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Machine translation

Index Machine translation

Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation MT (not to be confused with computer-aided translation, machine-aided human translation (MAHT) or interactive translation) is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another. [1]

133 relations: Algorithm, ALPAC, Ambiguity, American Sign Language, Andrew Donald Booth, APEXC, Arabic machine translation, Artificial intelligence, Automatic summarization, Automation, Babylon (software), Birkbeck, University of London, BLEU, Braille, Cache language model, Claude Piron, Code, Cognition, Comparison of machine translation applications, Computation, Computational linguistics, Computer-assisted translation, Content word, Controlled language in machine translation, Controlled natural language, Copyright, Corpus linguistics, Creative work, Creativity, Dari language, DARPA, DARPA TIDES program, Deep learning, Derivative work, Dictionary, Dictionary-based machine translation, Electronics World, Encyclopedia Americana, Europarl Corpus, European Commission, European Parliament, Example-based machine translation, Expert system, First language, Foreign language writing aid, Franz Josef Och, Garbage in, garbage out, Georgetown University, Georgetown–IBM experiment, Google, ..., Google Translate, Grammar, History of machine translation, Humour in translation, IBM, Idiom, Information extraction, Information retrieval, Instant messaging, Interactive machine translation, Interlingual machine translation, Interlinguistics, John Hutchins, Language, Language barrier, Language technology, Language Weaver, LEPOR, Lexicon, Linguistic typology, List of emerging technologies, List of research laboratories for machine translation, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Makoto Nagao, Meaning (linguistics), METEOR, Meteorology, Mobile translation, Morphology (linguistics), Named-entity recognition, Natural language, Natural language processing, Natural language understanding, Neural machine translation, NIST (metric), Omniscien Technologies, Ontology (information science), OpenLogos, Originality, Pashto, PDF, Phraselator, Pinniped, Postediting, Profession, Pseudolocalization, Publishing, Record linkage, René Descartes, Rights, Rockefeller Foundation, Round-trip translation, Rule-based machine translation, SDL Trados Studio, Seal, Semantics, Similarity measure, Social networking service, Source text, Statistical machine translation, Statistics, Syntax, SYSTRAN, Technical University of Valencia, Technology, Text corpus, Transfer-based machine translation, Translation, Translation memory, Transliteration, Turing test, ULTRA (machine translation system), Universal Networking Language, Universal translator, University of Gothenburg, University of London, Venture capital, Warren Weaver, Word-sense disambiguation, WordNet, World Health Organization, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Zimbabwe Independent. Expand index (83 more) »

Algorithm

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems.

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ALPAC

ALPAC (Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee) was a committee of seven scientists led by John R. Pierce, established in 1964 by the United States government in order to evaluate the progress in computational linguistics in general and machine translation in particular.

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Ambiguity

Ambiguity is a type of meaning in which several interpretations are plausible.

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American Sign Language

American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone Canada.

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Andrew Donald Booth

Andrew Donald Booth (11 February 1918 – 29 November 2009), The Times, 12 January 2010.

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APEXC

The APE(X)C, or All Purpose Electronic (X) Computer series was designed by Andrew Donald Booth at Birkbeck College, London in the early 1950s.

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Arabic machine translation

Arabic is one of the major languages that have been given attention by machine translation (MT) researchers since the very early days of MT and specifically in the U.S. The language has always been considered "due to its morphological, syntactic, phonetic and phonological properties one of the most difficult languages for written and spoken language processing." Arabic "differs tremendously in terms of its characters, morphology and diacritization from other languages." Accordingly, researchers cannot always import solutions from other languages, and today Arabic machine translation still needs more efforts to be improved, mainly in the area of semantic representation systems, which are essential for achieving high quality translation.

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Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence (NI) displayed by humans and other animals.

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Automatic summarization

Automatic summarization is the process of shortening a text document with software, in order to create a summary with the major points of the original document.

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Automation

Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed without human assistance.

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Babylon (software)

Babylon is a computer dictionary and translation program, developed by Babylon Software Ltd., an Israeli public company based in Or Yehuda.

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Birkbeck, University of London

Birkbeck, University of London (formally, Birkbeck College; informally, Birkbeck), is a public research university located in Bloomsbury, London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London.

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BLEU

BLEU (bilingual evaluation understudy) is an algorithm for evaluating the quality of text which has been machine-translated from one natural language to another.

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Braille

Braille is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired.

