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Liquid–liquid extraction

Index Liquid–liquid extraction

Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar). [1]

136 relations: Absorption (chemistry), Acetate, Acetic acid, Alkane, Alkyl, Amalgam (chemistry), Americium, Amine, Anisole, Aqueous solution, Benzene, Benzyl chloride, Benzyl group, Biodiesel, Bismuth-209, Butyl group, Cadmium, Caffeine, Carbon dioxide, Carbon tetrachloride, Carboxylic acid, Cathode, Centrifugal extractor, Centrifugation, Centrifuge, Chemical polarity, Chemically inert, Chloride, Cobalt, Concentration, Contamination, Coordination complex, Countercurrent distribution, Countercurrent exchange, Detergent, Dextran, Diethyl ether, Diluent, Dortmund Data Bank, Electric field, Electrode, Elsevier, Emulsion, Equivalent weight, Fragrance extraction, Hexane, Hexanoic acid, Hydrocarbon, Hydrochloric acid, Hydrogen ion, ..., Hydrometallurgy, Hydron (chemistry), Indium, Industry, Iodide, Iodine, Ion, Ion exchange, Ionic liquid, Iron, Joule, Journal of the Chemical Society, Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, Kerosene, Kosmotropic, Lanthanide, Lead, Lipophilicity, Logarithm, Mercury (element), Meta, Metal, Mixer-settler, Mixture, Mole (unit), Molten salt, Neptunium, Neutron, Nickel, Nitrate, Nitric acid, Nitrobenzene, Noble gas, Non-random two-liquid model, Nuclear reprocessing, Organic compound, Organophosphate, Oxidation state, Oxime, Palladium, Partition coefficient, Pentyl group, Perfume, Perovskite, PH, Phase-transfer catalyst, Phosphinate, Plutonium, Polonium, Polyethylene glycol, Polyhalogen ions, Polysaccharide, Pulsed columns, PUREX, Quaternary ammonium cation, Raffinate, Reducing agent, Separatory funnel, Silver, Sodium, Sodium acetate, Sodium amalgam, Sodium bicarbonate, Sodium carbonate, Solid, Solubility, Solution, Solvation, Spray tower, Stripping (chemistry), Terpyridine, Thin layer extraction, Third phase, Thorium, TPEN, Tributyl phosphate, UNIQUAC, Uranium, Uranyl nitrate, Vegetable oil, Water, Work-up (chemistry), Xylene, Zinc, Zirconolite, 2,2'-Bipyridine. Expand index (86 more) »

Absorption (chemistry)

In chemistry, absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules or ions enter some bulk phase – liquid or solid material.

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Acetate

An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with an alkaline, earthy, metallic or nonmetallic and other base.

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Acetic acid

Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2).

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Alkane

In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon.

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Alkyl

In organic chemistry, an alkyl substituent is an alkane missing one hydrogen.

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Amalgam (chemistry)

An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with another metal, which may be a liquid, a soft paste or a solid, depending upon the proportion of mercury.

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Americium

Americium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95.

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Amine

In organic chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.

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Anisole

Anisole, or methoxybenzene, is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H5.

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Aqueous solution

An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water.

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Benzene

Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6.

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Benzyl chloride

Benzyl chloride, or α-chlorotoluene, is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2Cl.

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Benzyl group

In organic chemistry, benzyl is the substituent or molecular fragment possessing the structure C6H5CH2–.

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Biodiesel

Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or propyl) esters.

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Bismuth-209

Bismuth-209 is the "quasi-stable" isotope of bismuth with the longest known half-life of any radioisotope that undergoes α-decay (alpha decay).

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Butyl group

In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl radical or substituent group with general chemical formula −C4H9, derived from either of the two isomers of butane.

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Cadmium

Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48.

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Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.

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Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

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Carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (the most notable being tetrachloromethane, also recognized by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting, and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl4.

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Carboxylic acid

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(.

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Cathode

A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device.

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Centrifugal extractor

A centrifugal extractor—also known as a centrifugal contactor or annular centrifugal contactor—uses the rotation of the rotor inside a centrifuge to mix two immiscible liquids outside the rotor and to separate the liquids in the field of gravity inside the rotor.

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Centrifugation

Centrifugation is a technique which involves the application of centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.

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Centrifuge

A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis (spins it in a circle), applying a force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward) that can be very strong.

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Chemical polarity

In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment.

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Chemically inert

In chemistry, the term chemically inert is used to describe a substance that is not chemically reactive.

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Chloride

The chloride ion is the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−.

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Cobalt

Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27.

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Concentration

In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.

