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337 relations: Aberdaron, Aberffraw, Aberffraw cantref, Abergwyngregyn, Aberystwyth, Alexander I of Scotland, Anarawd ap Rhodri, Angevin Empire, Angharad ferch Meurig, Angles, Anglesey, Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo-Saxons, Anwyl of Tywyn family, Archbishop of York, Ardudwy, Arllechwedd, Army, Arthur Wade-Evans, Arwystli, Avant-garde, Bangor Cathedral, Bangor, Gwynedd, Bard, Basingwerk Abbey, Bastard (law of England and Wales), Battle of Aberconwy, Battle of Anglesey Sound, Battle of Badon, Battle of Bryn Derwin, Battle of Chester, Battle of Crug Mawr, Battle of Lewes, Battle of Lincoln (1141), Battle of Mynydd Carn, Bede, Beli ap Rhun, Bera Mawr, Bernicia, Bishop of Bangor, Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, British Latin, Brut y Tywysogion, Burial, Cadell ap Rhodri, Cadet, Cadwaladr, Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan, Cadwallon ap Gruffydd, ..., Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion, Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Caernarfonshire, Cantiorix Inscription, Cantref, Cantref Arfon, Cantref Llŷn, Cardigan 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Aberdaron
Aberdaron is a community, electoral ward and former fishing village at the western tip of the Llŷn Peninsula (Penrhyn Llŷn) in the Welsh county of Gwynedd.
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Aberffraw
Aberffraw (Aberffro) is a small village and community on the south west coast of the Isle of Anglesey (Ynys Môn), in Wales, by the west bank of the Afon Ffraw (Ffraw River).
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Aberffraw cantref
Aberffraw was one of the three medieval cantrefs on the island of Anglesey, north Wales, in the Kingdom of Gwynedd.
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Abergwyngregyn
Abergwyngregyn is a village and community of historical note in Gwynedd, a county and principal area in Wales.
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Aberystwyth
Aberystwyth (Mouth of the Ystwyth) is a historic market town, administrative centre, and holiday resort within Ceredigion, West Wales, often colloquially known as Aber.
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Alexander I of Scotland
Alexander I (medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim; modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim; c. 1078 – 23 April 1124), posthumously nicknamed The Fierce, was the King of Scotland from 1107 to his death.
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Anarawd ap Rhodri
Anarawd ap Rhodri (died) was a King of Gwynedd and referenced as "King of the Britons" in the Annales Cambriae.
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Angevin Empire
The Angevin Empire (L'Empire Plantagenêt) is a collective exonym referring to the possessions of the Angevin kings of England, who also held lands in France, during the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Angharad ferch Meurig
Angharad ferch Meurig was a 9th-century Welsh noblewoman.
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Angles
The Angles (Angli) were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period.
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Anglesey
Anglesey (Ynys Môn) is an island situated on the north coast of Wales with an area of.
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Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain describes the process which changed the language and culture of most of what became England from Romano-British to Germanic.
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Anglo-Saxons
The Anglo-Saxons were a people who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century.
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Anwyl of Tywyn family
Anwyl of Tywyn (Anwyl pronounced) are a Welsh family who claim a patrilinear descent from Owain Gwynedd, King of Gwynedd from 1137 to 1170 and a scion of the royal House of Aberffraw.
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Archbishop of York
The Archbishop of York is a senior bishop in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
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Ardudwy
Ardudwy is an area of Gwynedd in north-west Wales, lying between Tremadog Bay and the Rhinogydd.
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Arllechwedd
The ancient Welsh cantref of Arllechwedd in north-west Wales was part of the kingdom of Gwynedd for much of its history until it was included in the new county of Caernarfonshire, together with Arfon and Llŷn under the terms of the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284.
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Army
An army (from Latin arma "arms, weapons" via Old French armée, "armed" (feminine)) or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on land.
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Arthur Wade-Evans
Arthur Wade Wade-Evans (born Arthur Wade Evans) (31 August 1875 – 4 January 1964) was a Welsh clergyman and historian.
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Arwystli
Arwystli was a cantref in mid Wales in mediaeval times, located in the headland of the River Severn.
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Avant-garde
The avant-garde (from French, "advance guard" or "vanguard", literally "fore-guard") are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.
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Bangor Cathedral
Bangor Cathedral (Eglwys Gadeiriol Bangor) is an ancient place of Anglican worship situated in Bangor, Gwynedd, north-west Wales.
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Bangor, Gwynedd
Bangor is a city in Gwynedd, northwest Wales.
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Bard
In medieval Gaelic and British culture, a bard was a professional story teller, verse-maker and music composer, employed by a patron (such as a monarch or noble), to commemorate one or more of the patron's ancestors and to praise the patron's own activities.
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Basingwerk Abbey
Basingwerk Abbey (Abaty Dinas Basing) is a Grade I listed ruined abbey near Holywell, Flintshire, Wales.
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Bastard (law of England and Wales)
A bastard (also historically called whoreson, although both of these terms have largely dropped from common usage) in the law of England and Wales is an illegitimate child, that is, one whose parents were not married at the time of his or her birth.
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Battle of Aberconwy
The Battle of Aberconwy or the Battle of the Conwy Estuary was fought in 1194 between the forces of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth and his uncle Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd for control of the Kingdom of Gwynedd.
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Battle of Anglesey Sound
The Battle of Anglesey Sound was fought in June or July 1098 on the Menai Strait ("Anglesey Sound"), separating the island of Anglesey from mainland Wales.
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Battle of Badon
The Battle of Badon (Latin: Bellum in monte Badonis or Mons Badonicus, Cad Mynydd Baddon, all literally meaning "Battle of Mount Badon" or "Battle of Badon Hill") was a battle thought to have occurred between Celtic Britons and Anglo-Saxons in the late 5th or early 6th century.
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Battle of Bryn Derwin
The Battle of Bryn Derwin was fought in Eifionydd in Gwynedd in June 1255, between Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and his brothers, Dafydd ap Gruffudd and Owain Goch ap Gruffydd Llywelyn had ruled over a truncated Kingdom of Gwynedd jointly with Owain since the death of the previous Prince of Wales, Dafydd ap Llywelyn, in 1246, but relations between the two men apparently deteriorated in the early 1250s.
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Battle of Chester
The Battle of Chester (Old Welsh: Guaith Caer Legion; Welsh: Brwydr Caer) was a major victory for the Anglo Saxons over the native Britons near the city of Chester, England in the early 7th century.
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Battle of Crug Mawr
The Battle of Crug Mawr ('Great Barrow'), sometimes referred to as the Battle of Cardigan, took place in September or October 1136, as part of a struggle for control of Ceredigion which had been captured by the Normans.