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Cache language model

A cache language model is a type of statistical language model.

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Claude Piron

Claude Piron (26 February 1931 – 22 January 2008), also known by the pseudonym Johán Valano, was a Swiss psychologist, Esperantist, translator, and writer.

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Code

In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form or representation, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a communication channel or storage in a storage medium.

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Cognition

Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".

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Comparison of machine translation applications

A machine translation application is a program that attempts to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.

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Computation

Computation is any type of calculation that includes both arithmetical and non-arithmetical steps and follows a well-defined model, for example an algorithm.

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Computational linguistics

Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions.

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Computer-assisted translation

Computer-assisted translation,computer-aided translation or CAT is a form of language translation in which a human translator uses computer hardware to support and facilitate the translation process.

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Content word

In linguistics content words are words that name objects of reality and their qualities.

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Controlled language in machine translation

Using controlled language in machine translation poses several problems.

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Controlled natural language

Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are subsets of natural languages that are obtained by restricting the grammar and vocabulary in order to reduce or eliminate ambiguity and complexity.

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Copyright

Copyright is a legal right, existing globally in many countries, that basically grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to determine and decide whether, and under what conditions, this original work may be used by others.

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Corpus linguistics

Corpus linguistics is the study of language as expressed in corpora (bodies) of "real world" text.

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Creative work

A creative work is a manifestation of creative effort including fine artwork (sculpture, paintings, drawing, sketching, performance art), dance, writing (literature), filmmaking, and musical composition.

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Creativity

Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something new and somehow valuable is formed.

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Dari language

Darī (دری) or Dari Persian (فارسی دری Fārsī-ye Darī) or synonymously Farsi (فارسی Fārsī) is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan.

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DARPA

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.

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DARPA TIDES program

TIDES is an ambitious technology development effort, funded by DARPA.

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Deep learning

Deep learning (also known as deep structured learning or hierarchical learning) is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on learning data representations, as opposed to task-specific algorithms.

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Derivative work

In copyright law, a derivative work is an expressive creation that includes major copyright-protected elements of an original, previously created first work (the underlying work).

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Dictionary

A dictionary, sometimes known as a wordbook, is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc.

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Dictionary-based machine translation

Machine translation can use a method based on dictionary entries, which means that the words will be translated as a dictionary does – word by word, usually without much correlation of meaning between them.

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Electronics World

Electronics World (Wireless World, founded in 1913, and in September 1984 renamed Electronics & Wireless World) is a technical magazine in electronics and RF engineering aimed at professional design engineers.

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Encyclopedia Americana

Encyclopedia Americana is one of the largest general encyclopedias in the English language.

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Europarl Corpus

The Europarl Corpus is a corpus (set of documents) that consists of the proceedings of the European Parliament from 1996 to the present.

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European Commission

The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.

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European Parliament

The European Parliament (EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU).

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Example-based machine translation

Example-based machine translation (EBMT) is a method of machine translation often characterized by its use of a bilingual corpus with parallel texts as its main knowledge base at run-time.

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Expert system

In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert.

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First language

A first language, native language or mother/father/parent tongue (also known as arterial language or L1) is a language that a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.

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Foreign language writing aid

A foreign language writing aid is a computer program or any other instrument that assists a non-native language user (also referred to as a foreign language learner) in writing decently in their target language.

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Franz Josef Och

Franz Josef Och (November 2, 1971) is a German computer scientist.

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Garbage in, garbage out

In computer science, garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) is where flawed, or nonsense input data produces nonsense output or "garbage".

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Georgetown University

Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States.

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Georgetown–IBM experiment

The Georgetown–IBM experiment was an influential demonstration of machine translation, which was performed during January 7, 1954.

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Google

Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware.

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Google Translate

Google Translate is a free multilingual machine translation service developed by Google, to translate text.

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Grammar

In linguistics, grammar (from Greek: γραμματική) is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language.

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History of machine translation

Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.

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Humour in translation

Humour in translation can be caused by translation errors, because of irregularities and discrepancies between certain items that translators attempt to translate.

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IBM

The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries.

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Idiom

An idiom (idiom, "special property", from translite, "special feature, special phrasing, a peculiarity", f. translit, "one's own") is a phrase or an expression that has a figurative, or sometimes literal, meaning.

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Information extraction

Information extraction (IE) is the task of automatically extracting structured information from unstructured and/or semi-structured machine-readable documents.

