List of monarchs of Persia

This article lists the monarchs of Persia, who ruled over the area of modern-day Iran from the establishment of the Achaemenid dynasty by Achaemenes around 705 BCE until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. ^[1]

467 relations: 'Adud al-Dawla, Abaqa Khan, Abbas I of Persia, Abbas ibn Shith, Abbas II of Persia, Abbas III, Abd al-Malik I (Samanid emir), Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Abd al-Malik II (Samanid emir), Abdal-Latif Mirza, Abdallah Mirza, Abol-Fath Khan Zand, Abu Ali ibn Muhammad, Abu Kalijar, Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun, Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, Abu Sa'id Mirza, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, Achaemenes, Achaemenid Empire, Adil Shah, Adur Narseh, Afsharid dynasty, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, Ahasuerus, Ahmad ibn Asad, Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Ahmad Jalayir, Ahmad Samani, Ahmad Sanjar, Ahmad Shah Qajar, Al-Amin, Al-Hadi, Al-Layth, Al-Ma'mun, Al-Mahdi, Al-Malik al-Rahim, Al-Mansur, Al-Mu'tadid, Al-Mu'tamid, Al-Mu'tasim, Al-Mu'tazz, Al-Muhtadi, Al-Muktafi, Al-Muntasir, Al-Muqtadir, Al-Musta'in, Al-Mustakfi, ..., Al-Mutawakkil, Al-Muttaqi, Al-Qahir, Al-Walid I, Al-Walid II, Al-Wathiq, Ala ad-Din Tekish, Ala al-Din Ali, Ala al-Din Atsiz, Ala al-Din Husayn, Alexander Balas, Alexander IV of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Ali, Ali-Morad Khan Zand, Alp Arslan, Amir al-umara, Amir Suri, Amr ibn al-Layth, Amr ibn Ya'qub, Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, Anshan (Persia), Antiochus I Soter, Antiochus II Theos, Antiochus III the Great, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Antiochus V Eupator, Antiochus VI Dionysus, Antiochus VII Sidetes, Antipater, Anushirvan Sharaf al-Ma'ali, Anushirwan, Aq Qoyunlu, Ar-Radi, Ardashir I, Ardashir II, Ardashir III, Argead dynasty, Arghun, Ariq Böke, Arpa Ke'un, Arsaces I of Parthia, Arsaces II of Parthia, Arses of Persia, Artabanus II of Parthia, Artabanus III of Parthia, Artabanus IV of Parthia, Artabanus V of Parthia, Artaxerxes I of Persia, Artaxerxes II of Persia, Artaxerxes III, As-Saffah, Ashraf Hotak, Assassins, Astyages, Atsiz, Azarmidokht, Ögedei Khan, Öljaitü, Badi' al-Zaman Mirza, Baghdad, Baha al-Din Sam I, Baha al-Din Sam III, Baha' al-Dawla, Bahram Chobin, Bahram Gushnasp, Bahram I, Bahram II, Bahram III, Bahram IV, Bahram V, 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'Adud al-Dawla

Fannā (Panāh) Khusraw (فنا خسرو), better known by his laqab of ʿAḍud al-Dawla (عضد الدولة, "Pillar of the Dynasty") (September 24, 936 – March 26, 983) was an emir of the Buyid dynasty, ruling from 949 to 983, and at his height of power ruling an empire stretching from Makran as far to Yemen and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Abaqa Khan

Abaqa Khan (1234–1282, ᠠᠪᠠᠬᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ (Traditional script), "paternal uncle", also transliterated Abaġa), was the second Mongol ruler (Ilkhan) of the Ilkhanate.

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Abbas I of Persia

Shāh Abbās the Great or Shāh Abbās I of Persia (شاه عباس بزرگ; 27 January 157119 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid dynasty.

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Abbas ibn Shith

Abbas ibn Shith was the king of the Ghurid dynasty.

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Abbas II of Persia

Shah Abbas II (Shāh Abbās) (30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666), was the seventh Safavid king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666.

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Abbas III

Abbas III (January 1732 – February 1740) (شاه عباس سوم.) reigned 1732–1736; was a son of Shah Tahmasp II and Shahpuri Begum of the Safavid dynasty.

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Abd al-Malik I (Samanid emir)

'Abd al-Malik I (died late 961) was emir of the Sāmānids (954–961).

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Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (عبد الملك ابن مروان ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwān, 646 – 8 October 705) was the 5th Umayyad caliph.

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Abd al-Malik II (Samanid emir)

'Abd al-Malik II was amir of the Samanids (999).

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Abdal-Latif Mirza

Abdal-Latif Mirza,(c. 1420 – 9 May 1450) was the great-grandson of Central Asian emperor Timur.

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Abdallah Mirza

‘Abdallah Mirza (also spelled ‘Abdullah Mirza) (after 1410 – June 1451) was a short-lived ruler of the Timurid Empire, which encompassed the territory shared by present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, along with substantial areas of India, Mesopotamia and Caucasus.

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Abol-Fath Khan Zand

Abol-Fath Khan Zand (ابوالفتح خان زند Abol-Fatḥ Khān Zand; 1755/17561787) was the third Shah of the Zand dynasty, ruling from March 6, 1779, until August 22, 1779.

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Abu Ali ibn Muhammad

Abu Ali ibn Muhammad (Persian: ابو علی بن محمد) was the king of the Ghurid dynasty.

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Abu Kalijar

Abu Kalijar Marzuban (died October 1048) was the Buyid amir of Fars (1024–1048), Kerman (1028–1048) and Iraq (1044–1048).

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Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun

Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun (ابو منصور فولاد ستون, died 1062) was the last Buyid amir of Fars, ruling more or less continuously from 1048 until his death.

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Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah

Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah (ابو سعد خسرو شاه), was the Buyid amir of Fars (1049 and 1051-1054).

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Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan

Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan (June 2, 1305, Ujan – December 1, 1335) (Persian, Arabic), also spelt Abusaid Bahador Khan, Abu Sa'id Behauder (ᠪᠦᠰᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠬᠠᠲᠦᠷ ᠬᠠᠨ᠂ Busayid Baghatur Khan, Бусайд баатар хаан/Busaid baatar khaan, in modern Mongolian), was the ninth ruler of Ilkhanate c. 1316-1335.

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Abu Sa'id Mirza

Muhammad Mirza Mirza Abū Saʿīd Baig Mohammed Khan or Abū Saʿīd Mirza (Chagatay/ابو سعید میرزا) was an important member of the Timurid dynasty.

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Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

Sakhr ibn Harb (صخر بن حرب), more commonly known as Abu Sufyan (560–650), was the leader of the Quraysh of Mecca, the most powerful tribe of pre-Islamic Arabia.

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Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza

Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza bin Baysonqor Beg (Chagatai/ابوالقاسم بابور میرزا بن بایسنقر بیگ), was a Timurid ruler in Khurasan (1449–1457).

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Achaemenes

Achaemenes (c. 705 BC – c. 675 BC) was the eponymous apical ancestor of the Achaemenid dynasty of rulers from Persis.

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Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire, also called the First Persian Empire, was an empire based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the Great.

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Adil Shah

Adil or Adel Shah Afshar, born ʿAlī-qolī Khan (Modern Persian: عادل شاه افشار) (died 1749) was the Afsharid Shah of Iran from 1747 to 1748, a nephew and successor of Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty.

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Adur Narseh

Adur Narseh (آذرنرسه) was the son of Hormizd II and the ninth king of the Sasanian Empire.

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Afsharid dynasty

The Afsharid dynasty (افشاریان) were members of an Iranian dynasty that originated from the Turkic Afshar tribe in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, ruling Persia in the mid-eighteenth century.

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Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (translit; 14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797), also known by his regnal name of Agha Mohammad Shah (آقا محمد شاه), was the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as king (shah).

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Ahasuerus

Ahasuerus (Asouēros in the Septuagint; or Assuerus in the Vulgate; commonly transliterated Achashverosh; cf. 𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 Xšayārša; اخشورش Axšoreš; Xerxes) is a name used several times in the Hebrew Bible, as well as related legends and Apocrypha.

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Ahmad ibn Asad

Ahmad (d. 864/865) was a Samanid ruler of Ferghana (819-864/5) and Samarkand (851/2-864/5).

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Ahmad ibn Muhammad

Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad (June 21, 906 – March 31, 963) was the amir of Sistan from 923 until his death.

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Ahmad Jalayir

Sultan Ahmad was a Jalayirid ruler (1382–1410).

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Ahmad Samani

Ahmad ibn Ismail (died January 12, 914) was amir of the Samanids (907–914).

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Ahmad Sanjar

Ahmad Sanjar (Persian: احمد سنجر; full name: Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah) (b. 1085 – d. 8 May 1157) was the Seljuq ruler of Khorasan from 1097 until in 1118 Encyclopædia Iranica when he became the Sultan of the Seljuq Empire, which he ruled as until his death in 1157.

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Ahmad Shah Qajar

Ahmad Shāh Qājār (احمد شاه قاجار; 21 January 1898 – 21 February 1930) was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.

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Al-Amin

Muhammad ibn Harun al-Rashid (محمد الأمين بن هارون الرشيد) (April 787 – 24/25 September 813), better known by his regnal name of al-Amin, was the sixth Abbasid Caliph.

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Al-Hadi

Abu Muhammad Musa ibn Mahdi al-Hadi (أبو محمد موسى بن المهدي الهادي) (born: 147 AH (764 AD); died: 170 AH (786 AD)) was the fourth Abbasid caliph who succeeded his father Al-Mahdi and ruled from 169 AH (785 AD) until his death in 170 AH (786 AD).

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Al-Layth

Al-Layth ibn Ali ibn al-Layth (died 928) was amir of the Saffarid amirate from 909 until 910.

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Al-Ma'mun

Abu al-Abbas al-Maʾmūn ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd (أبو العباس المأمون; September 786 – 9 August 833) was the seventh Abbasid caliph, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833.

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Al-Mahdi

Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Mansur (أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله المنصور; 744 or 745 – 785), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdi (المهدي, "He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785.

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Al-Malik al-Rahim

Abu Nasr Khusrau Firuz (ابونصر خسرو فیروز, died 1058 or 1059), better known by his laqab of Al-Malik al-Rahim (الملک الرحیم, "the merciful king") was the last Buyid amir of Iraq (October 1048 – 1055).

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Al-Mansur

Al-Mansur or Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur (95 AH – 158 AH (714 AD– 6 October 775 AD); أبو جعفر عبدالله بن محمد المنصور) was the second Abbasid Caliph reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 AD – 775 AD)Axworthy, Michael (2008); A History of Iran; Basic, USA;.

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Al-Mu'tadid

Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Talha al-Muwaffaq (854 or 861 – 5 April 902), better known by his regnal name al-Mu'tadid bi-llah (المعتضد بالله, "Seeking Support in God") was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 892 until his death in 902.

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Al-Mu'tamid

Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Jaʿfar (ca. 842 – died 15 October 892), better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtamid ʿAlā ’llāh ("Dependent on God"), was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 870 to 892.

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Al-Mu'tasim

Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd (أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الرشيد; October 796 – 5 January 842), better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtaṣim bi’llāh (المعتصم بالله, "he who seeks refuge in God"), was the eighth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 833 to his death in 842.

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Al-Mu'tazz

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar (أبو عبد الله محمد بن جعفر; 847 – 16 July 869), better known by his regnal title al-Muʿtazz bi-ʾllāh (المعتز بالله, "He who is strengthened by God") was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 866 to 869, during the "Anarchy at Samarra".

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Al-Muhtadi

Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn al-Wāṯiq (died 21 June 870), better known by his regnal name al-Muhtadī bi-'llāh (المهتدي بالله, "Guided by God"), was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from July 869 to June 870, during the "Anarchy at Samarra".

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Al-Muktafi

Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad (أبو محمد علي بن أحمد; 877/878 – 13 August 908), better known by his regnal name al-Muktafī bi-llāh (المكتفي بالله, "Content with God Alone"), was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 902 to 908.

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Al-Muntasir

Abu Ja'far Muhammad (أبو جعفر محمد; November 837 – 7 June 862), better known by his regnal title al-Muntasir bi-llah (المنتصر بالله, "He who triumphs in God") was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 861 to 862, during the "Anarchy at Samarra".

