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Karelian Isthmus

Index Karelian Isthmus

The Karelian Isthmus (Karelsky peresheyek; Karjalankannas; Karelska näset) is the approximately 45–110 km wide stretch of land, situated between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia, to the north of the River Neva (between 61°21’N, 59°46’N and 27°42’E, 31°08’E). [1]

291 relations: Abrasive, Acer platanoides, Adhesive, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana, Amorphis, Ancylus Lake, Arctic, Arctic vegetation, Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Baltic Fleet, Baltic Ice Lake, Baltic Pipeline System, Baltic Sea, Baltic Shield, Battle of Tali-Ihantala, Before Present, Beloostrov, Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Bilberry, Bog, Boletus edulis, Border Security Zone of Russia, Boreal Kingdom, Boreas (journal), Bronze Age, Burbot, Burnaya River, Cairn, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Calamagrostis canescens, Calluna, Canoeing, Capital city, Carex globularis, Chalcolithic, Chanterelle, Chicken as food, Circumboreal Region, City, Cladonia, Climbing, Common bream, Continuation War, Controlled-access highway, Cranberry, Cycling, Dacha, Deschampsia flexuosa, ..., Early-warning radar, Eastern Front (World War II), Ecoregion, Edith Södergran, Egg as food, Elena Kondulainen, Elena Pogrebizhskaya, Empetrum nigrum, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum sylvaticum, European perch, European route E18, European Russia, Evacuation of Finnish Karelia, Federal Security Service, Fen, Filipendula ulmaria, Finland, Finland Station, Finnic peoples, Finnish language, Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941), Fishing, Ford Focus, Ford Motor Company, Fragaria vesca, Fruit picking, GeoJournal, Georg Elfvengren, Glacial period, Grand Duchy of Finland, Granite, Great Northern War, Gromovo, Gulf of Finland, Gustaf Komppa, Gustav Hägglund, Hiking, Humid continental climate, Hydrobiologia, Ice sheet, Ilia Shtokalov, Imatra, Industrial Revolution, Ingria, Ingrian Finns, Interim Peace, Johannes Virolainen, Juho Niukkanen, Juniperus communis, Kamenka, Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Kamennogorsk, Karelia, Karelia (historical province of Finland), Karelian Fortified Region, Karelians, Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic, Karl Lennart Oesch, Kasimovo Airport, KGB, Kirillovsky District, Konevets, Korela Fortress, Korobitsyno, Kurortny District, Kuznechnoye, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius resimus, Lactarius rufus, Lactarius torminosus, Lactarius turpis, Ladozhsky railway station, Lake Glubokoye (Karelian Isthmus), Lake Ladoga, Lake Sukhodolskoye, Larin Paraske, Lauri Törni, Leccinum aurantiacum, Leccinum scabrum, Lekhtusi Radar Station, Lembolovo, Leningrad Military District, Leningrad Oblast, Lesogorsky, Levashovo (air base), List of vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus, Logging, Losevo, Leningrad Oblast, Lyubov Kozyreva (cross-country skier), Mammoth steppe, Mannerheim Cross, Mannerheim Line, Marine transgression, Martti Ahtisaari, Max Jakobson, Mesolithic, Michurinskoye, Leningrad Oblast, Moose, Moraine, Moscow Armistice, Moscow Peace Treaty, Mountain hare, Mushroom hunting, Nastasya Samburskaya, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, Neolithic, Neva River, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, North Ingria, Northern pike, Northwestern Federal District, Novgorod Republic, Nuclear material, Nyenschantz, Old Finland, Operation Barbarossa, Oxalis acetosella, Paint, Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, Peat, Permafrost, Personal union, Pervomayskoye, Leningrad Oblast, Phytochorion, Picea abies, Pleurozium schreberi, Pobeda, Leningrad Oblast, Podzol, Polytrichum commune, Population transfer in the Soviet Union, Populus tremula, Port, Pribylovo, Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast, Priozersk, Priozersky District, Pteridium aquilinum, Pulp and paper industry, Quercus robur, Radioactive waste, Raised bog, Rapids, Raspberry, Red Army, Red fox, Red squirrel, Republic of Karelia, Riihimäki–Saint Petersburg railway, Road of Life, Roshchino, Leningrad Oblast, Rubus chamaemorus, Rubus saxatilis, Ruffe, Russia, Russian Armed Forces, Russian Census (2002), Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russula, Rutilus, Rzhevka Airport, Saimaa, Saimaa Canal, Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg–Hiitola railway, Salix aurita, Salix cinerea, Salix myrsinifolia, Salix phylicifolia, Salpausselkä, Sand, Scandinavia, Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Scots pine, Sertolovo, Sestra River (Leningrad Oblast), Sestroretsk, Shelling of Mainila, Shipyard, Shlisselburg, Siege of Leningrad, Skiing, Sosnovo, Priozersky District, Leningrad Oblast, Sovetsky, Leningrad Oblast, Soviet Union, Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Sphagnum russowii, Suillus luteus, Suillus variegatus, Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, Svetogorsk, Sweden, Swedish-speaking population of Finland, Taiga, The Karelian Isthmus, Tilia cordata, Tiversk, Toksovo, Town, Transport corridor, Treaty of Nöteborg, Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish), Tumulus, Tver Oblast, Ulmus laevis, Uno Ullberg, Vaalimaa, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vascular plant, Veshchevo, Viipuri Province, VKT-line, Volchya River (Vuoksi tributary), Volga trade route, Voronezh radar, Vsevolozhsk, Vsevolozhsky District, VT-line, Vuoksi River, Vyborg, Vyborg Bay, Vyborg Castle, Vyborg railway station, Vyborg–Joensuu railroad, Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive, Vyborgsky District, Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Vysotsk, Water pollution, Weichselian glaciation, Wild boar, Winter War, Woodworking, World War II, Young Pioneer camp, Zelenogorsk, Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg, Zhitkovo. Expand index (241 more) »

Abrasive

An abrasive is a material, often a mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away by friction.

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Acer platanoides

Acer platanoides (Norway maple) is a species of maple native to eastern and central Europe and western Asia, from France east to Russia, north to southern Scandinavia and southeast to northern Iran.

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Adhesive

An adhesive, also known as glue, cement, mucilage, or paste, is any substance applied to one surface, or both surfaces, of two separate items that binds them together and resists their separation.

