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Modernism

Index Modernism

Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [1]

764 relations: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, Abstract art, Abstract expressionism, Abstract illusionism, Action painting, Ad Reinhardt, Adolf Hitler, After Babel, Age of Enlightenment, Agnes Martin, Al Hansen, Al Held, Alan Saret, Alban Berg, Albert Camus, Albert Gleizes, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Alex Katz, Alexander Stoddart, Alexander Vvedensky (poet), Alfred Döblin, Alfred Jarry, Alison Knowles, All Quiet on the Western Front, Allan Kaprow, Allen Ginsberg, American Gothic, American modernism, Ancient Greece, André Breton, Andreas Huyssen, Andy Warhol, Anna Akhmatova, Anne Truitt, Anthony Caro, Anti-art, Antisemitism, Anton Webern, Antonin Artaud, Antonio Gramsci, Archetype, Archie Rand, Architect, Armory Show, Arnold Schoenberg, Arnolt Bronnen, Arshile Gorky, Art for art's sake, Art of Europe, Art+Auction, ..., Arte Povera, Arthur Rimbaud, Arthur Schnitzler, Arthur Schopenhauer, Atonality, Attack on Pearl Harbor, August Macke, August Strindberg, Avant-garde, Avant-Garde and Kitsch, Édouard Manet, Barbara Rose, Barnett Newman, Barry Le Va, Basil Bunting, Basque Country (autonomous community), Bauhaus, Béla Bartók, Belvedere (fort), Ben Shahn, Ben-Day dots, Bertolt Brecht, Billy Klüver, Bob Dylan, Bombay Progressive Artists' Group, Bombing of Guernica, Bourgeoisie, Brice Marden, Briggflatts, Brooklyn Bridge, Bruce Nauman, Cabaret, Cambridge University Press, Canvas, Capitalism, Captain Beefheart, Carl Andre, Carl Emil Schorske, Carl Van Vechten, Carlo Carrà, Carlo Gesualdo, Carolee Schneemann, Carpenter Gothic, Catherine de Zegher, Centre Georges Pompidou, Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg), Charles Baudelaire, Charles Darwin, Charles Gounod, Charles Olson, Charlotte Moorman, Chess, Christopher Morley, Christopher Okigbo, Chuck Close, Claes Oldenburg, Claude Debussy, Claude Monet, Claudio Monteverdi, Clement Greenberg, Clyfford Still, Cold War, Colin Chapman, Colin McCahon, Collage, Color Field, Computer art, Conceptual art, Concrete poetry, Consonance and dissonance, Constantine P. Cavafy, Constructivism (art), Consumerism, Contemporary architecture, Contemporary art, Contemporary classical music, Contemporary French literature, Contemporary history, Contemporary literature, Cornell University Press, Crime and Punishment, Cubism, Cy Twombly, D. H. Lawrence, Dada, Dan Christensen, Dan Flavin, Dancer in a Café, Daniil Kharms, Das Kapital, David Alfaro Siqueiros, David Hockney, David Jones (artist-poet), David Tudor, De Stijl, Deborah Hay, Decolonization, Dedekind cut, Degenerate art, Degenerate Art Exhibition, Der Blaue Reiter, Dick Higgins, Die Brücke, Diego Rivera, Diego Velázquez, Divertimento for String Orchestra (Bartók), Divisionism, Dmitri Shostakovich, Doctor Faustus (novel), Donald Barthelme, Donald Judd, Dorothy Parker, Dorothy Richardson, Douglas Kellner, Dramaturgy, Dresden, Du "Cubisme", E. B. White, E. E. Cummings, E. O. Hoppé, Early skyscrapers, East Village, Manhattan, Edinburgh University Press, Edmund Husserl, Eduardo Paolozzi, Edvard Munch, Edward Albee, Edward Hopper, Edward Johnston, Edward Kienholz, Eiffel Tower, Elaine Summers, Elitism, Elizabeth Murray (artist), Ellsworth Kelly, Emergence, En plein air, Enrico Fermi, Erased de Kooning Drawing, Erich Maria Remarque, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Ernst Toller, Eugène Ionesco, Eugene O'Neill, Eva Hesse, Evolution, Existentialism, Experimental film, Experimental literature, Experimental music, Expressionism, Ezra Pound, Fascism, Fauvism, Federico García Lorca, Fernand Léger, Fernando Arrabal, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Film, Fin-de-siècle Vienna, Finnegans Wake, Float (parade), Florence, Fluxus, Folk music, Found object, Fountain (Duchamp), Francis Bacon (artist), Francisco Franco, Francisco Goya, Frank Auerbach, Frank Lloyd Wright, Frank Stella, Frank Wedekind, Frank Zappa, Franz Kafka, Franz Kline, Franz Liszt, Franz Marc, Freedom of speech, Frida Kahlo, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Friedrich Engels, Friedrich Nietzsche, Futurism, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Gardners Books, Geometric abstraction, Georg Kaiser, George Brecht, George Grosz, George Maciunas, George Segal (artist), George Steiner, George Tooker, Georges Braque, Georges Seurat, Gerald Graff, German Expressionism, Gertrude Stein, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Gottfried Benn, Grant Wood, Great Depression, Green Gallery, Greenwich Village, Griselda Pollock, Guernica, Guernica (Picasso), Guillaume Apollinaire, Guillaume de Machaut, Gustav Mahler, Gustave Flaubert, Guy Debord, H.D., Hans Henny Jahnn, Hans Hofmann, Hanshinkan Modernism, Happening, Happy Days (play), Harcourt (publisher), Hard-edge painting, Harold Pinter, Harper (publisher), Harvard University Press, Harvest Threshing, Helen Frankenthaler, Henri Bergson, Henri Le Fauconnier, Henri Matisse, Henry James, Henry Moore, Hermann Broch, Hermeneutics, High modernism, Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, History of theatre, Holism, Howard Hodgkin, Hugh MacDiarmid, Human sacrifice, Iannis Xenakis, Idioglossia, Igor Stravinsky, Ihab Hassan, Imagism, Immanuel Kant, Impasto, Impressionism, In Search of Lost Time, Incorporation (linguistics), India, Indian art, Industrial Revolution, Industrial society, Installation art, Intermedia, Intuition, Isaac Witkin, Italo Svevo, J. G. Ballard, J. H. Prynne, J. M. W. Turner, Jackson Mac Low, Jackson Pollock, James Joyce, James Rosenquist, James Thurber, Jannis Kounellis, Jasper Johns, Jean Arp, Jean Barraqué, Jean Genet, Jean Metzinger, Jean Tinguely, Jewish Bolshevism, Jim Dine, Joan Jonas, Joan Miró, Joan Snyder, Joaquín Torres-García, Joel Shapiro, John Adams (composer), John Barth, John Cage, John Chamberlain (sculptor), John Cowper Powys, John D. Graham, John McCracken (artist), John Ruskin, John Steuart Curry, José Clemente Orozco, Josef Breuer, Joseph Beuys, Joseph Cornell, Joseph Haydn, Joseph Nechvatal, Joseph Stalin, Judith Malina, Judson Dance Theater, Judson Memorial Church, Jules Olitski, Julian Beck, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Kafū Nagai, Karl Marx, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Kazimir Malevich, Keith Sonnier, Kenneth Noland, Kenzō Tange, Kitsch, La Femme au Cheval, La Monte Young, Lady Chatterley's Lover, Larry Poons, Larry Rivers, Larry Zox, Late modernism, Latin America, Lawrence Alloway, Le Chat Noir, Le Corbusier, Le Figaro, Leaves of Grass, Lee Oser, Leo Castelli, Leon Kossoff, Les Baigneuses (Gleizes), Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Les Fleurs du mal, Lester R. Brown, Lexical item, Linda Nochlin, List of modernist women writers, List of modernist writers, Literary modernism, London, London King's Cross railway station, London Paddington station, London Underground, Louis Aragon, Louis Zukofsky, Lucian Freud, Lucinda Childs, Ludwig Boltzmann, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig van Beethoven, Luigi Nono, Luigi Russolo, Lulu (opera), Lynda Benglis, Lyrical abstraction, M. H. Abrams, Macmillan Publishers, Madame Bovary, Magic realism, Mahirwan Mamtani, Main Street (novel), Man at the Crossroads, Man Enters the Cosmos, Man Ray, Manifesto of Futurism, Marcel Duchamp, Marcel Proust, Margaret Drabble, Marianne Moore, Mario Merz, Mark Rothko, Martin Esslin, Marxism, Max Beckmann, Max Ernst, Max Reger, May Sinclair, Menno ter Braak, Mental disorder, Metabolism (architecture), Mexican muralism, Mexican Revolution, Michael Andrews (artist), Middle Ages, Mikhail Glinka, Mikhail Matyushin, Milton Babbitt, Minimal music, Minimalism, Minoan civilization, MIT Press, Mod (subculture), Modern, Modern architecture, Modern art, Modernism (music), Modernismo, Modernist poetry, Modernist poetry in English, Molloy (novel), Mona Lisa, Montmartre, Moses und Aron, Mu Shiying, Multilingualism, Mumbai, Munich, Murderer, the Hope of Women, Murphy (novel), Museum of Modern Art, Museums, Libraries and Archives Council, Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, Nam June Paik, Nancy Graves, Napoleon III, Narcissism, Natural selection, Nazarene movement, Nazism, Nelson Rockefeller, Neo-Dada, Neoclassical architecture, Neoclassicism, Neologism, New York School (art), Nicolas Schöffer, Niels Bohr, Nighthawks, Nikolaus Pevsner, Novel, Novel sequence, Nuclear Energy (sculpture), Nudity, Olivier Messiaen, On the Origin of Species, Ontology, Open University, Oskar Kokoschka, Otto Dix, Oxford University Press, Pablo Picasso, Paris, Park Place Gallery, Parody, Partisan Review, Paul Éluard, Paul Cézanne, Paul Griffiths (writer), Paul Hindemith, Paul Klee, Paul Valéry, Paul Verlaine, Pedro Nel Gómez, Peggy Guggenheim, Penguin Books, Performance art, Pericles Lewis, Perspective (graphical), Peter Reginato, Peter Voulkos, Phaidon Press, Philip Glass, Philip Guston, Philip Kitcher, Philip Pearlstein, Photography, Piano Concerto (Schoenberg), Pierre Bonnard, Pierre Boulez, Pierre Matisse, Piet Mondrian, Pilgrimage (novel sequence), Pitchfork, Plagiarism, Play (theatre), Political consciousness, Pop art, Popular culture, Popular music, Portmanteau, Post-painterly abstraction, Postminimalism, Postmodern art, Postmodernism, Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Primitivism, Princeton University Press, Process art, Progress (history), Pun, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Quatuor pour la fin du temps, Radicalism (historical), Rajat Neogy, Rationalism, Raymond Carver, Raymond Queneau, Readymades of Marcel Duchamp, Realism (arts), Recapitulation (music), Red Grooms, Reductionism, Reginald Marsh (artist), Regionalism (art), Reinhard Sorge, Rembrandt, Remodernism, Renaissance, Reprise, Richard Dedekind, Richard Hamilton (artist), Richard Serra, Richard Strauss, Richard Tuttle, Richard Wagner, Riichi Yokomitsu, Robert Benchley, Robert Bresson, Robert Delaunay, Robert Desnos, Robert Hughes (critic), Robert Lowell, Robert Morris (artist), Robert Motherwell, Robert Musil, Robert Pincus-Witten, Robert Rauschenberg, Robert Smithson, Robert Whitman, Rockaby, Rockefeller Center, Roger de La Fresnaye, Romanticism, Ronald Bladen, Ronald Davis, Ronnie Landfield, Ross Bleckner, Roy Lichtenstein, Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp, Rufino Tamayo, Russia, Russian avant-garde, Russian Futurism, Russian Revolution, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Rutgers University, S. J. Perelman, Saint Petersburg, Salon (Paris), Salon d'Automne, Salon des Refusés, Salvador Dalí, Sam Gilliam, Samuel Beckett, Santiago Martínez Delgado, Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism, Søren Kierkegaard, Schizophrenia, Sculpture, Seagram Building, Sean Scully, Section d'Or, Sentinel species, Serge Gainsbourg, Shape, Sherwood Anderson, Shi Zhecun, Sidney Janis, Sigmund Freud, Sinclair Lewis, Skyscraper, Slate (magazine), Social realism, Socialist realism, Société des Artistes Indépendants, Sol LeWitt, Something Else Press, Sound collage, Soviet Union, Space Age, Space exploration, Spanish Civil War, Spirituality, St. Louis, St. Martin's Press, Stalag VIII-A, Standard time, Statistical mechanics, Stéphane Mallarmé, Steve Paxton, Steve Reich, Steven Best, Stream of consciousness (narrative mode), String Quartet No. 5 (Bartók), String Quartet No. 6 (Bartók), String Quartets (Schoenberg), Structuralism (architecture), Studies on Hysteria, Subculture, Surreal humour, Surrealism, Susan Crile, Syd Barrett, Symbolism (arts), Symphony in C (Stravinsky), Symphony in Three Movements, Symphony of Psalms, Systems art, Systems music, T. S. Eliot, Tate Modern, Tate Publishing Ltd, Telegraphy, Terry Riley, Thames & Hudson, The Art of This Century gallery, The Beatles, The Breasts of Tiresias, The Brothers Karamazov, The Cantos, The Communist Manifesto, The Crystal Palace, The Cultural Creatives, The Death of Virgil, The First Moderns, The Great Exhibition, The Holocaust, The Kinks, The Literature of Exhaustion, The Living Theatre, The Myth of Sisyphus, The New School for Social Research, The New York Times, The New Yorker, The Nose (opera), The Portrait of a Lady, The Rite of Spring, The Rolling Stones, The Son (play), The Sound and the Fury, The Waste Land, The Who, The World as Will and Representation, Theatre of the Absurd, Thomas Hart Benton (painter), Thomas Mann, Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion, Tom Otterness, Tom Stoppard, Tom Wesselmann, Tonality, Trench warfare, Triptych, TriQuarterly, Trisha Brown, Twelve-tone technique, Twentieth-century English literature, Ulysses (novel), Umberto Boccioni, Umberto Eco, UNESCO, University of Chicago, University of Chicago Press, University of Manchester, University of Minnesota Press, Urinal, Vaudeville, Václav Havel, Victorian era, Victory over the Sun, Video art, Vienna, Vincent van Gogh, Violin Concerto (Berg), Violin Concerto (Schoenberg), Virginia Woolf, Visual art of the United States, Visual arts, Vladimir Lenin, Vorticism, W. H. Auden, Waiting for Godot, Wallace Stevens, Walt Whitman, Walter Benjamin, Walter Darby Bannard, Walter Hasenclever, Wassily Kandinsky, Well-made play, Western canon, Western world, Will to power, Willem de Kooning, William Carlos Williams, William Everdell, William Faulkner, Winesburg, Ohio, Wole Soyinka, Wolf Vostell, World of Art, World War I, World War II, Wozzeck, Wyndham Lewis, Yale University Press, Yasunari Kawabata, Yayoi Kusama, Yoko Ono, Yves Klein, Yvonne Rainer, Zeitgeist, Zeno's Conscience, 20th-century classical music, 4′33″. Expand index (714 more) »