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Information retrieval

Information retrieval (IR) is the activity of obtaining information system resources relevant to an information need from a collection of information resources.

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Instant messaging

Instant messaging (IM) technology is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet.

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Interactive machine translation

Interactive Machine Translation (IMT), is a specific sub-field of computer-aided translation.

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Interlingual machine translation

Interlingual machine translation is one of the classic approaches to machine translation.

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Interlinguistics

Interlinguistics is the study of various aspects of linguistic communication.

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John Hutchins

John Hutchins (July 25, 1812 – November 20, 1891) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.

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Language

Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.

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Language barrier

A language barrier is a figurative phrase used primarily to refer to linguistic barriers to communication, i.e. the difficulties in communication experienced by people or groups speaking different languages, or even dialects in some cases.

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Language technology

Language technology, often called human language technology (HLT), consists of natural language processing (NLP) and computational linguistics (CL) on the one hand, and speech technology on the other.

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Language Weaver

SDL Language Weaver is a Los Angeles, California–based company that was founded in 2002 by the University of Southern California's Kevin Knight and Daniel Marcu, to commercialize a statistical approach to automatic language translation and natural language processing - now known globally as statistical machine translation software (SMTS).

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LEPOR

LEPOR is an automatic language independent machine translation evaluation metric with tunable parameters and reinforced factors.

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Lexicon

A lexicon, word-hoard, wordbook, or word-stock is the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical).

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Linguistic typology

Linguistic typology is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features.

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List of emerging technologies

Emerging technologies are those technical innovations which represent progressive developments within a field for competitive advantage.

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List of research laboratories for machine translation

The following is a list of research laboratories that focus on machine translation.

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Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) was first published by Longman in 1978.

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Makoto Nagao

is a Japanese computer scientist.

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Meaning (linguistics)

In linguistics, meaning is the information or concepts that a sender intends to convey, or does convey, in communication with a receiver.

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METEOR

METEOR (Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit ORdering) is a metric for the evaluation of machine translation output.

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Meteorology

Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting.

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Mobile translation

Mobile translation refers to any electronic device or software application that provides audio translation.

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Morphology (linguistics)

In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.

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Named-entity recognition

Named-entity recognition (NER) (also known as entity identification, entity chunking and entity extraction) is a subtask of information extraction that seeks to locate and classify named entities in text into pre-defined categories such as the names of persons, organizations, locations, expressions of times, quantities, monetary values, percentages, etc.

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Natural language

In neuropsychology, linguistics, and the philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that has evolved naturally in humans through use and repetition without conscious planning or premeditation.

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Natural language processing

Natural language processing (NLP) is an area of computer science and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data.

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Natural language understanding

Natural language understanding (NLU) or natural language interpretation (NLI) is a subtopic of natural language processing in artificial intelligence that deals with machine reading comprehension.

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Neural machine translation

Neural machine translation (NMT) is an approach to machine translation that uses a large artificial neural network to predict the likelihood of a sequence of words, typically modeling entire sentences in a single integrated model.

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NIST (metric)

NIST is a method for evaluating the quality of text which has been translated using machine translation.

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Omniscien Technologies

Omniscien Technologies (formerly Asia Online) is a privately owned, multinational company delivering services and software for language processing, machine translation and machine learning.

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Ontology (information science)

In computer science and information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definition of the categories, properties, and relations of the concepts, data, and entities that substantiate one, many, or all domains.

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OpenLogos

OpenLogos is an open source program that translates from English and German into French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.

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Originality

Originality is the aspect of created or invented works as being new or novel, and thus distinguishable from reproductions, clones, forgeries, or derivative works.

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Pashto

Pashto (پښتو Pax̌tō), sometimes spelled Pukhto, is the language of the Pashtuns.

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PDF

The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.

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Phraselator

The Phraselator is a weatherproof handheld language translation device developed by VoxTec, a former division of the military contractor Marine Acoustics, located in Annapolis, MD.

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Pinniped

Pinnipeds, commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic marine mammals.

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Postediting

Post-editing (or postediting) is the process whereby humans amend machine-generated translation to achieve an acceptable final product.

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Profession

A profession is a vocation founded upon specialized educational training, the purpose of which is to supply disinterested objective counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation, wholly apart from expectation of other business gain.

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Pseudolocalization

Pseudolocalization (or pseudo-localization) is a software testing method used for testing internationalization aspects of software.

