable television, Central economic region, Central Federal District, Central Russian Upland, Christianity, Christianity in Russia, City of federal subject significance, City of Military Glory, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Constitution of Russia, Decree, Duminichsky District, Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast, East European Plain, East European Platform, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eudoxia Lopukhina, Eudoxia Streshneva, Federal subjects of Russia, Ferzikovsky District, Fiber, Flag of Kaluga Oblast, Georgy Zhukov, Groupe PSA, Irreligion, Islam in Russia, IUCN Red List, Iznoskovsky District, Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant, Kaluga, Kaluga State University, Kaluga Turbine Plant, ..., Karl Zuegg, Khvastovichsky District, Kirov, Kaluga Oblast, Kirovsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Kozelsk, Kozelsky District, Kuybyshevsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Lyudinovo, Lyudinovsky District, Maloyaroslavets, Maloyaroslavetsky District, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Medynsky District, MegaFon, Meshchovsk, Meshchovsky District, Michael of Russia, Mikhail Yanshin, Mosalsky District, Moscow Oblast, Muslim, Nestlé, Nondenominational Christianity, Normandie-Niemen, Novo Nordisk, Oat, Oblast, Obninsk, Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering, Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, Oka River, Old Believers, Optina Monastery, Orlovskoye Polesye National Park, Oryol Oblast, Pafnuty Chebyshev, Patriots of Russia, Peled (fish), Peremyshlsky District, Peter the Great, Podzol, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, Primary sector of the economy, Protva River, Raion, Refractory, Regional parliaments of Russia, Rodina (political party), Russia, Russian Census (2002), Russian Census (2010), Russian Federal State Statistics Service, Russian Orthodox Church, Russian Post, Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network, Russians, Rye, SABMiller, Slavic Native Faith, Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant, Smolensk Oblast, Smolensk–Moscow Upland, Soviet Census (1989), Soviet Union, Spas-Demensky District, Spiritual but not religious, Stratification (vegetation), Sukhinichi, Sukhinichsky District, Tarussky District, Tatars, Transport hub, Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, Tula Oblast, Types of inhabited localities in Russia, Ugra River (Oka), Ukrainians, Ulyanovsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Union of Right Forces, Upper Oka Principalities, Uzbeks, Volkswagen, Volvo, Vorya River, Wheat, Yabloko, Yapp, Yukhnovsky District, Zhizdra River, Zhizdrinsky District, Zhukovsky District, Kaluga Oblast, 10th Army (Soviet Union), 16th Army (Soviet Union), 1st Air Army, 33rd Army (Soviet Union), 43rd Army (Soviet Union), 49th Army, 50th Army (Soviet Union), 61st Army (Soviet Union). Expand index (101 more) »

A Just Russia

A Just Russia (Справедливая Россия, СР, Spravedlivaya Rossiya, SR, esers (эсеры)) also translated as Fair Russia, or A Fair and Just Russia, is a social democratic political party in Russia currently holding 23 of the 450 seats in the State Duma.

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Administrative centre

An administrative centre is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located.

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Agrarian Party of Russia

The Agrarian Party of Russia (Agrarnaya Partiya Rossii, Аграрная Партия России, АПР) is an agrarian political party in Russia.

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Ambrose of Optina

Saint Ambrose of Optina (Амвросий Оптинский; birth name: Aleksander Mikhaylovich Grenkov, Александр Михайлович Гренков, December 5, 1812, Bolshaya Lipovitsa settlement, Tambov guberniya – October 23, 1891) was a starets and a hieroschemamonk in Optina Monastery, canonized in the 1988 convention of the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Anatoly Artamonov

Anatoly Dmitriyevich Artamonov (Анато́лий Дми́триевич Артамо́нов; born 1952, in Krasnoye, Kaluga Oblast, USSR) is the governor of Kaluga Oblast in the European part of Russia.

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Armenians

Armenians (հայեր, hayer) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian Highlands.

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Atheism

Atheism is, in the broadest sense, the absence of belief in the existence of deities.

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Azerbaijanis

Azerbaijanis or Azeris (Azərbaycanlılar آذربایجانلیلار, Azərilər آذریلر), also known as Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan türkləri آذربایجان تورکلری), are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Iranian region of Azerbaijan and the sovereign (former Soviet) Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Babyninsky District

Babyninsky District (Бабы́нинский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #7-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Balabanovo

Balabanovo (Балабаново) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

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Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally.