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte) painted in 1884, is one of Georges Seurat's most famous works.

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Abstract art

Abstract art uses a visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.

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Abstract expressionism

Abstract expressionism is a post–World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in the 1940s.

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Abstract illusionism

Abstract illusionism, a name coined by art historian and critic Barbara Rose, is an artistic movement that came into prominence in the United States during the mid-1970s.

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Action painting

Action painting, sometimes called "gestural abstraction", is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.

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Ad Reinhardt

Adolph Frederick "Ad" Reinhardt (December 24, 1913 – August 30, 1967) was an abstract painter active in New York beginning in the 1930s and continuing through the 1960s.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

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After Babel

After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (1975; second edition 1992; third edition 1998) is a linguistics book by literary critic George Steiner, in which Steiner deals with the "Babel problem" of multiple languages.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".

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Agnes Martin

Agnes Bernice Martin (March 22, 1912 – December 16, 2004), born in Canada, was an American abstract painter.

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Al Hansen

Alfred Earl "Al" Hansen (5 October 1927 – 22 June 1995) was an American artist.

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Al Held

Al Held (October 12, 1928 – July 27, 2005) was an American Abstract expressionist painter.

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Alan Saret

Alan Saret (born 1944 New York City) is an American sculptor, draftsman, and installation artist, best known for his Postminimalism wire sculptures and drawings.

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Alban Berg

Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9, 1885 – December 24, 1935) was an Austrian composer of the Second Viennese School.

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Albert Camus

Albert Camus (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher, author, and journalist.

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Albert Gleizes

Albert Gleizes (8 December 1881 – 23 June 1953) was a French artist, theoretician, philosopher, a self-proclaimed founder of Cubism and an influence on the School of Paris.

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Alejandro Jodorowsky

Alejandro Jodorowsky Prullansky (born 17 February 1929) is a Chilean-French filmmaker.

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Alex Katz

Alex Katz (born July 24, 1927) is an American figurative artist known for his paintings, sculptures, and prints.

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Alexander Stoddart

Alexander "Sandy" Stoddart (born 1959) is a Scottish sculptor, who, since 2008, has been the Queen's Sculptor in Ordinary in Scotland.

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Alexander Vvedensky (poet)

Alexander Ivanovich Vvedensky (Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Введе́нский; 1904–1941) was a Russian poet and dramatist with formidable influence on "unofficial" and avant-garde art during and after the times of the Soviet Union.

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Alfred Döblin

Bruno Alfred Döblin (10 August 1878 – 26 June 1957) was a German novelist, essayist, and doctor, best known for his novel Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929).

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Alfred Jarry

Alfred Jarry (8 September 1873 – 1 November 1907) was a French symbolist writer who is best known for his play Ubu Roi (1896).

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Alison Knowles

Alison Knowles (born 1933) is an American visual artist known for her installations, performances, soundworks, and publications.

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All Quiet on the Western Front

All Quiet on the Western Front (lit) is a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of World War I. The book describes the German soldiers' extreme physical and mental stress during the war, and the detachment from civilian life felt by many of these soldiers upon returning home from the front.

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Allan Kaprow

Allan Kaprow (August 23, 1927 – April 5, 2006) was an American painter, assemblagist and a pioneer in establishing the concepts of performance art.

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Allen Ginsberg

Irwin Allen Ginsberg (June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet, philosopher, writer, and activist.

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American Gothic

American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago.

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American modernism

American modernism, much like the modernism movement in general, is a trend of philosophical thought arising from the widespread changes in culture and society in the age of modernity.

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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 13th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (AD 600).

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André Breton

André Breton (18 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer, poet, and anti-fascist.

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Andreas Huyssen

Andreas Huyssen (born 1942) is the Villard Professor of German and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, where he has taught since 1986.

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Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol (born Andrew Warhola; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist, director and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art.

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Anna Akhmatova

Anna Andreyevna Gorenkoa; Анна Андріївна Горенко, Anna Andriyivna Horenko (– 5 March 1966), better known by the pen name Anna Akhmatova (Анна Ахматова), was one of the most significant Russian poets of the 20th century.

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Anne Truitt

Anne Truitt (March 16, 1921December 23, 2004), born Anne Dean, was a major American artist of the mid-20th century.

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Anthony Caro

Sir Anthony Alfred Caro (8 March 192423 October 2013) was an English abstract sculptor whose work is characterised by assemblages of metal using 'found' industrial objects. His style was of the modernist school, having worked with Henry Moore early in his career. He was lauded as the greatest British sculptor of his generation.

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Anti-art

Anti-art is a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.

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Anton Webern

Anton Friedrich Wilhelm (von) Webern (3 December 188315 September 1945) was an Austrian composer and conductor.

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Antonin Artaud

Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud (4 September 1896 – 4 March 1948), was a French dramatist, poet, essayist, actor, and theatre director, widely recognized as one of the major figures of twentieth-century theatre and the European avant-garde.

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Antonio Gramsci

Antonio Francesco Gramsci (22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher and politician.

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Archetype

The concept of an archetype appears in areas relating to behavior, modern psychological theory, and literary analysis.

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Archie Rand

Archie Rand (born 1949) is an artist from Brooklyn, New York.

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Architect

An architect is a person who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings.

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Armory Show

The Armory Show, also known as the International Exhibition of Modern Art, was a show organized by the Association of American Painters and Sculptors in 1913.

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Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg or Schönberg (13 September 187413 July 1951) was an Austrian-American composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter.

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Arnolt Bronnen

Arnolt Bronnen (19 August 1895 – 12 October 1959) was an Austrian playwright and director.

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Arshile Gorky

Arshile Gorky (born Vostanik Manoug Adoian, Ոստանիկ Մանուկ Ատոյեան; April 15, 1904 – July 21, 1948) was an Armenian-American painter, who had a seminal influence on Abstract Expressionism.

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Art for art's sake

"Art for art's sake" is the usual English rendering of a French slogan from the early 19th century, "l'art pour l'art", and expresses a philosophy that the intrinsic value of art, and the only "true" art, is divorced from any didactic, moral, or utilitarian function.

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Art of Europe

The art of Europe, or Western art, encompasses the history of visual art in Europe.

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Art+Auction

Art+Auction is a monthly art magazine published in New York City by Louise Blouin Media.

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Arte Povera

Arte Povera (literally poor art) is a contemporary art movement.

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Arthur Rimbaud

Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet who is known for his influence on modern literature and arts, which prefigured surrealism.

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Arthur Schnitzler

Arthur Schnitzler (15 May 1862 – 21 October 1931) was an Austrian author and dramatist.

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Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher.

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Atonality

Atonality in its broadest sense is music that lacks a tonal center, or key.

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Attack on Pearl Harbor

The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941.

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August Macke

August Macke (3 January 1887 – 26 September 1914) was a German Expressionist painter.

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August Strindberg

Johan August Strindberg (22 January 184914 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist and painter.

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Avant-garde

The avant-garde (from French, "advance guard" or "vanguard", literally "fore-guard") are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.

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Avant-Garde and Kitsch

Avant-Garde and Kitsch is the title of a 1939 essay by Clement Greenberg, first published in the Partisan Review, in which he claimed that avant-garde and modernist art was a means to resist the "dumbing down" of culture caused by consumerism.

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Édouard Manet

Édouard Manet (23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) was a French painter.

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Barbara Rose

Barbara Rose, Ph.D (born 1938) is an American art historian and art critic.

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Barnett Newman

Barnett Newman (January 29, 1905 – July 4, 1970) was an American artist.

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Barry Le Va

Barry Le Va (born 1941) is a contemporary American sculptor and installation artist.

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Basil Bunting

Basil Cheesman Bunting (1 March 1900 – 17 April 1985) was a British modernist poet whose reputation was established with the publication of Briggflatts in 1966.

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Basque Country (autonomous community)

The Basque Country (Euskadi; País Vasco; Pays Basque), officially the Basque Autonomous Community (Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa, EAE; Comunidad Autónoma Vasca, CAV) is an autonomous community in northern Spain.

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Bauhaus

Staatliches Bauhaus, commonly known simply as Bauhaus, was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught.

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Béla Bartók

Béla Viktor János Bartók (25 March 1881 – 26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer, pianist and an ethnomusicologist.