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Alnus glutinosa

Alnus glutinosa, the common alder, black alder, European alder or just alder, is a species of tree in the family Betulaceae, native to most of Europe, southwest Asia and northern Africa.

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Alnus incana

Alnus incana, the grey alder or speckled alder, is a species of alder with a wide range across the cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

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Amorphis

Amorphis is a Finnish heavy metal band founded by Jan Rechberger, Tomi Koivusaari, and Esa Holopainen in 1990.

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Ancylus Lake

Ancylus Lake is a name given by geologists to a large freshwater lake the existed in northern Europe approximately from 9500 to 8000 years Before Present (B.P.) being in effect one of various predecessors to the modern Baltic Sea.

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Arctic

The Arctic is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth.

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Arctic vegetation

In the Arctic, the low tundra vegetation clothes a landscape of wide vistas, lit by the low-angle light characteristic of high latitudes.

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Artturi Ilmari Virtanen

Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (15 January 1895 – 11 November 1973) was a Finnish chemist and recipient of the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method".

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Baltic Fleet

The Baltic Fleet (Балтийский флот) is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea.

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Baltic Ice Lake

The Baltic Ice Lake is a name given by geologists to a freshwater lake that gradually formed in the Baltic Sea basin as glaciation retreated from that region at the end of the Pleistocene.

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Baltic Pipeline System

The Baltic Pipeline System (BPS) is a Russian oil transport system operated by the oil pipeline company Transneft.

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Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland, Germany and the North and Central European Plain.

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Baltic Shield

The Baltic Shield (or Fennoscandian Shield) is a segment of the Earth's crust belonging to the East European Craton, representing a large part of Fennoscandia, northwestern Russia and the northern Baltic Sea.

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Battle of Tali-Ihantala

The Battle of Tali-Ihantala (June 25 to July 9, 1944) was part of the Finnish-Soviet Continuation War (1941–1944), which occurred during World War II.

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Before Present

Before Present (BP) years is a time scale used mainly in geology and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred in the past.

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Beloostrov

Beloostrov (Белоо́стров; Valkeasaari, both meaning lit. White Island), from 1922 to World War II—Krasnoostrov (Красноо́стров, lit. Red Island), is a municipal settlement in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located on the Sestra River, Karelian Isthmus.

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Betula pendula

Betula pendula, commonly known as silver birch, warty birch, European white birch, or East Asian white birch, is a species of tree in the family Betulaceae, native to Europe and parts of Asia, though in southern Europe it is only found at higher altitudes.

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Betula pubescens

Betula pubescens (syn. Betula alba), commonly known as downy birch and also as moor birch, white birch, European white birch or hairy birch, is a species of deciduous tree, native and abundant throughout northern Europe and northern Asia, growing farther north than any other broadleaf tree.

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Bilberry

Bilberries are any of several primarily Eurasian species of low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium (family Ericaceae), bearing edible, nearly black berries.

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Bog

A bog is a wetland that accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material—often mosses, and in a majority of cases, sphagnum moss.

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Boletus edulis

Boletus edulis (English: penny bun, cep, porcino or porcini) is a basidiomycete fungus, and the type species of the genus Boletus.

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Border Security Zone of Russia

A Border Security Zone in Russia is the designation of a strip of land (usually, though not always, along a Russian federation external border) where economic activity and access are restricted in line with the Frontier Regime Regulations set by the Federal Security Service.

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Boreal Kingdom

The Boreal Kingdom or Holarctic Kingdom (Holarctis) is a floristic kingdom identified by botanist Ronald Good (and later by Armen Takhtajan), which includes the temperate to Arctic portions of North America and Eurasia.

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Boreas (journal)

Boreas is a peer-reviewed academic journal that has been published on behalf of the Collegium Boreas since 1972.

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Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is a historical period characterized by the use of bronze, and in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization.

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Burbot

The burbot (Lota lota) is the only gadiform (cod-like) freshwater fish.

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Burnaya River

The Burnaya is a young rapid river in Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, on the Karelian Isthmus, which emerged in 1818.

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Cairn

A cairn is a human-made pile (or stack) of stones.

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Calamagrostis arundinacea

Calamagrostis arundinacea is a species of bunch grass in the Poaceae family, native to Eurasia, China and India.

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Calamagrostis canescens

Calamagrostis canescens, known as purple small-reed, is a species of grass in the Poaceae family, native to Europe and western Siberia.

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Calluna

Calluna vulgaris (known as common heather, ling, or simply heather) is the sole species in the genus Calluna in the flowering plant family Ericaceae.

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Canoeing

Canoeing is an activity which involves paddling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle.

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Capital city

A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other administrative region, usually as its seat of government.

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Carex globularis

Carex globularis is a perennial species of sedge in the family Cyperaceae native to damp forests and wetlands of Asia and Eastern Europe.

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Chalcolithic

The Chalcolithic (The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998), p. 301: "Chalcolithic /,kælkəl'lɪθɪk/ adjective Archaeology of, relating to, or denoting a period in the 4th and 3rd millennium BCE, chiefly in the Near East and SE Europe, during which some weapons and tools were made of copper. This period was still largely Neolithic in character. Also called Eneolithic... Also called Copper Age - Origin early 20th cent.: from Greek khalkos 'copper' + lithos 'stone' + -ic". χαλκός khalkós, "copper" and λίθος líthos, "stone") period or Copper Age, in particular for eastern Europe often named Eneolithic or Æneolithic (from Latin aeneus "of copper"), was a period in the development of human technology, before it was discovered that adding tin to copper formed the harder bronze, leading to the Bronze Age.

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Chanterelle

Chanterelle is the common name of fungi in the genus Cantharellus.

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Chicken as food

Chicken is the most common type of poultry in the world.

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Circumboreal Region

The Circumboreal Region in phytogeography is a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom in Eurasia and North America, as delineated by such geobotanists as Josias Braun-Blanquet and Armen Takhtajan.

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City

A city is a large human settlement.

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Cladonia

Cladonia (cup lichen) is a genus of moss-like lichens in the family Cladoniaceae.

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Climbing

Climbing is the activity of using one's hands, feet, or any other part of the body to ascend a steep object.

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Common bream

The common bream, freshwater bream, bream, bronze bream or carp bream (Abramis brama), is a European species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae.

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Continuation War

The Continuation War was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany, as co-belligerents, against the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1941 to 1944, during World War II.

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Controlled-access highway

A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated.