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Al-Muqtadir

Abu’l-Faḍl Jaʿfar ibn Ahmad al-Muʿtaḍid (أبو الفضل جعفر بن أحمد المعتضد) (895 – 31 October 932 CE), better known by his regnal name al-Muqtadir bi-llāh (المقتدر بالله, "Mighty in God"), was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 908 to 932 CE (295–320 AH), with the exception of a brief deposition in favour of al-Qahir in 928.

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Al-Musta'in

Al-Mustaʿin (836 – 17 October 866) was the Abbasid Caliph from 862 to 866, during the "Anarchy at Samarra".

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Al-Mustakfi

Abdallah ibn al-Muktafi (عبدالله بن المكتفي) (905 – September/October 949), better known by his regnal name al-Mustakfi bi-llah (المستكفي بالله, "Desirous of Being Satisfied with God Alone") was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 944 to 946.

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Al-Mutawakkil

Abu’l-Faḍl Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad al-Muʿtaṣim bi’llāh (جعفر بن محمد المعتصم بالله; March 822 – 11 December 861), better known by his regnal name al-Mutawakkil ʿAlā ’llāh (المتوكل على الله, "He who relies on God") was an Abbasid caliph who reigned in Samarra from 847 until 861.

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Al-Muttaqi

Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Ibn al-Muktafi, better known by his regnal title al-Muttaqi (908 – July 968, المتقي) was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 940 to 944.

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Al-Qahir

Abu Mansur Muhammad al-Qahir bi'llah (أبو منصور محمد القاهر بالله), usually known simply by his regnal title al-Qahir bi'llah (القاهر بالله, "Victorious by the will of God"), was the 19th Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 932 to 934.

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Al-Walid I

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (الوليد بن عبد الملك) or Al-Walid I (668 – 23 February 715) was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled from 705 until his death in 715. His reign saw the greatest expansion of the Caliphate, as successful campaigns were undertaken in Transoxiana in Central Asia, Sind, Hispania in far western Europe, and against the Byzantines. He poisoned the fourth Shi'a imam, Zayn al-Abidin.

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Al-Walid II

Walid ibn Yazid or Walid II (709 – 17 April 744) (الوليد بن يزيد) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until his Assassination in the year 744. He succeeded his uncle, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

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Al-Wathiq

Abū Jaʿfar Hārūn ibn Muḥammad (أبو جعفر هارون بن محمد المعتصم; 18 April 812 – 10 August 847), better known by his regnal name al-Wāthiq Bi’llāh (الواثق بالله, "He who trusts in God"), was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 842 until 847 AD (227–232 AH in the Islamic calendar).

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Ala ad-Din Tekish

Ala ad-Din Tekish (Persian: علاء الدين تكش; full name: Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul Muzaffar Tekish ibn Il-Arslan) or Tekesh or Takesh was the Shah of Khwarezmian Empire from 1172 to 1200.

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Ala al-Din Ali

Ala al-Din Ali (علاء الدین دراست), also known as Zia al-Din (ضیاء الدین), was the last Sultan of the Ghurid dynasty from 1214 to 1215.

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Ala al-Din Atsiz

Ala al-Din Atsiz (علاء الدین دراست), was Sultan of the Ghurid dynasty from 1213 to 1214.

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Ala al-Din Husayn

Ala al-Din Husayn (Persian: علاء الدین حسین) was king of the Ghurid dynasty from 1149 to 1161.

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Alexander Balas

Alexander I Balas (Ἀλέξανδρoς Bάλας), was the ruler of the Greek Seleucid kingdom in 150–146 BC.

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Alexander IV of Macedon

Alexander IV (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος Δ΄; 323–309 BC), erroneously called sometimes in modern times Aegus, was the son of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) and Princess Roxana of Bactria.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Aléxandros ho Mégas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.

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Ali

Ali (ʿAlī) (15 September 601 – 29 January 661) was the cousin and the son-in-law of Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam.

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Ali-Morad Khan Zand

Ali Murad Khan Zand (c. – 1785) the sixth Shah of the Zand dynasty, reigned from March 15, 1781 until February 11, 1785.

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Alp Arslan

Alp Arslan (honorific in Turkish meaning "Heroic Lion"; in آلپ ارسلان; full name: Diya ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abu Shuja Muhammad Alp Arslan ibn Dawud ابو شجاع محمد آلپ ارسلان ابن داود; 20 January 1029 – 15 December 1072), real name Muhammad bin Dawud Chaghri, was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty.

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Amir al-umara

The office of amir al-umara (أمير الأمراء, amīr al-umarāʾ), variously rendered in English as emir of emirs, chief emir,Zetterstéen (1960), p. 446 and commander of commanders,Kennedy (2004), p. 195 was a senior military title in the 10th-century Abbasid Caliphate, whose holders in the decade after 936 came to supersede the civilian bureaucracy under the vizier and become effective regents, relegating the caliphs to a purely ceremonial role.

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Amir Suri

Amīr Sūrī (Persian: امیر سوري) was the king of the Ghurid dynasty from the 9th-century to the 10th-century.

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Amr ibn al-Layth

Amr ibn al-Layth or Amr-i Laith Saffari (عمرو لیث صفاری) was the second ruler of the Saffarid dynasty of Iran from 879 to 901.

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Amr ibn Ya'qub

Abu Hafs ‘Amr ibn Ya'qub ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Amr (born 902/903) was the Saffarid amir of Sistan for slightly over a year (912–913).

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Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran

The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, also known as Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia, was the invasion of the Imperial State of Iran during the Second World War by Soviet, British and other Commonwealth armed forces.

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Anshan (Persia)

Anshan (𒀭𒍝𒀭 Anzan), modern Tall-i Malyan (تل ملیان), was an ancient city.

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Antiochus I Soter

Antiochus I Soter (Ἀντίοχος Α΄ ὁ Σωτήρ; epithet means "the Saviour"; c. 324/3261 BC), was a king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire.

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Antiochus II Theos

Antiochus II Theos (Greek: Ἀντίοχος Β΄ ὁ Θεός; 286–246 BC) was a Greek king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire who reigned from 261 to 246 BC.

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Antiochus III the Great

Antiochus III the Great (Greek: Ἀντίoχoς Μέγας; c. 241187 BC, ruled 222–187 BC) was a Hellenistic Greek king and the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire.

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Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Antiochus IV Epiphanes (Ἀντίοχος ὁ Ἐπιφανής, Antíochos ho Epiphanḗs, "God Manifest"; c. 215 BC – 164 BC) was a Hellenistic Greek king of the Seleucid Empire from 175 BC until his death in 164 BC.

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Antiochus V Eupator

Antiochus V Eupator (Greek: Αντίοχος Ε' Ευπάτωρ, whose epithet means "of a good father"; ca. 172 BC – 161 BC) was a ruler of the Greek Seleucid Empire who reigned 163–161 BC (based on dates from 1 Maccabees 6:16 and 7:1).

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Antiochus VI Dionysus

Antiochus VI Dionysus (c. 148–142/1 BC), king of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom, was the son of Alexander Balas and Cleopatra Thea, daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt.

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Antiochus VII Sidetes

Antiochus VII Euergetes (Ἀντίοχος Ζ΄ Ευεργέτης), nicknamed Sidetes (Σιδήτης) (from Side, a city in Asia Minor), ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, reigned from 138 to 129 BC.

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Antipater

Antipater (Ἀντίπατρος Antipatros; c. 397 BC319 BC) was a Macedonian general and statesman under kings Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great, and father of King Cassander.

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Anushirvan Sharaf al-Ma'ali

Anushirvan Sharaf al-Ma'ali was the ruler of the Ziyarids (c. 1030-1050).

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Anushirwan

Anushirwan Khan (انوشیروان خان, Anūshīrvān Khān) occupied the Ilkhanid throne from 1344 until his death in 1357.

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Aq Qoyunlu

The Aq Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans (Āq Quyūnlū), was a Persianate Sunni Oghuz Turkic tribal federation that ruled present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Eastern Turkey, most part of Iran, and Iraq from 1378 to 1501.

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Ar-Radi

Abu 'l-Abbas Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Muqtadir (أبو العباس محمد بن جعفر المقتدر) (December 909 – 23 December 940), usually simply known by his regnal name al-Radi bi-llah (الراضي بالله, "Content with God"), was the 20th Abbasid Caliph, reigning (rather than ruling) in Baghdad from 934 to his death.

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Ardashir I

Ardashir I or Ardeshir I (Middle Persian:, New Persian: اردشیر بابکان, Ardashir-e Bābakān), also known as Ardashir the Unifier (180–242 AD), was the founder of the Sasanian Empire.

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Ardashir II

Ardashir II (Middle Persian:, اردشیر دوم), was the eleventh Sassanid King of Persia from 379 to 383.

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Ardashir III

Ardashir III (Middle Persian:, New Persian: اردشیر سوم), (born c. 62127 April 630) was king of the Sasanian Empire from 6 September 628 to 27 April 630 while Emperor Heraclius acted as regent by decree of Ardashir's late father Kavadh II.

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Argead dynasty

The Argead dynasty (Greek: Ἀργεάδαι, Argeádai) was an ancient Macedonian Greek royal house.

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Arghun

Arghun Khan a.k.a. Argon (Mongolian Cyrillic: Аргун хан; c. 1258 – 7 March 1291) was the fourth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate, from 1284 to 1291.

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Ariq Böke

Ariq Böke (after 1219–1266), the components of his name also spelled Arigh, Arik and Bukha, Buka (Аригбөх; Chinese: 阿里不哥), was the seventh and youngest son of Tolui, a grandson of Genghis Khan.

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Arpa Ke'un

Arpa Ke'un, also known as Arpa Khan or Gavon or Gawon (died 1336), was an Ilkhan (1335–1336) during the disintegration of the Mongol state in Persia.

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Arsaces I of Parthia

Arsaces I (from Ἀρσάκης; in 𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭊 Aršak, Persian Ashk اشک) was the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, and after whom all 30+ monarchs of the Arsacid empire officially named themselves.

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Arsaces II of Parthia

Arsaces II, also Artabanus I (ارشک يکم), of the Arsacid dynasty was King of Parthia between 211 BC and 185 BC.

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Arses of Persia

Artaxerxes (Artaxšacā) IV Arses (12), was king of Persia between 338 BC and 336 BC.

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Artabanus II of Parthia

Artabanus II of Parthia (اردوان دوم) ruled the Parthian Empire from c. 126 to 122 BC.

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Artabanus III of Parthia

Artabanus III of Parthia (اردوان سوم), flourished second half of 1st century BCAD 38, was a Prince of Iranian and Greek ancestry.

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Artabanus IV of Parthia

For Parthian Kings and other people of this name, see Artabanus.

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Artabanus V of Parthia

Artabanus V of Parthia, also known as Ardavan V (Parthian: 𐭍𐭐𐭕𐭓), ruled the Parthian Empire from c. 208 to 224.

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Artaxerxes I of Persia

Artaxerxes I (اردشیر یکم., 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂, "whose rule (xšaça R. Schmitt.. Encyclopædia Iranica. 15 December 1986. Retrieved 12 March 2012.; Artaxérxēs) was the fifth King of Persia from 465 BC to 424 BC. He was the third son of Xerxes I. He may have been the "Artasyrus" mentioned by Herodotus as being a Satrap of the royal satrapy of Bactria. In Greek sources he is also surnamed "long-handed" (μακρόχειρ Macrocheir; Longimanus), allegedly because his right hand was longer than his left.

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Artaxerxes II of Persia

Artaxerxes II Mnemon (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂, meaning "whose reign is through truth") was the Xšâyathiya Xšâyathiyânâm (King of Kings) of Persia from 404 BC until his death in 358 BC.

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Artaxerxes III

Artaxerxes III Ochus of Persia (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂 Artaxšaçā) (338 BC) was the eleventh emperor of the Achaemenid Empire, as well as the first Pharaoh of the 31st dynasty of Egypt.

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As-Saffah

Abu al-‘Abbās ‘Abdu'llāh ibn Muhammad al-Saffāḥ, or Abul `Abbas as-Saffaḥ (أبو العباس عبد الله بن محمد السفّاح) (b. 721/722 AD – d. 10 June 754) was the first caliph of the Abbasid caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates (Islamic dynasties) in Islamic history.