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Battle of Lewes
The Battle of Lewes was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War.
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Battle of Lincoln (1141)
The Battle of Lincoln, or the First Battle of Lincoln, occurred on 2 February 1141 between King Stephen of England and forces loyal to Empress Matilda.
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Battle of Mynydd Carn
The Battle of Mynydd Carn took place in 1081, as part of a dynastic struggle for control of the Welsh kingdoms of Gwynedd and Deheubarth.
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Bede
Bede (italic; 672/3 – 26 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable (Bēda Venerābilis), was an English Benedictine monk at the monastery of St.
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Beli ap Rhun
Beli ap Rhun (c. 517 – c. 599) was King of Gwynedd (reigned c. 586 – c. 599).
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Bera Mawr
Bera Mawr is a summit in the Carneddau mountains in north Wales, height 794 metres.
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Bernicia
Bernicia (Old English: Bernice, Bryneich, Beornice; Latin: Bernicia) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England.
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Bishop of Bangor
The Bishop of Bangor is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Bangor.
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Bleddyn ap Cynfyn
Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (Bledẏnt uab Kẏnỽẏn; 1073), sometimes spelled Blethyn, was an 11th-century Welsh king.
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British Latin
British Latin or British Vulgar Latin was the Vulgar Latin spoken in Great Britain in the Roman and sub-Roman periods.
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Brut y Tywysogion
Brut y Tywysogion (Chronicle of the Princes), also known as Brut y Tywysogyon, is one of the most important primary sources for Welsh history.
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Burial
Burial or interment is the ritual act of placing a dead person or animal, sometimes with objects, into the ground.
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Cadell ap Rhodri
Cadell ap Rhodri (854–909) was King of Seisyllwg, a minor kingdom in southwestern Wales, from about 872 until his death.
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Cadet
A cadet is a trainee.
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Cadwaladr
Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon (also spelled Cadwalader or Cadwallader in English) was king of Gwynedd in Wales from around 655 to 682.
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Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd
Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd (c. 1100 – 1172) was the third son of Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd, and brother of Owain Gwynedd.
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Cadwallon ap Cadfan
Cadwallon ap Cadfan (died 634A difference in the interpretation of Bede's dates has led to the question of whether Cadwallon was killed in 634 or the year earlier, 633. Cadwallon died in the year after the Battle of Hatfield Chase, which Bede reports as occurring in October 633; but if Bede's years are believed to have actually started in September, as some historians have argued, then Hatfield Chase would have occurred in 632, and therefore Cadwallon would have died in 633. Other historians have argued against this view of Bede's chronology, however, favoring the dates as he gives them.) was the King of Gwynedd from around 625 until his death in battle.
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Cadwallon ap Gruffydd
Cadwallon ap Gruffydd (c. 1097 – 1132) was the eldest son of Gruffudd ap Cynan, king of Gwynedd.
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Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion
Cadwallon ap Einion (c. 460-534; reigned from c. 500), usually known as Cadwallon Lawhir ('Long Hand') and also called Cadwallon I by some historians, was a king of Gwynedd.
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Cadwgan ap Bleddyn
Cadwgan ap Bleddyn (1051–1111) was a prince of the Kingdom of Powys (Teyrnas Powys) in eastern Wales.
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Caernarfonshire
Caernarfonshire (Sir Gaernarfon), historically spelled as Caernarvonshire or Carnarvonshire in English, is one of the thirteen historic counties, a vice-county and a former administrative county of Wales.
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Cantiorix Inscription
The Cantiorix Inscription is a stone grave marker of the early post-Roman era found near Ffestiniog in north Wales and now at the church at Penmachno.
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Cantref
A cantref (plural cantrefi) was a medieval Welsh land division, particularly important in the administration of Welsh law.
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Cantref Arfon
The mediaeval Welsh cantref of Arfon in north-west Wales was the core of the Kingdom of Gwynedd.
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Cantref Llŷn
The ancient Welsh cantref of Llŷn in north-west Wales was part of the kingdom of Gwynedd for much of its history until it was included in the new county of Caernarfonshire, together with Arfon and Arllechwedd under the terms of the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284.
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Cardigan Castle
Cardigan Castle (Castell Aberteifi) is a castle overlooking the River Teifi in Cardigan, Ceredigion, Wales.
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Carmarthenshire
Carmarthenshire (Sir Gaerfyrddin; or informally Sir Gâr) is a unitary authority in the southwest of Wales and is the largest of the thirteen historic counties of Wales.
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Castell y Bere
Castell y Bere is a Welsh castle near Llanfihangel-y-pennant in Gwynedd, Wales.
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Ceiniog
The ceiniog (denarius; penny; plural: ceiniogau) was the basic currency of the medieval Welsh kingdoms such as Gwynedd and Deheubarth.
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Ceiriog Valley
The Ceiriog Valley (Welsh: Dyffryn Ceiriog) is the valley of the River Ceiriog in north-east Wales.
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Celtic Britons
The Britons, also known as Celtic Britons or Ancient Britons, were Celtic people who inhabited Great Britain from the British Iron Age into the Middle Ages, at which point their culture and language diverged into the modern Welsh, Cornish and Bretons (among others).
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Celtic Christianity
Celtic Christianity or Insular Christianity refers broadly to certain features of Christianity that were common, or held to be common, across the Celtic-speaking world during the Early Middle Ages.
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Cemaes
Cemaes is a village on the north coast of Anglesey in Wales, sited on Cemaes Bay, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty which is partly owned by the National Trust.
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Cemais (Anglesey)
Cemais was one of the three medieval cantrefs on the island of Anglesey, north Wales, in the Kingdom of Gwynedd.
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Ceredig
Ceredig ap Cunedda (died 453), king of Ceredigion,, p. 396, 1853, Rev.
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Ceredigion
Ceredigion is a county in the Mid Wales area of Wales and previously was a minor kingdom.
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Chancel
In church architecture, the chancel is the space around the altar, including the choir and the sanctuary (sometimes called the presbytery), at the liturgical east end of a traditional Christian church building.
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Cheshire Plain
The Cheshire Plain is a relatively flat expanse of lowland almost entirely within the county of Cheshire in North West England.
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Chester
Chester (Caer) is a walled city in Cheshire, England, on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales.
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Cilmeri
Cilmeri is a village in Powys, mid-Wales two and a half miles west of Builth Wells on the A483 to Llandovery.
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Clackmannanshire
Clackmannanshire (Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Chlach Mhannainn) is a historic county and council area in Scotland, bordering the council areas of Stirling, Fife and Perth & Kinross.
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Coel Hen
Coel (Old Welsh: Coil) or Coel Hen ("Coel the Old") is a figure prominent in Welsh literature and legend since the Middle Ages.