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Baryatinsky District

Baryatinsky District (Барятинский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #354-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Beeline (brand)

Beeline (Билайн), earlier Bee Line GSM (Би Лайн GSM) is a telecommunications brand by company PJSC VimpelCom, founded in Russia.

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Belarusians

Belarusians (беларусы, biełarusy, or Byelorussians (from the Byelorussian SSR), are an East Slavic ethnic group who are native to modern-day Belarus and the immediate region. There are over 9.5 million people who proclaim Belarusian ethnicity worldwide, with the overwhelming majority residing either in Belarus or the adjacent countries where they are an autochthonous minority.

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Bobak marmot

The bobak marmot (Marmota bobak), also known as the steppe marmot, is a species of marmot that inhabits the steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

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Borovsky District

Borovsky District (Боровский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #7-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Bryansk Oblast

Bryansk Oblast (Бря́нская о́бласть, Bryanskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Buckwheat

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), also known as common buckwheat, Japanese buckwheat and silverhull buckwheat, is a plant cultivated for its grain-like seeds and as a cover crop.

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Cable television

Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems, light pulses through fiber-optic cables.

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Central economic region

Central Economic Region (Центра́льный экономи́ческий райо́н, Tsentralny ekonomichesky rayon) is one of twelve economic regions of Russia.

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Central Federal District

The Central Federal District (p) is one of the eight federal districts of Russia.

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Central Russian Upland

The Central Russian Upland (also Central Upland and East European Upland) is an upland area of the East European Plain and is an undulating plateau with an average elevation of.

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Christianity

ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.

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Christianity in Russia

Christianity in Russia is by some estimates the largest religion in the country, with nearly 50% of the population identifying as Christian.

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City of federal subject significance

City of federal subject significance is an umbrella term used to refer to a type of an administrative division of a federal subject of Russia which is equal in status to a district but is organized around a large city; occasionally with surrounding rural territories.

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City of Military Glory

City of Military Glory («Город воинской славы») is an honorary title bestowed upon the citizenry of Russian cities, where soldiers had displayed courage and heroism during the Second World War.

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Communist Party of the Russian Federation

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF; Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации; КПРФ; Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii, KPRF) is a communist and Marxist–Leninist political party in Russia.

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Constitution of Russia

The current Constitution of the Russian Federation (Конституция Российской Федерации, Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii) was adopted by national referendum on.

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Decree

A decree is a rule of law usually issued by a head of state (such as the president of a republic or a monarch), according to certain procedures (usually established in a constitution).

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Duminichsky District

Duminichsky District (Думи́ничский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #369-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast

Dzerzhinsky District (Дзержи́нский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #7-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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East European Plain

The East European Plain (also called the Russian Plain, "Extending from eastern Poland to the Urals, the East European Plain encompasses all of the Baltic states and Belarus, nearly all of Ukraine, and much of the European portion of Russia and reaches north into Finland." — Britannica. predominantly by Russian scientists, or historically the Sarmatic Plain) is a vast interior plain extending east of the North/Central European Plain, and comprising several plateaus stretching roughly from 25 degrees longitude eastward.

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East European Platform

The East European Platform or Russian Platform is a large and flat area covered by sediments in Eastern Europe spanning from the Ural Mountains to the Tornquist Zone and from the Peri-Caspian Basin to the Barents Sea.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.

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Eudoxia Lopukhina

Tsarina Eudoxia Feodorovna Lopukhina (Евдоки́я Фёдоровна Лопухина;, Moscow –, Moscow) was a Russian Tsaritsa as the first wife of Peter I of Russia, and the last ethnic Russian and non-foreign wife of a Russian monarch.

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Eudoxia Streshneva

Eudoxia Streshnyova (Yevdokiya Lukyanovna Streshnyova) (1608 – 18 August 1645) was the tsaritsa of Russia as the second spouse of tsar Michael of Russia.

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Federal subjects of Russia

The federal subjects of Russia, also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation (субъекты Российской Федерации subyekty Rossiyskoy Federatsii) or simply as the subjects of the federation (субъекты федерации subyekty federatsii), are the constituent entities of Russia, its top-level political divisions according to the Constitution of Russia.