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Publishing

Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or information—the activity of making information available to the general public.

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Record linkage

Record linkage (RL) is the task of finding records in a data set that refer to the same entity across different data sources (e.g., data files, books, websites, and databases).

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René Descartes

René Descartes (Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.

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Rights

Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.

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Rockefeller Foundation

The Rockefeller Foundation is a private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City.

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Round-trip translation

Round-trip translation (RTT), also known as back-and-forth translation, recursive translation and bi-directional translation, is the process of translating a word, phrase or text into another language (forward translation), then translating the result back into the original language (back translation), using machine translation (MT) software.

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Rule-based machine translation

Rule-based machine translation (RBMT; "Classical Approach" of MT) is machine translation systems based on linguistic information about source and target languages basically retrieved from (unilingual, bilingual or multilingual) dictionaries and grammars covering the main semantic, morphological, and syntactic regularities of each language respectively.

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SDL Trados Studio

SDL Trados Studio is a computer-assisted translation software suite, a successor to the older Translators Workbench originally developed by the German company Trados GmbH and currently available from SDL plc, a provider of customer experience cloud solutions.

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Seal

Seal most commonly refers to.

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Semantics

Semantics (from σημαντικός sēmantikós, "significant") is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning, in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.

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Similarity measure

In statistics and related fields, a similarity measure or similarity function is a real-valued function that quantifies the similarity between two objects.

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Social networking service

A social networking service (also social networking site, SNS or social media) is a web application that people use to build social networks or social relations with other people who share similar personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.

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Source text

A source text is a text (sometimes oral) from which information or ideas are derived.

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Statistical machine translation

Statistical machine translation (SMT) is a machine translation paradigm where translations are generated on the basis of statistical models whose parameters are derived from the analysis of bilingual text corpora.

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Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.

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Syntax

In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order.

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SYSTRAN

SYSTRAN, founded by Dr.

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Technical University of Valencia

The Polytechnic University of Valencia (Universitat Politècnica de València, UPV;, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia) is a Spanish university located in Valencia, with a focus on science and technology.

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Technology

Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is first robustly defined by Jacob Bigelow in 1829 as: "...principles, processes, and nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which involve applications of science, and which may be considered useful, by promoting the benefit of society, together with the emolument of those who pursue them".

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Text corpus

In linguistics, a corpus (plural corpora) or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts (nowadays usually electronically stored and processed).

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Transfer-based machine translation

Transfer-based machine translation is a type of machine translation (MT).

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Translation

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.

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Translation memory

A translation memory (TM) is a database that stores "segments", which can be sentences, paragraphs or sentence-like units (headings, titles or elements in a list) that have previously been translated, in order to aid human translators.

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Transliteration

Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus trans- + liter-) in predictable ways (such as α → a, д → d, χ → ch, ն → n or æ → e).

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Turing test

The Turing test, developed by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.

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ULTRA (machine translation system)

ULTRA is a machine translation system created for five languages (Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, English, and German) in the Computing Research Laboratory in 1991.

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Universal Networking Language

Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a declarative formal language specifically designed to represent semantic data extracted from natural language texts.

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Universal translator

A universal translator is a device common to many science fiction works, especially on television.

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University of Gothenburg

The University of Gothenburg (Göteborgs universitet) is a university in Sweden's second largest city, Gothenburg.

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University of London

The University of London (abbreviated as Lond. or more rarely Londin. in post-nominals) is a collegiate and a federal research university located in London, England.

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Venture capital

Venture capital (VC) is a type of private equity, a form of financing that is provided by firms or funds to small, early-stage, emerging firms that are deemed to have high growth potential, or which have demonstrated high growth (in terms of number of employees, annual revenue, or both).

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Warren Weaver

Warren Weaver (July 17, 1894 – November 24, 1978) was an American scientist, mathematician, and science administrator.

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Word-sense disambiguation

In computational linguistics, word-sense disambiguation (WSD) is an open problem of natural language processing and ontology.

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WordNet

WordNet is a lexical database for the English language.

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World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.

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Yehoshua Bar-Hillel

Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (יהושע בר-הלל; 8 September 1915, Vienna – 25 September 1975, Jerusalem) was an Israeli philosopher, mathematician, and linguist.

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Zimbabwe Independent

Zimbabwe Independent is a private weekly published from Harare, Zimbabwe, by Alpha Media Holdings.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation

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