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Colonization
Colonization (or colonisation) is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components.
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Common Brittonic
Common Brittonic was an ancient Celtic language spoken in Britain.
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Commote
A commote (Welsh cwmwd, sometimes spelt in older documents as cymwd, plural cymydau, less frequently cymydoedd),Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (University of Wales Dictionary), p. 643 was a secular division of land in Medieval Wales.
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Conquest of Wales by Edward I of England
The Conquest of Wales by Edward I, sometimes referred to as the Edwardian Conquest of Wales,Examples of historians using the term include Professor J.E. Lloyd, regarded as the founder of the modern academic study of Welsh history, in his History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, first published in 1911, and Professor R.R. Davies, the leading modern scholar of the period, in his works including The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415, published 2000.
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Consecration
Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service, usually religious.
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Conwy
Conwy ((south), (north); traditionally known in English as Conway) is a walled market town and community in Conwy County Borough on the north coast of Wales.
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Conwy County Borough
Conwy County Borough (Welsh: Bwrdeistref Sirol Conwy) is a unitary authority area in the north of Wales.
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Cornish people
The Cornish people or Cornish (Kernowyon) are an ethnic group native to, or associated with Cornwall: and a recognised national minority in the United Kingdom, which can trace its roots to the ancient Britons who inhabited southern and central Great Britain before the Roman conquest.
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Corwen
Corwen is a Town, community and electoral ward in the county of Denbighshire in Wales; it was previously part of the county of Merioneth.
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Council of Wales and the Marches
The Council of Wales and the Marches was a regional administrative body based in Ludlow Castle within the Kingdom of England between the 15th and 17th centuries, similar to the Council of the North.
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Cristin ferch Goronwy ab Owain
Christina verch Gronwy (Welsh "Cristin") was the daughter of Gronwy ap Owain ap Edwin, son of Owain ap Edwin.
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Cunedda
Cunedda ap Edern or Cunedda Wledig (5th century) was an important early Welsh leader, and the progenitor of the royal dynasty of Gwynedd.
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Cyfraith Hywel
Cyfraith Hywel (Laws of Hywel), also known as Welsh law (Leges Walliæ), was the system of law practised in medieval Wales before its final conquest by England.
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Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd
Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1174) was an illegitimate son of Owain Gwynedd, a Prince of the ancient Kingdom of Gwynedd, Wales.
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Cyngen ap Cadell
Cyngen ap Cadell (English: Cyngen son of Cadell) or also (Concenn), was King of Powys from 808 until his death in 855 during a pilgrimage to Rome.
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Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd
Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (– 1203) was Prince of Gwynedd from 1170 to 1195.
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Dafydd ap Gruffydd
Dafydd ap Gruffydd (or Dafydd ap Gruffudd, angl. David, son of Gruffydd) (11 July (?) 1238 – 3 October 1283) was Prince of Wales from 11 December 1282 until his execution on 3 October 1283 by King Edward I of England.
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Dafydd Goch
Dafydd Penmachno Goch or Dafydd ap Dafydd ap Gruffudd is said in some genealogical sources to be the illegitimate and only surviving son of Dafydd III the last free Welsh Prince of Wales (December 1282 – June 1283).
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David the Scot
David the Scot (died c. 1138) was a Welsh or Irish cleric who was Bishop of Bangor from 1120 to 1138.
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De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (Latin for "On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain", sometimes just "On the Ruin of Britain") is a work by the 6th-century AD British cleric St Gildas.
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De facto
In law and government, de facto (or;, "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised by official laws.
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De jure
In law and government, de jure (lit) describes practices that are legally recognised, whether or not the practices exist in reality.
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Deceangli
The Deceangli or Deceangi (Welsh: Tegeingl) were one of the Celtic tribes living in Britain, prior to the Roman invasion of the island.
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Deganwy
Deganwy (Middle Welsh Degannwy, Brythonic *Decantouion) is a small town (and electoral ward) in Conwy County Borough in Wales with a population of 3,936 (2011).
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Deganwy Castle
Deganwy Castle (Arx Deganhui;s:la:Annales Cambriae (B Text), 13th century Caer Ddegannwy; Modern Castell Degannwy) was an early stronghold of Gwynedd and lies in Deganwy at the mouth of the River Conwy in Conwy, north Wales.
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Deheubarth
Deheubarth (lit. "Right-hand Part", thus "the South") was a regional name for the realms of south Wales, particularly as opposed to Gwynedd (Latin: Venedotia).
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Deira
Deira (Old English: Derenrice or Dere) was a Celtic kingdom – first recorded (but much older) by the Anglo-Saxons in 559 AD and lasted til 664 AD, in Northern England that was first recorded when Anglian warriors invaded the Derwent Valley in the third quarter of the fifth century.
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Denbighshire
Denbighshire (Sir Ddinbych) is a county in north-east Wales, named after the historic county of Denbighshire, but with substantially different borders.
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Denbighshire (historic)
Historic Denbighshire (Sir Ddinbych) is one of thirteen traditional counties in Wales, a vice-county and a former administrative county, which covers an area in north east Wales.
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Deposition (politics)
Deposition by political means concerns the removal of a politician or monarch.
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Depression (mood)
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, tendencies, feelings, and sense of well-being.
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Descriptio Cambriae
The Descriptio Cambriae or Descriptio Kambriae (Description of Wales) is a geographical and ethnographic treatise on Wales and its people dating from 1193 or 1194.
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Diminution
In Western music and music theory, diminution (from Medieval Latin diminutio, alteration of Latin deminutio, decrease) has four distinct meanings.
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District of Arfon
Arfon was one of five districts of Gwynedd, Wales, from 1974 to 1996.
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Dogfeiling
Dogfeiling was a minor sub-kingdom and later a commote in north Wales.
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Dolbadarn Castle
Dolbadarn Castle is a fortification built by the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great during the early 13th century, at the base of the Llanberis Pass, in North Wales.
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Dolwyddelan
Dolwyddelan is a village and community in Conwy county borough, north Wales, on the main A470 road between Blaenau Ffestiniog and Betws-y-Coed.
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Dowry
A dowry is a transfer of parental property, gifts or money at the marriage of a daughter.
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Dublin
Dublin is the capital of and largest city in Ireland.
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Dumnonia
Dumnonia is the Latinised name for the Brythonic kingdom in Sub-Roman Britain between the late 4th and late 8th centuries, in what is now the more westerly parts of South West England.
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Dunoding
Dunoding was an early sub-kingdom within the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north-west Wales that existed between the 5th and 10th centuries.
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Dyffryn Clwyd
Dyffryn Clwyd was a cantref of Medieval Wales and from 1282 a marcher lordship.