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Cranberry

Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium.

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Cycling

Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport.

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Dacha

A dacha (a) is a seasonal or year-round second home, often located in the exurbs of Russian and other post-Soviet cities.

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Deschampsia flexuosa

Deschampsia flexuosa, commonly known as wavy hair-grass, is a species of bunchgrass in the grass family widely distributed in Eurasia, Africa, South America, and North America.

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Early-warning radar

An early-warning radar is any radar system used primarily for the long-range detection of its targets, i.e., allowing defences to be alerted as early as possible before the intruder reaches its target, giving the air defences the maximum time in which to operate.

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Eastern Front (World War II)

The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Southeast Europe (Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945.

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Ecoregion

An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than an ecozone.

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Edith Södergran

Edith Irene Södergran (4 April 1892 – 24 June 1923) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish poet.

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Egg as food

Eggs are laid by female animals of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and fish, and have been eaten by humans for thousands of years.

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Elena Kondulainen

Elena Ivanovna Kondulainen (Елена Ивановна Кондулайнен; born 9 April 1958) is a Russian actress, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation (2002), and pop singer.

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Elena Pogrebizhskaya

Elena Vladimirovna Pogrebizhskaya (Елена Владимировна Погреби́жская; 1 October 1972 in Kamenka) is a journalist, director and screenwriter of documentary film, rock singer and musician.

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Empetrum nigrum

Empetrum nigrum, crowberry, black crowberry, or, in western Alaska, blackberry, is a flowering plant species in the heather family Ericaceae with a near circumboreal distribution in the northern hemisphere.

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Equisetum fluviatile

Equisetum fluviatile, the water horsetail or swamp horsetail, is a vascular plant that commonly grows in dense colonies along freshwater shorelines or in shallow water in ponds, swamps, ditches, and other sluggish or still waters with mud bottoms.

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Equisetum sylvaticum

Equisetum sylvaticum, the wood horsetail, is a horsetail (family Equisetaceae) native to the Northern Hemisphere, occurring in North America and Eurasia.

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European perch

Perca fluviatilis, commonly known as the European perch, perch, redfin perch, big-scaled redfin, English perch, Eurasian perch, Eurasian river perch or common perch, is a predatory species of perch found in Europe and northern Asia.

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European route E18

European route E18 runs from Craigavon in Northern Ireland to Saint Petersburg in Russia, passing through Scotland, Norway, Sweden, and Finland.

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European Russia

European Russia is the western part of Russia that is a part of Eastern Europe.

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Evacuation of Finnish Karelia

As a result of the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty that concluded the Winter War, Finland ceded the area of Finnish Karelia and other territories to the Soviet Union.

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Federal Security Service

The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB; fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə ˈsluʐbə bʲɪzɐˈpasnəstʲɪ rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjɪ) is the principal security agency of Russia and the main successor agency to the USSR's Committee of State Security (KGB).

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Fen

A fen is one of the main types of wetland, the others being grassy marshes, forested swamps, and peaty bogs.

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Filipendula ulmaria

Filipendula ulmaria, commonly known as meadowsweet or mead wort, is a perennial herb in the family Rosaceae that grows in damp meadows.

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Finland

Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.

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Finland Station

St Petersburg–Finlyandsky (Станция Санкт-Петербург-Финля́ндский Stantsiya Sankt-Peterburg-Finlyandskiy), is a railway station in St. Petersburg, Russia, handling transport to northern destinations including Helsinki and Vyborg.

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Finnic peoples

The Finnic peoples or Baltic Finns consist of the peoples inhabiting the region around the Baltic Sea in Northeastern Europe who speak Finnic languages, including the Finns proper, Estonians (including Võros and Setos), Karelians (including Ludes and Olonets), Veps, Izhorians, Votes, and Livonians as well as their descendants worldwide.

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Finnish language

Finnish (or suomen kieli) is a Finnic language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland.

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Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941)

The Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941) refers to a military campaign carried out by Finland in 1941.

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Fishing

Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish.

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Ford Focus

The Ford Focus is a compact car (C-segment in Europe) manufactured by the Ford Motor Company since 1998.

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Ford Motor Company

Ford Motor Company (commonly referred to simply as "Ford") is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit.

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Fragaria vesca

Fragaria vesca, commonly called wild strawberry, woodland strawberry, Alpine strawberry, Carpathian Strawberry, European strawberry, or fraisier des bois, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the rose family that grows naturally throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, and that produces edible fruits.

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Fruit picking

Fruit picking or fruit harvesting is a seasonal activity (paid or recreational) that occurs during harvest time in areas with fruit growing wild or being farmed in orchards.

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GeoJournal

GeoJournal is a peer-reviewed international academic journal on all aspects of geography founded in 1977.

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Georg Elfvengren

Colonel Georg (Yrjö) Elfvengren (8 September 1889, Sortavala – 10 June 1927, Moscow) was a Finnish officer of the Russian Imperial Guard during the First World War and a noted commander of the Finnish Civil War and Heimosodat, who sympathized with the Russian White movement and fought against Finnish and Russian Red Guards on the Karelian Isthmus on both sides of the Finland-Russia border.

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Glacial period

A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances.

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Grand Duchy of Finland

The Grand Duchy of Finland (Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta, Storfurstendömet Finland, Великое княжество Финляндское,; literally Grand Principality of Finland) was the predecessor state of modern Finland.

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Granite

Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture.

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Great Northern War

The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.

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Gromovo

Gromovo (Гро́мово; Sakkola) is a settlement in Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located 18 km northwest of Sosnovo, and a station of the Saint Petersburg-Kuznechnoye railway.

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Gulf of Finland

The Gulf of Finland (Suomenlahti; Soome laht; p; Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea.

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Gustaf Komppa

Gustaf Komppa (28 July 1867 in Viipuri – 20 January 1949 in Helsinki) was a Finnish chemist best known for a world-first in commercializing total synthesis, that of camphor in 1903.

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Gustav Hägglund

Johan Edvin Birger Gustav Hägglund (born 6 September 1938 in Viipuri) is a retired Finnish general.

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Hiking

Hiking is the preferred term, in Canada and the United States, for a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails (footpaths), in the countryside, while the word walking is used for shorter, particularly urban walks.

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Humid continental climate

A humid continental climate (Köppen prefix D and a third letter of a or b) is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, which is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) winters.

