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Natural logarithm

Index Natural logarithm

The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant ''e'', where e is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to. [1]

96 relations: Academic Press, Algebraic number, Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa, Angle, Antiderivative, Area, Arithmetic–geometric mean, Base (exponentiation), BASIC, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, Binary logarithm, Bracket, C (programming language), C++, C99, Chain rule, Christiaan Huygens, Circular sector, Common logarithm, Complex logarithm, Complex number, Complex plane, Compound interest, Computational complexity theory, Computer algebra system, Constant of integration, Continued fraction, Derivative, Dover Publications, E (mathematical constant), Exponential decay, Exponential function, Exponentiation, Exsecant, Fortran, Function (mathematics), Generalized continued fraction, Grégoire de Saint-Vincent, Group (mathematics), Group isomorphism, Half-life, Halley's method, Harmonic series (mathematics), Hewlett-Packard, Historia Mathematica, HP-41C, Hyperbola, Hyperbolic angle, Hyperbolic function, Hyperbolic sector, ..., Integral, Integration by parts, Integration by substitution, Introductio in analysin infinitorum, Inverse function, Inverse hyperbolic functions, Irrational number, John Napier, John Speidell, Leonhard Euler, Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, Logarithm, Logarithm of a matrix, Logarithmic integral function, Magnitude (mathematics), Mathematical constant, MATLAB, Multivalued function, Natural logarithm of 2, Newton's method, Nicholas Mercator, Pascal (programming language), Pi, Polylogarithm, Positive real numbers, Precalculus, Principal branch, Programming language, Quadrature (mathematics), Rate of convergence, Real number, Real-valued function, Round-off error, SAS (software), Scientific notation, Series (mathematics), Taylor series, Textbook, Transcendental function, Transcendental number, Trigonometric functions, University of Utah, Versine, Von Mangoldt function, William Kahan, Wolfram Mathematica. Expand index (46 more) »

Academic Press

Academic Press is an academic book publisher.

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Algebraic number

An algebraic number is any complex number (including real numbers) that is a root of a non-zero polynomial (that is, a value which causes the polynomial to equal 0) in one variable with rational coefficients (or equivalently – by clearing denominators – with integer coefficients).

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Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa

Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa was a Jesuit mathematician who contributed to the understanding of logarithms, particularly as areas under a hyperbola.

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Angle

In plane geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.

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Antiderivative

In calculus, an antiderivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral of a function is a differentiable function whose derivative is equal to the original function.

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Area

Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane.

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Arithmetic–geometric mean

In mathematics, the arithmetic–geometric mean (AGM) of two positive real numbers and is defined as follows: Call and and: \end Then define the two interdependent sequences and as \end where the square root takes the principal value.

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Base (exponentiation)

In exponentiation, the base is the number b in an expression of the form bn.

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BASIC

BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use.

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Bibliotheca Teubneriana

The Bibliotheca Teubneriana, or Teubner editions of Greek and Latin texts, comprise the most thorough modern collection ever published of ancient (and some medieval) Greco-Roman literature.

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Binary logarithm

In mathematics, the binary logarithm is the power to which the number must be raised to obtain the value.

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Bracket

A bracket is a tall punctuation mark typically used in matched pairs within text, to set apart or interject other text.

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C (programming language)

C (as in the letter ''c'') is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations.

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C++

C++ ("see plus plus") is a general-purpose programming language.

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C99

C99 (previously known as C9X) is an informal name for ISO/IEC 9899:1999, a past version of the C programming language standard.

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Chain rule

In calculus, the chain rule is a formula for computing the derivative of the composition of two or more functions.

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Christiaan Huygens

Christiaan Huygens (Hugenius; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor, who is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time and a major figure in the scientific revolution.

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Circular sector

A circular sector or circle sector (symbol: ⌔), is the portion of a disk enclosed by two radii and an arc, where the smaller area is known as the minor sector and the larger being the major sector.

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Common logarithm

In mathematics, the common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10.

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Complex logarithm

In complex analysis, a complex logarithm of the non-zero complex number, denoted by, is defined to be any complex number for which.

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Complex number

A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form, where and are real numbers, and is a solution of the equation.

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Complex plane

In mathematics, the complex plane or z-plane is a geometric representation of the complex numbers established by the real axis and the perpendicular imaginary axis.

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Compound interest

Compound interest is the addition of interest to the principal sum of a loan or deposit, or in other words, interest on interest.

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Computational complexity theory

Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other.

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Computer algebra system

A computer algebra system (CAS) is any mathematical software with the ability to manipulate mathematical expressions in a way similar to the traditional manual computations of mathematicians and scientists.

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Constant of integration

In calculus, the indefinite integral of a given function (i.e., the set of all antiderivatives of the function) on a connected domain is only defined up to an additive constant, the constant of integration.

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Continued fraction

In mathematics, a continued fraction is an expression obtained through an iterative process of representing a number as the sum of its integer part and the reciprocal of another number, then writing this other number as the sum of its integer part and another reciprocal, and so on.