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Ecclesiastical History of the English People
The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum), written by the Venerable Bede in about AD 731, is a history of the Christian Churches in England, and of England generally; its main focus is on the conflict between the pre-Schism Roman Rite and Celtic Christianity.
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Edling
Edling (etifedd) was a title given to the agreed successor or heir apparent of a reigning Welsh monarch.
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Edmund I
Edmund I (Ēadmund, pronounced; 921 – 26 May 946) was King of the English from 939 until his death.
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Edward I of England
Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots (Malleus Scotorum), was King of England from 1272 to 1307.
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Edward II of England
Edward II (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also called Edward of Carnarvon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327.
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Edwin of Tegeingl
Edwin of Tegeingl (born about 1020 and died 1073) was a prince or lord of the cantref of Tegeingl in north-east Wales.
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Eifionydd
Eifionydd is an area in north-west Wales covering the south-eastern part of the Llŷn Peninsula from Porthmadog to just east of Pwllheli.
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Einion Yrth ap Cunedda
Einion ap Cunedda (-500;; –500), also known as Einion Yrth (Welsh for "the Impetuous"), was a king of Gwynedd.
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Eisteddfod
In Welsh culture, an eisteddfod (plural eisteddfodau) is a Welsh festival of literature, music and performance.
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Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales
Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon (1252 – 19 June 1282) was an English noble.
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Ellesmere, Shropshire
Ellesmere is a market town near Oswestry in north Shropshire, England, notable for its proximity to a number of prominent lakes known as the Meres.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures.
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Episcopal see
The seat or cathedra of the Bishop of Rome in the Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano An episcopal see is, in the usual meaning of the phrase, the area of a bishop's ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
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Excommunication
Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular receiving of the sacraments.
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Fealty
An oath of fealty, from the Latin fidelitas (faithfulness), is a pledge of allegiance of one person to another.
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Firmament
In Biblical cosmology, the firmament is the structure above the atmosphere of Earth, conceived as a vast solid dome.
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Flintshire
Flintshire (Sir y Fflint) is a principal area of Wales, known as a county.
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Flintshire (historic)
Flintshire (Sir y Fflint), also known as the County of Flint, is one of Wales' thirteen historic counties, and a former administrative county (and a vice-county).
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Gangani
The Gangani (Γαγγανοι) were a people of ancient Ireland who are referred to in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geography as living in the south-west of the island, probably near the mouth of the River Shannon, between the Auteini to the north and the Uellabori to the south.
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Geography (Ptolemy)
The Geography (Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις, Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, "Geographical Guidance"), also known by its Latin names as the Geographia and the Cosmographia, is a gazetteer, an atlas, and a treatise on cartography, compiling the geographical knowledge of the 2nd-century Roman Empire.
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Gerald of Wales
Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis; Gerallt Gymro; Gerald de Barri) was a Cambro-Norman archdeacon of Brecon and historian.
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Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford
Gilbert FitzRichard de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford (–1152), was Lord of Clare and created 1st Earl of Hertford by Stephen, King of England.
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Gildas
Gildas (Breton: Gweltaz; c. 500 – c. 570) — also known as Gildas the Wise or Gildas Sapiens — was a 6th-century British monk best known for his scathing religious polemic De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, which recounts the history of the Britons before and during the coming of the Saxons.
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Gododdin
The Gododdin were a P-Celtic-speaking Brittonic people of north-eastern Britannia, the area known as the Hen Ogledd or Old North (modern south-east Scotland and north-east England), in the sub-Roman period.
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Great Britain
Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe.
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Gruffudd ap Cynan
Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055 – 1137), sometimes written as Gruffydd ap Cynan, was King of Gwynedd from 1081 until his death in 1137.
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Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (died 5 August 1063) was the King of Wales from 1055 to 1063.
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Guernsey
Guernsey is an island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.
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Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.
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Gwawl
In Welsh mythology, Gwawl (Gwawl fab Clud) was the son of Clud, and tricks Pwyll into promising him Rhiannon.
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Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd
Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd (Gwenllian, daughter of Gruffydd, 1100 – 1136) was Princess consort of Deheubarth in Wales, and married to Gruffydd ap Rhys, Prince of Deheubarth.
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Gwenllian of Wales
Gwenllian of Wales or Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn (June 1282 – 7 June 1337) was the only child of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last native Prince of Wales.
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Gwenwynwyn ap Owain
Gwenwynwyn ab Owain Cyfeiliog (died c. 1216) was the last major ruler of mid Wales before the completion of the Norman English invasion.
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Gwgon
Gwgon ap Meurig (died) was a 9th-century king of Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi (i.e., Seisyllwg) in southwest Wales.
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Gwydir Castle
Gwydir Castle is situated in the Conwy valley, Wales, a mile to the west of the ancient market town of Llanrwst and to the south of the large village of Trefriw.
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Gwynedd
Gwynedd is a county in Wales, sharing borders with Powys, Conwy, Anglesey over the Menai Strait, and Ceredigion over the River Dyfi.
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Gwynedd Council
Gwynedd Council (Cyngor Gwynedd) is the governing body for the principal area of Gwynedd, one of the subdivisions of Wales within the United Kingdom.
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Gwynedd Is Conwy
Gwynedd Is Conwy (Welsh, meaning Gwynedd Below the Conwy) was the portion of the former Kingdom of Gwynedd lying between the River Conwy and River Dee.
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Gwynedd Uwch Conwy
Gwynedd Uwch Conwy (Welsh, meaning Gwynedd Above the Conwy) was the portion of the former Kingdom of Gwynedd lying to the west of the River Conwy in north Wales, including the island of Anglesey.
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Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall (Vallum Aelium), also called the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or Vallum Hadriani in Latin, was a defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia, begun in AD 122 in the reign of the emperor Hadrian.
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Harold Godwinson
Harold Godwinson (– 14 October 1066), often called Harold II, was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England.
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Harrying of the North
The Harrying of the North was a series of campaigns waged by William the Conqueror in the winter of 1069–70 to subjugate northern England.
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Hen Ogledd
Yr Hen Ogledd, in English the Old North, is the region of Northern England and the southern Scottish Lowlands inhabited by the Celtic Britons of sub-Roman Britain in the Early Middle Ages.
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Henry FitzRoy (d. 1158)
Henry FitzRoy (born c. 1100-1104, died 1158) was an illegitimate son of Henry I of England by Nest, daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, last king of Deheubarth (d. 1093), and his wife, Gwladys ferch Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn.
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Henry I of England
Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death.
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Henry II of England
Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England and Lord of Ireland; at various times, he also partially controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany.
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Henry III of England
Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death.