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Hydrobiologia

Hydrobiologia: The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences is a scientific journal specialising in hydrobiology, including limnology and oceanography, systematics of aquatic organisms and aquatic ecology.

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Ice sheet

An ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than, this is also known as continental glacier.

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Ilia Shtokalov

Ilia Anatolyevich Shtokalov (Илья Анатольевич Штокалов; born 1 September 1986, Pobeda) is a Russian sprint canoeist.

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Imatra

Imatra is a town and municipality in eastern Finland.

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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Ingria

Historical Ingria (Inkeri or Inkerinmaa; Ингрия, Ingriya, Ижорская земля, Izhorskaya zemlya, or Ингерманландия, Ingermanlandiya; Ingermanland; Ingeri or Ingerimaa) is the geographical area located along the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland, bordered by Lake Ladoga on the Karelian Isthmus in the north and by the River Narva on the border with Estonia in the west.

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Ingrian Finns

The Ingrians (inkeriläiset, inkerinsuomalaiset; Ингерманландцы, Ingermanlandtsy), sometimes called Ingrian Finns, are the Finnish population of Ingria (now the central part of Leningrad Oblast in Russia), descending from Lutheran Finnish immigrants introduced into the area in the 17th century, when Finland and Ingria were both parts of the Swedish Empire.

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Interim Peace

The Interim Peace (Välirauha, Mellanfreden) was a short period in the history of Finland during the Second World War.

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Johannes Virolainen

Johannes Virolainen (31 January 1914 – 11 December 2000) was a Finnish politician and who served as 30th Prime Minister of Finland.

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Juho Niukkanen

Juho Niukkanen (27 July 1888 in Kirvu – 17 May 1954 in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician prior to, during, and after the Winter War.

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Juniperus communis

Juniperus communis, the common juniper, is a species of conifer in the genus Juniperus, in the family Cupressaceae.

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Kamenka, Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast

Kamenka (Ка́менка; Kaukjärvenkylä) is a rural locality (a logging depot settlement) in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, it is located on the Karelian Isthmus to the west of Kirillovskoye railway station.

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Kamennogorsk

Kamennogorsk (Каменного́рск), known under the Finnish name of Antrea (А́нтреа; S:t Andree) before 1948, is a town in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus on the left bank of the Vuoksa River (Lake Ladoga's basin) northwest of St. Petersburg.

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Karelia

Karelia (Karelian, Finnish and Estonian: Karjala; Карелия, Kareliya; Karelen), the land of the Karelian peoples, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden.

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Karelia (historical province of Finland)

Karelia (Finnish: Karjala, Swedish: Karelen) is a historical province of Finland which Finland partly ceded to Russia after the Winter War of 1939–40.

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Karelian Fortified Region

The 22nd Karelian Fortified Region (KaUR; Карельский укрепленный район; Карельский укрепрайон; КаУР) is a 60 km wide Soviet defensive fortified district to the north of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) that was built in 1928-1932, 1938-1939, 1941-1944 and 1950-1965 in the Soviet part of the Karelian Isthmus amongst other fortified areas (the so-called Stalin Line) constructed around that time in order to defend the western borders of the Soviet Union.

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Karelians

Karelians (karjalaižet) are a Baltic-Finnic ethnic group who are native to the Northern European historical region of Karelia, which is today split between Finland and Russia.

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Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic

The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (Karelo-Finnish SSR; Karjalais-suomalainen sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta; r), also called Soviet Karelia or simply known as Karelia, was a republic of the Soviet Union.

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Karl Lennart Oesch

Karl Lennart Oesch (8 August 1892 – 28 March 1978) was one of Finland's leading generals during World War II.

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Kasimovo Airport

Kasimovo is a former air base in Leningrad Oblast, Russia located 30 km north of Saint Petersburg.

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KGB

The KGB, an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (p), translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991.

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Kirillovsky District

Kirillovsky District (Кири́лловский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #371-OZ and municipalLaw #1116-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia.

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Konevets

Konevets (Коневец; Konevitsa or Kononsaari) is an approximately 8.5-km² island famous as the site of the Konevsky Monastery.

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Korela Fortress

Korela Fortress (Russian: Корела, Finnish: Käkisalmen linna, Swedish: Kexholms slott), at the town of Priozersk.

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Korobitsyno

Korobitsyno (Коробицыно) is a rural locality on Karelian Isthmus, in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, hosting three popular ski resorts: Zolotaya Dolina, Snezhny, and Krasnoye Ozero.

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Kurortny District

Kurortny District (Куро́ртный райо́н) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus along the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland.

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Kuznechnoye

Kuznechnoye (Кузне́чное; Kaarlahti) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in the northern part of Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast, located on the Karelian Isthmus.

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Lactarius deliciosus

Lactarius deliciosus, commonly known as the saffron milk cap and red pine mushroom, is one of the best known members of the large milk-cap genus Lactarius in the order Russulales.

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Lactarius resimus

Lactarius resimus is a species of mushrooms in the genus Lactarius, which is considered a delicacy in Russia and some other countries of Eastern Europe when pickled in salt.

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Lactarius rufus

Lactarius rufus is a common, medium-sized member of the mushroom genus Lactarius, whose many members are commonly known as milkcaps.

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Lactarius torminosus

Lactarius torminosus, commonly known as the woolly milkcap or the bearded milkcap, is a large agaric fungus.

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Lactarius turpis

Lactarius turpis (also L. plumbeus or L. necator) is commonly known as the Ugly Milk-cap in English.

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Ladozhsky railway station

St.Petersburg-Ladozhsky (Ла́дожский вокза́л), is the newest and most modern passenger railway station in Saint Petersburg, Russia, opened in 2003.

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Lake Glubokoye (Karelian Isthmus)

Lake Glubokoye (lit. Deep Lake) is a lake on Karelian Isthmus, in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast.

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Lake Ladoga

Lake Ladoga (p or p; Laatokka;; Ladog, Ladoganjärv) is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia, in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg.

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Lake Sukhodolskoye

Lake Sukhodolskoye (Суходольское озеро; Suvanto) is a narrow 40 km long lake on the Karelian Isthmus located in Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Larin Paraske

Larin Paraske (December 27, 1833 – January 3, 1904) was an Izhorian oral poet.