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Belvedere (fort)

The Forte di Belvedere or Fortezza di Santa Maria in San Giorgio del Belvedere (often called simply Belvedere) is a fortification in Florence, Italy.

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Ben Shahn

Ben Shahn (September 12, 1898 – March 14, 1969) was a Lithuanian-born American artist.

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Ben-Day dots

The Ben-Day dots printing process, named after illustrator and printer Benjamin Henry Day, Jr., (son of 19th Century publisher Benjamin Henry Day) is a technique dating from 1879.

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Bertolt Brecht

Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (10 February 1898 – 14 August 1956), known professionally as Bertolt Brecht, was a German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet.

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Billy Klüver

Johan Wilhelm (Billy) Klüver (November 13, 1927 – March 20, 2004) was an electrical engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories who founded Experiments in Art and Technology.

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Bob Dylan

Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter, author, and painter who has been an influential figure in popular music and culture for more than five decades.

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Bombay Progressive Artists' Group

The Progressive Artists' Group, PAG, was a group of modern artists, mainly based in Bombay, from its formation in 1947.

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Bombing of Guernica

The bombing of Guernica (26 April 1937) was an aerial bombing of the Basque town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.

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Brice Marden

Brice Marden (born October 15, 1938), is an American artist, generally described as Minimalist, although his work may be hard to categorize.

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Briggflatts

Briggflatts is a long poem by Basil Bunting published in 1966.

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Brooklyn Bridge

The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge in New York City and is one of the oldest roadway bridges in the United States.

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Bruce Nauman

Bruce Nauman (born December 6, 1941) is an American artist.

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Cabaret

Cabaret is a form of theatrical entertainment featuring music, song, dance, recitation, or drama.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.

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Canvas

Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Captain Beefheart

Don Van Vliet (born Don Glen Vliet; January 15, 1941 – December 17, 2010) was an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and visual artist best known by the stage name Captain Beefheart.

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Carl Andre

Carl Andre (born September 16, 1935) is an American minimalist artist and recognized for his ordered linear format and grid format sculptures.

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Carl Emil Schorske

Carl Emil Schorske (March 15, 1915 – September 13, 2015), known professionally as Charles E. Schorske, was an American cultural historian and professor emeritus at Princeton University.

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Carl Van Vechten

Carl Van Vechten (June 17, 1880 – December 21, 1964) was an American writer and artistic photographer who was a patron of the Harlem Renaissance and the literary executor of Gertrude Stein.

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Carlo Carrà

Carlo Carrà (February 11, 1881 – April 13, 1966) was an Italian painter and a leading figure of the Futurist movement that flourished in Italy during the beginning of the 20th century.

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Carlo Gesualdo

Carlo Gesualdo da Venosa (8 March 1566 – 8 September 1613) was Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza.

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Carolee Schneemann

Carolee Schneemann (born October 12, 1939) is an American visual artist, known for her discourses on the body, sexuality and gender.

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Carpenter Gothic

Carpenter Gothic, also sometimes called Carpenter's Gothic, and Rural Gothic, is a North American architectural style-designation for an application of Gothic Revival architectural detailing and picturesque massing applied to wooden structures built by house-carpenters.

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Catherine de Zegher

Catherine de Zegher (born Groningen, April 14, 1955) is a prominent international curator, and a modern and contemporary art critic and art historian.

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Centre Georges Pompidou

Centre Georges Pompidou, commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou and also known as the Pompidou Centre in English, is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil, and the Marais.

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Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg)

Chamber Symphony No.

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Charles Baudelaire

Charles Pierre Baudelaire (April 9, 1821 – August 31, 1867) was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

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Charles Gounod

Charles-François Gounod (17 June 181817 or 18 October 1893) was a French composer, best known for his Ave Maria, based on a work by Bach, as well as his opera Faust.

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Charles Olson

Charles Olson (27 December 1910 – 10 January 1970) was a second generation American poet who was a link between earlier figures such as Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams and the New American poets, which includes the New York School, the Black Mountain School, the Beat poets, and the San Francisco Renaissance.

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Charlotte Moorman

Madeline Charlotte Moorman (November 18, 1933 – November 8, 1991) was an American cellist, performance artist, and advocate for avant-garde music.

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Chess

Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid.

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Christopher Morley

Christopher Morley (5 May 1890 – 28 March 1957) was an American journalist, novelist, essayist and poet.

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Christopher Okigbo

Christopher Ifekandu Okigbo (16 August 1932 – 1967) was a Nigerian poet, teacher, and librarian, who died fighting for the independence of Biafra.

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Chuck Close

Charles Thomas "Chuck" Close (born July 5, 1940) is an American painter, artist and photographer who achieved fame as a photorealist, through his massive-scale portraits.

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Claes Oldenburg

Claes Oldenburg (born January 28, 1929) is an American sculptor, best known for his public art installations typically featuring large replicas of everyday objects.

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Claude Debussy

Achille-Claude Debussy (22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer.

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Claude Monet

Oscar-Claude Monet (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein air landscape painting.

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Claudio Monteverdi

Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (15 May 1567 (baptized) – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, string player and choirmaster.

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Clement Greenberg

Clement Greenberg, occasionally writing under the pseudonym K. Hardesh (January 16, 1909 – May 7, 1994), was an American essayist known mainly as an influential visual art critic closely associated with American Modern art of the mid-20th century.

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Clyfford Still

Clyfford Still (November 30, 1904 – June 23, 1980) was an American painter, and one of the leading figures in the first generation of Abstract Expressionists, who developed a new, powerful approach to painting in the years immediately following World War II.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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Colin Chapman

Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman, (19 May 1928 – 16 December 1982) was an influential English design engineer, inventor, and builder in the automotive industry, and founder of Lotus Cars.

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Colin McCahon

Colin John McCahon (1August 191927May 1987) was a prominent New Zealand artist whose work over forty-five years consisted of various styles including landscape, figuration, abstraction and the overlay of painted text.

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Collage

Collage (from the coller., "to glue") is a technique of an art production, primarily used in the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole.

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Color Field

Color Field painting is a style of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the 1940s and 1950s.

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Computer art

Computer art is any art in which computers play a role in production or display of the artwork.

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Conceptual art

Conceptual art, sometimes simply called conceptualism, is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic, technical, and material concerns.

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Concrete poetry

Concrete, pattern, or shape poetry is an arrangement of linguistic elements in which the typographical effect is more important in conveying meaning than verbal significance.

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Consonance and dissonance

In music, consonance and dissonance are categorizations of simultaneous or successive sounds.

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Constantine P. Cavafy

Constantine Peter Cavafy (also known as Konstantin or Konstantinos Petrou Kavafis; Κωνσταντίνος Π. Καβάφης; April 29 (April 17, OS), 1863 – April 29, 1933) was an Egyptian Greek poet, journalist and civil servant.

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Constructivism (art)

Constructivism was an artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in Russia beginning in 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin.

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Consumerism

Consumerism is a social and economic order and ideology that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.

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Contemporary architecture

Contemporary architecture is the architecture of the 21st century.

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Contemporary art

Contemporary art is the art of today, produced in the late 20th century or in the 21st century.

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Contemporary classical music

Contemporary classical music can be understood as belonging to the period that started in the mid-1970s to early 1990s, which includes modernist, postmodern, neoromantic, and pluralist music.

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Contemporary French literature

This article is about French literature from the year 2000 to the present day.

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Contemporary history

Contemporary history, in English-language historiography, is a subset of modern history which describes the historical period from approximately 1945 to the present.

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Contemporary literature

Contemporary literature is literature with its setting generally after World War I. Subgenres of contemporary literature include contemporary romance.

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Cornell University Press

The Cornell University Press is a division of Cornell University housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.

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Crime and Punishment

Crime and Punishment (Pre-reform Russian: Преступленіе и наказаніе; post-reform prʲɪstʊˈplʲenʲɪje ɪ nəkɐˈzanʲɪje) is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky.

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Cubism

Cubism is an early-20th-century art movement which brought European painting and sculpture historically forward toward 20th century Modern art.

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Cy Twombly

Edwin Parker "Cy" Twombly Jr. (April 25, 1928July 5, 2011) was an American painter, sculptor and photographer.

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D. H. Lawrence

Herman Melville, Friedrich Nietzsche, Arthur Schopenhauer, Lev Shestov, Walt Whitman | influenced.

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Dada

Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa 1916); New York Dada began circa 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris.

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Dan Christensen

Dan Christensen, (October 6, 1942 – January 20, 2007) was an American abstract painter He is best known for paintings that relate to Lyrical Abstraction, Color field painting and Abstract expressionism.

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Dan Flavin

Dan Flavin (April 1, 1933 – November 29, 1996) was an American minimalist artist famous for creating sculptural objects and installations from commercially available fluorescent light fixtures.

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Dancer in a Café

Danseuse au café (also known as Dancer in a Café or Au Café Concert and Danseuse) is a large oil painting created in 1912 by the French artist and theorist Jean Metzinger (1883–1956).

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Daniil Kharms

Daniil Kharms (Дании́л Ива́нович Хармс; – 2 February 1942) was an early Soviet-era surrealist and absurdist poet, writer and dramatist.

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Das Kapital

Das Kapital, also known as Capital.

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David Alfaro Siqueiros

David Alfaro Siqueiros (born José de Jesús Alfaro Siqueiros, December 29, 1896, in Chihuahua – January 6, 1974, in Cuernavaca, Morelos) was a Mexican social realist painter, better known for his large murals in fresco.

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David Hockney

David Hockney, (born 9 July 1937) is an English painter, draftsman, printmaker, stage designer and photographer.

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David Jones (artist-poet)

Walter David Jones CH, CBE (known as David Jones, 1 November 1895 – 28 October 1974) was both a painter and one of the first-generation British modernist poets.

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David Tudor

David Eugene Tudor (January 20, 1926 – August 13, 1996) was an American pianist and composer of experimental music.

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De Stijl

De Stijl, Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917 in Leiden.

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Deborah Hay

Deborah Hay is an experimental choreographer working in the field of postmodern dance, and one of the founding members of the Judson Dance Theater.

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Decolonization

Decolonization (American English) or decolonisation (British English) is the undoing of colonialism: where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over one or more other territories.

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Dedekind cut

In mathematics, Dedekind cuts, named after German mathematician Richard Dedekind, are а method of construction of the real numbers from the rational numbers.

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Degenerate art

Degenerate art (Entartete Kunst) was a term adopted in the 1920s by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe modern art.

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Degenerate Art Exhibition

The Degenerate Art Exhibition (Die Ausstellung "Entartete Kunst") was an art exhibition organized by Adolf Ziegler and the Nazi Party in Munich from 19 July to 30 November 1937.

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Der Blaue Reiter

Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) was a group of artists united in rejection of the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany.

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Dick Higgins

Dick Higgins (March 15, 1938 – October 25, 1998) was a British composer, poet, printmaker, and early Fluxus artist.

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Die Brücke

Die Brücke (The Bridge) was a group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden in 1905, after which the Brücke Museum in Berlin was named.

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Diego Rivera

Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez, known as Diego Rivera (December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a prominent Mexican painter.

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Diego Velázquez

Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (baptized on June 6, 1599August 6, 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV, and one of the most important painters of the Spanish Golden Age.

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Divertimento for String Orchestra (Bartók)

Divertimento for String Orchestra Sz.113 BB.118 is a three-movement work composed by Béla Bartók in 1939, scored for full orchestral strings.

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Divisionism

Divisionism (also called chromoluminarism) was the characteristic style in Neo-Impressionist painting defined by the separation of colors into individual dots or patches which interacted optically.

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Dmitri Shostakovich

Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich (Дми́трий Дми́триевич Шостако́вич|Dmitriy Dmitrievich Shostakovich,; 9 August 1975) was a Russian composer and pianist.