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Contamination

Contamination is the presence of an unwanted constituent, contaminant or impurity in a material, physical body, natural environment, workplace, etc.

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Coordination complex

In chemistry, a coordination complex consists of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents.

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Countercurrent distribution

Countercurrent distribution (CCD, also spelled "co "counter current" distribution) is an analytical chemistry technique which was developed by Lyman C. Craig in the 1940s.

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Countercurrent exchange

Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other.

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Detergent

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions.

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Dextran

Dextran is a complex branched glucan (polysaccharide made of many glucose molecules) composed of chains of varying lengths (from 3 to 2000 kilodaltons).

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Diethyl ether

Diethyl ether, or simply ether, is an organic compound in the ether class with the formula, sometimes abbreviated as (see Pseudoelement symbols).

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Diluent

A diluent (also referred to as a filler, dilutant or thinner) is a diluting agent.

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Dortmund Data Bank

The Dortmund Data Bank (short DDB) is a factual data bank for thermodynamic and thermophysical data.

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Electric field

An electric field is a vector field surrounding an electric charge that exerts force on other charges, attracting or repelling them.

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Electrode

An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air).

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Elsevier

Elsevier is an information and analytics company and one of the world's major providers of scientific, technical, and medical information.

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Emulsion

An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable).

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Equivalent weight

Equivalent weight (also known as gram equivalent) is a term which has been used in several contexts in chemistry.

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Fragrance extraction

Fragrance extraction refers to the separation process of aromatic compounds from raw materials, using methods such as distillation, solvent extraction, expression, sieving, or enfleurage.

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Hexane

Hexane is an alkane of six carbon atoms, with the chemical formula C6H14.

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Hexanoic acid

Hexanoic acid (caproic acid) is the carboxylic acid derived from hexane with the chemical formula.

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Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

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Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid is a colorless inorganic chemical system with the formula.

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Hydrogen ion

A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron.

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Hydrometallurgy

Hydrometallurgy is a method for obtaining metals from their ores.

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Hydron (chemistry)

In chemistry, a hydron is the general name for a cationic form of atomic hydrogen, represented with the symbol.

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Indium

Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49.

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Industry

Industry is the production of goods or related services within an economy.

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Iodide

An iodide ion is the ion I−.

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Iodine

Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53.

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Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).

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Ion exchange

Ion exchange is an exchange of ions between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a complex.

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Ionic liquid

An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Joule

The joule (symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units.

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Journal of the Chemical Society

The Journal of the Chemical Society was a scientific journal established by the Chemical Society in 1849 as the Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society.

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Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions

The Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions was a peer-reviewed scientific journal published from 1905 until 1998.

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Kerosene

Kerosene, also known as paraffin, lamp oil, and coal oil (an obsolete term), is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum.

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Kosmotropic

Co-solvents (in water solvent) are defined as kosmotropic (order-making) if they contribute to the stability and structure of water-water interactions.

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Lanthanide

The lanthanide or lanthanoid series of chemical elements comprises the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Lipophilicity

Lipophilicity (from Greek λίπος "fat" and φίλος "friendly"), refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene.

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Logarithm

In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation.

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Mercury (element)

Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80.

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Meta

Meta (from the Greek preposition and prefix meta- (μετά-) meaning "after", or "beyond") is a prefix used in English to indicate a concept which is an abstraction behind another concept, used to complete or add to the latter.

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Metal

A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.

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Mixer-settler

Mixer settlers are a class of mineral process equipment used in the solvent extraction process.

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Mixture

In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are mixed.

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Mole (unit)

The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance.

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Molten salt

Molten salt is salt which is solid at standard temperature and pressure (STP) but enters the liquid phase due to elevated temperature.

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Neptunium

Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93.

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Neutron

| magnetic_moment.

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Nickel

Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.

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Nitrate

Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the molecular formula and a molecular mass of 62.0049 u.

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Nitric acid

Nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis (Latin for "strong water") and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid.

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Nitrobenzene

Nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5NO2.

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Noble gas

The noble gases (historically also the inert gases) make up a group of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity.

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Non-random two-liquid model

The non-random two-liquid model (short NRTL equation) is an activity coefficient model that correlates the activity coefficients \gamma_i of a compound i with its mole fractions x_i in the liquid phase concerned.

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Nuclear reprocessing

Nuclear reprocessing technology was developed to chemically separate and recover fissionable plutonium from spent nuclear fuel.

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Organic compound

In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.

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Organophosphate

Organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure O.

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Oxidation state

The oxidation state, sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound.

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Oxime

An oxime is a chemical compound belonging to the imines, with the general formula R1R2C.