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Ashraf Hotak

Shāh Ashraf Hotak, (شاہ أشرف ہوتک), also known as Shāh Ashraf Ghiljī (شاه اشرف غلجي) (died 1730), son of Abdul Aziz Hotak, was the fourth ruler of the Hotak dynasty.

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Assassins

Order of Assassins or simply Assassins (أساسين asāsīn, حشاشین Hashâshīn) is the common name used to refer to an Islamic sect formally known as the Nizari Ismailis.

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Astyages

Astyages (spelled by Herodotus as Ἀστυάγης Astyages; by Ctesias as Astyigas; by Diodorus as Aspadas; Babylonian: Ištumegu) was the last king of the Median Empire, r. 585–550 BCE, the son of Cyaxares; he was dethroned in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great.

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Atsiz

Atsïz (Persian: علاء الدين أتسز; full name: Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Atsiz Qizil Arslan ibn Muhammad) was the second Shah of Khwarezm from 1127 to 1156.

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Azarmidokht

Azarmidokht (Middle Persian: Āzarmīgdukht, آزرمی‌دخت) was Sasanian queen of Persia from to 630 to 631, and daughter of Khosrow II.

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Ögedei Khan

Ögedei (also Ogodei; translit, Mongolian: Ögedei, Ögüdei;; c.1185– 11 December 1241), was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, succeeding his father.

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Öljaitü

Öljeitü, Oljeitu, Olcayto or Uljeitu, Öljaitu, Ölziit (Öljeitü Ilkhan, Өлзийт хаан), also known as Muhammad Khodabandeh (محمد خدابنده - اولجایتو, khodābandeh from Persian meaning the "slave of God" or "servant of God"; 1280 – December 16, 1316), was the eighth Ilkhanid dynasty ruler from 1304 to 1316 in Tabriz, Iran.

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Badi' al-Zaman Mirza

Badi' al-Zaman Mirza (بدیع الزمان; died 1514) was a Timurid ruler of Herat from 1506 to 1507.

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Baghdad

Baghdad (بغداد) is the capital of Iraq.

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Baha al-Din Sam I

Baha al-Din Sam I (Persian: بهاء الدین سام), was the king of the Ghurid dynasty who reigned briefly in 1149.

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Baha al-Din Sam III

Baha al-Din Sam III (بهاء الدین سام), was Sultan of the Ghurid dynasty from 1212 to 1213.

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Baha' al-Dawla

Abu Nasr Firuz Kharshadh (died December 22, 1012), better known by his laqab of Baha' al-Dawla (meaning "Splendour of the State") was the Buyid amir of Iraq (988–1012), along with Fars and Kerman (998–1012).

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Bahram Chobin

Bahrām Chōbīn (Middle Persian:; بهرام چوبین), also known by his epithet Mihrevandak ("servant of Mihr (Mithra)", was a famous spahbed (senior army commander) during late sixth-century Iran. He usurped the Sasanian throne from Khosrow II, ruling for a year as Bahram VI (590-591). However, he was later defeated by Khosrow II and was forced to flee.

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Bahram Gushnasp

Bahram Gushnasp, known in Byzantine sources as Bargousnas, was a Parthian military officer from the House of Mihran.

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Bahram I

Bahram I (𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭, Wahrām, بهرام یکم, Bahrām) (also spelled Varahran or Vahram, r. June 271 – September 274) was the fourth Sasanian emperor of the third Iranian Empire.

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Bahram II

Bahram II (𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭, Wahrām, بهرام دوم, Bahrām) was the fifth Sasanian King of Persia in 274–293.

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Bahram III

Bahram III (𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭, Wahrām, بهرام سوم, Bahrām), (died 293) was the sixth Sassanid King of Persia and son of Bahram II.

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Bahram IV

Bahram IV (𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭 <wlhlʾn>, archaic Warahrān, pronounced Wahrām and sometimes written 𐭥𐭠𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭬 <wʾhlʾm>; New Persian: بهرام, Bahrām), was thirteenth king of the Sasanian Empire from 388 to 399.

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Bahram V

Bahram V (𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭 Wahrām, New Persian: بهرام پنجم Bahrām), also known as Bahram Gor (بهرام گور, "onager ") was the fifteenth king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire, ruling from 420 to 438.

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Baig

Baig, also commonly spelled Beg, or Begh (Persian: بیگ, Bay, Turkish: Bey) was a title of Turko-Mongol origin, which is today used as a name to identify lineage.

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Bajkam

Abū al-Husayn Bajkam al-Mākānī (أبو الحسين بجكم المكاني), referred to as Bajkam, Badjkam or Bachkam (from Bäčkäm, a Persian and Turkish word meaning a horse- or yak-tailCanard (1960), pp. 866–867), was a Turkish military commander and official of the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Balash

Balash (بلاش یکم.; in the Greek authors, Balas; the later form of the name Vologases) was the nineteenth king of the Sasanian Empire from 484 to 488.

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Bardiya

Bardiya (𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹 Bardiya), also known as Smerdis (Σμέρδις Smerdis) (possibly died 522 BC) was a son of Cyrus the Great and the younger brother of Cambyses II, both Persian kings.

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Barkiyaruq

Abu al-Muzaffar Rukn ud-Din Barkyaruq ibn Malikshah, better known as Barkyaruq.

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Battle of Damghan (1729)

The Battle of Damghan or Battle of Mihmandoost was fought on September 29 to October 5, 1729, near the city of Damghan.

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Battle of Marv

The Battle of Merv (or Marv) occurred on 2 December 1510 as a result of the Uzbek invasion of Khorasan.

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Battle of Sarakhs (1459)

Battle of Sarakhs took place in March 1459, at a location between Merv and Sarakhs.

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Bayazid (Jalayirids)

Shaikh Bayazid Jalayir was the Jalayirid ruler of Soltaniyeh (1382–1384) in opposition to his brother Sultan Ahmed Jalayir.

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Baydu

Baydu (also spelled Baidu (Байду)) (died 1295) was the sixth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate division in Iran.

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Bessus

Bessus, also known as Artaxerxes V (died summer 329 BC), was a prominent Persian Satrap of Bactria in Persia, and later self-proclaimed King of Kings of Persia.

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Bisutun

Bisutun (died 977) was the ruler of the Ziyarids (967–977).

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Book of Esther

The Book of Esther, also known in Hebrew as "the Scroll" (Megillah), is a book in the third section (Ketuvim, "Writings") of the Jewish Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and in the Christian Old Testament.

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Boran

BoranDaryaee, T. (1999).

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Cambyses I

Cambyses I or Cambyses the Elder (via Latin from Greek Καμβύσης, from Old Persian Kambūǰiya, Aramaic Knbwzy) was king of Anshan from c. 580 to 559 BC and the father of Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II), younger son of Cyrus I, and brother of Arukku.

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Cambyses II

Cambyses II (𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹 Kambūjiya כנבוזי Kanbūzī; Καμβύσης Kambúsēs; Latin Cambyses; Medieval Hebrew, Kambisha) (d. 522 BC) son of Cyrus the Great (r. 559–530 BC), was emperor of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Cassander

Cassander (Greek: Κάσσανδρος Ἀντιπάτρου, Kassandros Antipatrou; "son of Antipatros": c. 350 BC – 297 BC), was king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 305 BC until 297 BC, and de facto ruler of much of Greece from 317 BC until his death.

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Chobanids

The Chobanids or the Chupanids (سلسله امرای چوپانی), were descendants of a Mongol family of the Suldus clan that came to prominence in 14th century Persia.

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Chupan

Amir Chūpān (امیر چوپان; died November 1327), also spellt Choban or Coban, was a Chupanid noble of the Ilkhanate, and nominal general of the Mongol Empire.

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Cyrus I

Cyrus I (Old Persian: Kuruš) or Cyrus I of Anshan or Cyrus I of Persia, was King of Anshan in Persia from to 580 BC or, according to others, from to 600 BC.

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Cyrus the Great

Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš; New Persian: کوروش Kuruš;; c. 600 – 530 BC), commonly known as Cyrus the Great  and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire.

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Dabuya

Dabuya or Dabuyih (دابویه), was the Dabuyid ruler (ispahbadh) of Tabaristan.

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Dabuyid dynasty

The Dabuyid or Gaubarid Dynasty was a Zoroastrian Iranian dynasty that started in the early seventh century as an independent group of rulers, reigning over Tabaristan and parts of western Khorasan.

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Dadhburzmihr

Dadhburzmihr or Dadmihr was the independent ruler (ispahbadh) of Tabaristan.

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Darius I

Darius I (Old Persian: Dārayava(h)uš, New Persian: rtl Dāryuš;; c. 550–486 BCE) was the fourth king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.

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Darius II

Darius II (Old Persian: Dārayavahuš), was king of the Persian Empire from 423 BC to 404 or 405 BC.

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Darius III

Darius III (c. 380 – July 330 BC), originally named Artashata and called Codomannus by the Greeks, was the last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia from 336 BC to 330 BC.

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Death of Alexander the Great

The death of Alexander the Great and subsequent related events have been the subjects of debates.

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Demetrius I Soter

Demetrius I (Greek: Δημήτριος Α`, born 185 BC, reigned 161–150 BC), surnamed Soter (Greek: Σωτήρ - "Savior"), was a ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire.

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Demetrius II Nicator

Demetrius II (Δημήτριος Β`, Dēmḗtrios B; died 125 BC), called Nicator (Νικάτωρ, Nikátōr, "the Victor"), was one of the sons of Demetrius I Soter possibly by Laodice V, as was his brother Antiochus VII Sidetes.

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Dervish

A dervish or darvesh (from درویش, Darvīsh) is someone guiding a Sufi Muslim ascetic down a path or "tariqah", known for their extreme poverty and austerity.

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Diyarbakır

Diyarbakır (Amida, script) is one of the largest cities in southeastern Turkey.

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Ebrahim Afshar

Ibrahim Mirza or Ebrahim Shah Afshar (ابراهیم‌شاه) (died 1749) was the Shah of Persia during the Afsharid Empire from July to September 1748.

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Eldiguz

Shams al-Din Ildeniz, Eldigüz or Shamseddin Eldeniz (اتابک شمس‌الدین ایلدگز, died c. 1175–1176) was an atabeg of the Seljuq empire and founder of the dynasty of Eldiguzids (Atabegs of Azerbaijan), which held sway over Caucasian Albania, Iranian Azerbaijan, and most of northwestern Persia from the second half of the 12th century to the early decades of the 13th.

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Eldiguzids

The Ildegizids, EldiguzidsC.E. Bosworth, "Ildenizids or Eldiguzids", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Edited by P.J. Bearman, Th.

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Emir

An emir (أمير), sometimes transliterated amir, amier, or ameer, is an aristocratic or noble and military title of high office used in a variety of places in the Arab countries, West African, and Afghanistan.

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Fadluya

Amir Abu'l-Abbas Fadl, better known as Fadluya (also spelled Fadlawayh), was an Iranian tribal chieftain of the Shabankara in Fars.

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Fakhr al-Dawla

Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Hasan (ابوالحسن علی بن حسن), better known by his laqab of Fakhr al-Dawla ('فخر الدولة, "Pride of the Dynasty") (died October or November 997) was the Buyid amir of Jibal (976–980, 984–997), Hamadan (984–997) and Gurgan and Tabaristan (984–997).

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Farrukh Hormizd

Farrukh Hormizd or Farrokh Hormizd (Persian: فرخ‌هرمز), also known as Hormizd V, was a spahbed in northern Persia, he was a prince of Atropatene.

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Farrukhan the Great

Farrukhan the Great (in Persian: فرخان بزرگ, Farrukhan-e Bozorg; 712–728) was the independent ruler (ispahbadh) of Tabaristan in the early 8th century, until his death in 728.

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Farrukhan the Little

Farrukhan the Little (Persian: Farrukhan-e Kuchak), also surnamed the Deaf (Korbali),Madelung (1993), pp.

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Fars Province

Pars Province (استان پارس, Ostān-e Pārs) also known as Fars (Persian: فارس) or Persia in the Greek sources in historical context, is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran and known as the cultural capital of the country.