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Doctor Faustus (novel)

Doctor Faustus is a German novel written by Thomas Mann, begun in 1943 and published in 1947 as Doktor Faustus: Das Leben des deutschen Tonsetzers Adrian Leverkühn, erzählt von einem Freunde ("Doctor Faustus: The Life of the German Composer Adrian Leverkühn, Told by a Friend").

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Donald Barthelme

Donald Barthelme (April 7, 1931 – July 23, 1989) was an American short story writer and novelist known for his playful, postmodernist style of short fiction.

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Donald Judd

Donald Judd (June 3, 1928February 12, 1994) was an American artist associated with minimalism (a term he nonetheless stridently disavowed).

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Dorothy Parker

Dorothy Parker (née Rothschild; August 22, 1893 – June 7, 1967) was an American poet, writer, critic, and satirist, best known for her wit, wisecracks, and eye for 20th-century urban foibles.

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Dorothy Richardson

Dorothy Miller Richardson (17 May 1873 – 17 June 1957) was a British author and journalist.

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Douglas Kellner

Douglas Kellner (born 1943) is an academic who works at the intersection of "third generation" critical theory in the tradition of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, or Frankfurt School and in cultural studies in the tradition of the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, also known as the "Birmingham School".

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Dramaturgy

The word Dramaturgy, is from the greek δραματουργέιν 'to write a drama'.

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Dresden

Dresden (Upper and Lower Sorbian: Drježdźany, Drážďany, Drezno) is the capital city and, after Leipzig, the second-largest city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany.

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Du "Cubisme"

Du "Cubisme", also written Du Cubisme, or Du « Cubisme » (and in English, On Cubism or Cubism), is a book written in 1912 by Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger.

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E. B. White

Elwyn Brooks White (July 11, 1899 – October 1, 1985) was an American writer and a world federalist.

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E. E. Cummings

Edward Estlin "E.

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E. O. Hoppé

Emil Otto Hoppé (14 April 1878 – 9 December 1972) was a German-born British portrait, travel, and topographic photographer active between 1907 and 1945.

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Early skyscrapers

The early skyscrapers were a range of tall, commercial buildings built between 1884 and 1939, predominantly in the American cities of New York City and Chicago.

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East Village, Manhattan

East Village is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan.

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Edinburgh University Press

Edinburgh University Press is a scholarly publisher of academic books and journals, based in Edinburgh, Scotland.

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Edmund Husserl

Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (or;; 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938) was a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology.

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Eduardo Paolozzi

Sir Eduardo Luigi Paolozzi (7 March 1924 – 22 April 2005) was a Scottish sculptor and artist.

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Edvard Munch

Edvard Munch (12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian painter and printmaker whose intensely evocative treatment of psychological themes built upon some of the main tenets of late 19th-century Symbolism and greatly influenced German Expressionism in the early 20th century.

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Edward Albee

Edward Franklin Albee III (March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright known for works such as The Zoo Story (1958), The Sandbox (1959), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962), and A Delicate Balance (1966).

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Edward Hopper

Edward Hopper (July 22, 1882 – May 15, 1967) was a prominent American realist painter and printmaker.

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Edward Johnston

Edward Johnston, CBE (11 February 1872 – 26 November 1944) was a Uruguayan-British craftsman who is regarded, with Rudolf Koch, as the father of modern calligraphy, in the particular form of the broad edged pen as a writing tool.

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Edward Kienholz

Edward Kienholz (October 23, 1927 – June 10, 1994) was an American installation artist and assemblage sculptor whose work was highly critical of aspects of modern life.

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Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower (tour Eiffel) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France.

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Elaine Summers

Lillian Elaine Summers (February 20, 1925 – December 27, 2014) was an American choreographer, experimental filmmaker, and intermedia pioneer.

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Elitism

Elitism is the belief or attitude that individuals who form an elite — a select group of people with a certain ancestry, intrinsic quality, high intellect, wealth, special skills, or experience — are more likely to be constructive to society as a whole, and therefore deserve influence or authority greater than that of others.

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Elizabeth Murray (artist)

Elizabeth Murray (September 6, 1940 – August 12, 2007)Smith, Roberta.

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Ellsworth Kelly

Ellsworth Kelly (May 31, 1923 – December 27, 2015) was an American painter, sculptor, and printmaker associated with hard-edge painting, Color Field painting and minimalism.

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Emergence

In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts," meaning the whole has properties its parts do not have.

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En plein air

En plein air (French for outdoors, or plein air painting) is the act of painting outdoors.

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Enrico Fermi

Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian-American physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1.

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Erased de Kooning Drawing

Erased de Kooning Drawing is an early work of US artist Robert Rauschenberg: an almost blank piece of paper in a simple gilded frame.

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Erich Maria Remarque

Erich Maria Remarque (born Erich Paul Remark; 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German novelist who created many works about the horrors of war.

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Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (6 May 1880 – 15 June 1938) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker and one of the founders of the artists group Die Brücke or "The Bridge", a key group leading to the foundation of Expressionism in 20th-century art.

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Ernst Toller

Ernst Toller (1 December 1893 – 22 May 1939) was a German left-wing playwright, best known for his Expressionist plays.

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Eugène Ionesco

Eugène Ionesco (born Eugen Ionescu,; 26 November 1909 – 28 March 1994) was a Romanian-French playwright who wrote mostly in French, and one of the foremost figures of the French Avant-garde theatre.

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Eugene O'Neill

Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was an American playwright and Nobel laureate in Literature.

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Eva Hesse

Eva Hesse (January 11, 1936 – May 29, 1970), was a German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fiberglass, and plastics.

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Evolution

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Existentialism

Existentialism is a tradition of philosophical inquiry associated mainly with certain 19th and 20th-century European philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ed.

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Experimental film

Experimental film, experimental cinema or avant-garde cinema is a mode of filmmaking that rigorously re-evaluates cinematic conventions and explores non-narrative forms and alternatives to traditional narratives or methods of working.

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Experimental literature

Experimental literature refers to written work—usually fiction or poetry—that emphasizes innovation, most especially in technique.

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Experimental music

Experimental music is a general label for any music that pushes existing boundaries and genre definitions.

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Expressionism

Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century.

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Ezra Pound

Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, as well as a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement.

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Fascism

Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

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Fauvism

Fauvism is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), a group of early twentieth-century modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism.

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Federico García Lorca

Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca, known as Federico García Lorca (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936) was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director.

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Fernand Léger

Joseph Fernand Henri Léger (February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955) was a French painter, sculptor, and filmmaker.

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Fernando Arrabal

Fernando Arrabal Terán (born August 11, 1932) is a Spanish playwright, screenwriter, film director, novelist and poet.

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Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti (22 December 1876 – 2 December 1944) was an Italian poet, editor, art theorist, and founder of the Futurist movement.

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Film

A film, also called a movie, motion picture, moving pícture, theatrical film, or photoplay, is a series of still images that, when shown on a screen, create the illusion of moving images.

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Fin-de-siècle Vienna

Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture is a 1979 transdisciplinary non-fiction book written by cultural historian Carl E. Schorske and published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Described by its publisher as a "magnificent revelation of turn-of-the-century Vienna where out of a crisis of political and social disintegration so much of modern art and thought was born," the book won the 1981 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction.

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Finnegans Wake

Finnegans Wake is a work of fiction by Irish writer James Joyce.

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Float (parade)

A float is a decorated platform, either built on a vehicle like a truck or towed behind one, which is a component of many festive parades, such as those of Mardi Gras in New Orleans, the Carnival of Viareggio, the Maltese Carnival, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, the Key West Fantasy Fest parade, the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, the 500 Festival Parade in Indianapolis, the United States Presidential Inaugural Parade, and the Tournament of Roses Parade.

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Florence

Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.

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Fluxus

Fluxus is an international and interdisciplinary group of artists, composers, designers and poets that took shape in the 1960s and 1970s.

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Folk music

Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival.

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Found object

Found object originates from the French objet trouvé, describing art created from undisguised, but often modified, objects or products that are not normally considered materials from which art is made, often because they already have a non-art function.

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Fountain (Duchamp)

Fountain is a 1917 work produced by Marcel Duchamp.

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Francis Bacon (artist)

Francis Bacon (28 October 1909 – 28 April 1992) was an Irish-British figurative painter known for his bold, grotesque, emotionally charged, raw imagery.

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Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939, after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, until his death in 1975.

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Francisco Goya

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker.

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Frank Auerbach

Frank Helmut Auerbach (born 29 April 1931) is a German-British painter.

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Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures, 532 of which were completed.

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Frank Stella

Frank Philip Stella (born May 12, 1936) is an American painter, sculptor and printmaker, noted for his work in the areas of minimalism and post-painterly abstraction.

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Frank Wedekind

Benjamin Franklin Wedekind (July 24, 1864 – March 9, 1918), usually known as Frank Wedekind, was a German playwright.

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Frank Zappa

Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American musician, composer, activist and filmmaker.

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Franz Kafka

Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-speaking Bohemian Jewish novelist and short story writer, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature.

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Franz Kline

Franz Kline (May 23, 1910 – May 13, 1962) was an American painter.

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Franz Liszt

Franz Liszt (Liszt Ferencz, in modern usage Liszt Ferenc;Liszt's Hungarian passport spelt his given name as "Ferencz". An orthographic reform of the Hungarian language in 1922 (which was 36 years after Liszt's death) changed the letter "cz" to simply "c" in all words except surnames; this has led to Liszt's given name being rendered in modern Hungarian usage as "Ferenc". From 1859 to 1867 he was officially Franz Ritter von Liszt; he was created a Ritter (knight) by Emperor Francis Joseph I in 1859, but never used this title of nobility in public. The title was necessary to marry the Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein without her losing her privileges, but after the marriage fell through, Liszt transferred the title to his uncle Eduard in 1867. Eduard's son was Franz von Liszt. 22 October 181131 July 1886) was a prolific 19th-century Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, music teacher, arranger, organist, philanthropist, author, nationalist and a Franciscan tertiary during the Romantic era.

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Franz Marc

Franz Marc (February 8, 1880 – March 4, 1916) was a German painter and printmaker, one of the key figures of the German Expressionist movement.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.

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Frida Kahlo

Frida Kahlo de Rivera (born Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón; July 6, 1907 – July 13, 1954) was a Mexican artist who painted many portraits, self-portraits, and works inspired by the nature and artifacts of Mexico.

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Friedrich Dürrenmatt

Friedrich Dürrenmatt (5 January 1921 – 14 December 1990) was a Swiss author and dramatist.

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Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.;, sometimes anglicised Frederick Engels; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, philologist and a Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history.

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Futurism

Futurism (Futurismo) was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century.

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Fyodor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich DostoevskyHis name has been variously transcribed into English, his first name sometimes being rendered as Theodore or Fedor.

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Gardners Books

Established in 1986, Gardners is one of the leading international wholesaler of books, eBooks, music and film.

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Geometric abstraction

Geometric abstraction is a form of abstract art based on the use of geometric forms sometimes, though not always, placed in non-illusionistic space and combined into non-objective (non-representational) compositions.

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Georg Kaiser

Friedrich Carl Georg Kaiser, called Georg Kaiser, (25 November 1878 – 4 June 1945) was a German dramatist.

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George Brecht

George Brecht (August 27, 1926 – December 5, 2008), born George Ellis MacDiarmid, was an American conceptual artist and avant-garde composer, as well as a professional chemist who worked as a consultant for companies including Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and Mobil Oil.

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George Grosz

George Grosz (born Georg Ehrenfried Groß; July 26, 1893 – July 6, 1959) was a German artist known especially for his caricatural drawings and paintings of Berlin life in the 1920s.

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George Maciunas

George Maciunas (Jurgis Mačiūnas; November 8, 1931 – May 9, 1978) was a Lithuanian American artist.