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Lauri Törni

Lauri Allan Törni (28 May 1919 – 18 October 1965), later known as Larry Thorne, was a Finnish soldier who fought under three flags: Finnish, and later German when he fought the Soviets in World War II, and American (where he was known as Larry Thorne) when he served in US Army Special Forces in the Vietnam War.

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Leccinum aurantiacum

Leccinum aurantiacum, is a species of fungus in the genus Leccinum.

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Leccinum scabrum

Leccinum scabrum, commonly known as the rough-stemmed bolete, scaber stalk, and birch bolete, is an edible mushroom in the family Boletaceae, and was formerly classified as Boletus scaber.

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Lekhtusi Radar Station

Lekhtusi Radar Station is an early warning radar near Lekhtusi in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Lembolovo

Lembolovo (Лемболово; Lempaala) is a rural locality in Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus.

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Leningrad Military District

The Leningrad Military District was a military district of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

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Leningrad Oblast

Leningrad Oblast (lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Lesogorsky

Lesogorsky (Лесого́рский; Jääski) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, located on the left bank of the Vuoksi River, on the Karelian Isthmus, near the Russia–Finland border, and a station of the Kamennogorsk–Svetogorsk–Imatra railway.

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Levashovo (air base)

Levashovo (also Levashevo) is an air base located to the southwest of Levashovo, within the northern limits of the federal subject of Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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List of vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus

This is a comprehensive list of the vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus, a land mass in Russia connected to Finland on one side and otherwise surrounded by three bodies of water: the Gulf of Finland, the Neva River, and Lake Ladoga.

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Logging

Logging is the cutting, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars.

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Losevo, Leningrad Oblast

Losevo (Лосево; Kiviniemi) is a rural locality (a station settlement) in Priozersky District, Leningrad Oblast, located at the junction of Vuoksi River and Lake Sukhodolskoye on Karelian Isthmus.

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Lyubov Kozyreva (cross-country skier)

Lyubov Vladimirovna Kozyreva (Любо́вь Влади́мировна Ко́зырева), Lyubov Baranova from 1960 onwards (August 27, 1929 – June 22, 2015), was a Soviet cross-country skier who competed in the 1950s and 1960s for VSS Burevestnik.

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Mammoth steppe

During the Last Glacial Maximum, the mammoth steppe was the Earth’s most extensive biome.

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Mannerheim Cross

The Mannerheim Cross of Liberty (Finnish: Mannerheim-risti, Swedish: Mannerheimkorset) is the most esteemed Finnish military decoration.

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Mannerheim Line

The Mannerheim Line (Mannerheim-linja, Mannerheimlinjen) was a defensive fortification line on the Karelian Isthmus built by Finland against the Soviet Union.

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Marine transgression

A marine transgression is a geologic event during which sea level rises relative to the land and the shoreline moves toward higher ground, resulting in flooding.

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Martti Ahtisaari

Martti Ahtisaari (officially Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari; born 23 June 1937) is a Finnish politician, the tenth President of Finland (1994–2000), a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and a United Nations diplomat and mediator noted for his international peace work.

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Max Jakobson

Max Jakobson (September 30, 1923 – March 9, 2013) was a Finnish diplomat and journalist with Finnish-Jewish descent.

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Mesolithic

In Old World archaeology, Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos "middle"; λίθος, lithos "stone") is the period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic.

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Michurinskoye, Leningrad Oblast

Michurinskoye (Мичу́ринское; Valkjärvi) is a settlement on Karelian Isthmus, in Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast.

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Moose

The moose (North America) or elk (Eurasia), Alces alces, is the largest extant species in the deer family.

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Moraine

A moraine is any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (regolith and rock) that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions on Earth (i.e. a past glacial maximum), through geomorphological processes.

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Moscow Armistice

The Moscow Armistice was signed between Finland on one side and the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on 19 September 1944, ending the Continuation War.

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Moscow Peace Treaty

The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 12 March 1940, and the ratifications were exchanged on 21 March.

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Mountain hare

The mountain hare (Lepus timidus), also known as blue hare, tundra hare, variable hare, white hare, snow hare, alpine hare, and Irish hare, is a Palearctic hare that is largely adapted to polar and mountainous habitats.

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Mushroom hunting

Mushroom hunting, Houby hunting, mushrooming, mushroom picking, mushroom foraging, and similar terms describe the activity of gathering mushrooms in the wild, typically for food.

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Nastasya Samburskaya

Nastasya Anislavovna Samburskaya (Настасья Аниславовна Самбурская; born 1 March 1987) is a Russian actress, singer and TV presenter.

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National delimitation in the Soviet Union

National delimitation in the Soviet Union refers to the process of creating well-defined national territorial units (Soviet socialist republics – SSR, autonomous Soviet socialist republics – ASSR, autonomous oblasts (provinces), raions (districts) and okrugs) from the ethnic diversity of the Soviet Union and its subregions.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10,200 BC, according to the ASPRO chronology, in some parts of Western Asia, and later in other parts of the world and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC.

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Neva River

The Neva (Нева́) is a river in northwestern Russia flowing from Lake Ladoga through the western part of Leningrad Oblast (historical region of Ingria) to the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland.

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.

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North Ingria

The Republic of North Ingria (Pohjois-Inkerin tasavalta) or Republic of Kirjasalo (Kirjasalon tasavalta) was a short-lived state of Ingrian Finns in the southern part of the Karelian Isthmus, which seceded from Bolshevist Russia after the October Revolution.

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Northern pike

The northern pike (Esox lucius), known simply as a pike in Britain, Ireland, most of Canada, and most parts of the United States (once called luce when fully grown; also called jackfish or simply "northern" in the U.S. Upper Midwest and in Manitoba), is a species of carnivorous fish of the genus Esox (the pikes).

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Northwestern Federal District

Northwestern Federal District (Се́веро-За́падный федера́льный о́круг, Severo-Zapadny federalny okrug) is one of the eight federal districts of Russia.

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Novgorod Republic

The Novgorod Republic (p; Новгородскаѧ землѧ / Novgorodskaję zemlę) was a medieval East Slavic state from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the northern Ural Mountains, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of modern Russia.

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Nuclear material

Nuclear material refers to the metals uranium, plutonium, and thorium, in any form, according to the IAEA.

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Nyenschantz

Nyenschantz (Ниенша́нц, Nienshants; Nyenskans; Nevanlinna) was a Swedish fortress at the confluence of the Neva River and Okhta River, the site of present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Old Finland

Old Finland (Vanha Suomi; r; Gamla Finland) is a name used for the areas that Russia gained from Sweden in the Great Northern War and in the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743).