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Fath-Ali Shah Qajar

Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (فتح‌على شاه قاجار; var. Fathalishah, Fathali Shah, Fath Ali Shah; 25 September 1772 – 23 October 1834) was the second Shah (Qajar emperor) of Iran.

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Gaykhatu

Gaykhatu (Mongolian: Gaikhalt; Mongolian Cyrillic: Гайхалт, died 1295) was the fifth Ilkhanate ruler in Iran.

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Güyük Khan

Güyük (or Kuyuk; translit h) (c. March 19, 1206 – April 20, 1248) was the third Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, the eldest son of Ögedei Khan and a grandson of Genghis Khan.

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Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan or Temüjin Borjigin (Чингис хаан, Çingis hán) (also transliterated as Chinggis Khaan; born Temüjin, c. 1162 August 18, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.

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Ghazan

Mahmud Ghazan (1271– 11 May 1304) (sometimes referred to as Casanus by Westerners) was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304.

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Ghaznavids

The Ghaznavid dynasty (غزنویان ġaznaviyān) was a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of Iran, Afghanistan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186.

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Ghilman

Ghilman (singular غُلاَم,Other standardized transliterations: /.. plural غِلْمَان)Other standardized transliterations: /..

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Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud

Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud (1108 – September 13, 1152) was the Seljuq Sultan of Iraq and western Persia in 1133–1152.

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Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud

Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud (غیاث الدین محمود), was Sultan of the Ghurid Empire from 1206 to 1212.

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Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad

Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad (غیاث‌ الدین محمد بن سام), was sultan of the Ghurid dynasty from 1163 to 1202.

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Ghurid dynasty

The Ghurids or Ghorids (سلسله غوریان; self-designation: شنسبانی, Shansabānī) were a dynasty of Eastern Iranian descent from the Ghor region of present-day central Afghanistan, presumably Tajik, but the exact ethnic origin is uncertain, and it has been argued that they were Pashtun.

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Gil Gavbara

Gil Gavbara (گیل گیلانشاه), known in Arabic sources as Jil-i Jilanshah and Gavbarih, was king and founder of the Dabuyid dynasty in 642, ruling until his death in 660.

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Gilanshah

Gilanshah (Persian: گیلانشاه) was the last ruler of the Ziyarid dynasty from ca.

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Golden Horde

The Golden Horde (Алтан Орд, Altan Ord; Золотая Орда, Zolotaya Orda; Алтын Урда, Altın Urda) was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.

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Gotarzes I

Gotarzes I (𐭂𐭅𐭕𐭓𐭆 Gōtarz, Γωτάρζης Gōtarzēs) was the ruler of parts of the Parthian Empire from ca.

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Gotarzes II of Parthia

Gotarzes II of Parthia (𐭂𐭅𐭕𐭓𐭆 Gōtarz, Γωτάρζης Gōtarzēs; flourished 1st century) was a Prince of Iranian ancestry.

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Greater Khorasan

Khorasan (Middle Persian: Xwarāsān; خراسان Xorāsān), sometimes called Greater Khorasan, is a historical region lying in northeast of Greater Persia, including part of Central Asia and Afghanistan.

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Haidar Qassāb

Haidar Qassāb (died 1356) was the head of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar During 1356.

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Harran

Harran (حران,Harran, حران) was a major ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia whose site is near the modern village of Altınbaşak, Turkey, 44 kilometers southeast of Şanlıurfa.

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Harun al-Rashid

Harun al-Rashid (هَارُون الرَشِيد Hārūn Ar-Rašīd; "Harun the Orthodox" or "Harun the Rightly-Guided," 17 March 763 or February 766 — 24 March 809 (148–193 Hijri) was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. His epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox," "the Just," "the Upright," or "the Rightly-Guided." Al-Rashid ruled from 786 to 809, during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age. His time was marked by scientific, cultural, and religious prosperity. Islamic art and music also flourished significantly during his reign. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade. During his rule, the family of Barmakids, which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually. In 796, he moved his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. A Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Harun sent various presents with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, including a clock that Charlemagne and his retinue deemed to be a conjuration because of the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked. The fictional The Book of One Thousand and One Nights is set in Harun's magnificent court and some of its stories involve Harun himself. Harun's life and court have been the subject of many other tales, both factual and fictitious. Some of the Twelver sect of Shia Muslims blame Harun for his supposed role in the murder of their 7th Imam (Musa ibn Ja'far).

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Hasan Buzurg

Shaikh Hasan, called "Buzurg" ("The Great"), was the first of several de facto independent Jalayirid rulers of Iraq and central Iran.

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Hasan Kuchak

Hasan Kuchak or Ḥasan-i Kūchik (حسن کوچک; 1319–15 December 1343) was a Chupanid prince during the 14th century.

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Hashemites

The Hashemites (الهاشميون, Al-Hāshimīyūn; also House of Hashim) are the ruling royal family of Jordan.

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Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (691 – 6 February 743) (هشام بن عبد الملك) was the 10th Umayyad caliph who ruled from 724 until his death in 743.

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History of Iran

The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.

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Hormizd I

Hormizd-Ardashir, better known by his dynastic name of Hormizd I (هرمز یکم.), was the third shahanshah (king of kings) of the Sasanian Empire from May 270 to June 271.

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Hormizd II

Hormizd II (هرمز دوم) was the eighth king of the Sasanian Empire, and reigned for seven years and five months, from 302 to 309.

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Hormizd III

Hormizd III (هرمز سوم.), was the seventeenth king of the Sasanian Empire.

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Hormizd IV

Hormizd IV (𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣; New Persian: هرمز چهارم), was king of the Sasanian Empire from 579 to 590.

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Hormizd VI

Hormizd VI (هرمز.) was a Sasanian king of parts of Persia from 630 to 631.

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Horus name

The Horus name is the oldest known and used crest of Ancient Egyptian rulers.

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House of Ispahbudhan

The House of Ispahbudhan or the House of Aspahbadh was one of the seven Parthian clans of the Sasanian Empire.

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House of Mihran

The House of Mihrān or House of Mehrān was a leading Iranian noble family (šahrdārān), one of the Seven Great Houses of the Sassanid Persian Empire which claimed descent from the earlier Arsacid dynasty.

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House of Sasan

The House of Sasan was the house that founded the Sasanian Empire, ruling this empire from 224 to 651.

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Hulagu Khan

Hulagu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulegu (ᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ|translit.

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Hystaspes (father of Darius I)

Vishtaspa (fl. 550 BC), known under his Hellenized name Hystaspes (Ὑστάσπης), was a Persian satrap of Bactria and Persis.

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Ibrahim ibn al-Walid

Ibrahim ibn Al-Walid (? – 25 January 750) (ابراهيم ابن الوليد بن عبد الملك) was an Umayyad caliph, and a son of Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705–715).

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Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah

Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah (died c. 1459) was a Timurid ruler of Herat in the fifteenth century.

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Il-Arslan

Il-Arslan ("The Lion") (full name: Taj ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Il-Arslan ibn Atsiz) (died March 1172) was the Shah of Khwarezm from 1156 until 1172.

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Ilkhanate

The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate (ایلخانان, Ilxānān; Хүлэгийн улс, Hu’legīn Uls), was established as a khanate that formed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.

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Imad al-Dawla

Ali ibn Buya (علی بن بویه), known by his laqab (honorific epithet) Imad al-Dawla (c. 891/2 – December 949), was the founder of the Buyid dynasty in Iran (in Shiraz, 934–949).

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Injuids

The House of Inju (Injuids, Injus, or Inju'ids) was a Shia dynasty of Mongol origin that came to rule over the Persian cities of Shiraz and Isfahan during the 14th century AD.

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Iran

Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).

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Iranian monarchy

Iranian monarchy may refer to.

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Iranian Revolution

The Iranian Revolution (Enqelāb-e Iran; also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution), Iran Chamber.

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Iraq

Iraq (or; العراق; عێراق), officially known as the Republic of Iraq (جُمُهورية العِراق; کۆماری عێراق), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.

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Islamic dynasties of Iran

This is a list of kings of Iran of the medieval Islamic period, AD 820 to 1432, arranged genealogically.

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Isma'il ibn Ahmad

Abū Ibrāhīm Ismā'īl ibn Aḥmad (ابو ابراهیم اسماعیل بن احمد سامانی; May 849 – November 907), better simply known as Isma'il ibn Ahmad (اسماعیل بن احمد), and also known as Ismail Samani (اسماعیل سامانی), was the Samanid emir of Transoxiana (892–907) and Khorasan (900–907).

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Isma'il Muntasir

Isma'il (surnamed Muntasir, "Victorious") (died 1005) was an individual who attempted to resurrect the Samanid state in Transoxiana and eastern Iran (1000–1005).

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Ismail I

Ismail I (Esmāʿīl,; July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), also known as Shah Ismail I (شاه اسماعیل), was the founder of the Safavid dynasty, ruling from 1501 to 23 May 1524 as Shah of Iran (Persia).

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Ismail II

Ismail Mirza (اسماعیل میرزا) later known by his first dynastic name of Ismail II (شاه اسماعیل دوم) (31 May 1537– 24 November 1577) was the third Safavid Shah of Iran, ruling from 1576 to 1577.

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Izz al-Dawla

Bakhtiyar (Persian: بختیار, died 978), better known by his laqab of ʿIzz al-Dawla (Arabic: عز الدولة،, "Glory of the Dynasty"), was the Buyid amir of Iraq (967–978).

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Izz al-Din Husayn

Izz al-Din Husayn (Persian: عز الدین حسین) was the king of the Ghurid dynasty.

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Jafar Khan

Jafar Khan Zand, (جعفر خان زند) was the seventh shah (king) of the Zand dynasty from 1785 to 1789.

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Jahan Temür

Jahan Temür, son of Alafrang, was a Jalayirid candidate for the throne of the Ilkhanate in the late 1330s and the grandson of the Ilkhan Gaykhatu.

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Jalairid Sultanate

The Jalairids were a Mongol Jalayir dynasty which ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the breakup of the Mongol khanate of Persia in the 1330s.

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Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu

Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu (Persian: جلال ‌الدین خوارزمشاه; Turkmen: Jelaleddin Meňburun or Jelaleddin Horezmşa; full name: Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Manguberdi ibn Muhammad) or Manguberdi (Turkic for "Godgiven"), also known as Jalâl ad-Dîn Khwârazmshâh, was the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire.

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Jalal al-Dawla

Abu Tahir Firuz Khusrau (ابوطاهر فیروزخسرو), better known by his laqab of Jalal al-Dawla (993 or 994 – March 1044), was the Buyid amir of Iraq (1027–1044).

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Jamasp

Jamasp (also transcribed as Zamasp or Djamasp; جاماسپ Jāmāsp) was a Sasanian king who ruled from 496 to 498.

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Jani Beg

Jani Beg (died 1357) also called Djanibek Khan was a khan of the Golden Horde from 1342 to 1357, succeeding his father Öz Beg Khan.

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Jürgen von Beckerath

Jürgen von Beckerath (19 February 1920 – 26 June 2016) was a German Egyptologist.

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Kakuyids

The Kakuyids (also called Kakwayhids, Kakuwayhids or Kakuyah) (آل کاکویه) were a Daylamite dynasty that held power in western Persia, Jibal and Persian Iraq (c. 1008–c. 1051).

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Kara Koyunlu

The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans (قره قویونلو), were a Muslim Oghuz Turkic monarchy that ruled over the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia (1406), northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.

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Karim Khan Zand

Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (Mohammad Karīm Khān-e Zand), better known as Karim Khan Zand (کریم خان زند), was the founder of the Zand Dynasty and the Shah of Iran, ruling from 1751 to 1779.

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Kavadh I

Kavadh I (kwʾt' Kawād, قباد Qobād) (c. 449 473 – September 13, 531) was the Sasanian king of Persia from 488 to 531.

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Kavadh II

Shērōē (also spelled Shīrūya, شیرویه in New Persian), better known by his dynastic name of Kavadh II (kwʾt' Kawād; New قباد Qobād or Qabād), was king of the Sasanian Empire briefly in 628.