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Hervey le Breton
Hervey le Breton (also known as Hervé le Breton; died 30 August 1131) was a Breton cleric who became Bishop of Bangor in Wales and later Bishop of Ely in England.
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Historic counties of Wales
The historic counties of Wales are sub-divisions of Wales.
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Homage (feudal)
Homage in the Middle Ages was the ceremony in which a feudal tenant or vassal pledged reverence and submission to his feudal lord, receiving in exchange the symbolic title to his new position (investiture).
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House of Aberffraw
The House of Aberffraw is a historiographical and genealogical term historians use to illustrate the clear line of succession from Rhodri the Great of Wales through his eldest son Anarawd.
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Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester
Hugh d'Avranches (– 27 July 1101), also known as (Hugues le Gros) or (Hugo Lupus), was the second Norman earl of Chester (2nd creation) and one of the great magnates of early Norman England.
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Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury
Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury (died 1098), was an Anglo-Norman aristocrat and member of the House of Bellême.
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Hundred (county division)
A hundred is an administrative division that is geographically part of a larger region.
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Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd
Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1170), Wales Prince of Gwynedd in 1170, was a Welsh poet and military leader.
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Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog
Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog (Rhodri the Bald and Grey) was King of Gwynedd (reigned 816–825).
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Hywel Dda
Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) or Hywel ap Cadell (c.880 – 950) was a King of Deheubarth who eventually came to rule most of Wales.
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Iago ab Idwal
Iago ab Idwal was a King of Gwynedd (r. 950 979) and possibly Powys.
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Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig
Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig (died 1039) was a Prince of Gwynedd.
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Iago ap Beli
Iago ap Beli (c. 540 – c. 616) was King of Gwynedd (reigned c. 599 – c. 616).
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Idwal Foel
Idwal Foel (Idwal the Bald; died c. 942) or Idwal ab Anarawd (Idwal son of Anarawd) was a 10th-century King of Gwynedd in Wales.
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Ieuaf
Idwal ab Idwal (Idwal son of Idwal, died 988), usually known as Ieuaf (Junior) to distinguish him from his father Idwal Foel, was joint king of Gwynedd in northern Wales from 950 to 969.
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Iorwerth Drwyndwn
Iorwerth ab Owain Gwynedd (or Iorwerth Drwyndwn meaning "the flat-nosed"), also called Edward (c. 1130–1174), was the eldest legitimate son of Owain Gwynedd (the king of Gwynedd) and his first wife Gwladys (Gladys) ferch Llywarch.
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Irish Sea
The Irish Sea (Muir Éireann / An Mhuir Mheann, Y Keayn Yernagh, Erse Sea, Muir Èireann, Ulster-Scots: Airish Sea, Môr Iwerddon) separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain; linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the Straits of Moyle.
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Isle of Man
The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin), also known simply as Mann (Mannin), is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland.
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John Davies (historian)
John Davies (25 April 1938 – 16 February 2015) was a Welsh historian, and a television and radio broadcaster.
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John Edward Lloyd
Sir John Edward Lloyd (who wrote as J. E. Lloyd) (5 May 1861 – 20 June 1947), was a Welsh historian, the author of the first serious history of the country's formative years, A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, 2 vols.
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John Peckham
John Peckham (c. 1230 – 8 December 1292) was Archbishop of Canterbury in the years 1279–1292.
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John, King of England
John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216.
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King of the Britons
The title King of the Britons (Latin Rex Britannorum) was used (often retrospectively) to refer to the most powerful ruler among the Celtic Britons, both before and after the period of Roman Britain up until the Norman conquest of England.
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Kingdom of Ceredigion
The Kingdom of Ceredigion was one of several Welsh kingdoms that emerged in 5th-century post-Roman Britain.
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Kingdom of Northumbria
The Kingdom of Northumbria (Norþanhymbra rīce) was a medieval Anglian kingdom in what is now northern England and south-east Scotland.
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Kingdom of Powys
The Kingdom of Powys was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain.
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Kingdom of Strathclyde
Strathclyde (lit. "Strath of the River Clyde"), originally Ystrad Clud or Alclud (and Strath-Clota in Anglo-Saxon), was one of the early medieval kingdoms of the Britons in Hen Ogledd ("the Old North"), the Brythonic-speaking parts of what is now southern Scotland and northern England.
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Lampeter
Lampeter (Llanbedr Pont Steffan or, more informally, Llambed) is a town in Ceredigion, South West Wales, lying at the confluence of the River Teifi and the Afon Dulas.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Leinster
Leinster (— Laighin / Cúige Laighean — /) is one of the Provinces of Ireland situated in the east of Ireland.
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List of Byzantine emperors
This is a list of the Byzantine emperors from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD, which marks the conventional start of the Byzantine Empire (or the Eastern Roman Empire), to its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD.
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List of legendary kings of Britain
The following list of legendary kings of Britain derives predominantly from Geoffrey of Monmouth's circa 1136 work Historia Regum Britanniae ("the History of the Kings of Britain").
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List of rulers of Gwynedd
This is a list of the rulers of Gwynedd.
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List of Scottish monarchs
The monarch of Scotland was the head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland.
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Llanbadarn Fawr, Ceredigion
Llanbadarn Fawr is an urbanised village and community in Ceredigion, Wales.
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Llandyfrydog
Llandyfrydog is a village in Anglesey, in north-west Wales.
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Llanfaes
Llanfaes (formerly also known as Llanmaes) is a small village on the island of Anglesey, Wales, located on the shore of the eastern entrance to the Menai Strait, the tidal waterway separating Anglesey from the north Wales coast.
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Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf
Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf is a parish and community in Anglesey, Wales including the small seaside town of Benllech.
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Llanfihangel y Creuddyn
Llanfihangel-y-Creuddyn, (is an ancient parish in the upper division of the hundred of Ilar, Ceredigion, West Wales, 7 miles south east from Aberystwyth, on the road to Rhayader, comprising the chapelry of Eglwys Newydd, or Llanfihangel y Creuddyn Uchaf, and the township of Llanfihangel y Creuddyn Isaf. It was also known as Lower Llanfihangel y Creuddyn, Lower Llanfihangel y Croyddin and Lower Llanfihangel y Croyddyn. This parish is situated on the rivers Ystwyth, Mynach and Rheidol and intersected by various other streams. An ancient parish was a village or group of villages or hamlets and the adjacent lands. Originally they held ecclesiastical functions, but from the sixteenth century onwards they also acquired civil roles. The parish may have been established as an ecclesiastical parish. Originally a medieval administrative unit, after 1597 ecclesiastical units acquired civil functions with the Elizabethan Poor Laws, which made the parishes responsible for welfare. The civil function was exercised through vestry meetings which administered the Poor Law and were responsible for local roads and bridges.Ceredigion, A Wealth of History.