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Ferzikovsky District

Ferzikovsky District (Фе́рзиковский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #7-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Fiber

Fiber or fibre (see spelling differences, from the Latin fibra) is a natural or synthetic substance that is significantly longer than it is wide.

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Flag of Kaluga Oblast

The flag of Kaluga Oblast consists of three horizontal stripes: the upper one being red, the middle white, and the lower green.

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Georgy Zhukov

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (– 18 June 1974) was a Soviet Red Army General who became Chief of General Staff, Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Minister of Defence and a member of the Politburo.

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Groupe PSA

Groupe PSA (informally PSA; PSA Group in English; formerly known as PSA Peugeot Citroën from 1991 to 2016) is a French multinational manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles sold under the Peugeot, Citroën, DS, Opel and Vauxhall brands.

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Irreligion

Irreligion (adjective form: non-religious or irreligious) is the absence, indifference, rejection of, or hostility towards religion.

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Islam in Russia

Islam is the second most widely professed religion in Russia, encompassing somewhere between 7% and 15% of all Russians.

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IUCN Red List

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.

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Iznoskovsky District

Iznoskovsky District (Износковский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #7-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant

The Kalinin Nuclear Power Station (Калининская АЭС) is located about north west of Moscow, in Tver Oblast near the town of Udomlya.

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Kaluga

Kaluga (p) is a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River southwest of Moscow.

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Kaluga State University

Kaluga State University (KSU) is a university in Kaluga, Russia.

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Kaluga Turbine Plant

Kaluga Turbine Plant (Калужский турбинный завод) is a company based in Kaluga, Russia and established in 1946.

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Karl Zuegg

Karl Zuegg (28 February 1914 – 26 December 2005) was an Italian entrepreneur from Lana in South Tyrol.

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Khvastovichsky District

Khvastovichsky District (Хвастовичский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast, Article 4 and municipalLaw #7-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Kirov, Kaluga Oblast

Kirov (Ки́ров) is a town and the administrative center of Kirovsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Bolva River (Desna's tributary) southwest of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Kirovsky District, Kaluga Oblast

Kirovsky District (Ки́ровский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #369-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (a; Konstanty Ciołkowski; 19 September 1935) was a Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic theory of ethnic Polish descent.

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Kozelsk

Kozelsk (Козе́льск) is a town and the administrative center of Kozelsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Zhizdra River (Oka's tributary), southwest of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Kozelsky District

Kozelsky District (Козе́льский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #7-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Kuybyshevsky District, Kaluga Oblast

Kuybyshevsky District (Ку́йбышевский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #354-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Liberal Democratic Party of Russia

The LDPR — Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (ЛДПР — Либерально-Демократическая Партия России), briefly, the LDPR or Liberal Democratic Party, is a socially conservative and economically interventionist political party in Russia led by Vladimir Zhirinovsky since its founding in 1989.

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Lyudinovo

Lyudinovo (Люди́ново) is a town and the administrative center of Lyudinovsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the shores of Lake Lompad formed by a dam on the Nepolot River, southwest of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Lyudinovsky District

Lyudinovsky District (Людиновский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #354-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Maloyaroslavets

Maloyaroslavets (Малояросла́вец) is a town and the administrative center of Maloyaroslavetsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Luzha River (Oka's basin), northeast of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Maloyaroslavetsky District

Maloyaroslavetsky District (Малоярославецкий райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #7-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Marshal of the Soviet Union

Marshal of the Soviet Union (Маршал Советского Союза) was the highest military rank of the Soviet Union, below Generalissimus of the Soviet Union.

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Medynsky District

Medynsky District (Медынский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #369-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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MegaFon

MegaFon (МегаФон), previously known as North-West GSM, is the second largest mobile phone operator Kommersant and the third largest telecom operator in Russia.

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Meshchovsk

Meshchovsk (Мещо́вск) is a town and the administrative center of Meshchovsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Tureya River southwest of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Meshchovsky District

Meshchovsky District (Мещо́вский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast, Article 4 and municipalLaw #354-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Michael of Russia

Michael I of Russia (Russian: Михаи́л Фёдорович Рома́нов, Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov) became the first Russian Tsar of the House of Romanov after the zemskiy sobor of 1613 elected him to rule the Tsardom of Russia.

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Mikhail Yanshin

Mikhail Mikhailovich Yanshin (Михаи́л Миха́йлович Я́ншин) (20 October 1902 – 17 July 1976) was a Soviet stage and film actor.