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Keikavus

Keikavus (كيكاوس) was the ruler of the Ziyarid dynasty from ca.

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Khalaf ibn Ahmad

Abu Ahmad Wali 'l-Dawla Khalaf ibn Ahmad (November 937 – March 1009) was the Saffarid amir of Sistan from 963 until 1002.

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Khalil Sultan

Khalil Sultan (Chagatai/خلیل سلطان) was the Timurid ruler of Transoxiana from 18 February 1405 to 1409.

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Khan (title)

Khan خان/khan; is a title for a sovereign or a military ruler, used by Mongolians living to the north of China. Khan has equivalent meanings such as "commander", "leader", or "ruler", "king" and "chief". khans exist in South Asia, Middle East, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, East Africa and Turkey. The female alternatives are Khatun and Khanum. These titles or names are sometimes written as Khan/خان in Persian, Han, Kan, Hakan, Hanum, or Hatun (in Turkey) and as "xan", "xanım" (in Azerbaijan), and medieval Turkic tribes.

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Khattab ibn Nufayl

Khattab ibn Nufayl was an Arab from the tribe of Quraish.

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Khawarij

The Khawarij (الخوارج, al-Khawārij, singular خارجي, khāriji), Kharijites, or the ash-Shurah (ash-Shurāh "the Exchangers") are members of a school of thought, that appeared in the first century of Islam during the First Fitna, the crisis of leadership after the death of Muhammad.

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Khosrow I

Khosrow I (also known as Chosroes I and Kisrā in classical sources; 501–579, most commonly known in Persian as Anushiruwān (انوشيروان, "the immortal soul"; also known as Anushiruwan the Just (انوشيروان دادگر, Anushiruwān-e Dādgar), was the King of Kings (Shahanshah) of the Sasanian Empire from 531 to 579. He was the successor of his father Kavadh I (488–531). Khosrow I was the twenty-second Sasanian Emperor of Persia, and one of its most celebrated emperors. He laid the foundations of many cities and opulent palaces, and oversaw the repair of trade roads as well as the building of numerous bridges and dams. His reign is furthermore marked by the numerous wars fought against the Sassanid's neighboring archrivals, the Roman-Byzantine Empire, as part of the already centuries-long lasting Roman-Persian Wars. The most important wars under his reign were the Lazic War which was fought over Colchis (western Georgia-Abkhazia) and the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591. During Khosrow's ambitious reign, art and science flourished in Persia and the Sasanian Empire reached its peak of glory and prosperity. His rule was preceded by his father's and succeeded by Hormizd IV. Khosrow Anushiruwan is one of the most popular emperors in Iranian culture and literature and, outside of Iran, his name became, like that of Caesar in the history of Rome, a designation of the Sasanian kings. He also introduced a rational system of taxation, based upon a survey of landed possessions, which his father had begun, and tried in every way to increase the welfare and the revenues of his empire. His army was in discipline decidedly superior to the Byzantines, and apparently was well paid. He was also interested in literature and philosophical discussions. Under his reign chess was introduced from India, and the famous book of Kalilah and Dimnah was translated. He thus became renowned as a wise king.

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Khosrow II

Khosrow II (Chosroes II in classical sources; Middle Persian: Husrō(y)), entitled "Aparvēz" ("The Victorious"), also Khusraw Parvēz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز), was the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, reigning from 590 to 628.

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Khosrow III

Khosrow III (629) was Sasanian rival king who briefly ruled in Khorasan during the reign of the Mihranid general Shahrbaraz who took control of the Sasanian Empire after having besieged Ctesiphon.

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Khosrow IV

Khosrow IV was a Sasanian usurper who ruled briefly in 631.

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Khurshid of Tabaristan

Khurshid (Middle Persian:, Khōrshēd; Tabari/اسپهبد خورشید, Spāhbed Khōrshīd 'General Khorshid'; 734–761), erroneously designated Khurshid II by earlier scholars, was the last Dabuyid ispahbadh of Tabaristan.

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Khwaja Shams al-Din 'Ali

Khwaja Shams al-Din 'Ali (died 1351–52) was the leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar from 1348 until his death.

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Khwarazmian dynasty

The Khwarazmian dynasty (also known as the Khwarezmid dynasty, the Anushtegin dynasty, the dynasty of Khwarazm Shahs, and other spelling variants; from ("Kings of Khwarezmia") was a PersianateC. E. Bosworth:. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed., 2009: "Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian." Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin. The dynasty ruled large parts of Central Asia and Iran during the High Middle Ages, in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuqs and Qara-Khitan, and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia in the 13th century. The dynasty was founded by commander Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkish slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed as governor of Khwarezm. His son, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarezm.Encyclopædia Britannica, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty",.

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Khwarezm

Khwarezm, or Chorasmia (خوارزم, Xvârazm) is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum desert, on the south by the Karakum desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau.

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Kulū Isfandiyār

Kulū Isfandiyār (کلو اسفندیار) was the leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar from 1346 until around 1347.

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Kunya (Arabic)

A kunya (كنية, kunyah) is a teknonym in Arabic names, the name of an adult derived from his or her eldest child.

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List of ancient Persians

No description.

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List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms

No description.

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List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran

The Elamites settlement was in southwestern Iran, where is modern Khuzestan, Ilam, Fars, Bushehr, Lorestan, Bakhtiari and Kohgiluyeh provinces.

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List of Seleucid rulers

The Seleucid dynasty or the Seleucidae (from Σελευκίδαι, Seleukídai) was a Greek Macedonian royal family, founded by Seleucus I Nicator ("the Victor"), which ruled the Seleucid Empire centered in the Near East and regions of the Asian part of the earlier Achaemenid Persian Empire during the Hellenistic period.

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Lotf Ali Khan

Lotf Ali Khan (لطفعلى خان زند) (c. 1769 – 1794) was the last Shah of Persia (reigned 1789–94) of the Zand dynasty.

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Lutf Allah (Sarbadar)

Lutf Allah (d. c. 1357/58) was the leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar from 1356 until his death.

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Mahmud Hotak

Shāh Mahmūd Hotak, (شاه محمود هوتک), also known as Shāh Mahmūd Ghiljī (شاه محمود غلجي) (lived 1697 – April 22, 1725), was an Afghan ruler of the Hotak dynasty who overthrew the heavily declined Safavid dynasty to briefly become the king of Persia from 1722 until his death in 1725.

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Mahmud I of Great Seljuq

Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I was the sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1092 to 1094.

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Mahmud II of Great Seljuq

Mahmud II (1105 – 1131) was the Seljuq sultan of Baghdad in 1118 following the death of his father Muhammad I. At the time Mahmud was fourteen, and ruled over Iraq and Persia.

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Majd al-Dawla

Abu Taleb Rostam ('ابو طالب رستم), known as Majd al-Dawla, was the Buyid emir of Rayy, a city in Iran (997–1029).

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Malek Ashraf

Malek Ashraf (ملک اشرف), (died 1357) was a Chupanid ruler of northwestern Iran during the 14th century.

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Malik-Shah I

Jalāl al-Dawla Mu'izz al-Dunyā Wa'l-Din Abu'l-Fatḥ ibn Alp Arslān (8 August 1053 – 19 November 1092, full name: معزالدنیا و الدین ملکشاه بن محمد الب ارسلان قسیم امیرالمومنین), better known by his regnal name of Malik-Shah I (ملکشاه) (Melikşah), was Sultan of the Seljuq Empire from 1072 to 1092.

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Malik-Shah III

Malik-Shah III (died 1160) ruled as Sultan of Great Seljuq from 1152–53.

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Mandane of Media

Mandana of Media was a princess of Media and, later, the Queen consort of Cambyses I of Anshan and mother of Cyrus the Great, ruler of Persia's Achaemenid Empire.

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Mansur I

Abu Salih Mansur (died 13 June 976) was amir of the Samanids (961–976).

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Mansur II

Abu'l-Harith Mansur II (منصور دوم سامانی) was amir of the Samanids (997–999).

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Manuchihr

Falak al-Ma'ali Manuchihr (فلک‌المعالی منوچهر), better known as Manuchihr (died c. 1030), was the ruler of the Ziyarids (1012 at the latest – c. 1030).

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Mardavij

Mardavij (مرداویج, meaning "man assailant"), was a Gilaki prince, who established the Ziyarid dynasty, ruling from 930 to 935.

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Marwan I

Marwān ibn Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As ibn Umayya ibn Abd Shams (مروان بن الحكم بن أبي العاص بن أمية), commonly known as Marwan I (ca. 623–626 — April/May 685) was the fourth caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling for less than a year in 684–685, and founder of its Marwanid ruling house, which remained in power until 750.

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Marwan II

Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan or Marwan II (691 – 6 August 750; Arabic: مروان بن محمد بن مروان بن الحكم / ALA-LC: Marwān bin Muḥammad bin Marwān bin al-Ḥakam) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 744 until 750 when he was killed.

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Massagetae

The Massagetae, or Massageteans, were an ancient Eastern Iranian nomadic confederation,Karasulas, Antony.

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Möngke Khan

Möngke (valign / Мөнх;; January 11, 1209 – August 11, 1259) was the fourth khagan of the Mongol Empire, ruling from July 1, 1251, to August 11, 1259.

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Mihr Hormozd

Mihr Hormozd (مهرهرمزد) was an Iranian nobleman from the House of Suren.

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Mirwais Hotak

Mīrwais Khān Hotak (مير ويس خان هوتک), also known as Shāh Mirwais Ghiljī (شاه ميرويس غلجي) (1673 – November 1715), was an influential tribal chief of the Ghilji Pashtuns from Kandahar, Afghanistan, who founded the Hotak dynasty that existed from 1709 to 1738.

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Mirza

Mirza (or; میرزا) is a name of Persian origin.

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Mirza Reza Kermani

Mirza Reza Kermani (in Persian: میرزارضا کرمانی), born in Kerman, Iran and died on August 10, 1896 in Tehran, was an adherent of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and an Iranian revolutionary who assassinated the Shah of Persia Nasser-al-Din.

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Mirza Shah Mahmud

Mirza Shah Mahmud (born c. 1446) was briefly a Timurid ruler of Herat.

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Mithridates I of Parthia

Mithridates or Mithradates I (Parthian: Mihrdat, مهرداد, Mehrdād), (ca. 195 BC – 132 BC) was king of the Parthian Empire from 165 BC to 132 BC, succeeding his brother Phraates I. His father was King Phriapatius of Parthia, who died ca.

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Mithridates II of Parthia

Mithridates II (meaning "Gift of Mithra") was king of Parthian Empire from 121 to 91 BC.

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Mithridates III of Parthia

Mithridates III of Parthia (Persian: مهرداد سوم) ruled the Parthian Empire c. 57–54 BC.

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Mithridates IV of Parthia

Mithridates IV of Parthia (flourished 1st century & 2nd century) was a Prince of Iranian and Greek ancestry.

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Mohammad Ali Khan Zand

Mohammad Ali Khan Zand (محمد علی خان زند, Moḥammad ‘Alī Khān Zand; 1779) was the second shah of the Zand dynasty, ruling from March 6, 1779 until June 19, 1779.

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Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar

Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (محمدعلی شاه قاجار) (21 June 1872 – 5 April 1925, Sanremo, Italy) was the sixth king of the Qajar Dynasty and Shah of Persia (Iran) from 8 January 1907 to 16 July 1909.

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Mohammad Hassan Mirza II

Prince Mohammad Hasan Mirza II Qajar (also known as Mickey Kadjar) (born July 18, 1949) is the son of Hamid Mirza and a grandson of Mohammad Hassan Mirza, the last Crown Prince of Iran from the rule of the Qajar dynasty.

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Mohammad Khodabanda

Mohammad Khodābandeh or Khudābanda, also known as Mohammad Shah or Sultan Mohammad (شاه محمد خدابنده, born 1532; died 1595 or 1596), was Shah of Persia from 1578 until his overthrow in 1587 by his son Abbas I. He was the fourth Safavid Shah of Iran and succeeded his brother, Ismail II.

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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), also known as Mohammad Reza Shah (Mohammad Rezā Šāh), was the last Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.

