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231 relations: Acetylcholine, Acid-sensing ion channel, Action potential, Adenosine triphosphate, Adenylyl cyclase, Adrenaline, Agomelatine, Agonist, Alcohol, Allosteric modulator, Allosteric regulation, Alpha helix, Alzheimer's disease, AMPA, AMPA receptor, Anesthetic, Aniracetam, Antagonist, Antidepressant, Antiemetic, Antimigraine drug, Antipsychotic, Anxiolytic, Apimostinel, Baclofen, Bicuculline, Binding site, Brain, Calcium, Calcium in biology, Calcium-activated potassium channel, Calmodulin, CAMK, Catalysis, Cell membrane, Cell surface receptor, Central nervous system, CGP-7930, Channel blocker, Chemical synapse, Chloride, CHRNA1, CHRNA10, CHRNA2, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNA9, ..., CHRNB1, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4, CHRND, CHRNE, CHRNG, CNQX, Cocaine, CX-516, CX614, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channel, Cycloserine, Cyclothiazide, Cys-loop receptor, Cysteine, Cytoskeleton, Cytosol, Depolarization, Dextropropoxyphene, Diglyceride, Domoic acid, Dopamine, Effector (biology), Electrochemical gradient, Empathogen–entactogen, Endogeny (biology), Endoplasmic reticulum, Ethanol, European Bioinformatics Institute, Fendiline, Food and Drug Administration, G beta-gamma complex, G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel, G protein–coupled receptor, GABAA receptor, GABAB receptor, Gaboxadol, GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRA4, GABRA5, GABRA6, GABRB1, GABRB2, GABRB3, GABRD, GABRE, GABRG1, GABRG2, GABRG3, GABRP, GABRQ, GABRR1, GABRR2, GABRR3, Gamma-Aminobutyric acid, Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1, Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, Gating (electrophysiology), GLIC, GLRA2, GLRA3, GLRA4, GLRB, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Glycine receptor, Glycine receptor, alpha 1, GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIA3, GRIA4, GRID1, GRID2, GRIK1, GRIK2, GRIK3, GRIK4, GRIK5, GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C, GRIN2D, GRIN3A, GRIN3B, GRINL1A, GRINL1B, GYKI-52,466, Heroin, HTR3A, HTR3B, HTR3C, HTR3D, HTR3E, Hyperpolarization (biology), Inositol trisphosphate, Inositol trisphosphate receptor, Inotrope, Inward-rectifier potassium channel, Ion, Ion channel, Ionotropic glutamate receptor, Kainate receptor, Ketamine, Ketobemidone, Kynurenic acid, Ligand (biochemistry), Ligand-gated ion channel, Melancholic depression, Melatonergic, Memantine, Membrane potential, Muscimol, N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid, N-type calcium channel, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, NBQX, Nervous system, Neurotransmitter, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, NMDA receptor, Norepinephrine, Nucleotide, P-type calcium channel, P2RX1, P2RX2, P2RX3, P2RX4, P2RX5, P2RX6, P2RX7, P2X purinoreceptor, Perampanel, Peripheral nervous system, Phencyclidine, Phenibut, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Phospholipase C, Piracetam, Post-translational modification, Potassium, Potassium channel, Progabide, Protein crystallization, Protein kinase A, Protein kinase C, Q-type calcium channel, Quinolinic acid, Quisqualic acid, Receptor (biochemistry), Resting potential, Rho family of GTPases, Rho-associated protein kinase, RhoGEF domain, Ryanodine receptor, Saclofen, SCH-50911, Second messenger system, Serine, Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, Serotonergic, Serotonin, Small GTPase, Sodium, Synapse, Synaptic plasticity, Talampanel, Tissue (biology), Tramadol, Transmembrane domain, Transmembrane protein, Voltage-gated calcium channel, Zinc-activated ion channel, 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 5-Fluorowillardiine, 5-HT receptor, 5-HT3 receptor. Expand index (181 more) »
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals, including humans, as a neurotransmitter—a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells.
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Acid-sensing ion channel
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are neuronal voltage-insensitive sodium channels activated by extracellular protons permeable to Na+, however ASIC1 also shows low Ca2+ permeability.
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Action potential
In physiology, an action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific axon location rapidly rises and falls: this depolarisation then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarise.
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Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.
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Adenylyl cyclase
Adenylyl cyclase (also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylate cyclase, abbreviated AC) is an enzyme with key regulatory roles in essentially all cells.
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Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.