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Llanfihangel-y-Pennant
Llanfihangel-y-Pennant is a small village and wider community (which includes Abergynolwyn) in the Meirionnydd area of Gwynedd in Wales.
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Llangollen
Llangollen is a small town and community in Denbighshire, north-east Wales, situated on the River Dee and on the edge of the Berwyn mountains.
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Llanmaes
Llanmaes (Llanfaes) is a community and small village in the Vale of Glamorgan near the market town of Llantwit Major.
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Llŷn Peninsula
The Llŷn Peninsula (Penrhyn Llŷn or italic) extends into the Irish Sea from north west Wales, south west of the Isle of Anglesey.
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Llys Rhosyr
Llys Rhosyr is an archaeological site near Newborough in Anglesey; the ruins of a pre-Edwardian commotal court.
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Llywarch Hen
Llywarch Hen, meaning 'Llywarch the Old' (born c. 534, died c. 608), was a prince and poet of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a ruling family in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North" of Britain (modern southern Scotland and northern England).
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Llywelyn ap Dafydd
Llywelyn ap Dafydd (c.1267–1287), potential claimant to the title Prince of Gwynedd, was the eldest son of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, the last free ruler of Gwynedd, and his wife Elizabeth Ferrers.
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Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (c. 1223 – 11 December 1282), sometimes written as Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, also known as Llywelyn the Last (lit), was Prince of Wales (Princeps Wallie; Tywysog Cymru) from 1258 until his death at Cilmeri in 1282.
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Llywelyn the Great
Llywelyn the Great (Llywelyn Fawr), full name Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, (c. 117311 April 1240) was a Prince of Gwynedd in north Wales and eventually de facto ruler over most of Wales.
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Local Government (Wales) Act 1994
The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 (c. 19) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which created the current local government structure in Wales of 22 unitary authority areas, referred to as principal areas in the Act, and abolished the previous two-tier structure of counties and districts.
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Local Government Act 1972
The Local Government Act 1972 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom that reformed local government in England and Wales on 1 April 1974.
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Local government in Wales
Since 1 April 1996, Wales has been divided into 22 single-tier principal areas for local government purposes.
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Lothian
Lothian (Lowden; Lodainn) is a region of the Scottish Lowlands, lying between the southern shore of the Firth of Forth and the Lammermuir Hills.
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Louis VII of France
Louis VII (called the Younger or the Young; Louis le Jeune; 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of the Franks from 1137 until his death.
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Ludlow
Ludlow is a market town in Shropshire, England, south of Shrewsbury and north of Hereford via the main A49 road, which bypasses the town.
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Madog ap Llywelyn
Madog ap Llywelyn (died after 1312) was the leader of the Welsh revolt of 1294–95 against English rule.
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Maelgwn Gwynedd
Maelgwn Gwynedd (Maglocunus; died c. 547Based on Phillimore's (1888) reconstruction of the dating of the Annales Cambriae (A Text).) was king of Gwynedd during the early 6th century.
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Magnus Barefoot
Magnus Olafsson (Old Norse: Magnús Óláfsson, Norwegian: Magnus Olavsson; 1073 – 24 August 1103), better known as Magnus Barefoot (Old Norse: Magnús berfœttr, Norwegian: Magnus Berrføtt), was King of Norway (as Magnus III) from 1093 until his death in 1103.
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Manaw Gododdin
Manaw Gododdin was the narrow coastal region on the south side of the Firth of Forth, part of the Brythonic-speaking Kingdom of Gododdin in the post-Roman Era.
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Maredudd ap Bleddyn
Maredudd ap Bleddyn (1047 – 9 February 1132) was a prince and later King of Powys in eastern Wales.
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Marsh
A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species.
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Mathrafal
Mathrafal near Welshpool, in Powys, Mid Wales, was the seat of the Kings and Princes of Powys probably from the 9th century until its destruction in 1212 by Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great) of Gwynedd.
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Medieval Latin
Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange, as the liturgical language of Chalcedonian Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church, and as a language of science, literature, law, and administration.
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Meirionnydd
Meirionnydd is a coastal and mountainous region of Wales.
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Menai Strait
The Menai Strait (Afon Menai, the "River Menai") is a narrow stretch of shallow tidal water about long, which separates the island of Anglesey from the mainland of Wales.
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Merfyn Frych
Merfyn Frych ('Merfyn the Freckled'; Old Welsh Mermin), also known as Merfyn ap Gwriad ('Merfyn son of Gwriad') and Merfyn Camwri ('Merfyn the Oppressor'), was King of Gwynedd from around 825 to 844, the first of its kings known not to have descended from the male line of Cunedda.
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Merionethshire
Merionethshire or Merioneth (Meirionnydd or Sir Feirionnydd) is one of thirteen historic counties of Wales, a vice county and a former administrative county.
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Middle Welsh
Middle Welsh (Cymraeg Canol) is the label attached to the Welsh language of the 12th to 15th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period.
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Military occupation
Military occupation is effective provisional control by a certain ruling power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the violation of the actual sovereign.
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Mold, Flintshire
Mold (Yr Wyddgrug) is a town in Flintshire, Wales, on the River Alyn.
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Monarch
A monarch is a sovereign head of state in a monarchy.
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Nanheudwy
Nanheudwy was a medieval commote of Wales considered part of the ancient Kingdom of Powys in the cantref of Swydd y Waun.
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Nennius
Nennius — or Nemnius or Nemnivus — was a Welsh monk of the 9th century.
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Nest ferch Cadell
Nest ferch Cadell was the daughter of Cadell ap Brochfael, an 8th-century King of Powys, the wife of Merfyn Frych, King of Gwynedd, and mother of Rhodri the Great, King of both Powys and Gwynedd.
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Newborough, Anglesey
Newborough (Niwbwrch) is a village in the south-western corner of the Isle of Anglesey in Wales; it is in the community (and former electoral ward) of Rhosyr, which has a population of 2,169, increasing to 2,226 at the 2011 census.
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Norman architecture
The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries.
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Norman conquest of England
The Norman conquest of England (in Britain, often called the Norman Conquest or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, Flemish and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.
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Norman invasion of Wales
The Norman invasion of Wales began shortly after the Norman conquest of England under William the Conqueror, who believed England to be his birthright.
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Normandy
Normandy (Normandie,, Norman: Normaundie, from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is one of the 18 regions of France, roughly referring to the historical Duchy of Normandy.
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Normans
The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Normanni) were the people who, in the 10th and 11th centuries, gave their name to Normandy, a region in France.