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Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.

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Oxalis acetosella

Oxalis acetosella (wood sorrel or common wood sorrel) is a rhizomatous flowering plant in the family Oxalidaceae, common in most of Europe and parts of Asia.

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Paint

Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film.

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Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

The Paris Peace Treaties (Traité de Paris) was signed on 10 February 1947, as the outcome of the Paris Peace Conference, held from 29 July to 15 October 1946.

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Peat

Peat, also called turf, is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs.

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Permafrost

In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.

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Personal union

A personal union is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.

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Pervomayskoye, Leningrad Oblast

Pervomayskoye (Первома́йское; Kivennapa) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus, northwest of St. Petersburg.

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Phytochorion

A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species.

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Picea abies

Picea abies, the Norway spruce, is a species of spruce native to Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.

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Pleurozium schreberi

Pleurozium schreberi, the red-stemmed feathermoss or Schreber's big red stem moss, is a moss with a loose growth pattern.

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Pobeda, Leningrad Oblast

Pobeda (Побе́да; Kanneljärvi) is a rural locality on Karelian Isthmus, in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, served by the station Kanneljärvi of the Saint Petersburg–Vyborg railroad.

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Podzol

In soil science, Podzols (known as Spodosols in China and the United States of America and Podosols in Australia) are the typical soils of coniferous, or boreal forests.

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Polytrichum commune

Polytrichum commune (also known as common haircap, great golden maidenhair, great goldilocks, common haircap moss, or common hair moss) is a species of moss found in many regions with high humidity and rainfall.

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Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Population transfer in the Soviet Union refers to forced transfer of various groups from the 1930s up to the 1950s ordered by Joseph Stalin and may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories of population (often classified as "enemies of workers"), deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the ethnically cleansed territories.

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Populus tremula

Populus tremula, commonly called aspen, common aspen, Eurasian aspen, European aspen, or quaking aspen, is a species of poplar native to cool temperate regions of Europe and Asia, from Iceland and the British IslesJames Kilkelly east to Kamchatka, north to inside the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and northern Russia, and south to central Spain, Turkey, the Tian Shan, North Korea, and northern Japan.

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Port

A port is a maritime commercial facility which may comprise one or more wharves where ships may dock to load and discharge passengers and cargo.

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Pribylovo

Pribylovo (Прибылово) is the name of several rural localities in Russia.

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Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast

Primorsk (Примо́рск; Koivisto; Björkö) is a coastal town in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia and is the second largest Russian port on the Baltic, after St. Petersburg.

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Priozersk

Priozersk (Приозе́рск, known before 1948 in Finnish as Käkisalmi (Kexholm) is a town and the administrative center of Priozersky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the northwestern shore of Lake Ladoga, at the estuary of the northern armlet of the Vuoksi River on the Karelian Isthmus. It is served by a station of the same name on the St. Petersburg—Khiytola railway. Population.

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Priozersky District

Priozersky District (Приозе́рский райо́н) is an administrativeOblast Law #32-oz and municipalLaw #50-oz district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Pteridium aquilinum

Pteridium aquilinum (bracken, brake or common bracken), also known as eagle fern, and Eastern brakenfern, is a species of fern occurring in temperate and subtropical regions in both hemispheres.

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Pulp and paper industry

The pulp and paper industry comprises companies that use wood as raw material and produce pulp, paper, paperboard and other cellulose-based products.

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Quercus robur

Quercus robur, commonly known as common oak, pedunculate oak, European oak or English oak, is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae.

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Radioactive waste

Radioactive waste is waste that contains radioactive material.

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Raised bog

Raised bogs (Regenmoore or Hochmoore), also called ombrotrophic bogs (ombrotrophe Moore), are acidic, wet habitats that are poor in mineral salts and are home to flora and fauna that can cope with such extreme conditions.

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Rapids

Rapids are sections of a river where the river bed has a relatively steep gradient, causing an increase in water velocity and turbulence.

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Raspberry

The raspberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus Rubus of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus; the name also applies to these plants themselves.

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Red Army

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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Red fox

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the order Carnivora, being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to North Africa, North America and Eurasia.

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Red squirrel

The red squirrel or Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is a species of tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus common throughout Eurasia.

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Republic of Karelia

The Republic of Karelia (rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə kɐˈrʲelʲɪ(j)ə; Karjalan tazavalda; Karjalan tasavalta; Karjalan Tazovaldkund) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), located in the northwest of Russia.

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Riihimäki–Saint Petersburg railway

The Riihimäki–Saint Petersburg railway is a long segment of the Helsinki–Saint Petersburg connection, which is divided between Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast in Russia and the province of Southern Finland in Finland.

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Road of Life

The Road of Life (Доро́га жи́зни, doroga zhizni) was the ice road winter transport route across the frozen Lake Ladoga, which provided the only access to the besieged city of Leningrad while the perimeter in the siege was maintained by the German Army Group North and the Finnish Defence Forces.

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Roshchino, Leningrad Oblast

Roshchino (Ро́щино; Raivola), Raivola before 1948, is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, and a station on the Saint Petersburg-Vyborg railroad.

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Rubus chamaemorus

Rubus chamaemorus is a rhizomatous herb native to cool temperate, alpine, arctic tundra and boreal forest, producing amber-colored edible fruit similar to the raspberry or blackberry.

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Rubus saxatilis

Rubus saxatilis or stone bramble is a species of bramble widespread across Europe and Asia from Iceland and Spain east as far as China.

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Ruffe

The Eurasian ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua), also known as ruffe or pope, is a freshwater fish found in temperate regions of Europe and northern Asia.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russian Armed Forces

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (r) are the military service of the Russian Federation, established after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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Russian Census (2002)

The Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да) was the first census of the Russian Federation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Ru-Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика.ogg), also unofficially known as the Russian Federation, Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I or Russia (rɐˈsʲijə; from the Ρωσία Rōsía — Rus'), was an independent state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest, most populous, and most economically developed union republic of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 and then a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991.

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Russula

Around 750 worldwide species of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms compose the genus Russula.

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Rutilus

Rutilus is a genus of fish in the family Cyprinidae found in Eurasia.

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Rzhevka Airport

Rzhevka Airport (Аэропорт Ржевка) is an airport in Leningrad Oblast, Russia located 15 km east of Saint Petersburg.