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Mosalsky District

Mosalsky District (Мосальский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #7-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Moscow Oblast

Moscow Oblast (p), or Podmoskovye (p, literally "around/near Moscow"), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Muslim

A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.

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Nestlé

Nestlé S.A. is a Swiss transnational food and drink company headquartered in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland.

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Nondenominational Christianity

Nondenominational (or non-denominational) Christianity consists of churches which typically distance themselves from the confessionalism or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves non-denominational.

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Normandie-Niemen

The Normandie-Niemen Fighter Regiment (Régiment de Chasse Normandie-Niémen - (Нормандия-Неман) is a Fighter unit of the French Air Force, which has adopted different formations and designations since 1942. Originally formed as Groupe de Chasse Normandie 3 in 1942, then redesignated as a Regiment (without and with "Niemen" designation the same year) in 1944, then given four different squadron numbers (1953, 1962, 1993, & 1995), and later two Regiments designations respectively (2008, 2011). The unit served on the Eastern Front of the European Theatre of World War II with the 1st Air Army. The regiment is notable for being one of only three units from Western Allied countries to see combat on the Eastern Front during World War II,and Normandie-Niemen was the only Western Allied unit to fight with the Soviet forces until the end of the war in Europe. Initially the Groupe de Chasse 3 (GC 3) (3rd Fighter Group) in the Free French Air Force comprised a group of French fighter pilots sent to aid Soviet forces on the Eastern Front at the suggestion of Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French Forces, who felt it important that French servicemen serve on all fronts in the war. The groupe, first commanded by Jean Tulasne, fought in three campaigns on behalf of the Soviet Union between 22 March 1943, and 9 May 1945, during which time it destroyed 273 enemy aircraft and received numerous orders, citations and decorations from both the Free French and Soviet governments, including the French Légion d’Honneur and the Soviet Order of the Red Banner. Joseph Stalin awarded the unit the name Niemen for its participation in the Battle of the Niemen River. the unit, known as Escadron de chasse 1/30 Normandie-Niemen, flew Dassault Mirage F1CT aircraft. The squadron was briefly disbanded in June 2010 and re-activated in 2011 as a Dassault Rafale unit, with formal reactivation on 25 June 2012 as Escadron de Chasse 2/30 Normandie-Niemen.

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Novo Nordisk

Novo Nordisk A/S is a Danish multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Bagsværd, Denmark, with production facilities in eight countries, and affiliates or offices in 75 countries.

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Oat

The oat (Avena sativa), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals).

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Oblast

An oblast is a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Ukraine, and the former Soviet Union and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

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Obninsk

Obninsk (О́бнинск) is a city in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the bank of the Protva River southwest of Moscow and northeast from Kaluga.

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Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering

Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering (Обнинский институт атомной энергетики, traditionally abbreviated ИАТЭ) is an institution of higher education located in Obninsk.

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Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant

Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant (Обнинская АЭС, Obninskaja AES) was built in the "Science City" of Obninsk,, who was there at the time.

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Oka River

Oka (Ока́) is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga.

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Old Believers

In Eastern Orthodox church history, the Old Believers, or Old Ritualists (старове́ры or старообря́дцы, starovéry or staroobryádtsy) are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Eastern Orthodox Church as they existed prior to the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666.

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Optina Monastery

The Optina Pustyn (Оптина пустынь, literally Opta's hermitage) is an Eastern Orthodox monastery for men near Kozelsk in Russia.

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Orlovskoye Polesye National Park

The Orlovskoye Polesye national park (Орловское Полесье) is a protected area in Russia.

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Oryol Oblast

Oryol Oblast (Орло́вская о́бласть, Orlovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Pafnuty Chebyshev

Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (p) (–) was a Russian mathematician.

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Patriots of Russia

Patriots of Russia (Патриоты России, Patrioty Rossii) is a left-wing nationalist and socialist political party in Russia.

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Peled (fish)

The peled (Coregonus peled), also called the northern whitefish, is a species of freshwater whitefish in the Salmonidae family.

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Peremyshlsky District

Peremyshlsky District (Перемы́шльский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #369-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Peter the Great

Peter the Great (ˈpʲɵtr vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj), Peter I (ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj) or Peter Alexeyevich (p; –)Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January.