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George Segal (artist)

George Segal (November 26, 1924 – June 9, 2000) was an American painter and sculptor associated with the Pop Art movement.

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George Steiner

Francis George Steiner, FBA (born April 23, 1929) is a French-born American literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educator.

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George Tooker

George Clair Tooker, Jr. (August 5, 1920 – March 27, 2011) was an American figurative painter.

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Georges Braque

Georges Braque (13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor.

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Georges Seurat

Georges-Pierre Seurat (2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) was a French post-Impressionist painter and draftsman.

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Gerald Graff

Gerald Graff (born 1937) is a professor of English and Education at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

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German Expressionism

German Expressionism consisted of a number of related creative movements in Germany before the First World War that reached a peak in Berlin during the 1920s.

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Gertrude Stein

Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector.

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Giacomo Balla

Giacomo Balla (18 July 1871 – 1 March 1958) was an Italian painter, art teacher and poet best known as a key proponent of Futurism.

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Gino Severini

Gino Severini (7 April 1883 – 26 February 1966) was an Italian painter and a leading member of the Futurist movement.

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Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

Giovanni Battista Draghi (4 January 1710 – 16 or 17 March 1736), often referred to as Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, was an Italian composer, violinist and organist.

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Gottfried Benn

Gottfried Benn (2 May 1886 – 7 July 1956) was a German poet, essayist, and physician.

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Grant Wood

Grant DeVolson Wood (February 13, 1891 – February 12, 1942) was an American painter best known for his paintings depicting the rural American Midwest, particularly American Gothic, which has become an iconic painting of the 20th century.

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Great Depression

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.

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Green Gallery

The Green Gallery was an art gallery that operated between 1960 and 1965 at 15 West 57th Street in Manhattan, New York City.

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Greenwich Village

Greenwich Village often referred to by locals as simply "the Village", is a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City.

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Griselda Pollock

Griselda Pollock (born 11 March 1949) is a visual theorist, cultural analyst and scholar of international, postcolonial feminist studies in the visual arts.

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Guernica

Guernica, official and Basque name Gernika, is a town in the province of Biscay, in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, Spain.

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Guernica (Picasso)

Guernica is a mural-sized oil painting on canvas by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso completed in June 1937,Richardson (2016) at his home on Rue des Grands Augustins, in Paris.

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Guillaume Apollinaire

Guillaume Apollinaire (26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic of Polish descent.

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Guillaume de Machaut

Guillaume de Machaut (sometimes spelled Machault; c. 1300 – April 1377) was a medieval French poet and composer.

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Gustav Mahler

Gustav Mahler (7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was an Austro-Bohemian late-Romantic composer, and one of the leading conductors of his generation.

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Gustave Flaubert

Gustave Flaubert (12 December 1821 – 8 May 1880) was a French novelist.

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Guy Debord

Guy Louis Debord (28 December 1931 – 30 November 1994) was a French Marxist theorist, philosopher, filmmaker, member of the Letterist International, founder of a Letterist faction, and founding member of the Situationist International (SI).

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H.D.

Hilda "H.D." Doolittle (September 10, 1886 – September 27, 1961) was an American poet, novelist, and memoirist, associated with the early 20th century avant-garde Imagist group of poets, including Ezra Pound and Richard Aldington.

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Hans Henny Jahnn

Hans Henny Jahnn (17 December 1894, Stellingen – 29 November 1959, Hamburg) was a German playwright, novelist, and organ-builder.

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Hans Hofmann

Hans Hofmann (March 21, 1880 – February 17, 1966) was a German-born American painter, renowned as an artist and teacher in a career that spanned two generations and two continents, and is considered to have both preceded and influenced Abstract Expressionism.

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Hanshinkan Modernism

identifies the modernist arts, culture, and lifestyle that developed from the region of Japan centered primarily on Hanshinkan, the ideally terrained area between the Rokkō Range and the sea (Kobe's Nada and Higashi Nada wards, Ashiya, Takarazuka, Nishinomiya, Itami, Amagasaki, Sanda, and Kawanishi) from the 1900s through the 1930s, or the circumstances of that period.

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Happening

A happening is a performance, event, or situation meant to be considered art, usually as performance art.

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Happy Days (play)

Happy Days is a play in two acts, written by Samuel Beckett.

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Harcourt (publisher)

Harcourt was a United States publishing firm with a long history of publishing fiction and nonfiction for adults and children.

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Hard-edge painting

Hard-edge painting is painting in which abrupt transitions are found between color areas.

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Harold Pinter

Harold Pinter (10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a Nobel Prize-winning British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor.

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Harper (publisher)

Harper is an American publishing house, currently the flagship imprint of global publisher HarperCollins.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Harvest Threshing

Le Dépiquage des Moissons, also known as Harvest Threshing, and The Harvesters, is an immense oil painting created in 1912 by the French artist, theorist and writer Albert Gleizes (1881–1953).

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Helen Frankenthaler

Helen Frankenthaler (December 12, 1928 – December 27, 2011) was an American abstract expressionist painter.

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Henri Bergson

Henri-Louis Bergson (18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French-Jewish philosopher who was influential in the tradition of continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until World War II.

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Henri Le Fauconnier

Henri Victor Gabriel Le Fauconnier (July 5, 1881 – December 25, 1946) was a French Cubist painter born in Hesdin.

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Henri Matisse

Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship.

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Henry James

Henry James, OM (–) was an American author regarded as a key transitional figure between literary realism and literary modernism, and is considered by many to be among the greatest novelists in the English language.

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Henry Moore

Henry Spencer Moore (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986) was an English artist.

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Hermann Broch

Hermann Broch (November 1, 1886 – May 30, 1951) was a 20th-century Austrian writer, considered one of the major Modernists.

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Hermeneutics

Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.

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High modernism

High modernism (also known as "high modernity") is a form of modernity, characterized by an unfaltering confidence in science and technology as means to reorder the social and natural world.

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Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park

is a memorial park in the center of Hiroshima, Japan.

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History of theatre

The history of theatre charts the development of theatre over the past 2,500 years.

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Holism

Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic) and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not just as a collection of parts.

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Howard Hodgkin

Sir Gordon Howard Eliot Hodgkin (6 August 1932 – 9 March 2017) was a British painter and printmaker.

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Hugh MacDiarmid

Christopher Murray Grieve (11 August 1892 – 9 September 1978), known by his pen name Hugh MacDiarmid, was a Scottish poet, journalist, essayist and political figure.

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Human sacrifice

Human sacrifice is the act of killing one or more humans, usually as an offering to a deity, as part of a ritual.

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Iannis Xenakis

Iannis Xenakis (Greek: Γιάννης (Ιάννης) Ξενάκης; 29 May 1922 – 4 February 2001) was a Romanian-born, Greek-French composer, music theorist, architect, and engineer.

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Idioglossia

An idioglossia (from the Greek ιδιογλωσσ idioglōss, from idio- "personal" and glōssos "tongue") is an idiosyncratic language invented and spoken by only one person or very few people.

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Igor Stravinsky

Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (ˈiɡərʲ ˈfʲɵdərəvʲɪtɕ strɐˈvʲinskʲɪj; 6 April 1971) was a Russian-born composer, pianist, and conductor.

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Ihab Hassan

Ihab Habib Hassan (October 17, 1925 – September 10, 2015) was an Arab American literary theorist and writer born in Egypt.

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Imagism

Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language.

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Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy.

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Impasto

Impasto is a technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the surface in very thick layers, usually thick enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible.

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Impressionism

Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement characterised by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.

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In Search of Lost Time

In Search of Lost Time (À la recherche du temps perdu) – previously also translated as Remembrance of Things Past – is a novel in seven volumes, written by Marcel Proust (1871–1922).

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Incorporation (linguistics)

Incorporation is a phenomenon by which a grammatical category, such as a verb, forms a compound with its direct object (object incorporation) or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Indian art

Indian Arts consists of a variety of art forms, including plastic arts (e.g., pottery sculpture), visual arts (e.g., paintings), and textile arts (e.g., woven silk).

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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Industrial society

In sociology, industrial society is a society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour.

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Installation art

Installation art is an artistic genre of three-dimensional works that often are site-specific and designed to transform the perception of a space.

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Intermedia

Intermedia was a term used in the mid-1960s by Fluxus artist Dick Higgins to describe various inter-disciplinary art activities that occurred between genres in the 1960s.

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Intuition

Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge without proof, evidence, or conscious reasoning, or without understanding how the knowledge was acquired.

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Isaac Witkin

Isaac Witkin, internationally renowned modern sculptor, was born in Johannesburg, South Africa on 10 May 1936, and he died 23 April 2006.

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Italo Svevo

Aron Ettore Schmitz (19 December 186113 September 1928), better known by the pseudonym Italo Svevo, was an Italian writer, businessman, novelist, playwright, and short story writer.

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J. G. Ballard

James Graham Ballard (15 November 193019 April 2009) was an English novelist, short story writer, and essayist who first became associated with the New Wave of science fiction for his post-apocalyptic novels such as The Wind from Nowhere (1961) and The Drowned World (1962).

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J. H. Prynne

Jeremy Halvard Prynne (born 24 June 1936) is a British poet closely associated with the British Poetry Revival.

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J. M. W. Turner

Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 177519 December 1851), known as J. M. W. Turner and contemporarily as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist, known for his expressive colourisation, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, often violent marine paintings.

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Jackson Mac Low

Jackson Mac Low (September 12, 1922 – December 8, 2004) was an American poet, performance artist, composer and playwright, known to most readers of poetry as a practioneer of systematic chance operations and other non-intentional compositional methods in his work, which Mac Low first experienced in the musical work of John Cage, Earle Brown, and Christian Wolff.

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Jackson Pollock

Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement.

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James Joyce

James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, short story writer, and poet.

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James Rosenquist

James Rosenquist (November 29, 1933 – March 31, 2017) was an American artist and one of the protagonists in the pop art movement.

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James Thurber

James Grover Thurber (December 8, 1894 – November 2, 1961) was an American cartoonist, author, humorist, journalist, playwright, and celebrated wit.

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Jannis Kounellis

Jannis Kounellis (Γιάννης Κουνέλλης; 23 March 1936 – 16 February 2017) was a Greek Italian contemporary artist based in Rome.

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Jasper Johns

Jasper Johns (born May 15, 1930) is an American painter, sculptor and printmaker whose work is associated with abstract expressionism, Neo-Dada, and pop art.

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Jean Arp

Jean Arp or Hans Arp (16 September 1886 – 7 June 1966) was a German-French sculptor, painter, poet, and abstract artist in other media such as torn and pasted paper.

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Jean Barraqué

Jean-Henri-Alphonse Barraqué (January 17, 1928August 17, 1973) was a French composer and writer on music who developed an individual form of serialism which is displayed in a small output.

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Jean Genet

Jean Genet (–) was a French novelist, playwright, poet, essayist, and political activist.

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Jean Metzinger

Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (24 June 1883 – 3 November 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on Cubism.

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Jean Tinguely

Jean Tinguely (22 May 1925 – 30 August 1991) was a Swiss painter and sculptor.

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Jewish Bolshevism

Jewish Bolshevism, also Judeo–Bolshevism, is an anti-communist and antisemitic canard, which alleges that the Jews were the originators of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and that they held the primary power among the Bolsheviks.

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Jim Dine

Jim Dine (born June 16, 1935) is an American pop artist.

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Joan Jonas

Joan Jonas is an American visual artist and a pioneer of video and performance art who is one of the most important female artists to emerge in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

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Joan Miró

Joan Miró i Ferrà (20 April 1893 – 25 December 1983) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, and ceramicist born in Barcelona.

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Joan Snyder

Joan Snyder, (born April 16, 1940), is an American painter from New York.