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Saimaa

Saimaa is a lake in southeastern Finland.

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Saimaa Canal

The Saimaa Canal (Saimaan kanava; Saima kanal; Сайменский канал) is a transportation canal that connects lake Saimaa with the Gulf of Finland near Vyborg, Russia.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).

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Saint Petersburg–Hiitola railway

The Saint Petersburg–Hiitola railway is a long railway with broad gauge located in St. Petersburg, Leningrad Oblast (Karelian Isthmus) and Republic of Karelia, which links Finlyandsky Rail Terminal to Khiytola (Hiitola) through Devyatkino, Vaskelovo, Sosnovo, Priozersk and Kuznechnoye.

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Salix aurita

Salix aurita, the eared willow, is a species of willow distributed over much of Europe, and occasionally cultivated.

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Salix cinerea

Salix cinerea (grey willow; also occasionally large gray willow or grey sallow) is a species of willow native to Europe and western Asia.

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Salix myrsinifolia

Salix myrsinifolia, known as the dark-leaved willow or myrsine-leaved willow, is a species of willow native to Europe and Western Siberia.

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Salix phylicifolia

Salix phylicifolia, the tea-leaved willow, is a species of willow native to Northern Europe including Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, and Western Siberia.

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Salpausselkä

Salpausselkä (Bar Ridge) is an extensive ridge system left by the ice age in Southern Finland.

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Sand

Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.

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Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural and linguistic ties.

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Scandinavian and Russian taiga

The Scandinavian and Russian taiga is an ecoregion within the Taiga and Boreal forests Biome as defined by the WWF classification (ecoregion PA0608).

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Scots pine

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is a species of pine that is native to Eurasia, ranging from Western Europe to Eastern Siberia, south to the Caucasus Mountains and Anatolia, and north to well inside the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia.

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Sertolovo

Sertolovo (Се́ртолово; Sierattala) is a town in Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located north of St. Petersburg.

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Sestra River (Leningrad Oblast)

The Sestra (or Siestarjoki) is a river in Vsevolozhsky and Vyborgsky Districts of Leningrad Oblast and Kurortny District of Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Sestroretsk

Sestroretsk (Сестроре́цк; Siestarjoki; Systerbäck) is a municipal town in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, the Sestra River and the Sestroretskiy Lake northwest of St. Petersburg.

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Shelling of Mainila

The Shelling of Mainila (Mainilan laukaukset) was a military incident on November 26, 1939, where the Soviet Union's Red Army shelled the Russian village of Mainila (located near Beloostrov), declared that the fire originated from Finland across the nearby border and claimed to have had losses in personnel.

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Shipyard

A shipyard (also called a dockyard) is a place where ships are built and repaired.

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Shlisselburg

Shlisselburg (p; Schlüsselburg; Nöteborg) is a town in Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the head of the Neva River on Lake Ladoga, east of St. Petersburg.

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Siege of Leningrad

The Siege of Leningrad (also known as the Leningrad Blockade (Блокада Ленинграда, transliteration: Blokada Leningrada) and the 900-Day Siege) was a prolonged military blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany and the Finnish Army in the north, against Leningrad, historically and currently known as Saint Petersburg, in the Eastern Front theatre of World War II.

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Skiing

Skiing can be a means of transport, a recreational activity or a competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow.

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Sosnovo, Priozersky District, Leningrad Oblast

Sosnovo (Сосно́во; Rautu) is a rural locality (a logging depot settlement) in Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus, and an important railway station of the Saint Petersburg-Kuznechnoye railroad.

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Sovetsky, Leningrad Oblast

Sovetsky (Сове́тский; Johannes) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Sphagnum angustifolium

Sphagnum angustifolium, the fine bogmoss, is a species of peat moss with a Holarctic distribution.

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Sphagnum girgensohnii

Sphagnum girgensohnii, the Girgensohn's bogmoss, Girgensohn's sphagnum or common green peat moss, is a species of peat moss with a Holarctic and Indo-Malesian distribution.

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Sphagnum russowii

Sphagnum russowii, Russow's sphagnum or Russow's bogmoss, is a species of peat moss with a Holarctic distribution.

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Suillus luteus

Suillus luteus is a bolete fungus, and the type species of the genus Suillus.

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Suillus variegatus

Suillus variegatus, commonly called the velvet bolete or variegated bolete, is a species of edible mushroom in the genus Suillus.

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Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union was the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union and the only one with the power to pass constitutional amendments.

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Svetogorsk

Svetogorsk (Светого́рск; Enso) is an industrial town in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus, on the Vuoksa River.

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Sweden

Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.

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Swedish-speaking population of Finland

The Swedish-speaking population of Finland (whose members are often called Swedish-speaking Finns, Finland-Swedes, Finland Swedes, Finnish Swedes, or Swedes of Finland—see below; finlandssvenskar; suomenruotsalaiset; the term Swedo-Finnish—finlandssvensk; suomenruotsalainen—can be used as an attribute) is a linguistic minority in Finland.

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Taiga

Taiga (p; from Turkic), also known as boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces and larches.

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The Karelian Isthmus

The Karelian Isthmus is the title of the third release\first full-length studio LP album of Finnish metal band Amorphis, released in 1992.

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Tilia cordata

Tilia cordata (small-leaved lime, occasionally littleleaf linden or small-leaved linden) is a species of Tilia native to much of Europe.

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Tiversk

Tiversk or Tiurinlinna (Tiurinlinna, Тиверск or Тиверский городок) is a site of ancient Karelian settlement and a ruined fortification near Melnikovo (Räisälä in Finnish) in the Karelian Isthmus.

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Toksovo

Toksovo (То́ксово; Toksova) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located to the north of St. Petersburg on the Karelian Isthmus.

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Town

A town is a human settlement.

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Transport corridor

A transport corridor is a generally linear area that is defined by one or more modes of transportation like highways, railroads or public transit which share a common course.

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Treaty of Nöteborg

The Treaty of Nöteborg, also known as the Treaty of Oreshek (Freden i Nöteborg, Russian: Ореховецкий мир, Pähkinäsaaren rauha), is a conventional name for the peace treaty signed at Orekhovets (Nöteborg, Pähkinäsaari) on 12 August 1323.

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Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)

The Treaty of Tartu (italic, Tarton rauha) between Finland and Soviet Russia was signed on 14 October 1920 after negotiations that lasted four months.