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Podzol

In soil science, Podzols (known as Spodosols in China and the United States of America and Podosols in Australia) are the typical soils of coniferous, or boreal forests.

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Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (Президиум Верховного Совета or Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta) was a Soviet governmental institution – a permanent body of the Supreme Soviets (parliaments).

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Primary sector of the economy

An industry involved in the extraction and collection of natural resources, such as copper and timber, as well as by activities such as farming and fishing.

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Protva River

Protva River is a river in Moscow and Kaluga Oblasts in Russia, left tributary of the Oka.

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Raion

A raion (also rayon) is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet states (such as part of an oblast).

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Refractory

A refractory mineral is a mineral that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack.

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Regional parliaments of Russia

Regional parliaments of Russia are the legislative/parliamentary bodies of power in the regions of Russia (republics, krais, oblasts, autonomous okrugs and federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg), which have different names, often collectively referred to in the media as regional parliaments.

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Rodina (political party)

Rodina or Motherland-National Patriotic Union (Rodina - Narodno-Patrioticheskiy Soyuz, Партия "РОДИНА") is a political party in Russia.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russian Census (2002)

The Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да) was the first census of the Russian Federation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002.

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Russian Census (2010)

The Russian Census of 2010 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2010 го́да) is the first census of the Russian Federation population since 2002 and the second after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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Russian Federal State Statistics Service

Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Федеральная служба государственной статистики, Federal'naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoi statistiki) (also known as Rosstat) is the governmental statistics agency in Russia.

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Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Rússkaya pravoslávnaya tsérkov), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskóvskiy patriarkhát), is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches, in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox patriarchates.

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Russian Post

Russian Post (Почта России, Pochta Rossii), is a unitary enterprise which is the national postal operator of Russia.

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Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network

Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network (RTRS) (Российская телевизионная и радиовещательная сеть) is a unitary enterprise that was created on August 13, 2001, by decree of president Vladimir Putin.

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Russians

Russians (русские, russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. The majority of Russians inhabit the nation state of Russia, while notable minorities exist in other former Soviet states such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine and the Baltic states. A large Russian diaspora also exists all over the world, with notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Israel, and Canada. Russians are the most numerous ethnic group in Europe. The Russians share many cultural traits with their fellow East Slavic counterparts, specifically Belarusians and Ukrainians. They are predominantly Orthodox Christians by religion. The Russian language is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, and also spoken as a secondary language in many former Soviet states.

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Rye

Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop.

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SABMiller

SABMiller plc was a multinational brewing and beverage company headquartered in Woking, England on the outskirts of London until 10 October 2016 when it was acquired by Anheuser-Busch InBev.

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Slavic Native Faith

The Slavic Native Faith, also known as Rodnovery, is a modern Pagan religion.

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Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant

Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant (Смоленская АЭС) is a nuclear power station in Russia.

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Smolensk Oblast

Smolensk Oblast (Смоле́нская о́бласть, Smolenskaya oblast; informal name — Smolenschina (Смоле́нщина) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Smolensk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 985,537.

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Smolensk–Moscow Upland

The Smolensk–Moscow Upland is located in the Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Moscow and Smolensk regions of Russia, as well as the Vitebsk region of Belarus.

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Soviet Census (1989)

The 1989 Soviet census (Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989, "1989 All-Union Census"), conducted between 12-19 January of that year, was the last one that took place in the former USSR.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Spas-Demensky District

Spas-Demensky District (Спас-Де́менский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast, Article 4 and municipalLaw #354-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Spiritual but not religious

"Spiritual but not religious" (SBNR) also known as "Spiritual but not affiliated" (SBNA) is a popular phrase and initialism used to self-identify a life stance of spirituality that takes issue with organized religion as the sole or most valuable means of furthering spiritual growth.

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Stratification (vegetation)

Stratification in the field of ecology refers to the vertical layering of a habitat; the arrangement of vegetation in layers.

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Sukhinichi

Sukhinichi (Сухи́ничи) is a town and the administrative center of Sukhinichsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, a large railway junction on the Moscow – Kiev line, situated on the Bryn River southwest of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Sukhinichsky District

Sukhinichsky District (Сухиничский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #369-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Tarussky District

Tarussky District (Тарусский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #369-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Tatars

The Tatars (татарлар, татары) are a Turkic-speaking peoples living mainly in Russia and other Post-Soviet countries.