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Mohammad Shah Qajar

Mohammad Shah Qajar (born Mohammad Mirza, محمد شاه قاجار) (5 January 1808 – 5 September 1848) was the King of Persia from the Qajar dynasty (23 October 1834 – 5 September 1848).

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Monarchism in Iran

Iranian monarchism is the advocacy of restoring the constitutional monarchy in Iran, which was abolished after the 1979 Revolution.

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Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, (مظفرالدین شاه قاجار, Mozaffar Ŝāh-e Qājār,; 23 March 1853 – 3 January 1907) was the fifth Qajar king of Persia (Iran), reigning from 1896 until his death in 1907.

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Mu'ayyad al-Dawla

Abu Mansur Buya (ابو منصور بویه; died 983), better known his honorific title of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla (مویدالدوله; "Helper of the Empire") was the Buyid amir of Hamadan (976–983), Jibal (977–983), Tabaristan (980–983), and Gorgan (981–983).

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Mu'izz al-Dawla

Ahmad ibn Buya (Persian: احمد بن بویه, died April 8, 967), after 945 better known by his laqab of Mu'izz al-Dawla (المعز الدولة البويهي, "Fortifier of the Dynasty"), was the first of the Buyid emirs of Iraq, ruling from 945 until his death.

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Muawiya II

Muawiya II or Muawiya ibn Yazid (Mu‘āwiyah ibn Yazīd; 664–684 CE) succeeded his father Yazid I as the third Umayyad caliph and last caliph of the Sufyanid line.

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Muawiyah I

Muawiyah I (Muʿāwiyah ibn Abī Sufyān; 602 – 26 April 680) established the Umayyad dynasty of the caliphate, and was the second caliph from the Umayyad clan, the first being Uthman ibn Affan.

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Mubariz al-Din Muhammad

Mubariz al-Din Muhammad (1301-1358) (مبارز الدین محمد), was the founder of the Muzaffarid dynasty, ruling from 1314 to 1358.

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Muhammad

MuhammadFull name: Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāšim (ابو القاسم محمد ابن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب ابن هاشم, lit: Father of Qasim Muhammad son of Abd Allah son of Abdul-Muttalib son of Hashim) (مُحمّد;;Classical Arabic pronunciation Latinized as Mahometus c. 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE)Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition.

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Muhammad Aytimur

Muhammad Aytimur (died August or September 1346) was the leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar from 1343 until his death.

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Muhammad I of Khwarazm

Qutb ad-Din Muhammad (Persian: قطب الدين محمد; full name: Qutb ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Arslantegin ibn Anushtegin) was the first Shah of Khwarezm from 1097 to 1127.

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Muhammad I Tapar

Muhammad I (also known as Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad or Muhammad Tapar, died 1118) was a son of Seljuq Sultan Malik Shah I. In Turkish, Tapar means "he who obtains, finds".

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Muhammad ibn Abbas

Muhammad ibn Abbas (Persian: محمد بن عباس) was the king of the Ghurid dynasty.

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Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah

Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah or Muhammad al-Imâm was the son of Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas and great-grandson of al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, the uncle of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.

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Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Layth

Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn al-Layth was amir of the Saffarid amirate from 910 until 911.

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Muhammad ibn Ra'iq

Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ra'iq (محمد بن رائق) (died 13 February 942), usually simply Ibn Ra'iq, was a senior official of the Abbasid Caliphate, who exploited the caliphal government's weakness to become the first amir al-umara ("commander of commanders", de facto regent) of the Caliphate in 936.

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Muhammad ibn Suri

Muhammad ibn Suri (Persian: محمد بن سوری, died 1011) was the king of the Ghurid dynasty from the 10th-century to 1011.

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Muhammad II ibn Mahmud

Muhammad II ibn Mahmud (1128–1159) was Sultan of Seljuq Empire from 1153 to 1159.

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Muhammad II of Khwarezm

Ala ad-Din Muhammad II (Persian: علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه; full name: Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ibn Tekish) was the Shah of the Khwarezmian Empire from 1200 to 1220.

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Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan)

Muhammad Khan (died July 1338) was a claimant to the throne of the Ilkhanate.

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Muhammad of Ghor

Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori (معز الدین محمد غوری), born Shihab ad-Din (1149 – March 15, 1206), also known as Muhammad of Ghor, was Sultan of the Ghurid Empire along with his brother Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad from 1173 to 1202 and as the sole ruler from 1202 to 1206.

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Muhammad Shaybani

Muhammad Shaybani Khan (Muhammad Shayboniy, شیبک خان) also known as Abul-Fath Shaybani Khan or Shayabak Khan or Shahi Beg Khan (c. 1451 – 2 December 1510), was an Uzbek leader whose original name: shibägh, stands for wormwood and also black obsidian.

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Musa (Ilkhanid dynasty)

Musa Khan was an Ilkhan from 1336 to 1337 and a grandson of Baydu.

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Musa of Parthia

Musa was Queen of the Parthian Empire from c. 2 BC to 4 AD.

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Musharrif al-Dawla

Abu 'Ali (ابو علی), better known by his laqab of Musharrif al-Dawla (1003 – May 1025), was the Buyid amir of Iraq (1021–1025).

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Muslim conquest of Persia

The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, led to the end of the Sasanian Empire of Persia in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Iran (Persia).

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Muzaffarids (Iran)

The Muzaffarid dynasty (مظفریان) was a Persian dynasty of Arab origin which came to power in Iran following the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 14th century.

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Nader Shah

Nader Shah Afshar (نادر شاه افشار; also known as Nader Qoli Beyg نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khan تهماسپ قلی خان) (August 1688 – 19 June 1747) was one of the most powerful Iranian rulers in the history of the nation, ruling as Shah of Persia (Iran) from 1736 to 1747 when he was assassinated during a rebellion.

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Narseh

Narseh (𐭭𐭥𐭮𐭧𐭩 نرسه., Narsē, whose name is also sometimes written as Narses or Narseus) was the seventh Sasanian king of Ērānshahr (293–302).

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Naser al-Din Shah Qajar

Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (16 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) (ناصرالدین شاه قاجار), also Nassereddin Shah Qajar, was the King of Persia from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated.

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Nasir al-Dawla

Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Abu'l-Hayja 'Abdallah ibn Hamdan al-Taghlibi (أبو محمد الحسن ابن أبو الهيجاء عبدالله ابن حمدان ناصر الدولة التغلبي; died 968 or 969), more commonly known simply by his laqab (honorific epithet) of Nasir al-Dawla ("Defender of the Dynasty"), was the second Hamdanid ruler of the Emirate of Mosul, encompassing most of the Jazira.

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Nasr I

Nasr I (died August 892) was amir of the Samanids (864/865–892).

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Nasr II

Nasr II (نصر), nicknamed "the Fortunate", was the ruler (amir) of Transoxiana and Khurasan as the head of the Samanid dynasty from 914 to 943.

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Nuh I

Nuh ibn Nasr, or Nuh I (died 954), was the amir of the Samanids in 943–954.

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Nuh II

Nuh II (نوح, died 23 July 997) was amir of the Samanids (976–997).

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Oghul Qaimish

Oghul Qaimish (died 1251) was the principal wife of Güyük Khan and ruled as regent over the Mongol Empire after the death of her husband in 1248.

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Olympias

Olympias (Ὀλυμπιάς,, c. 375–316 BC) was a daughter of king Neoptolemus I of Epirus, sister to Alexander I of Epirus, fourth wife of Philip II, the king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia, and mother of Alexander the Great.

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Orodes I of Parthia

Orodes I of Parthia (ارد يکم) ruled the Parthian Empire from c. 85 to 80 BC in succession to Gotarzes I and Mithridates III.

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Orodes II

Orodes II of Parthia (ارد دوم), (also called Hyrodes Anaridius) was the king of the Parthian Empire from 57 BC to 37 BC.

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Orodes III of Parthia

Orodes III (ارد سوم) was raised to the throne of the Parthian Empire around AD 4 by the magnates after the death of Phraates V (reigned c. 2 BC – AD 4).

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Osroes I

Osroes I (Greek version of Khusraw) or Chosroes was a prince of Iranian and Greek ancestry.

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Osroes II

Osroes II of Parthia (Parthian: 𐭇𐭅𐭎𐭓𐭅, Khusraw), was a claimant of the throne of the Parthian Empire c. 190.

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Pacorus I

Pacorus I (died 38 BC) was a Parthian prince, who was the son of King Orodes II and Queen Laodice.

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Pacorus II

Pacorus II (پاکور دوم, flourished 1st century & first half of second century) was king of the Parthian Empire from 78 to 105.

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Paduspanids

The Paduspanids or Baduspanids (Persian: پادوسبانیان) were a local dynasty of Tabaristan which ruled over Royan, Nur and Rostamdar.

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Pahlavi dynasty

The Pahlavi dynasty (دودمان پهلوی) was the ruling house of the imperial state of Iran from 1925 until 1979, when the 2,500 years of continuous Persian monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the Iranian Revolution.

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Parthamaspates of Parthia

Parthamaspates, was the Roman client king of the Parthian Empire and later of Osroene.

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Parthia

Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅 Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in north-eastern Iran.

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Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran and Iraq.

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Perdiccas

Perdiccas (Περδίκκας, Perdikkas; c. 355 BC – 321/320 BC) became a general in Alexander the Great's army and participated in Alexander's campaign against Persia.

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Peroz I

Peroz I (Middle Persian:; New Persian: پیروز Pirouz, lit. "the Victor") was the eighteenth king of the Sasanian Empire, who ruled from 459 to 484.

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Peroz II

Peroz II (𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰, پیروز دوم), also known as Gushnasp-Bandeh was king of Persia.

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Philip III of Macedon

Philip III Arrhidaeus (Φίλιππος Γ΄ ὁ Ἀρριδαῖος; c. 359 BC – 25 December, 317 BC) reigned as king of Macedonia from after 11 June 323 BC until his death.

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Phraates I

Phraates I of Parthia was ruler of the Parthian Empire from ca.

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Phraates II

Phraates II was king of the Parthian Empire from 132 BC to 126 BC.

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Phraates III

Phraates III of Parthia succeeded his father Sanatruces and ruled the Parthian Empire from 70 to 57 BC.

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Phraates IV

Phraates IV of Parthia (son of Orodes II), ruled the Parthian Empire from 37–2 BC.

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Phraates V

Phraates V, known by the diminutive Phraataces (Φραατάκης), ruled the Parthian Empire from 2 BC to AD 4.

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Phriapatius

Phriapatius (فریاپت) or Priapatius, sometimes called Phriapites, was the king of the Parthian Empire from 185 BC to 170 BC.

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Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir

Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir (c. 1374 – 22 February 1407) was a Timurid prince and briefly succeeded as King of Timurid Empire after the death of his grandfather Timur the Lame.

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Piruz Khosrow

Piruz Khosrow (Middle Persian: Pērōz Khusraw), also known as Piruzan or Firuzan, was a powerful Persian aristocrat who was the leader of the Parsig (Persian) faction that controlled much of the affairs of the Sasanian Empire during the civil war of 628-632.

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Piruz Nahavandi

Piruz Nahavandi also spelled Pirouz Nahawandi (پیروز نهاوندی, Pīruz Nahāvandī or فیروز نهاوندی Fīruz Nahāvandī), also known by the Arabic teknonymy Abu Lululah (أَبُو لُؤْلُؤَة) was a Persian Sasanian general who served under the chief-commander of the Sassanian army Rostam Farrokhzad, but was captured in the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (or Battle of Nahavand) in 636 CE when the Sasanians were defeated by the Muslim army of Umar ibn al-Khattab on the western bank of the Euphrates River.

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Polyperchon

Polyperchon (Πολυπέρχωνής Polyperkhones; b. unknown – d. after 304,Heckel, W., 'The Marshals of Alexander's Empire' (1992), p. 204 possibly into 3rd century BCBillows, R., 'Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State' (1990), p. 172, n. 20), was a Macedonian general who served both Philip II and Alexander the Great and then played an active role in the ensuing battles for control between Alexander's generals (the Wars of the Diadochi).

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Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)

The prenomen (alternatively written praenomen) of Ancient Egyptian pharaohs was one of the five royal names of Egyptian rulers.

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Primus inter pares

Primus inter pares (Πρῶτος μεταξὺ ἴσων) is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals.