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Joaquín Torres-García

Joaquín Torres García (28 July 1874 – 8 August 1949) was a Spanish Uruguayan artist painter, sculptor, muralist, novelist, writer, teacher and theorist, active in Spain, United States, Italy, France and Uruguay.

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Joel Shapiro

Joel Shapiro (born September 27, 1941 New York City, New York) is an American sculptor renowned for his dynamic work composed of simple rectangular shapes.

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John Adams (composer)

John Coolidge Adams (born February 15, 1947) is an American composer of classical music and opera, with strong roots in minimalism.

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John Barth

John Simmons Barth (born May 27, 1930) is an American writer, best known for his postmodernist and metafictional fiction.

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John Cage

John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American composer and music theorist.

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John Chamberlain (sculptor)

John Angus Chamberlain (April 16, 1927 – December 21, 2011) was an American sculptor.

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John Cowper Powys

John Cowper Powys (8 October 187217 June 1963) was a British philosopher, lecturer, novelist, literary critic, and poet.

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John D. Graham

John D. Graham (1886–1961) was a Russian Empire-born American Modernist / figurative painter.

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John McCracken (artist)

John Harvey McCracken (December 9, 1934April 8, 2011) was a minimalist artist.

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John Ruskin

John Ruskin (8 February 1819 – 20 January 1900) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, as well as an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist.

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John Steuart Curry

John Steuart Curry (November 14, 1897 – August 29, 1946) was an American painter whose career spanned the years from 1924 until his death.

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José Clemente Orozco

José Clemente Orozco (November 23, 1883 – September 7, 1949) was a Mexican painter, who specialized in political murals that established the Mexican Mural Renaissance together with murals by Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and others.

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Josef Breuer

Josef Breuer (15 January 1842 – 20 June 1925) was a distinguished physician who made key discoveries in neurophysiology, and whose work in the 1880s with his patient Bertha Pappenheim, known as Anna O., developed the talking cure (cathartic method) and laid the foundation to psychoanalysis as developed by his protégé Sigmund Freud.

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Joseph Beuys

Joseph Beuys (12 May 1921 – 23 January 1986) was a German Fluxus, happening, and performance artist as well as a sculptor, installation artist, graphic artist, art theorist, and pedagogue.

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Joseph Cornell

Joseph Cornell (December 24, 1903 – December 29, 1972) was an American artist and film maker, one of the pioneers and most celebrated exponents of assemblage.

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Joseph Haydn

(Franz) Joseph HaydnSee Haydn's name.

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Joseph Nechvatal

Joseph James Nechvatal (born 15 January 1951) is a post-conceptual digital artist and art theoretician who creates computer-assisted paintings and computer animations, often using custom-created computer viruses.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.

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Judith Malina

Judith Malina (June 4, 1926 – April 10, 2015) was a German-born American theater and film actress, writer and director.

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Judson Dance Theater

Judson Dance Theater was a collective of dancers, composers, and visual artists who performed at the Judson Memorial Church in Greenwich Village, Manhattan New York City between 1962 and 1964.

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Judson Memorial Church

The Judson Memorial Church is located on Washington Square South between Thompson Street and Sullivan Street, opposite Washington Square Park, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of the New York City borough of Manhattan.

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Jules Olitski

Jevel Demikovski (March 27, 1922 – February 4, 2007), known professionally as Jules Olitski, was an American painter, printmaker, and sculptor.

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Julian Beck

Julian Beck (May 31, 1925 – September 14, 1985) was an American actor, director, poet, and painter.

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Jun'ichirō Tanizaki

was one of the major writers of modern Japanese literature, and perhaps the most popular Japanese novelist after Natsume Sōseki.

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Kafū Nagai

was the pseudonym of the Japanese author, playwright, essayist, and diarist Nagai Sōkichi (永井 壮吉).

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Karl Marx

Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.

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Karlheinz Stockhausen

Karlheinz Stockhausen (22 August 1928 – 5 December 2007) was a German composer, widely acknowledged by critics as one of the most important but also controversial composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.

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Kazimir Malevich

Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (// ЦГИАК Украины, ф. 1268, оп. 1, д. 26, л. 13об—14.–May 15, 1935) was a Russian avant-garde artist and art theorist, whose pioneering work and writing had a profound influence on the development of non-objective, or abstract art, in the 20th century.

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Keith Sonnier

Keith Sonnier (born 1941, Mamou, Louisiana) is a Postminimalist, performance, video and light artist.

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Kenneth Noland

Kenneth Noland (April 10, 1924 – January 5, 2010) was an American painter.

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Kenzō Tange

was a Japanese architect, and winner of the 1987 Pritzker Prize for architecture.

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Kitsch

Kitsch (loanword from German), also called cheesiness or tackiness, is art or other objects that appeal to popular rather than high art tastes.

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La Femme au Cheval

La Femme au Cheval (also known as Woman with Horse, L'Écuyère and Kvinde med hest) is a large oil painting created toward the end of 1911 by the French artist Jean Metzinger (1883–1956).

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La Monte Young

La Monte Thornton Young (born October 14, 1935) is an American avant-garde composer, musician, and artist generally recognized as the first minimalist composer.

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Lady Chatterley's Lover

Lady Chatterley's Lover is a novel by D. H. Lawrence, first published privately in 1928 in Italy, and in 1929 in France and Australia.

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Larry Poons

Lawrence Poons (born October 1, 1937), better known as Larry Poons, is an abstract painter who was born in Tokyo, Japan.

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Larry Rivers

Larry Rivers (born Yitzroch Loiza Grossberg, August 17, 1923 – August 14, 2002) was an American artist, musician, filmmaker and occasional actor.

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Larry Zox

Lawrence "Larry" Zox (May 31, 1937 – December 16, 2006) was an American painter and printmaker who is classified as an Abstract expressionist, Color Field painter and a Lyrical Abstractionist, although he did not readily use those categories for his work.

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Late modernism

In the visual arts, late modernism encompasses the overall production of most recent art made between the aftermath of World War II and the early years of the 21st century.

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Latin America

Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Spanish, French and Portuguese are spoken; it is broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America.

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Lawrence Alloway

Lawrence Reginald Alloway (London, 17 September 1926 – New York City, 2 January 1990) was an English art critic and curator who worked in the United States from 1961.

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Le Chat Noir

Le Chat Noir (French for "The Black Cat") was a nineteenth-century entertainment establishment, in the bohemian Montmartre district of Paris.

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Le Corbusier

Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture.

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Le Figaro

Le Figaro is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826 and published in Paris.

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Leaves of Grass

Leaves of Grass is a poetry collection by the American poet Walt Whitman (1819–1892).

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Lee Oser

Lee Oser (born in 1958 in New York City) is a Roman Catholic novelist and literary critic.

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Leo Castelli

Leo Castelli (born Leo Krausz; September 4, 1907 – August 21, 1999) was an Italian-American art dealer.

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Leon Kossoff

Leon Kossoff (born 10 December 1926) is a British figurative painter known for portraits, life drawings and cityscapes of London, England.

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Les Baigneuses (Gleizes)

Les Baigneuses (also known as The Bathers), is a large oil painting created at the outset of 1912 by the French artist, theorist and writer Albert Gleizes (1881–1953).

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Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (The Young Ladies of Avignon, and originally titled The Brothel of Avignon) is a large oil painting created in 1907 by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) and now on exhibit in New York's Museum of Modern Art.

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Les Fleurs du mal

Les Fleurs du mal (italic) is a volume of French poetry by Charles Baudelaire.

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Lester R. Brown

Lester Russel Brown (born March 28, 1934) is a United States environmental analyst, founder of the Worldwatch Institute, and founder and former president of the Earth Policy Institute, a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C. BBC Radio commentator Peter Day referred to him as "one of the great pioneer environmentalists." Brown is the author or co-author of over 50 books on global environmental issues and his works have been translated into more than forty languages.

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Lexical item

In lexicography, a lexical item (or lexical unit/ LU, lexical entry) is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words (.

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Linda Nochlin

Linda Nochlin (née Weinberg; January 30, 1931 – October 29, 2017) was an American art historian, Lila Acheson Wallace Professor Emerita of Modern Art at New York University Institute of Fine Arts, and writer.

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List of modernist women writers

The term Modernism describes the modernist movement in the arts, its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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List of modernist writers

Literary modernism, or modernist literature, has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America.

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Literary modernism

Literary modernism, or modernist literature, has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America, and is characterized by a very self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing, in both poetry and prose fiction.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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London King's Cross railway station

King's Cross railway station, also known as London King's Cross, is a Central London railway terminus on the northern edge of the city.

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London Paddington station

Paddington, also known as London Paddington, is a Central London railway terminus and London Underground station complex, located on Praed Street in the Paddington area.

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London Underground

The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground, or by its nickname the Tube) is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom.

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Louis Aragon

Louis Aragon (3 October 1897 – 24 December 1982) was a French poet, who was one of the leading voices of the surrealist movement in France, who co-founded with André Breton and Philippe Soupault the surrealist review Littérature.

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Louis Zukofsky

Louis Zukofsky (January 23, 1904 – May 12, 1978) was an American poet.

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Lucian Freud

Lucian Michael Freud (8 December 1922 – 20 July 2011) was a British painter and draftsman, specializing in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists.

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Lucinda Childs

Lucinda Childs (born June 26, 1940) is an American postmodern dancer/choreographer and actress.

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Ludwig Boltzmann

Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher whose greatest achievement was in the development of statistical mechanics, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (such as mass, charge, and structure) determine the physical properties of matter (such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion).

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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies; March 27, 1886 – August 17, 1969) was a German-American architect.

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Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 1770Beethoven was baptised on 17 December. His date of birth was often given as 16 December and his family and associates celebrated his birthday on that date, and most scholars accept that he was born on 16 December; however there is no documentary record of his birth.26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist.

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Luigi Nono

Luigi Nono (29 January 1924 – 8 May 1990) was an Italian avant-garde composer of classical music and remains one of the most prominent composers of the 20th century.

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Luigi Russolo

Luigi Carlo Filippo Russolo (30 April 1885 – 6 February 1947) was an Italian Futurist painter, composer, builder of experimental musical instruments, and the author of the manifesto The Art of Noises (1913).

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Lulu (opera)

Lulu (composed from 1929–1935, premièred incomplete in 1937 and complete in 1979) is an opera in three acts by Alban Berg.

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Lynda Benglis

Lynda Benglis (born October 25, 1941) is an American sculptor and visual artist known especially for her wax paintings and poured latex sculptures.

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Lyrical abstraction

Lyrical abstraction is either of two related but distinct trends in Post-war Modernist painting: European Abstraction Lyrique born in Paris, the French art critic Jean José Marchand being credited with coining its name in 1947, considered as a component of (Tachisme) when the name of this movement was coined in 1951 by Pierre Guéguen and Charles Estienne the author of L'Art à Paris 1945–1966, and American Lyrical Abstraction a movement described by Larry Aldrich (the founder of the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, Ridgefield Connecticut) in 1969.

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M. H. Abrams

Meyer Howard "Mike" Abrams (July 23, 1912 – April 21, 2015), usually cited as M. H. Abrams, was an American literary critic, known for works on romanticism, in particular his book The Mirror and the Lamp.

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Macmillan Publishers

Macmillan Publishers Ltd (occasionally known as the Macmillan Group) is an international publishing company owned by Holtzbrinck Publishing Group.

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Madame Bovary

Madame Bovary (full French title: Madame Bovary. Mœurs de province) is the debut novel of French writer Gustave Flaubert, published in 1856.

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Magic realism

Magical realism, magic realism, or marvelous realism is a genre of narrative fiction and, more broadly, art (literature, painting, film, theatre, etc.) that, while encompassing a range of subtly different concepts, expresses a primarily realistic view of the real world while also adding or revealing magical elements.