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Agomelatine
Agomelatine (brand names Valdoxan, Melitor, Thymanax) is an atypical antidepressant developed by the pharmaceutical company Servier.
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Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.
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Alcohol
In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon.
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Allosteric modulator
In biochemistry and pharmacology, an allosteric modulator (allo- from the Greek meaning "other") is a substance which indirectly influences (modulates) the effects of a primary ligand that directly activates or deactivates the function of a target protein.
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Allosteric regulation
In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site.
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Alpha helix
The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a righthand-spiral conformation (i.e. helix) in which every backbone N−H group donates a hydrogen bond to the backbone C.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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AMPA
AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) is a compound that is a specific agonist for the AMPA receptor, where it mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter glutamate.
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AMPA receptor
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Anesthetic
An anesthetic (or anaesthetic) is a drug to prevent pain during surgery, completely blocking any feeling as opposed to an analgesic.
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Aniracetam
Aniracetam (brand names Draganon, Sarpul, Ampamet, Memodrin, Referan), also known as N-anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone, is a racetam which is sold in Europe as a prescription drug.
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Antagonist
An antagonist is a character, group of characters, institution or concept that stands in or represents opposition against which the protagonist(s) must contend.
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Antidepressant
Antidepressants are drugs used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions, including dysthymia, anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, eating disorders, chronic pain, neuropathic pain and, in some cases, dysmenorrhoea, snoring, migraine, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addiction, dependence, and sleep disorders.
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Antiemetic
An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea.
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Antimigraine drug
An antimigraine drug is a medication intended to reduce the effects or intensity of migraine headache.
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Antipsychotic
Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Anxiolytic
An anxiolytic (also antipanic or antianxiety agent) is a medication or other intervention that inhibits anxiety.
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Apimostinel
Apimostinel (former developmental code name NRX-1074) is an antidepressant, acting as a selective partial agonist of an allosteric site of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor complex, which is under investigation by Naurex and Allergan for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).
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Baclofen
Baclofen, sold under the brand name Lioresal among others, is a medication used to treat spasticity.
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Bicuculline
Bicuculline is a phthalide-isoquinoline compound that is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors.
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Binding site
In biochemistry, a binding site is a region on a protein or piece of DNA or RNA to which ligands (specific molecules and/or ions) may form a chemical bond.
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Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
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Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
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Calcium in biology
Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a vital role in the physiology and biochemistry of organisms and the cell.
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Calcium-activated potassium channel
Calcium-activated potassium channels are potassium channels gated by calcium, or that are structurally or phylogenetically related to calcium gated channels.
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Calmodulin
Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
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CAMK
CAMK, also written as CaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes.
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Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.
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Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
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Cell surface receptor
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the membranes of cells.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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CGP-7930
CGP-7930 is a compound used in scientific research which acts as a positive allosteric modulator at the GABAB receptor.
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Channel blocker
A channel blocker is the biological mechanism in which a particular molecule is used to prevent the opening of ion channels in order to produce a physiological response in a cell.
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Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be exchanged to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.
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Chloride
The chloride ion is the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−.
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CHRNA1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-1, also known as nAChRα1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNA1 gene.
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CHRNA10
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10, also known as nAChRα10 and cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 10, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNA10 gene.
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CHRNA2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2, also known as nAChRα2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNA2 gene.
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CHRNA3
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3, also known as nAChRα3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNA3 gene.
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CHRNA4
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4, also known as nAChRα4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNA4 gene.
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CHRNA5
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5, also known as nAChRα5, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNA5 gene.
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CHRNA6
Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 6, also known as nAChRα6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNA6 gene.
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CHRNA7
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7, also known as nAChRα7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNA7 gene.
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CHRNA9
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9, also known as nAChRα9, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNA9 gene.
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CHRNB1
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNB1 gene.
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CHRNB2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNB2 gene.
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CHRNB3
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNB3 gene.
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CHRNB4
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNB4 gene.
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CHRND
Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRND gene.
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CHRNE
Acetylcholine receptor subunit epsilon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNE gene.
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CHRNG
Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNG gene.
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CNQX
CNQX or cyanquixaline (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) is a competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist.
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Cocaine
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug.
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CX-516
CX-516 is an ampakine and nootropic that acts as an AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator and is being developed by a collaboration of Cortex and Shire and Servier.
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CX614
CX-614 is an ampakine drug developed by Cortex Pharmaceuticals.
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes.
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Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channel
Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channels or CNG channels are ion channels that function in response to the binding of cyclic nucleotides.