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Qabus

Qabus ibn Wushmagir (full name: Abol-Hasan Qābūs ibn Wušmagīr ibn Ziyar Sams al-maʿālī, ابوالحسن قابوس بن وشمگیر بن زیار, شمس المعالی; (died 1012) (r. 977–981; 997–1012) was the Ziyarid ruler of Gurgan and Tabaristan in medieval Iran. His father was Vushmgir and his mother was a daughter of the Bavandi Ispahbad Sharwin II.

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Qajar dynasty

The Qajar dynasty (سلسله قاجار; also Romanised as Ghajar, Kadjar, Qachar etc.; script Qacarlar) was an IranianAbbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3 royal dynasty of Turkic origin,Cyrus Ghani.

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Qara Yusuf

Abu Nasr Qara Yusuf ibn Mohammad (died 1420) was the ruler of the Kara Koyunlu dynasty (or "Black Sheep Turkomans") from c.1388 to 1420, although his reign was interrupted by Tamerlane's invasion (1400–1405).

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Qutb al-din Hasan

Qutb al-din Hasan (Persian: قطب الدین حسن) was the king of the Ghurid dynasty.

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Rey, Iran

Rey or Ray (شهر ری, Šahr-e Rey, “City of Ray”), also known as Rhages (Ῥάγαι, or Europos (Ευρωπός) Rhagai; Rhagae or Rhaganae) and formerly as Arsacia, is the capital of Rey County in Tehran Province of Iran, and the oldest existing city in the province.

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Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran

Reza Pahlavi (رضا پهلوی; born 31 October 1960) is the last heir apparent to the defunct throne of the Imperial State of Iran and is the current head of the exiled House of Pahlavi.

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Reza Shah

Reza Shah Pahlavi (رضا شاه پهلوی;; 15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was the Shah of Iran from 15 December 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on 16 September 1941.

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Rhodogune of Parthia

Rhodogune was the daughter of the Parthian king Mithridates I (171 BCE-132 BCE), and sister of Phraates II (ruled 132 BCE-127 BCE).

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Rukn al-Dawla

Hasan (died September 976), better known by his laqab as Rukn al-Dawla (Persian: رکن‌الدوله دیلمی), was the first Buyid amir of northern and central Iran (c. 935-976).

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Sadeq Khan Zand

Sadeq Khan Zand (صادق‌خان زند, d. 1781), also known as Mohammad Sadeq, was the fifth Shah of the Zand dynasty from August 22, 1779 until March 14, 1781.

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Safavid dynasty

The Safavid dynasty (دودمان صفوی Dudmān e Safavi) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.

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Saffarid dynasty

The Saffarid dynasty (سلسله صفاریان) was a Muslim Persianate dynasty from Sistan that ruled over parts of eastern Iran, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in southwestern Afghanistan).

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Safi of Persia

Sam Mirza (سام میرزا), better known by his dynastic name of Shah Safi (شاه صفی) was the sixth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1629 to 1642.

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Sama' al-Dawla

Sama' al-Dawla was the Buyid ruler of Hamadan (1021-1023 or 1024).

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Samanid Empire

The Samanid Empire (سامانیان, Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid Emirate, or simply Samanids, was a Sunni Iranian empire, ruling from 819 to 999.

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Samsam al-Dawla

Abu Kalijar Marzuban, also known as Samsam al-Dawla (c. 963 – December 998) was the Buyid amir of Iraq (983–987), as well as Fars and Kerman (988 or 989 – 998).

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Sanatruces of Parthia

King Sanatruces of Parthia (also Sinatruces or Sanatruk, c. 157 BC – 70 BC) ruled the Parthian Empire from c. 93/2 BC to 88/87 BC during his first reign and c. 77 to 70 BC during his second reign.

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Sanatruk

Sanatruk (Սանատրուկ, Latinized as Sanatruces) was a member of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia who succeeded Tiridates I of Armenia as King of Armenia at the end of the 1st century.

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Sarbadars

The Sarbadars (from سربدار sarbadār, "head on gallows"; also known as Sarbedaran سربداران) were a mixture of religious dervishes and secular rulers that came to rule over part of western Khurasan in the midst of the disintegration of the Mongol Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century (established in 1337).

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Sasan

Sāssān (Middle Iranian > Persian ساسان, also known as Sasan), considered the eponymous ancestor of the Sasanian (or Sassanid) Dynasty (ruled 224-651) in Persia, was "a great warrior and hunter" and a Zoroastrian high priest in Pars.

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Sati Beg

Sati Beg (1316–1345) was an Ilkhanid princess, the sister of Il-Khan Abu Sa'id (r. 1316–33).

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Sayed Morad Khan

Sayed Murad Khan Zand, was a Shah of Iran who reigned from January 23, 1789 until May 10, 1789.

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Sayf al-Din Muhammad

Sayf al-Din Muhammad (Persian: سیف الدین محمد) was the king of the Ghurid dynasty from 1161 to 1163.

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Sayf al-Din Suri

Sayf al-Din Suri (Persian: سیف الدین سوری) was the king of the Ghurid dynasty from 1146 to 1149.

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Seleucus I Nicator

Seleucus I Nicator (Σέλευκος Α΄ Νικάτωρ Séleukos Α΄ Nikátōr; "Seleucus the Victor") was one of the Diadochi.

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Seleucus II Callinicus

Seleucus II Callinicus Pogon (Σέλευκος Β΄ ὁ Καλλίνικος ὁ Πώγων; Kallinikos means "gloriously triumphant"; Pogon means "the Beard"; 265–225 BCE), was a ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, who reigned from 246 to 225 BC.

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Seleucus III Ceraunus

Seleucus III Soter, called Seleucus Ceraunus (Greek: Σέλευκος Γ΄ ὁ Σωτήρ, ὁ Κεραυνός; c. 243 BC – 223 BC), was a ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Kingdom, the eldest son of Seleucus II Callinicus and Laodice II.

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Seleucus IV Philopator

Seleucus IV Philopator (Greek: Σέλευκος Δ΄ Φιλοπάτωρ; c. 218 – 175 BC), ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, reigned from 187 BC to 175 BC over a realm consisting of Syria (now including Cilicia and Judea), Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Nearer Iran (Media and Persia).

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Seljuq dynasty

The Seljuq dynasty, or Seljuqs (آل سلجوق Al-e Saljuq), was an Oghuz Turk Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became a Persianate society and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition in the medieval West and Central Asia.

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Shabankara

Shabankara or Shabankareh (ملوک شبانکاره, Kurdish: Şivankaran or Şiwankaran, other spellings: Shabankara, Shwankara, Marco Polo: Soncara, Ibn Athir: Shwankara) was the name of a tribal federation of Iranian nomads who resided some parts of the Zagros mountains.

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Shah

Shah (Šāh, pronounced, "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically also known as Persia).

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Shah Rukh

Shāh Rukh (شاهرخ Šāhrokh) (August 20, 1377 – March 13, 1447) was the Timurid ruler of the eastern portion of the empire established by his father, Central Asian conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) who founded the Timurid dynasty, governing most of Persia and Transoxiana between 1405 and 1447.

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Shah-Abdol-Azim shrine

The Shāh Abdol Azīm Shrine (شاه عبدالعظیم), also known as Shabdolazim, located in Rey, Iran, contains the tomb of ‘Abdul ‘Adhīm ibn ‘Abdillāh al-Hasanī (aka. Shah Abdol Azim).

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Shahbanu

Shahbanu (fa Šahbānū lit. "King's Lady") was the title for queen consort in Persian and other Iranian languages.

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Shahrbaraz

Shahrbaraz or Shahrvaraz (died 9 June 630) was king of the Sasanian Empire from 27 April 630 to 9 June 630.

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Shahrokh Shah

Shahrokh Mirza Afshar, better known by his dynastic name of Shahrokh Shah (شاهرخ: also spelled Shah Rokh) (c. 1734–1796), was a king of the Afsharid dynasty and a contemporary of the Zand kings.

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Shaikh Awais Jalayir

Shaikh Awais Jalayir, also known as Uvais or Oways (سلطان شیخ اویس), was a Jalayirid ruler of Iraq (1356–1374) and Azerbaijan (1360–1374).

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Shaikh Hasan Jalayir

Shaikh Hasan Jalayir (died October 9, 1374) was briefly Jalayirid ruler (1374).

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Shaikh Hussain Jalayir

Shaikh Hussain Jalayir (died April or May 1382) was a Jalayirid ruler (1374–1382).

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Shams al-Dawla

Abu Taher (died 1021) was the Buyid ruler of Hamadan from 997 to 1021.

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Shams al-Din ibn Fazl Allah

Shams al-Din was the leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar from 1347 until around 1348.

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Shapur I

Shapur I (𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩; New Persian: rtl), also known as Shapur I the Great, was the second shahanshah (king of kings) of the Sasanian Empire.

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Shapur II

Shapur II (𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩 Šāpuhr), also known as Shapur II the Great, was the tenth Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire.

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Shapur III

Shapur III (𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩, New Persian: شاپور سوم), was the twelfth king of the Sasanian Empire from 383 to 388.

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Shapur-i Shahrvaraz

Shapur-i Shahrvaraz (𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩𐭩 𐭧𐭱𐭨𐭥𐭥𐭥𐭰), also known as Shapur V, was a Sasanian usurper who reigned for a short time in 630 until he was deposed in favor of Azarmidokht.

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Sharaf al-Dawla

Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris (c. 960-September 7, 988 or September 6, 989) was the Buyid amir of Kerman and Fars (983-988/9), as well as Iraq (987-988/9).

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Siege of Isfahan

The siege of Isfahan was a six-month-long siege of Isfahan, the capital of the Safavid dynasty of Iran, by the Hotaki-led Afghan army.

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Siyavakhsh

Siyavakhsh (also spelled Siyavash) was an Iranian aristocrat from the House of Mihran who was descended from Bahrām Chōbin, the famous spahbed of the Sasanian Empire and briefly its emperor.

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Sogdianus of Persia

Sogdianus was king of Persia in 424–423 BC.

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Spahbed

Spāhbed (𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧𐭯𐭲; also spelled spahbod and spahbad, early form spāhpat) is a Middle Persian title meaning "army chief" used chiefly in the Sasanian Empire.

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Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik

Sulayman bin Abd al-Malik (سليمان بن عبد الملك) (c. 674 – 22 September 717) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 715 until 717.

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Suleiman II of Persia

Mir Sayyed Mohammad Marashi, better known by his dynastic name of Suleiman II (شاه سلیمان), was a Safavid pretender who managed to briefly become ruler of some parts of Iran from 1749 to 1750.

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Suleiman Khan

Suleiman Khan (also known as Solayman Khan or Sulaiman Khan) was a Chobanid puppet for the throne of the Ilkhanate during the breakdown of central authority in Persia.

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Suleiman of Persia

Sam Mirza (سام میرزا), later known by his first dynastic name of Safi II (شاه صفی), and thereafter known by his more famous second dynastic name of Suleiman I (شاه سلیمان), was the eighth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1 November 1666 to 29 July 1694.

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Suleiman-Shah

Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din ibn Muhammad (? - April 1161), better known by his regnal name of Suleiman-Shah (سلیمان شاه), was sultan of the Seljuq Empire from 1159 to 1160.

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Sultan

Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.

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Sultan al-Dawla

Abu Shuja (ابو شجاع; 993 – December 1024), better known by his laqab of Sultan al-Dawla (Persian: سلطان الدوله, "Power of the Dynasty"), was the Buyid amir of Fars (1012–1024) and Iraq (1012–1021).

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Sultan Husayn

Sultan Husayn (also known as Soltan Hosayn and Soltan Hosein), (October 1668 – November 1726) (شاه سلطان حسین) reigned 1694–1722; was a Safavid Shah of Iran (Persia).

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Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara

Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara (حسین بایقرا / Husayn Bāyqarā) was born in Herat in June–July 1438 C.E. to Ghiyas ud-din Mansur Mirza son of Bayqarah Mirza I son of Umar Shaikh Mirza I son of Amir Timur Beg Gurkani.

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Sultan Shah of Khwarezm

Sultan Shah (died 1193) was a claimant to the title of Khwarazm Shah from 1172 until his death.