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Norse–Gaels
The Norse–Gaels (Gall-Goídil; Irish: Gall-Ghaeil; Gall-Ghàidheil, 'foreigner-Gaels') were a people of mixed Gaelic and Norse ancestry and culture.
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Northern England
Northern England, also known simply as the North, is the northern part of England, considered as a single cultural area.
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Norway
Norway (Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Norga), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a unitary sovereign state whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard.
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Old Irish
Old Irish (Goídelc; Sean-Ghaeilge; Seann Ghàidhlig; Shenn Yernish; sometimes called Old Gaelic) is the name given to the oldest form of the Goidelic languages for which extensive written texts are extant.
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Ordovices
The Ordovices were one of the Celtic tribes living in Great Britain before the Roman invasion.
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Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl
Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl or Owain Fradwr (Welsh: "the Traitor"; ? – 1105) was lord of the cantref of Tegeingl in north-east Wales at the end of the 11th century.
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Owain ap Cadwgan
Owain ap Cadwgan (died 1116) was a prince of Powys in eastern Wales.
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Owain ap Dafydd
Owain ap Dafydd (–), potential claimant to the title Prince of Gwynedd, was the younger son of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, the last free ruler of Gwynedd and the self-proclaimed Prince of Wales.
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Owain Cyfeiliog
Owain ap Gruffydd (c. 1130–1197) was a prince of the southern part of Powys and a poet.
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Owain Glyndŵr
Owain Glyndŵr (c. 1359 – c. 1415), or Owain Glyn Dŵr, was a Welsh ruler and the last native Welshman to hold the title Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru) but to many, viewed as an unofficial king.
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Owain Goch ap Gruffydd
Owain ap Gruffudd, (also known as Owain Goch (Owain the Red)), (died 1282), was brother to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and Dafydd ap Gruffudd and, for a brief period in the late 1240s and early 1250s, ruler of part of the Kingdom of Gwynedd (in modern-day north Wales).
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Owain Gwynedd
Owain ap Gruffudd (23 or 28 November 1170) was King of Gwynedd, North Wales, from 1137 until his death in 1170, succeeding his father Gruffudd ap Cynan.
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Owain Lawgoch
Owain Lawgoch (Owain of the Red Hand, Yvain de Galles), full name Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri (– July 1378), was a Welsh soldier who served in Spain, France, Alsace, and Switzerland.
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Padarn Beisrudd
Padarn Beisrudd ap Tegid literally translates as Paternus of the Scarlet Robe, son of Tegid.
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Parish
A parish is a church territorial entity constituting a division within a diocese.
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Patrilineality
Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through his or her father's lineage.
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Penda of Mercia
Penda (died 15 November 655)Manuscript A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives the year as 655.
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Penmachno
Tucked away in the upland valley of the River Machno, the scenic, sleepy village of Penmachno is 4 miles south of Betws-y-Coed in the county of Conwy, North Wales.
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Penmon
Penmon is a promontory, village and ecclesiastical parish on the south-east tip of the Isle of Anglesey in Wales, about east of the town of Beaumaris.
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Penrhos, Anglesey
Penrhos was a large estate on Holy Island, Anglesey, in north-west Wales.
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Penrhos, Herefordshire
Penrhos is an area or hamlet at the top of the hill east of Kington, Herefordshire near the Welsh border.
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Perfeddwlad
Perfeddwlad or Y Berfeddwlad (Welsh for 'Midlands') was the name during the 12th century for the territories in Wales lying between the River Conwy and the River Dee.
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Powys
Powys is a principal area, a county and one of the preserved counties of Wales.
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Powys Fadog
Powys Fadog (English: Lower Powys or Madog's Powys) was the northern portion of the former princely realm of Powys, which split in two following the death of Madog ap Maredudd in 1160.
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Powys Wenwynwyn
Powys Wenwynwyn or Powys Cyfeiliog was a Welsh kingdom which existed during the high middle ages.
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Preserved counties of Wales
The preserved counties of Wales are the current areas used in Wales for the ceremonial purposes of lieutenancy and shrievalty.
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Primitive Irish
Primitive Irish or Archaic Irish (Gaeilge Ársa) is the oldest known form of the Goidelic languages.
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Prince
A prince is a male ruler or member of a monarch's or former monarch's family ranked below a king and above a duke.
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Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru) was a title granted to princes born in Wales from the 12th century onwards; the term replaced the use of the word king.
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Principality of Wales
The Principality of Wales (Tywysogaeth Cymru) existed between 1216 and 1536, encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales during its height between 1267 and 1277.
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Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; Claudius Ptolemaeus) was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology.
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Puffin Island (Anglesey)
Puffin Island (Ynys Seiriol) (at or) is an uninhabited island off the eastern tip of Anglesey, Wales.
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Pyrrhic victory
A Pyrrhic victory is a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat.
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Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester
Ranulf II (also known as Ranulf de Gernon) (1099–1153) was an Anglo-Norman potentate who inherited the honour of the palatine county of Chester upon the death of his father Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester.
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Rí
Rí, or commonly ríg (genitive), is an ancient Gaelic word meaning "king".
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Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson (died 14 February 1229) ruled as King of the Isles from 1187 to 1226.
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Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd
Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd (1147 – 1195) was prince of part of Gwynedd, one of the kingdoms of medieval Wales.
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Rhodri the Great
Rhodri ap Merfyn (820–878), later known as Rhodri the Great (Rhodri Mawr), succeeded his father, Merfyn Frych, as King of Gwynedd in 844.
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Rhos (North Wales)
Rhos means 'moor' or 'moorland' in Welsh.
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Rhuddlan
Rhuddlan (approximately "RHITH-lan") is a town, community and electoral ward in the county of Denbighshire within the historic boundaries of Flintshire, on the north coast of Wales.
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Rhufoniog
Rhufoniog was a small sub-kingdom of the Dark Ages Gwynedd, and later a cantref in medieval Wales.
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Rhun ab Owain Gwynedd
Rhun ab Owain Gwynedd was the eldest child of Owain Gwynedd (the king of Gwynedd between 1137-1170).
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Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn
Rhun ap Maelgwn Gwynedd (died c. 586), also known as Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn Gwynedd (Rhun the Tall, son of Maelgwn Gwynedd), his forename is sometimes spelt as 'Rhûn', was King of Gwynedd (reigned c. 547 – c. 586).
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Rhys ap Gruffydd
Rhys ap Gruffydd or ap Gruffudd (often anglicised to "Griffith") (1132 – 28 April 1197) was the ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth in south Wales from 1155 to 1197.
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Rhys Gryg
Rhys Gryg (English "Rhys the Hoarse") (died 1234), real name Rhys ap Rhys, also known as Rhys Fychan ("The Younger") was a Welsh prince who ruled part of the Kingdom of Deheubarth.