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Mahirwan Mamtani

Mahirwan Mamtani (born 2 November 1935 in Bhiria (Nawabshah) Sindh, India) is painter, graphic and multimedia artist.

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Main Street (novel)

Main Street is a satirical novel written by Sinclair Lewis, and published in 1920.

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Man at the Crossroads

Man at the Crossroads (1933) was a fresco by Diego Rivera in New York City's Rockefeller Center.

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Man Enters the Cosmos

Man Enters the Cosmos is a cast bronze sculpture by Henry Moore located on the Lake Michigan lakefront outside the Adler Planetarium in the Museum Campus area of downtown Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States.

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Man Ray

Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in France.

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Manifesto of Futurism

Manifesto of Futurism (Italian: Manifesto del Futurismo) is a manifesto written by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and published in 1909.

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Marcel Duchamp

Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French-American painter, sculptor, chess player and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, conceptual art, and Dada, although he was careful about his use of the term Dada and was not directly associated with Dada groups.

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Marcel Proust

Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922), known as Marcel Proust, was a French novelist, critic, and essayist best known for his monumental novel À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time; earlier rendered as Remembrance of Things Past), published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927.

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Margaret Drabble

Dame Margaret Drabble, Lady Holroyd, DBE, FRSL (born 5 June 1939) is an English novelist, biographer, and critic.

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Marianne Moore

Marianne Craig Moore (November 15, 1887 – February 5, 1972) was an American Modernist poet, critic, translator, and editor.

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Mario Merz

Mario Merz (1 January 1925 – 9 November 2003) was an Italian artist, and husband of Marisa Merz.

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Mark Rothko

Mark Rothko, born Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz (Ма́ркус Я́ковлевич Ротко́вич, Markuss Rotkovičs; September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970), was an American painter of Russian Jewish descent.

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Martin Esslin

Martin Julius Esslin OBE (6 June 1918 – 24 February 2002) was a Hungarian-born English producer, dramatist, journalist, adaptor and translator, critic, academic scholar and professor of drama, best known for coining the term "Theatre of the Absurd" in his work of the same name (Theatre of the Absurd; 1962).

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Marxism

Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.

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Max Beckmann

Max Beckmann (February 12, 1884 – December 27, 1950) was a German painter, draftsman, printmaker, sculptor, and writer.

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Max Ernst

Max Ernst (2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976) was a German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and poet.

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Max Reger

Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger (19 March 187311 May 1916), commonly known as Max Reger, was a German composer, pianist, organist, conductor, and academic teacher.

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May Sinclair

May Sinclair was the pseudonym of Mary Amelia St.

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Menno ter Braak

Menno ter Braak (26 January 1902 – 14 May 1940) was a Dutch modernist author.

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Mental disorder

A mental disorder, also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.

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Metabolism (architecture)

was a post-war Japanese architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth.

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Mexican muralism

Mexican muralism was the promotion of mural painting starting in the 1920s, generally with social and political messages as part of efforts to reunify the country under the post Mexican Revolution government.

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Mexican Revolution

The Mexican Revolution (Revolución Mexicana) was a major armed struggle,, that radically transformed Mexican culture and government.

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Michael Andrews (artist)

Michael Andrews (30 October 1928 – 19 July 1995) was a British painter.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Mikhail Glinka

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (Mikhaíl Ivánovich Glínka) was the first Russian composer to gain wide recognition within his own country, and is often regarded as the fountainhead of Russian classical music.

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Mikhail Matyushin

Michael Vasilyevich Matyushin (Михаил Васильевич Матюшин; 1861 in Nizhny Novgorod – 14 October 1934 in Leningrad) was a Russian painter and composer, leading member of the Russian avant-garde.

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Milton Babbitt

Milton Byron Babbitt (May 10, 1916 – January 29, 2011) was an American composer, music theorist, and teacher.

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Minimal music

Minimal music is a form of art music that employs limited or minimal musical materials.

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Minimalism

In visual arts, music, and other mediums, minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s.

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Minoan civilization

The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean Islands which flourished from about 2600 to 1600 BC, before a late period of decline, finally ending around 1100.

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MIT Press

The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States).

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Mod (subculture)

Mod is a subculture that began in London in 1958 and spread throughout Great Britain and elsewhere, eventually influencing fashions and trends in other countries, and continues today on a smaller scale.

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Modern

Modern may refer to.

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Modern architecture

Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II.

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Modern art

Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophy of the art produced during that era.

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Modernism (music)

In music, modernism is a philosophical and aesthetic stance underlying the period of change and development in musical language that occurred around the turn of the 20th century, a period of diverse reactions in challenging and reinterpreting older categories of music, innovations that led to new ways of organizing and approaching harmonic, melodic, sonic, and rhythmic aspects of music, and changes in aesthetic worldviews in close relation to the larger identifiable period of modernism in the arts of the time.

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Modernismo

Modernismo is a literary movement that primarily took place during the end of Nineteenth- and early Twentieth-century in Spanish-America, best exemplified by Rubén Darío.

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Modernist poetry

Modernist poetry refers to poetry written, mainly in Europe and North America, between 1890 and 1950 in the tradition of modernist literature, but the dates of the term depend upon a number of factors, including the nation of origin, the particular school in question, and the biases of the critic setting the dates.

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Modernist poetry in English

Modernist poetry in English started in the early years of the 20th century with the appearance of the Imagists.

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Molloy (novel)

Molloy is a novel by Samuel Beckett written in French and first published by Paris-based Les Éditions de Minuit in 1951.

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Mona Lisa

The Mona Lisa (Monna Lisa or La Gioconda, La Joconde) is a half-length portrait painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci that has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world".

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Montmartre

Montmartre is a large hill in Paris's 18th arrondissement.

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Moses und Aron

Moses und Aron (English: Moses and Aaron) is a three-act opera by Arnold Schoenberg with the third act unfinished.

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Mu Shiying

Mu Shiying (March 14, 1912 – June 28, 1940) was a Chinese writer who is best known for his modernist short stories.

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Multilingualism

Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers.

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Mumbai

Mumbai (also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra.

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Munich

Munich (München; Minga) is the capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps.

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Murderer, the Hope of Women

Murderer, the Hope of Women is a short Expressionist play written by the painter Oskar Kokoschka.

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Murphy (novel)

Murphy, first published in 1938, is an avant-garde novel as well as the third work of prose fiction by the Irish author and dramatist Samuel Beckett.

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Museum of Modern Art

The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues.

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Museums, Libraries and Archives Council

The Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA) was until May 2012 a non-departmental public body and registered charity in England with a remit to promote improvement and innovation in the area of museums, libraries and archives.

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Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta

Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, Sz.

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Nam June Paik

Nam June Paik (July 20, 1932 – January 29, 2006) was a Korean American artist.

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Nancy Graves

Nancy Graves (December 23, 1939 – October 21, 1995) was an American sculptor, painter, printmaker, and sometime-filmmaker known for her focus on natural phenomena like camels or maps of the moon.

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Napoleon III

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of France from 1848 to 1852 and as Napoleon III the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870.

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Narcissism

Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of one's own attributes.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Nazarene movement

The name Nazarene was adopted by a group of early 19th century German Romantic painters who aimed to revive honesty and spirituality in Christian art.

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Nazism

National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.

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Nelson Rockefeller

Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 41st Vice President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, and previously as the 49th Governor of New York (1959–1973).

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Neo-Dada

Neo-Dada was a movement with audio, visual and literary manifestations that had similarities in method or intent with earlier Dada artwork.

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Neoclassical architecture

Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century.

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Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism (from Greek νέος nèos, "new" and Latin classicus, "of the highest rank") is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of classical antiquity.

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Neologism

A neologism (from Greek νέο- néo-, "new" and λόγος lógos, "speech, utterance") is a relatively recent or isolated term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not yet been fully accepted into mainstream language.

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New York School (art)

The New York School was an informal group of American poets, painters, dancers, and musicians active in the 1950s and 1960s in New York City.

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Nicolas Schöffer

Nicolas Schöffer (Schöffer Miklós; 6 September 1912 — 8 January 1992) was a Hungarian-born French cybernetic artist.

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Niels Bohr

Niels Henrik David Bohr (7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.

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Nighthawks

Nighthawks is a 1942 oil on canvas painting by Edward Hopper that portrays people in a downtown diner late at night.

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Nikolaus Pevsner

Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner (30 January 1902 – 18 August 1983) was a German, later British scholar of the history of art, and especially that of architecture.

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Novel

A novel is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, normally in prose, which is typically published as a book.

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Novel sequence

A novel sequence is a set or series of novels which share common themes, characters, or settings, but where each novel has its own title and free-standing storyline, and can thus be read independently or out of sequence.

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Nuclear Energy (sculpture)

Nuclear Energy (1964–66) (LH 526) is a bronze sculpture by Henry Moore that is located on the campus of the University of Chicago at the site of the world's first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1.

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Nudity

Nudity, or nakedness, is the state of wearing no clothing.

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Olivier Messiaen

Olivier Eugène Prosper Charles Messiaen (December 10, 1908 – April 27, 1992) was a French composer, organist, and ornithologist, one of the major composers of the 20th century.

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On the Origin of Species

On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.

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Ontology

Ontology (introduced in 1606) is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.

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Open University

The Open University (OU) is a public distance learning and research university, and one of the biggest universities in the UK for undergraduate education.

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Oskar Kokoschka

Oskar Kokoschka (1 March 188622 February 1980) was an Austrian artist, poet and playwright best known for his intense expressionistic portraits and landscapes.

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Otto Dix

Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix (2 December 1891 – 25 July 1969) was a German painter and printmaker, noted for his ruthless and harshly realistic depictions of Weimar society and the brutality of war.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.

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Pablo Picasso

Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Park Place Gallery

Park Place Gallery was a contemporary art gallery located in SoHo in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States, during the mid-to-late 1960s.

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Parody

A parody (also called a spoof, send-up, take-off, lampoon, play on something, caricature, or joke) is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work—its subject, author, style, or some other target—by means of satiric or ironic imitation.

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Partisan Review

Partisan Review (PR) was a small circulation quarterly "little magazine" dealing with literature, politics, and cultural commentary published in New York City.

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Paul Éluard

Paul Éluard, born Eugène Émile Paul Grindel (14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952), was a French poet and one of the founders of the surrealist movement.

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Paul Cézanne

Paul Cézanne (or;; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavor to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century.

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Paul Griffiths (writer)

Paul Anthony Griffiths OBE (born 24 November 1947) is a British music critic, novelist and librettist.

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Paul Hindemith

Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 – 28 December 1963) was a prolific German composer, violist, violinist, teacher and conductor.

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Paul Klee

Paul Klee (18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss German artist.

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Paul Valéry

Ambroise Paul Toussaint Jules Valéry (30 October 1871 – 20 July 1945) was a French poet, essayist, and philosopher.

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Paul Verlaine

Paul-Marie Verlaine (30 March 1844 – 8 January 1896) was a French poet associated with the Decadent movement.

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Pedro Nel Gómez

Pedro Nel Gómez Agudelo (4 July 1899 — 6 June 1984) was a Colombian engineer, painter, and sculptor, best known for his work as a muralist, and for starting, along with Santiago Martinez Delgado, the Colombian Muralist Movement, inspired by the Mexican movement that drew on nationalistic, social, and political messages as subjects.

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Peggy Guggenheim

Marguerite "Peggy" Guggenheim (August 26, 1898 – December 23, 1979) was an American art collector, bohemian and socialite.

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Penguin Books

Penguin Books is a British publishing house.

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Performance art

Performance art is a performance presented to an audience within a fine art context, traditionally interdisciplinary.