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Cycloserine
Cycloserine, sold under the brand name Seromycin, is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis.
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Cyclothiazide
Cyclothiazide (Anhydron, Acquirel, Doburil, Fluidil, Renazide, Tensodiural, Valmiran) is a benzothiadiazide (thiazide) diuretic and antihypertensive that was originally introduced in the United States in 1963 by Eli Lilly and was subsequently also marketed in Europe and Japan.
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Cys-loop receptor
The Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily is composed of nicotinic acetylcholine, GABAA, GABAA-ρ, glycine, 5-HT3 receptors, and zinc-activated ion channel that are composed of five protein subunits that form a pentameric arrangement around a central pore.
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Cysteine
Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.
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Cytoskeleton
A cytoskeleton is present in all cells of all domains of life (archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes).
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Cytosol
The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells.
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Depolarization
In biology, depolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell.
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Dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category, patented in 1955 and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company.
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Diglyceride
A diglyceride, or diacylglycerol (DAG), is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages.
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Domoic acid
Domoic acid (DA) is a kainic acid analog neurotoxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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Effector (biology)
In biochemistry, an effector molecule is usually a small molecule that selectively binds to a protein and regulates its biological activity.
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Electrochemical gradient
An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.
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Empathogen–entactogen
Empathogens or entactogens are a class of psychoactive drugs that produce experiences of emotional communion, oneness, relatedness, emotional openness—that is, empathy or sympathy—as particularly observed and reported for experiences with 3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
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Endogeny (biology)
Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell.
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Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae.
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Ethanol
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.
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European Bioinformatics Institute
The European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) is a centre for research and services in bioinformatics, and is part of European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL).
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Fendiline
Fendiline is a calcium channel blocker.
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Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
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G beta-gamma complex
The G beta-gamma complex (Gβγ) is a tightly bound dimeric protein complex, composed of one Gβ and one Gγ subunit, and is a component of heterotrimeric G proteins.
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G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel
The G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs) are a family of inward-rectifier potassium ion channels which are activated (opened) via a signal transduction cascade starting with ligand-stimulated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
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G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.
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GABAA receptor
The GABAA receptor (GABAAR) is an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel.
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GABAB receptor
GABAB receptors (GABABR) are metabotropic transmembrane receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that are linked via G-proteins to potassium channels.
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Gaboxadol
Gaboxadol, also known as 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol (THIP), is a conformationally constrained derivative of the alkaloid muscimol that was first synthesized in 1977 by the Danish chemist Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen.
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GABRA2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the GABRA2 gene.
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GABRA3
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA3 gene.
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GABRA4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA4 gene.
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GABRA5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5, also known as GABRA5, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GABRA5 gene.
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GABRA6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA6 gene.
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GABRB1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRB1 gene.
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GABRB2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRB2 gene.
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GABRB3
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRB3 gene.
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GABRD
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRD gene.
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GABRE
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRE gene.
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GABRG1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRG1 gene.
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GABRG2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRG2 gene.
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GABRG3
GABAA receptor-γ3, also known as GABRG3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GABRG3 gene.
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GABRP
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRP gene.
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GABRQ
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta is a protein that in humans is encoded by theGABRQ gene.
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GABRR1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRR1 gene.
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GABRR2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRR2 gene.
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GABRR3
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRR3 gene.
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Gamma-Aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric acid, or γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system.
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Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA1 gene.
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Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug.
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Gating (electrophysiology)
In electrophysiology, the term gating refers to the opening (activation) or closing (by deactivation or inactivation) of ion channels.
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GLIC
The GLIC receptor is a bacterial (Gloeobacter) Ligand-gated Ion Channel, homolog to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
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GLRA2
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLRA2 gene.
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GLRA3
The Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLRA3 gene.
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GLRA4
The glycine receptor, alpha 4, also known as GLRA4, is a human pseudogene.
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GLRB
Glycine receptor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLRB gene.
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Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
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Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
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Glycine receptor
The glycine receptor (abbreviated as GlyR or GLR) is the receptor of the amino acid neurotransmitter glycine.
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Glycine receptor, alpha 1
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLRA1 gene.
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GRIA1
Glutamate receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIA1 gene.
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GRIA2
Glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 (ionotropic glutamate receptor 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIA2 (or GLUR2) gene.
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GRIA3
Glutamate receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIA3 gene.
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GRIA4
Glutamate receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIA4 gene.
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GRID1
Glutamate receptor delta-1 subunit also known as GluD1 or GluRδ1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRID1 gene.