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Derivative

The derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of the function value (output value) with respect to a change in its argument (input value).

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Dover Publications

Dover Publications, also known as Dover Books, is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward Cirker and his wife, Blanche.

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E (mathematical constant)

The number is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 2.71828, which appears in many different settings throughout mathematics.

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Exponential decay

A quantity is subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its current value.

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Exponential function

In mathematics, an exponential function is a function of the form in which the argument occurs as an exponent.

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Exponentiation

Exponentiation is a mathematical operation, written as, involving two numbers, the base and the exponent.

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Exsecant

The exsecant (exsec, exs) and excosecant (excosec, excsc, exc) are trigonometric functions defined in terms of the secant and cosecant functions.

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Fortran

Fortran (formerly FORTRAN, derived from Formula Translation) is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.

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Function (mathematics)

In mathematics, a function was originally the idealization of how a varying quantity depends on another quantity.

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Generalized continued fraction

In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, a generalized continued fraction is a generalization of regular continued fractions in canonical form, in which the partial numerators and partial denominators can assume arbitrary real or complex values.

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Grégoire de Saint-Vincent

Grégoire de Saint-Vincent (22 March 1584 Bruges – 5 June 1667 Ghent) was a Flemish Jesuit and mathematician.

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Group (mathematics)

In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element and that satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility.

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Group isomorphism

In abstract algebra, a group isomorphism is a function between two groups that sets up a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations.

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Half-life

Half-life (symbol t1⁄2) is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half its initial value.

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Halley's method

In numerical analysis, Halley’s method is a root-finding algorithm used for functions of one real variable with a continuous second derivative.

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Harmonic series (mathematics)

In mathematics, the harmonic series is the divergent infinite series: Its name derives from the concept of overtones, or harmonics in music: the wavelengths of the overtones of a vibrating string are,,, etc., of the string's fundamental wavelength.

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Hewlett-Packard

The Hewlett-Packard Company (commonly referred to as HP) or shortened to Hewlett-Packard was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California.

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Historia Mathematica

Historia Mathematica: International Journal of History of Mathematics is an academic journal on the history of mathematics published by Elsevier.

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HP-41C

The HP-41C series are programmable, expandable, continuous memory handheld RPN calculators made by Hewlett-Packard from 1979 to 1990.

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Hyperbola

In mathematics, a hyperbola (plural hyperbolas or hyperbolae) is a type of smooth curve lying in a plane, defined by its geometric properties or by equations for which it is the solution set.

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Hyperbolic angle

In mathematics, a hyperbolic angle is a geometric figure that divides a hyperbola. The science of hyperbolic angle parallels the relation of an ordinary angle to a circle. The hyperbolic angle is first defined for a "standard position", and subsequently as a measure of an interval on a branch of a hyperbola. A hyperbolic angle in standard position is the angle at (0, 0) between the ray to (1, 1) and the ray to (x, 1/x) where x > 1. The magnitude of the hyperbolic angle is the area of the corresponding hyperbolic sector which is ln x. Note that unlike circular angle, hyperbolic angle is unbounded, as is the function ln x, a fact related to the unbounded nature of the harmonic series. The hyperbolic angle in standard position is considered to be negative when 0 a > 1 so that (a, b) and (c, d) determine an interval on the hyperbola xy.

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Hyperbolic function

In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric, or circular, functions.

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Hyperbolic sector

A hyperbolic sector is a region of the Cartesian plane bounded by rays from the origin to two points (a, 1/a) and (b, 1/b) and by the rectangular hyperbola xy.

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Integral

In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data.

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Integration by parts

In calculus, and more generally in mathematical analysis, integration by parts or partial integration is a process that finds the integral of a product of functions in terms of the integral of their derivative and antiderivative.

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Integration by substitution

In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution, is a method for finding integrals.

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Introductio in analysin infinitorum

Introductio in analysin infinitorum (Introduction to the Analysis of the Infinite) is a two-volume work by Leonhard Euler which lays the foundations of mathematical analysis.

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Inverse function

In mathematics, an inverse function (or anti-function) is a function that "reverses" another function: if the function applied to an input gives a result of, then applying its inverse function to gives the result, and vice versa.

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Inverse hyperbolic functions

In mathematics, the inverse hyperbolic functions are the inverse functions of the hyperbolic functions.

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Irrational number

In mathematics, the irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers, the latter being the numbers constructed from ratios (or fractions) of integers.

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John Napier

John Napier of Merchiston (1550 – 4 April 1617); also signed as Neper, Nepair; nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston) was a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He was the 8th Laird of Merchiston. His Latinized name was Ioannes Neper. John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms. He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics. Napier's birthplace, Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, is now part of the facilities of Edinburgh Napier University. Napier died from the effects of gout at home at Merchiston Castle and his remains were buried in the kirkyard of St Giles. Following the loss of the kirkyard there to build Parliament House, he was memorialised at St Cuthbert's at the west side of Edinburgh.