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Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester
Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (1094 – 25 November 1120) was the son of Hugh, 1st Earl of Chester and Ermentrude of Clermont.
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River Clwyd
The River Clwyd (Welsh: Afon Clwyd) is a river in Wales that rises in the Clocaenog Forest northwest of Corwen.
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River Conwy
The River Conwy (Afon Conwy) is a river in north Wales.
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River Dee, Wales
The River Dee (Afon Dyfrdwy, Deva Fluvius) is a river in the United Kingdom.
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River Dovey
The River Dyfi (Afon Dyfi in Welsh) is a river in Mid Wales.
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River Teifi
The River Teifi (Afon Teifi) in Wales forms the boundary for most of its length between the counties of Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire, and for the final of its total length of, the boundary between Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire.
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Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury
Robert de Bellême (– after 1130), seigneur de Bellême (or Belèsme), seigneur de Montgomery, viscount of the Hiémois, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury and Count of Ponthieu, was an Anglo-Norman nobleman, and one of the most prominent figures in the competition for the succession to England and Normandy between the sons of William the Conqueror.
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Robert of Rhuddlan
Robert of Rhuddlan (died 3 July 1093) was a Norman adventurer who became lord of much of north-east Wales and for a period lord of all North Wales.
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Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford
Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford, 5th Lord of Clare, 5th lord of Tonbridge, 5th Lord of Cardigan (1116–1173) was a powerful Norman noble in 12th-century England.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.
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Romano-British culture
Romano-British culture is the culture that arose in Britain under the Roman Empire following the Roman conquest in AD 43 and the creation of the province of Britannia.
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Rome
Rome (Roma; Roma) is the capital city of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale).
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Scotland
Scotland (Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain.
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Seisyllwg
Seisyllwg was a petty kingdom of medieval Wales.
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Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (– 4 August 1265), also called Simon de Munford and sometimes referred to as Simon V de Montfort to distinguish him from other Simons de Montfort, was a French-English nobleman who inherited the title and estates of the earldom of Leicester in England.
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Sir John Wynn, 1st Baronet
Sir John Wynn, 1st Baronet (1553 – 1 March 1627), was a Welsh baronet, Member of Parliament and antiquary.
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Skiff
The term skiff is used for a number of essentially unrelated styles of small boat.
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Snowdonia
Snowdonia (Eryri) is a mountainous region in northwestern Wales and a national park of in area.
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Social status
Social status is the relative respect, competence, and deference accorded to people, groups, and organizations in a society.
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Sovereign state
A sovereign state is, in international law, a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty over a geographic area.
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Statute of Rhuddlan
The Statute of Rhuddlan (Statud Rhuddlan), also known as the Statutes of Wales (Statuta Vallie) or as the Statute of Wales (Statutum Vallie or Statutum Valliae), provided the constitutional basis for the government of the Principality of North Wales from 1284 until 1536.
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Sub-Roman Britain
Sub-Roman Britain is the transition period between the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century around CE 235 (and the subsequent collapse and end of Roman Britain), until the start of the Early Medieval period.
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Suzerainty
Suzerainty (and) is a back-formation from the late 18th-century word suzerain, meaning upper-sovereign, derived from the French sus (meaning above) + -erain (from souverain, meaning sovereign).
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Túath
A túath (plural túatha) was a medieval Irish polity smaller than a kingdom.
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Tegeingl
Tegeingl, in English Englefield, was a cantref in north-east Wales during the medieval period.
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Thomas Becket
Thomas Becket (also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London, and later Thomas à Becket; (21 December c. 1119 (or 1120) – 29 December 1170) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was canonised by Pope Alexander III.
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Thomas of Bayeux
Thomas of Bayeux (died 1100) was Archbishop of York from 1070 until 1100.
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Timeline of conflict in Anglo-Saxon Britain
The Timeline of conflict in Anglo-Saxon Britain is concerned with the period of history from just before the departure of the Roman Army, in the 4th century, to just after the Norman Conquest in the 11th century.
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Towyn
Towyn (Tywyn), is a seaside resort in the County Borough of Conwy, Wales.
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Trahaearn ap Caradog
Trahaearn ap Caradog (1044 – 1081) was a King of Gwynedd.
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Treaty of Aberconwy
The Treaty of Aberconwy was signed in 1277 by King Edward I of England and Llewelyn the Last of modern-day Wales, who had fought each other on and off for years over control of the Welsh countryside.
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Treaty of Gwerneigron
Treaty of Gwerneigron was a peace treaty signed by Henry III, king of England and Dafydd ap Llywelyn, prince of Wales of the House of Gwynedd, on 29 August 1241.
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Treaty of Montgomery
The Treaty of Montgomery was an Anglo-Cambrian treaty signed on 29 September 1267 in Montgomeryshire by which Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was acknowledged as Prince of Wales by King Henry III of England (r. 1216–1272).
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Trefriw
Trefriw is a village and community in Conwy County Borough, Wales.
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Tropical cyclone
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain.
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Unbennaeth Prydain
Unbennaeth or UnbeinyaethWade-Evans, Arthur.
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Urien
Urien, often referred to as Urien Rheged or Uriens, was a late 6th-century king of Rheged, an early British kingdom of the Hen Ogledd (today's northern England and southern Scotland).
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Vassal
A vassal is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe.
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Vikings
Vikings (Old English: wicing—"pirate", Danish and vikinger; Swedish and vikingar; víkingar, from Old Norse) were Norse seafarers, mainly speaking the Old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of northern, central, eastern and western Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries.
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Wales
Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain.
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Welsh language
Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a member of the Brittonic branch of the Celtic languages.
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Welsh law
Welsh law is the primary and secondary legislation generated by the National Assembly for Wales, according to devolved authority granted in the Government of Wales Act 2006.
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Welsh Marches
The Welsh Marches (Y Mers) is an imprecisely defined area along and around the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom.
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Welsh mythology
Welsh mythology consists of both folk traditions developed in Wales, and traditions developed by the Celtic Britons elsewhere before the end of the first millennium.
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Welsh people
The Welsh (Cymry) are a nation and ethnic group native to, or otherwise associated with, Wales, Welsh culture, Welsh history, and the Welsh language.
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Wrexham
Wrexham (Wrecsam) is the largest town in the north of Wales and an administrative, commercial, retail and educational centre.
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York
York is a historic walled city at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England.
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Ystrad Meurig
Ystrad Meurig (or Ystradmeurig) is a village and community in Ceredigion, Wales.
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Redirects here:
Aberffraw Dynasty, Gwined, House of Cunedda, Prince of Gwynedd, Principality of Gwynedd, Venedotia, Venedotian, Welsh warfare.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd