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Transport hub

A transport hub (also transport interchange) is a place where passengers and cargo are exchanged between vehicles or between transport modes.

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Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics

The Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics (Государственный музей истории космонавтики имени К.Э.Циолковского) is the first museum in the world dedicated to the history of space exploration.

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Tula Oblast

Tula Oblast (Ту́льская о́бласть, Tulskaya oblast) is a top-level political division of European Russia (namely an oblast).

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Types of inhabited localities in Russia

The classification system of the types of inhabited localities in Russia, the former Soviet Union, and some other post-Soviet states has certain peculiarities compared with the classification systems in other countries.

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Ugra River (Oka)

Ugra is a river in Smolensk and Kaluga Oblasts in Russia, left tributary of the Oka River.

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Ukrainians

Ukrainians (українці, ukrayintsi) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is by total population the sixth-largest nation in Europe.

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Ulyanovsky District, Kaluga Oblast

Ulyanovsky District (Улья́новский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #354-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Union of Right Forces

The Union of Right Forces political party, or SPS (Сою́з Пра́вых Сил, СПС/Soyuz Pravykh Sil), is a Russia political public organization and former party, initially founded as an electoral bloc in 1999 and associated with free market reforms, privatization, and the legacy of the "young reformers" of the 1990s: Anatoly Chubais, Boris Nemtsov, and Yegor Gaidar.

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Upper Oka Principalities

In Russian historiography the term Upper Oka Principalities (Верховские княжества - literally: "Upper Principalities") traditionally applies to about a dozen tiny and ephemeral polities situated along the upper course of the Oka River at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries.

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Uzbeks

The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek/Ўзбек, pl. Oʻzbeklar/Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group; the largest Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia.

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Volkswagen

Volkswagen, shortened to VW, is a German automaker founded on 28 May 1937 by the German Labour Front under Adolf Hitler and headquartered in Wolfsburg.

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Volvo

The Volvo Group (Volvokoncernen; legally Aktiebolaget Volvo, shortened to AB Volvo) (stylized as VOLVO) is a Swedish multinational manufacturing company headquartered in Gothenburg.

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Vorya River

The Vorya River (Во́ря) is a river in Moscow Oblast, Russia.

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Wheat

Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food.

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Yabloko

The Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko" (Росси́йская объединённая демократи́ческая па́ртия «Я́блоко» Rossiyskaya obyedinyonnaya demokraticheskaya partiya "Yabloko") is a Russian social-liberal political party founded by Grigory Yavlinsky and currently led by Emilia Slabunova.

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Yapp

Yapp! es a web-based platform where you can find events and places around you also Yapp is a surname.

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Yukhnovsky District

Yukhnovsky District (Юхновский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #369-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Zhizdra River

Zhizdra River is a river in Kaluga Oblast in Russia, Oka's left tributary.

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Zhizdrinsky District

Zhizdrinsky District (Жиздринский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #7-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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Zhukovsky District, Kaluga Oblast

Zhukovsky District (Жуковский райо́н) is an administrativeCharter of Kaluga Oblast and municipalLaw #7-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia.

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10th Army (Soviet Union)

The 10th Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army was a field army active from 1939 to 1944.

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16th Army (Soviet Union)

The 16th Army was a Soviet field army active from 1940 to 1945.

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1st Air Army

The 1st Air Army (1-я воздушная армия) was an Air Army in the Soviet Air Force which served during World War II.

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33rd Army (Soviet Union)

The Red Army's 33rd Army was a Soviet field army during the Second World War.

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43rd Army (Soviet Union)

The 43rd Army was a Red Army field army of World War II that served on the Eastern Front.

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49th Army

The 49th Army (49-я армия) is a combined arms army of the Russian Ground Forces, formed in 2010 and headquartered in Stavropol.

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50th Army (Soviet Union)

The 50th Army was a Soviet field army during World War II.

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61st Army (Soviet Union)

The 61st Army was a field army of the Red Army and the Soviet Ground Forces.

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Redirects here:

History of Kaluga Oblast, Kaluga Province, Kaluga Region, Kaluzhane Oblast, Kaluzhanin Oblast, Kaluzhskaya Oblast, Kaluzhskaya Oblast', Russia, Kaluzhskaya oblast', Kalužskaja oblast', Kalužskaâ oblast', Province of Kaluga, RU-KLU, Калу́жская о́бласть, Калужская область.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast

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