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John Speidell

John Speidell (fl. 1600–1634) was an English mathematician.

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Leonhard Euler

Leonhard Euler (Swiss Standard German:; German Standard German:; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer, who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory.

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Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem

In transcendental number theory, the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem is a result that is very useful in establishing the transcendence of numbers.

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Logarithm

In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation.

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Logarithm of a matrix

In mathematics, a logarithm of a matrix is another matrix such that the matrix exponential of the latter matrix equals the original matrix.

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Logarithmic integral function

In mathematics, the logarithmic integral function or integral logarithm li(x) is a special function.

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Magnitude (mathematics)

In mathematics, magnitude is the size of a mathematical object, a property which determines whether the object is larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind.

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Mathematical constant

A mathematical constant is a special number that is "significantly interesting in some way".

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MATLAB

MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and proprietary programming language developed by MathWorks.

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Multivalued function

In mathematics, a multivalued function from a domain to a codomain is a heterogeneous relation.

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Natural logarithm of 2

The decimal value of the natural logarithm of 2 is approximately as shown in the first line of the table below.

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Newton's method

In numerical analysis, Newton's method (also known as the Newton–Raphson method), named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a method for finding successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function.

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Nicholas Mercator

Nicholas (Nikolaus) Mercator (c. 1620, Holstein – 1687, Versailles), also known by his Germanic name Kauffmann, was a 17th-century mathematician.

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Pascal (programming language)

Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, which Niklaus Wirth designed in 1968–69 and published in 1970, as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. It is named in honor of the French mathematician, philosopher and physicist Blaise Pascal. Pascal was developed on the pattern of the ALGOL 60 language. Wirth had already developed several improvements to this language as part of the ALGOL X proposals, but these were not accepted and Pascal was developed separately and released in 1970. A derivative known as Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985; this was used by Apple Computer and Borland in the late 1980s and later developed into Delphi on the Microsoft Windows platform. Extensions to the Pascal concepts led to the Pascal-like languages Modula-2 and Oberon.

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Pi

The number is a mathematical constant.

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Polylogarithm

In mathematics, the polylogarithm (also known as '''Jonquière's function''', for Alfred Jonquière) is a special function Lis(z) of order s and argument z. Only for special values of s does the polylogarithm reduce to an elementary function such as the natural logarithm or rational functions.

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Positive real numbers

In mathematics, the set of positive real numbers, \mathbb_.

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Precalculus

In mathematics education, precalculus is a course that includes algebra and trigonometry at a level which is designed to prepare students for the study of calculus.

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Principal branch

In mathematics, a principal branch is a function which selects one branch ("slice") of a multi-valued function.

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Programming language

A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of instructions that can be used to produce various kinds of output.

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Quadrature (mathematics)

In mathematics, quadrature is a historical term which means determining area.

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Rate of convergence

In numerical analysis, the speed at which a convergent sequence approaches its limit is called the rate of convergence.

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Real number

In mathematics, a real number is a value of a continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line.

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Real-valued function

In mathematics, a real-valued function is a function whose values are real numbers.

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Round-off error

A round-off error, also called rounding error, is the difference between the calculated approximation of a number and its exact mathematical value due to rounding.

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SAS (software)

SAS (previously "Statistical Analysis System") is a software suite developed by SAS Institute for advanced analytics, multivariate analyses, business intelligence, data management, and predictive analytics.

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Scientific notation

Scientific notation (also referred to as scientific form or standard index form, or standard form in the UK) is a way of expressing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form.

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Series (mathematics)

In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, a description of the operation of adding infinitely many quantities, one after the other, to a given starting quantity.

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Taylor series

In mathematics, a Taylor series is a representation of a function as an infinite sum of terms that are calculated from the values of the function's derivatives at a single point.

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Textbook

A textbook or coursebook (UK English) is a manual of instruction in any branch of study.

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Transcendental function

A transcendental function is an analytic function that does not satisfy a polynomial equation, in contrast to an algebraic function.

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Transcendental number

In mathematics, a transcendental number is a real or complex number that is not algebraic—that is, it is not a root of a nonzero polynomial equation with integer (or, equivalently, rational) coefficients.

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Trigonometric functions

In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) are functions of an angle.

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University of Utah

The University of Utah (also referred to as the U, U of U, or Utah) is a public coeducational space-grant research university in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.

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Versine

The versine or versed sine is a trigonometric function already appearing in some of the earliest trigonometric tables.

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Von Mangoldt function

In mathematics, the von Mangoldt function is an arithmetic function named after German mathematician Hans von Mangoldt.

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William Kahan

William "Velvel" Morton Kahan (born June 5, 1933) is a Canadian mathematician and computer scientist who received the Turing Award in 1989 for "his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis", was named an ACM Fellow in 1994, and inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 2005.

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Wolfram Mathematica

Wolfram Mathematica (usually termed Mathematica) is a modern technical computing system spanning most areas of technical computing — including neural networks, machine learning, image processing, geometry, data science, visualizations, and others.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm

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