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GRID2
Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 2, also known as GluD2, GluRδ2, or δ2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRID2 gene.
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GRIK1
Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1, also known as GRIK1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIK1 gene.
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GRIK2
Glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 2 (ionotropic glutamate receptor 6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIK2 (or GLUR6) gene.
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GRIK3
Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIK3 gene.
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GRIK4
GRIK4 (glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 4) is a kainate receptor subtype belonging to the family of ligand-gated ion channels which is encoded by the gene.
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GRIK5
Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIK5 gene.
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GRIN1
Glutamate receptor subunit zeta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN1 gene.
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GRIN2A
Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN2A gene.
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GRIN2B
Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-2, also known as N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NMDAR2B or NR2B), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN2B gene.
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GRIN2C
Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN2C gene.
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GRIN2D
Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN2D gene.
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GRIN3A
Glutamate receptor subunit 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN3A gene.
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GRIN3B
Glutamate receptor subunit 3B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN3B gene.
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GRINL1A
GRINL1A complex locus protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRINL1A gene.
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GRINL1B
Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate-like 1B, also known as GRINL1B, is a human gene.
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GYKI-52,466
GYKI-52466 is a 2,3-benzodiazepine that acts as an ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, which is a non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist (IC50 values are 10-20, ~ 450 and >> 50 μM for AMPA-, kainate- and NMDA-induced responses respectively), orally-active anticonvulsant, and skeletal muscle relaxant.
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Heroin
Heroin, also known as diamorphine among other names, is an opioid most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.
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HTR3A
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR3A gene.
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HTR3B
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3B, also known as HTR3B, is a human gene.
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HTR3C
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR3C gene.
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HTR3D
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR3D gene.
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HTR3E
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR3E gene.
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Hyperpolarization (biology)
Hyperpolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative.
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Inositol trisphosphate
Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (also commonly known as triphosphoinositol; abbreviated InsP3 or Ins3P or IP3), together with diacylglycerol (DAG), is a secondary messenger molecule used in signal transduction and lipid signaling in biological cells.
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Inositol trisphosphate receptor
Inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as a Ca2+ channel activated by inositol trisphosphate (InsP3).
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Inotrope
An inotrope is an agent that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions.
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Inward-rectifier potassium channel
Inward-rectifier potassium channels (Kir, IRK) are a specific subset of potassium channels.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.
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Ionotropic glutamate receptor
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate.
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Kainate receptor
Kainate receptors, or kainic acid receptors (KARs), are ionotropic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate.
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Ketamine
Ketamine, sold under the brand name Ketalar among others, is a medication mainly used for starting and maintaining anesthesia.
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Ketobemidone
Ketobemidone, sold under the brand name Ketogan among others, is a powerful opioid painkiller.
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Kynurenic acid
Kynurenic acid (KYNA or KYN) is a product of the normal metabolism of amino acid L-tryptophan.
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Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.
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Ligand-gated ion channel
Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.
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Melancholic depression
Melancholic depression, or depression with melancholic features, is a DSM-IV subtype of clinical depression requiring at least one of the following symptoms.
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Melatonergic
A melatonergic agent (or drug) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the melatonin system in the body or brain.
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Memantine
Memantine is used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors. It was first synthesized by Eli Lilly and Company in 1968 as a potential agent to treat diabetes; the NMDA activity was discovered in the 1980s.
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Membrane potential
The term "membrane potential" may refer to one of three kinds of membrane potential.
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Muscimol
Muscimol (also known as agarin or pantherine) is one of the principal psychoactive constituents of Amanita muscaria and related species of mushroom.
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N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid or N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor.
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N-type calcium channel
N-type calcium channels are voltage gated calcium channels that are distributed throughout the entire body.
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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health in the United Kingdom, which publishes guidelines in four areas.
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NBQX
NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzoquinoxaline) is an AMPA receptor antagonist.
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Nervous system
The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor proteins that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells.
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.
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Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
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P-type calcium channel
The P-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel.
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P2RX1
P2X purinoceptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX1 gene.
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P2RX2
P2X purinoceptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX2 gene.
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P2RX3
P2X purinoceptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX3 gene.
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P2RX4
P2X purinoceptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX4 gene.
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P2RX5
P2X purinoceptor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX5 gene.
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P2RX6
P2X purinoceptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX6 gene.
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P2RX7
P2X purinoceptor 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX7 gene.
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P2X purinoreceptor
The ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel family, or simply P2X receptor family, consists of cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP).