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Supreme Leader of Iran

The Supreme Leader of Iran (rahbar-e mo'azzam-e irān), also called the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution (رهبر معظم انقلاب اسلامی), officially in Iran, called the Supreme Leadership Authority (مقام معظم رهبری), is the head of state and highest ranking political and religious authority in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Taghachar

Taghachar, also spelled Tajir, Ta'achar (died c. 1296) was a commander in the army of the Mongol Empire.

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Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr

Abu'l-Hasan Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr (883-after 909) was amir of the Saffarid amirate from 901 until 909.

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Tahmasp I

Tahmasp I (شاه تهماسب یکم) (22 February 1514 – 14 May 1576) was an influential Shah of Iran, who enjoyed the longest reign of any member of the Safavid dynasty.

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Tahmasp II

Tahmasp II (1704? – 11 February 1740) was one of the last Safavid rulers of Persia (Iran).

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Tandu Khatun

Tandu Khatun or Tindu Khatun was regent of the Jalairid Sultanate in Iraq in 1411-1419.

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Töregene Khatun

Töregene Khatun (also Turakina) (d. 1246) was the Great Khatun and regent of the Mongol Empire from the death of her husband Ögedei Khan in 1241 until the election of her eldest son Güyük Khan in 1246.

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Teispes

Teïspes (from Greek Τεΐσπης; in 𐎨𐎡𐏁𐎱𐎡𐏁 Cišpiš) ruled Anshan in 675–640 BC.

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Tekuder

| name.

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Temürtas

Temürtas was also the name of another Chupanid; see Timurtash. Temürtas was the eldest son of the Chupanids prince Malek Ashraf.

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Timur

Timur (تیمور Temūr, Chagatai: Temür; 9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Amir Timur and Tamerlane (تيمور لنگ Temūr(-i) Lang, "Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror.

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Timurid dynasty

The Timurid dynasty (تیموریان), self-designated as Gurkani (گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān), was a Sunni Muslim dynasty or clan of Turco-Mongol lineageB.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006Encyclopædia Britannica, "", Online Academic Edition, 2007.

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Timurtash

Timurtash (died 1328; also Temürtas or Timür-Tash) was a member of the Chupanid family who dominated pominated Persian politics in the final years of the Ilkhanate.

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Tiridates I of Parthia

Tiridates or Teridates or Tirdad or تیرداد is a Persian name, given by Arrian in his Parthica to the brother of Arsaces I, the founder of the Parthian kingdom, whom he is said to have succeeded in about 246 BC.

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Tiridates II of Parthia

Tiridates II of Parthia was set up by the Parthians against Phraates IV in about 32 BC, but was expelled when Phraates returned with the help of the Scythians.

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Tiridates III of Parthia

Tiridates III of Parthia (تيرداد سوم), ruled the Parthian Empire briefly in 35–36.

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Togha Temür

Togha Temür (died late 1353), also known as Taghaytimur, was a claimant to the throne of the Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century.

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Toghrul III

Toghrul III (طغرل سوم) (died 1194) was the last sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire.

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Tolui

Tolui, (Classic Mongolian: Toluy, Tului, Тулуй хаан,, Tolui Khan (meaning the Khan Tolui)) (c.1191–1232) was the fourth son of Genghis Khan by his chief khatun Börte.

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Transoxiana

Transoxiana (also spelled Transoxania), known in Arabic sources as (– 'what beyond the river') and in Persian as (فرارود, —'beyond the river'), is the ancient name used for the portion of Central Asia corresponding approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan, and southwest Kazakhstan.

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Tughril

Tughril Beg (full name: Rukn al-Dunya wa al-Din Abu Talib Muhammad Toghrul-Beg ibn Mikail) also spelled Toghrul I, Tugril, Toghril, Tugrul or Toghrïl Beg; (Tuğrul) (990 – September 4, 1063) was the Turkic founder of the Seljuk Empire, ruling from 1037 to 1063.

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Tuzun (amir al-umara)

Abu'l-Wafa Tuzun was a Turkish soldier who served first the Iranian ruler Mardavij ibn Ziyar and subsequently the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Ulugh Beg

Mīrzā Muhammad Tāraghay bin Shāhrukh (میرزا محمد طارق بن شاہ رخ, میرزا محمد تراغای بن شاہ رخ), better known as Ulugh Beg (March 22, 1394 in Sultaniyeh, Persia – October 27, 1449, Samarkand), was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan.

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Umar

Umar, also spelled Omar (عمر بن الخطاب, "Umar, Son of Al-Khattab"; c. 584 CE 3 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.

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Umar II

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz or Omar ibn Abd al-Aziz (2 November 682 (26th Safar, 63 AH) – February 720 (16th Rajab, 101 AH)) (ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 717 to 720.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate (ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلأُمَوِيَّة, trans. Al-Khilāfatu al-ʾUmawiyyah), also spelt, was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.

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Upper Mesopotamia

Upper Mesopotamia is the name used for the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East.

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Uthman

Uthman ibn Affan (ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān), also known in English by the Turkish and Persian rendering, Osman (579 – 17 June 656), was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third of the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided Caliphs".

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Uvais II

Sultan Awais Jalayir (also written as Uvais or Uways or Oways) was a Jalayirid ruler of Basra, in southern Iraq (1415–1421), with his rule ending in 1421 with his death.

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Vardanes I

Vardanes I of Parthia (وردان يکم, flourished 1st century) was a Prince of Iranian and Greek ancestry.

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Vardanes II

Vardanes II of Parthia was the son of Vologases I and briefly ruler of part of the Parthian Empire.

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Vinduyih

Vinduyih (Middle Persian: Windōē) or Bendoy (بندوی) was a Sasanian nobleman from the Ispahbudhan family.

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Vistahm

Bistam or Vistahm (also transliterated Wistaxm, بیستام), was a Parthian dynast of the Ispahbudhan house, and maternal uncle of the Sasanian shah of Persia, Khosrow II (reigned 591–628).

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Vologases I of Parthia

Vologases I of Parthia (ولاش يکم) sometimes called Vologaeses or Vologeses or following Parthian usage, Walagash (بلاش Balāsh) was king of the Parthian Empire from about 51 until his death in 78.

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Vologases II of Parthia

Vologases II of Parthia (ولاش دوم) ruled the Parthian Empire from about 77 to 80.

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Vologases III of Parthia

Vologases III (Parthian: Walagash, بلاش, Balāsh, Վաղարշ, Vāghārsh) was a Parthian Prince who claimed the throne of the Parthian Empire about 105, in the last days of Pacorus II of Parthia (80–105) and reigned over the eastern portion of the kingdom to 147.

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Vologases IV

Vologases IV of Parthia (Parthian: Walagash, بلاش, Balāsh) was the ruler of the Parthian Empire from 147 to 191.

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Vologases V

Vologases V of Parthia (Parthian: Walagash, بلاش, Balāsh), known in Armenian sources as Vologases II (Վաղարշ, Vagharsh), was king of Arsacid Armenia from to 180 to 191, and king of the Parthian Empire from 191 to 208.

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Vologases VI

Vologases VI of Parthia (Parthian: Walagash, بلاش, Balāsh) succeeded his father Vologases V of Parthia (191–208) to the throne of the Parthian Empire in 208.

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Vonones I

Vonones I of Parthia (ΟΝΩΝΗΣ Onōnēs on his coins) ruled the Parthian Empire from about 8 to 12 AD.

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Vonones II

Vonones II of Parthia (ونن دوم, Ονωνης,10 BC – 51 AD) was a Parthian prince who served as a King of Media Atropatene and briefly as King of the Parthian Empire.

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Vushmgir

Zahir al-Dawla Vushmgir (ظهیرالدوله وشمگیر), mostly known as Vushmgir (also spelled as Voshmgir, Wushmgir, Wushmagir and Washmgir), was the second Ziyarid Emir who ruled from 935 until his death in December 967.

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Wajih ad-Din Mas'ud

Wajih ad-Din Mas'ud (died 1344) was the leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar from 1338-1343 until his death.

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Wars of Alexander the Great

The wars of Alexander the Great were fought by King Alexander III of Macedon ("The Great"), first against the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Darius III, and then against local chieftains and warlords as far east as Punjab, India.

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Xerxes I

Xerxes I (𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 x-š-y-a-r-š-a Xšayaṛša "ruling over heroes", Greek Ξέρξης; 519–465 BC), called Xerxes the Great, was the fourth king of kings of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia.

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Xerxes II of Persia

Xerxes II (IPA:/ˈzəːksiːz/ - Xšayāršā) was a Persian king and the son and successor of Artaxerxes I. After a reign of forty-five days, he was assassinated in 424 BC by his brother Sogdianus, who in turn was murdered by Darius II.

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Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar

Ya'qūb ibn al-Layth al-Saffār (يعقوب بن الليث الصفار), or Ya'qūb-i Layth-i Saffārī (یعقوب لیث صفاری), born Rādmān pūr-i Māhak (رادمان پور ماهک) (October 25, 840 – June 5, 879), a Persian coppersmith, was the founder of the Saffarid dynasty of Sistan, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in south-western Afghanistan).

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Yagi Basti

Yagi Basti (d. c. 1344) was a member of the Chobanid family and the ruler of Shiraz for a part of 1343.

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Yahya Karawi

Yahya Karawi (died 1355/56) was the leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar from around 1353 until his death.

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Yakub

Yakub or Yaqub (يعقوب, also transliterated in other ways, including Yaqoob, Yaqoub, Yaqub, and Yakup) is the Arabic version of Jacob and James, because in fact they are the same name.

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Yazdegerd I

Yazdegerd I (𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩 <yzdkrt|> Yazdekert, meaning "made by God"; New Persian: یزدگرد Yazdegerd) was the twelfth king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire.

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Yazdegerd II

Yazdegerd II (𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩 Yazdākird, meaning "made by God"; یزدگرد), was the sixteenth Sasanian emperor of Iran.

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Yazdegerd III

Yazdegerd III or Yazdgerd III (literally meaning "made by God"; New Persian: یزدگرد; Izdegerdes in classical sources), was the thirty-eighth and last king of the Sasanian Empire of Iran from 632 to 651.

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Yazid I

Yazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya (يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان.; 64711 November 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second caliph of the Umayyad caliphate (and the first one through inheritance).

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Yazid II

Yazid bin Abd al-Malik or Yazid II (687 – 26 January 724) (يزيد بن عبد الملك) was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled from 720 until his death in 724.

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Yazid III

Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn 'Abd al-Malik or Yazid III (701 – 25 September 744) (يزيد بن الوليد بن عبد الملك) was an Umayyad caliph.

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Yesugei

Yesugei Baghatur or Yesükhei (Modern Mongolian: Есүхэй баатар, Yesukhei baatar), was a major chief of the Khamag Mongol confederation and the father of Temüjin, later known as Genghis Khan.

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Zahir al-Din Karawi

Zahir al-Din Karawi was the leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar from 1356 - 1359.

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Zaki Khan Zand

Zaki Khan Zand (died June 6, 1779) was an Iranian military commander and contender for the throne.

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Zand dynasty

The Zand dynasty (سلسله زندیه) was an Iranian dynasty of Lak a branch of Lurs origin founded by Karim Khan Zand that initially ruled southern and central Iran in the 18th century.

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Ziyarid dynasty

The Ziyarid dynasty (زیاریان) was an Iranian dynasty of Gilaki origin that ruled Tabaristan from 930 to 1090.

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Redirects here:

Emir of Persia, Emir of Transoxiana, Emperor of Persia, Great King of Iran, King of Iran, King of Kings of Iran, King of Persia, Kings of Iran, Kings of Persia, Kings of Persian Empire, Kings of iran, List of Iranian Empires, List of Kings of Iran, List of Persian Empires, List of Persian Kings, List of Persian Shahs, List of Persian monarchs, List of kings of Iran, List of kings of Persia, Monarchs of Iran, Monarchy of Iran, Persian Emperor, Persian King, Persian Kings, Persian Monarch, Persian king, Princess of Iran, Rulers of Persia, Shah of iran, Shahanshah of Persia, Shāhanshāh of Iran.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia

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