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Palladium

Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46.

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Partition coefficient

In the physical sciences, a partition-coefficient (P) or distribution-coefficient (D) is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible phases at equilibrium.

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Pentyl group

In organic chemistry, pentyl is a five-carbon alkyl functional group (substituent) with chemical formula -C5H11.

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Perfume

Perfume (parfum) is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds, fixatives and solvents, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable scent.

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Perovskite

Perovskite (pronunciation) is a calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate (Ca Ti O3).

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PH

In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

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Phase-transfer catalyst

In chemistry, a phase-transfer catalyst or PTC is a catalyst that facilitates the migration of a reactant from one phase into another phase where reaction occurs.

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Phosphinate

Phosphinates or hypophosphites are a class of phosphorus compounds conceptually based on the structure of hypophosphorous acid.

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Plutonium

Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.

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Polonium

Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84.

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Polyethylene glycol

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polyether compound with many applications from industrial manufacturing to medicine.

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Polyhalogen ions

Polyhalogen ions are a group of polyatomic cations and anions containing halogens only.

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Polysaccharide

Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages, and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides.

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Pulsed columns

Pulsed columns are a type of liquid-liquid extraction equipment; examples of this class of extraction equipment is used at the BNFL plant THORP.

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PUREX

PUREX is a chemical method used to purify fuel for nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons.

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Quaternary ammonium cation

Quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged polyatomic ions of the structure, R being an alkyl group or an aryl group.

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Raffinate

In chemical separation terminology, the raffinate (from French raffiner, to refine) is a product which has had a component or components removed.

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Reducing agent

A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is an element (such as calcium) or compound that loses (or "donates") an electron to another chemical species in a redox chemical reaction.

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Separatory funnel

A separatory funnel, also known as separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (partition) the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities.

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Silver

Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47.

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Sodium

Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.

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Sodium acetate

Sodium acetate, CH3COONa, also abbreviated NaOAc, is the sodium salt of acetic acid.

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Sodium amalgam

Sodium amalgam, commonly denoted Na(Hg), is an alloy of mercury and sodium.

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Sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3.

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Sodium carbonate

Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals, and in the monohydrate form as crystal carbonate) is the water-soluble sodium salt of carbonic acid.

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Solid

Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma).

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Solubility

Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.

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Solution

In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.

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Solvation

Solvation describes the interaction of solvent with dissolved molecules.

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Spray tower

A spray tower (or spray column or spray chamber) is gas-liquid contactor used to achieve mass and heat transfer between a continuous gas phase (that can contain dispersed solid particles) and a dispersed liquid phase.

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Stripping (chemistry)

Stripping is a physical separation process where one or more components are removed from a liquid stream by a vapor stream.

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Terpyridine

Terpyridine (2,2';6',2"-terpyridine, often abbreviated to Terpy or Tpy) is a heterocyclic compound derived from pyridine.

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Thin layer extraction

Thin layer extraction is a time-periodic reactive liquid extraction process that provides excellent mass transfer while maintaining phase separation.

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Third phase

Third phase is the term for a stable emulsion which forms in a liquid–liquid extraction when the original two phases (aqueous and organic) are mixed.

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Thorium

Thorium is a weakly radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90.

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TPEN

TPEN (N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine) is an intracellular membrane-permeable ion chelator.

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Tributyl phosphate

Tributyl phosphate, known commonly as TBP, is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula (CH3CH2CH2CH2O)3PO.

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UNIQUAC

UNIQUAC (short for UNIversal QUAsiChemical) is an activity coefficient model used in description of phase equilibria.

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Uranium

Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.

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Uranyl nitrate

Uranyl nitrate (UO2(NO3)2) is a water soluble yellow uranium salt.

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Vegetable oil

Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are fats extracted from seeds, or less often, from other parts of fruits.

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Water

Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.

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Work-up (chemistry)

In chemistry, work-up refers to the series of manipulations required to isolate and purify the product(s) of a chemical reaction.

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Xylene

Xylene (from Greek ξύλο, xylo, "wood"), xylol or dimethylbenzene is any one of three isomers of dimethylbenzene, or a combination thereof.

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Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

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Zirconolite

Zirconolite is a mineral, calcium zirconium titanate; formula CaZrTi2O7.

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2,2'-Bipyridine

2,2′-Bipyridine (bipy or bpy, pronounced) is an organic compound with the formula (C10H8N2).

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Liquid liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction, Solvent Extraction, Solvent extraction, Two Phase Liquid Extraction, Two phase liquid extraction, Two-phase liquid extraction.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid–liquid_extraction

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