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Perampanel
Perampanel (sold under the trade name Fycompa) is an antiepileptic drug developed by Eisai Co. that is used in addition to other drugs to treat partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures for people older than 12 years.
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Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two components of the nervous system, the other part is the central nervous system (CNS).
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Phencyclidine
Phencyclidine (PCP), also known as angel dust among other names, is a drug used for its mind altering effects.
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Phenibut
Phenibut, sold under the brand names Anvifen, Fenibut, and Noofen among others, is a central nervous system depressant with anxiolytic and sedative effects which is used in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and for a variety of other indications.
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Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PtdIns(4,5)P2, also known simply as PIP2 or PI(4,5)P2, is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes.
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Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (also called phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases, PI 3-kinases, PI(3)Ks, PI-3Ks or by the HUGO official stem symbol for the gene family, PI3K(s)) are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking, which in turn are involved in cancer.
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Phospholipase C
Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure).
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Piracetam
Piracetam (sold under many brand names) is a medication in the racetams group, with chemical name 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide.
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Post-translational modification
Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis.
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Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.
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Potassium channel
Potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of ion channel and are found in virtually all living organisms.
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Progabide
Progabide (INN) (trade name Gabrene, Sanofi-Aventis) is an analogue and prodrug of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) used in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Protein crystallization
Protein crystallization is the process of formation of a protein crystal.
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Protein kinase A
In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKANot to be confused with pKa, the symbol for the acid dissociation constant.) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
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Protein kinase C
Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family.
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Q-type calcium channel
The Q-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel.
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Quinolinic acid
Quinolinic acid (abbreviated QUIN or QA), also known as pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid with a pyridine backbone.
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Quisqualic acid
Quisqualic acid is an agonist of the AMPA, kainate, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors.
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Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.
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Rho family of GTPases
The Rho family of GTPases is a family of small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins, and is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily.
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Rho-associated protein kinase
Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) is a kinase belonging to the AGC (PKA/ PKG/PKC) family of serine-threonine kinases.
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RhoGEF domain
RhoGEF domain is a structural domain of guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho/Rac/Cdc42-like GTPases.
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Ryanodine receptor
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) form a class of intracellular calcium channels in various forms of excitable animal tissue like muscles and neurons.
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Saclofen
Saclofen is a competitive antagonist for the GABAB receptor.
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SCH-50911
SCH-50911 is a selective GABAB antagonist.
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Second messenger system
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers.
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Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
A serine/threonine protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that phosphorylates the OH group of serine or threonine (which have similar sidechains).
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Serotonergic
Serotonergic or serotoninergic means "pertaining to or affecting serotonin".
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Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.
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Small GTPase
Small GTPases, also known as small G-proteins, are a family of hydrolase enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
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Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
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Synapse
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target efferent cell.
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Synaptic plasticity
In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.
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Talampanel
Talampanel (INN) (code names GYKI 537773, LY300164) is a drug which has been investigated for the treatment of epilepsy, malignant gliomas and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.
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Tramadol
Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others, is an opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain.
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Transmembrane domain
Transmembrane domain usually denotes a transmembrane segment of single alpha helix of a transmembrane protein.
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Transmembrane protein
A transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the biological membrane to which it is permanently attached.
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Voltage-gated calcium channel
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), also known as voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the membrane of excitable cells (e.g., muscle, glial cells, neurons, etc.) with a permeability to the calcium ion Ca2+.
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Zinc-activated ion channel
Zinc-activated ion channel (ZAC), is a human protein encoded by the gene.
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1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic α-amino acid in which a three-membered cyclopropane ring is fused to the Cα atom of the amino acid.
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5-Fluorowillardiine
5-Fluorowillardiine is a selective agonist for the AMPA receptor, with only limited effects at the kainate receptor.
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5-HT receptor
5-hydroxytryptamine receptors or 5-HT receptors, or serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptor and ligand-gated ion channels found in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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5-HT3 receptor
The 5-HT3 receptor belongs to the Cys-loop superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) and therefore differs structurally and functionally from all other 5-HT receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine, or serotonin) receptors which are G protein-coupled receptors.
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Redirects here:
Ion channel linked receptors, Ion channel receptor, Ionotropic, Ionotropic ion channel, Ionotropic receptor, Ionotropic receptors, LGIC, Ligand gated channel, Ligand gated ion channel, Ligand gated ion channels, Ligand-gated, Ligand-gated channel, Ligand-gated ion channels, Neurotransmitter-gated ion channel.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel