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Tumulus

A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves.

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Tver Oblast

Tver Oblast (Тверска́я о́бласть, Tverskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Ulmus laevis

Ulmus laevis Pall.

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Uno Ullberg

Uno Verner Ullberg (1879 in Viipuri – 1944 in Helsinki) was a famous Finnish architect.

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Vaalimaa

Vaalimaa is a border crossing point between Finland and Russia.

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Vaccinium myrtillus

Vaccinium myrtillus is a species of shrub with edible fruit of blue color, commonly called "bilberry", "wimberry", "whortleberry", or European blueberry.

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Vaccinium uliginosum

Vaccinium uliginosum (bog bilberry, bog blueberry, northern bilberry or western blueberry) is a Eurasian and North American flowering plant in the genus Vaccinium within the heath family.

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Vaccinium vitis-idaea

Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry, partridgeberry, or cowberry) is a short evergreen shrub in the heath family that bears edible fruit, native to boreal forest and Arctic tundra throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Eurasia to North America.

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Vascular plant

Vascular plants (from Latin vasculum: duct), also known as tracheophytes (from the equivalent Greek term trachea) and also higher plants, form a large group of plants (c. 308,312 accepted known species) that are defined as those land plants that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant.

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Veshchevo

Veshchevo (Вещево; Heinjoki) is a rural locality on Karelian Isthmus, in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, and a station of the Vyborg–Zhitkovo railroad.

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Viipuri Province

The Viipuri Province (Viipurin lääni, commonly abbreviated Vpl, Viborgs län or Wiborgs län) was a province of Finland from 1812 to 1945.

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VKT-line

The VKT-line or Viipuri–Kuparsaari–Taipale line (VKT-linja, VKT-linjen) was a Finnish defensive line on Karelian Isthmus during the Continuation War, spanning from Viipuri (Vyborg) through Tali and Kuparsaari along the northern shore of Vuoksi River, Suvanto and Taipaleenjoki to Taipale on the western shore of Lake Ladoga, using natural benefits of the eastern part of the destroyed Mannerheim Line.

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Volchya River (Vuoksi tributary)

The Volchya River (Saijanjoki (Saejoki, Sadejoki, Suenjoki, Sudenjoki); Волчья) is a long tributary of Vuoksi River on Karelian Isthmus (Leningrad Oblast, Russia) west of the Saint Petersburg-Hiitola railroad (along the section between the stations Vaskelovo and Losevo) and flowing northwards from the Lembolovo Heights.

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Volga trade route

In the Middle Ages, the Volga trade route connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Caspian Sea, via the Volga River.

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Voronezh radar

Voronezh radars (РЛС Воронеж) are the current generation of Russian early-warning radar, providing long distance monitoring of airspace against ballistic missile attack and aircraft monitoring.

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Vsevolozhsk

Vsevolozhsk (p; Seuloskoi or Rääpyvä) is a town and the administrative center of Vsevolozhsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus east of St. Petersburg.

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Vsevolozhsky District

Vsevolozhsky District (Все́воложский райо́н) is an administrativeOblast Law #32-oz and municipalLaw #17-oz district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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VT-line

The VT-line or Vammelsuu–Taipale line (VT-linja; VT-linjen; Карельский вал) was a Finnish defensive line on the Karelian Isthmus built in 1942–1944 during the Continuation War and running from Vammelsuu on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland through Kuuterselkä and Kivennapa and along Taipaleenjoki to Taipale on the western shore of Lake Ladoga.

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Vuoksi River

The Vuoksi (Вуокса; Vuoksi; Vuoksen) is a river running through the northernmost part of the Karelian Isthmus from Lake Saimaa in southeastern Finland to Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia.

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Vyborg

Vyborg (p; Viipuri,; Viborg; Wiborg; Viiburi) is a town in, and the administrative center of, Vyborgsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Vyborg Bay

Vyborg Bay is a deep inlet running northeastward near the eastern end of Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea.

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Vyborg Castle

Vyborg Castle (Выборгский замок, Viipurin linna, Viborgs fästning) is a Swedish-built medieval fortress around which the town of Vyborg (today in Russia) evolved.

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Vyborg railway station

Vyborg (Вы́борг; Viipurin rautatieasema) is a railway station, located in the town of Vyborg in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Vyborg–Joensuu railroad

The old Karelian railroad (Karjalan rata) between Viipuri (Viborg) and Joensuu is a railway with broad gauge, which used to link Joensuu, Sortavala, Hiitola, Antrea (now Kamennogorsk) and Viipuri (Vyborg).

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Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive

The Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive or Karelian offensive was a strategic operation by the Soviet Leningrad and Karelian Fronts against Finland on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts of the Continuation War, on the Eastern Front of World War II.

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Vyborgsky District

Vyborgsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia.

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Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast

Vyborgsky District (Вы́боргский райо́н) is an administrativeOblast Law #32-oz and municipalLaw #17-oz district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Vysotsk

Vysotsk (Высо́цк; Uuras; Trångsund) is a coastal town and a seaport in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus, on the eastern shore of the Vyborg Bay, southwest of Vyborg and northwest of St. Petersburg.

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Water pollution

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities.

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Weichselian glaciation

"Weichselian glaciation" is the local name of the last glacial period and its associated glaciation in Northern Europe.

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Wild boar

The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine,Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; Hoffman, R. S. (1988), Volume I, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, pp.

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Winter War

The Winter War was a military conflict between the Soviet Union (USSR) and Finland.

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Woodworking

Woodworking is the activity or skill of making items from wood, and includes cabinet making (cabinetry and furniture), wood carving, joinery, carpentry, and woodturning.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Young Pioneer camp

Young Pioneer camp (Пионерский лагерь) was the name for the vacation or summer camp of Young Pioneers.

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Zelenogorsk

Zelenogorsk (Зеленогорск) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

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Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg

Zelenogorsk (Зеленого́рск; before 1948 Terijoki, a name still used in Finnish and Swedish), is a municipal town in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located in part of the Karelian Isthmus on the shore of the Gulf of Finland.

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Zhitkovo

Zhitkovo (Житко́во; Ristseppälä) is a settlement on Karelian Isthmus, in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast.

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Redirects here:

Carelian isthmus, Karelian Neck, Karelian isthmus, Karelian neck.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus

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