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Pericles Lewis

Pericles Lewis, Professor of comparative literature at Yale University, was the founding President of Yale-NUS College, a liberal arts college in Singapore that is jointly governed by Yale and the National University of Singapore.

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Perspective (graphical)

Perspective (from perspicere "to see through") in the graphic arts is an approximate representation, generally on a flat surface (such as paper), of an image as it is seen by the eye.

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Peter Reginato

Peter Reginato (born August 19, 1945), is an American abstract sculptor and painter.

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Peter Voulkos

Peter Voulkos (popular name of Panagiotis Voulkos; January 29, 1924 – February 16, 2002) was an American artist of Greek descent.

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Phaidon Press

Phaidon is a global publisher of books on art, architecture, photography, design, performing arts, decorative arts, fashion, film, travel, and contemporary culture, as well as cookbooks and children’s books.

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Philip Glass

Philip Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an American composer.

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Philip Guston

Philip Guston (pronounced like "rust"), born Phillip Goldstein (June 27, 1913 – June 7, 1980), was a painter and printmaker in the New York School, an art movement that included many abstract expressionists like Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning.

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Philip Kitcher

Philip Stuart Kitcher (born 20 February 1947) is a British philosophy professor who specialises in the philosophy of science, the philosophy of biology, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of literature, and, more recently, pragmatism.

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Philip Pearlstein

Philip Pearlstein is an influential American painter best known for Modernist Realism nudes.

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Photography

Photography is the science, art, application and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

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Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)

Arnold Schoenberg's Piano Concerto, Op.

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Pierre Bonnard

Pierre Bonnard (3 October 1867 — 23 January 1947) was a French painter and printmaker, as well as a founding member of the Post-Impressionist group of avant-garde painters Les Nabis.

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Pierre Boulez

Pierre Louis Joseph Boulez CBE (26 March 1925 – 5 January 2016) was a French composer, conductor, writer and founder of institutions.

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Pierre Matisse

Pierre Matisse (June 13, 1900 – August 10, 1989) was a French born American art dealer active in New York City.

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Piet Mondrian

Pieter Cornelis "Piet" Mondriaan, after 1906 Mondrian (later; 7 March 1872 – 1 February 1944), was a Dutch painter and theoretician who is regarded as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century.

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Pilgrimage (novel sequence)

Pilgrimage is a novel sequence by the British author Dorothy Richardson, from the first half of the 20th century.

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Pitchfork

A pitchfork is an agricultural tool with a long handle and tynes used to lift and pitch or throw loose material, such as hay, straw or leaves.

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Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work.

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Play (theatre)

A play is a form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading.

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Political consciousness

Following the work of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx outlined the workings of a political consciousness.

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Pop art

Pop art is an art movement that emerged in Britain and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s.

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Popular culture

Popular culture (also called pop culture) is generally recognized as a set of the practices, beliefs, and objects that are dominant or ubiquitous in a society at a given point in time.

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Popular music

Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry.

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Portmanteau

A portmanteau or portmanteau word is a linguistic blend of words,, p. 644 in which parts of multiple words or their phones (sounds) are combined into a new word, as in smog, coined by blending smoke and fog, or motel, from motor and hotel.

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Post-painterly abstraction

Post-painterly abstraction is a term created by art critic Clement Greenberg as the title for an exhibit he curated for the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1964, which subsequently travelled to the Walker Art Center and the Art Gallery of Toronto.

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Postminimalism

Postminimalism is an art term coined (as post-minimalism) by Robert Pincus-Witten in 1971Chilvers, Ian and Glaves-Smith, John, A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art, second edition (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 569.

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Postmodern art

Postmodern art is a body of art movements that sought to contradict some aspects of modernism or some aspects that emerged or developed in its aftermath.

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Postmodernism

Postmodernism is a broad movement that developed in the mid- to late-20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism and that marked a departure from modernism.

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Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (later known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

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Primitivism

Primitivism is a mode of aesthetic idealization that either emulates or aspires to recreate "primitive" experience.

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Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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Process art

Process art is an artistic movement as well as a creative sentiment where the end product of art and craft, the objet d’art (work of art/found object), is not the principal focus.

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Progress (history)

In historiography, progress (from Latin progressus, "advance", "(a) step onwards") is the study of how specific societies improved over time in terms of science, technology, modernization, liberty, democracy, longevity, quality of life, freedom from pollution and so on.

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Pun

The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.

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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Often "Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky" in English.

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Quatuor pour la fin du temps

Quatuor pour la fin du temps, also known by its English title Quartet for the End of Time, is a piece of chamber music by the French composer Olivier Messiaen.

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Radicalism (historical)

The term "Radical" (from the Latin radix meaning root) during the late 18th-century and early 19th-century identified proponents of democratic reform, in what subsequently became the parliamentary Radical Movement.

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Rajat Neogy

Rajat Neogy (1938 – 3 December 1995),Paul Theroux,, The Independent, 15 January 1996, a Ugandan of Indian Bengali ancestry, was a writer, poet and publisher.

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Rationalism

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification".

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Raymond Carver

Raymond Clevie Carver Jr. (May 25, 1938 – August 2, 1988) was an American short-story writer and poet.

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Raymond Queneau

Raymond Queneau (21 February 1903 – 25 October 1976) was a French novelist, poet, critic, editor and co-founder and president of Oulipo (Ouvroir de littérature potentielle), notable for his wit and cynical humour.

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Readymades of Marcel Duchamp

The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that the artist selected and modified, as an antidote to what he called "retinal art".

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Realism (arts)

Realism, sometimes called naturalism, in the arts is generally the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, or implausible, exotic, and supernatural elements.

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Recapitulation (music)

In music theory, the recapitulation is one of the sections of a movement written in sonata form.

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Red Grooms

Red Grooms (born Charles Rogers Grooms on June 7, 1937) is an American multimedia artist best known for his colorful pop-art constructions depicting frenetic scenes of modern urban life.

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Reductionism

Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena.

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Reginald Marsh (artist)

Reginald Marsh (March 14, 1898July 3, 1954) was an American painter, born in Paris, most notable for his depictions of life in New York City in the 1920s and 1930s.

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Regionalism (art)

American Regionalism is an American realist modern art movement that included paintings, murals, lithographs, and illustrations depicting realistic scenes of rural and small-town America primarily in the Midwest and Deep South.

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Reinhard Sorge

Reinhard Sorge (29 January 1892, Berlin, German Empire – 20 July 1916, Ablaincourt, France) was a German dramatist and poet.

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Rembrandt

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669) was a Dutch draughtsman, painter, and printmaker.

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Remodernism

Remodernism revives aspects of modernism, particularly in its early form, and follows postmodernism, to which it contrasts.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.

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Reprise

In music, a reprise is the repetition or reiteration of the opening material later in a composition as occurs in the recapitulation of sonata form, though—originally in the 18th century—was simply any repeated section, such as is indicated by beginning and ending repeat signs.

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Richard Dedekind

Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind (6 October 1831 – 12 February 1916) was a German mathematician who made important contributions to abstract algebra (particularly ring theory), axiomatic foundation for the natural numbers, algebraic number theory and the definition of the real numbers.

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Richard Hamilton (artist)

Richard William Hamilton CH (24 February 1922 – 13 September 2011) was an English painter and collage artist.

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Richard Serra

Richard Serra (born November 2, 1938) is an American minimalist sculptor and video artist known for working with large-scale assemblies of sheet metal.

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Richard Strauss

Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras.

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Richard Tuttle

Richard Dean Tuttle (born July 12, 1941) is an American postminimalist artist known for his small, subtle, intimate works.

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Richard Wagner

Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his later works were later known, "music dramas").

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Riichi Yokomitsu

was an experimental, modernist Japanese writer.

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Robert Benchley

Robert Charles Benchley (September 15, 1889 – November 21, 1945) was an American humorist best known for his work as a newspaper columnist and film actor.

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Robert Bresson

Robert Bresson (25 September 1901 – 18 December 1999) was a French film director.

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Robert Delaunay

Robert Delaunay (12 April 1885 – 25 October 1941) was a French artist who, with his wife Sonia Delaunay and others, co-founded the Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colours and geometric shapes.

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Robert Desnos

Robert Desnos (4 July 1900 – 8 June 1945) was a French surrealist poet who played a key role in the Surrealist movement of his day.

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Robert Hughes (critic)

Robert Studley Forrest Hughes AO (28 July 19386 August 2012) was an Australian-born art critic, writer, and producer of television documentaries.

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Robert Lowell

Robert Traill Spence Lowell IV (March 1, 1917 – September 12, 1977) was an American poet.

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Robert Morris (artist)

Robert Morris (born February 9, 1931 in Kansas City, Missouri) is an American sculptor, conceptual artist and writer.

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Robert Motherwell

Robert Motherwell (January 24, 1915 – July 16, 1991) was an American painter, printmaker, and editor.

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Robert Musil

Robert Musil (or; 6 November 1880 – 15 April 1942) was an Austrian philosophical writer.

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Robert Pincus-Witten

Robert Pincus-Witten (April 5, 1935 – January 28, 2018) was an American art critic, curator and art historian.

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Robert Rauschenberg

Milton Ernest "Robert" Rauschenberg (October 22, 1925 – May 12, 2008) was an American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated the pop art movement.

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Robert Smithson

Robert Smithson (January 2, 1938 – July 20, 1973) was an American artist who used photography in relation to sculpture and land art.

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Robert Whitman

Robert Whitman (born 1935 in New York City) is an American artist best known for his seminal theater pieces of the early 1960s combining visual and sound images, actors, film, slides, and evocative props in environments of his own making.

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Rockaby

Rockaby is a short one-woman play by Samuel Beckett.

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Rockefeller Center

Rockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 commercial buildings covering between 48th and 51st Streets, facing Fifth Avenue, in New York City.

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Roger de La Fresnaye

Roger de La Fresnaye (11 July 1885 – 27 November 1925) was a French Cubist painter.

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Romanticism

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.

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Ronald Bladen

Ronald Bladen (1918- 1988) was an American painter and sculptor.

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Ronald Davis

Ronald "Ron" Davis (born 1937), is an American painter whose work is associated with Geometric abstraction, Abstract Illusionism, Lyrical Abstraction, Hard-edge painting, Shaped canvas painting, Color field painting, and 3D Computer Graphics.

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Ronnie Landfield

Ronnie Landfield (born January 9, 1947) is an American abstract painter.

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Ross Bleckner

Ross Bleckner (born May 12, 1949) is an American artist.

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Roy Lichtenstein

Roy Fox Lichtenstein (October 27, 1923 – September 29, 1997) was an American pop artist.

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Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp

The Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp (Dutch: Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen) is a museum in Antwerp, Belgium, founded in 1810, houses a collection of paintings, sculptures and drawings from the fourteenth to the twentieth centuries.

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Rufino Tamayo

Rufino del Carmen Arellanes Tamayo (August 25, 1899 – June 24, 1991) was a Mexican painter of Zapotec heritage, born in Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russian avant-garde

The Russian avant-garde was a large, influential wave of avant-garde modern art that flourished in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union, approximately from 1890 to 1930—although some have placed its beginning as early as 1850 and its end as late as 1960.

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Russian Futurism

Russian Futurism was a movement of Russian poets and artists who adopted the principles of Filippo Marinetti's "Manifesto of Futurism," which espoused the rejection of the past, and a celebration of speed, machinery, violence, youth and industry; it also advocated the modernization and cultural rejuvenation.

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.

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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Ru-Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика.ogg), also unofficially known as the Russian Federation, Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I or Russia (rɐˈsʲijə; from the Ρωσία Rōsía — Rus'), was an independent state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest, most populous, and most economically developed union republic of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 and then a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991.

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Rutgers University

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, commonly referred to as Rutgers University, Rutgers, or RU, is an American public research university and is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey.

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S. J. Perelman

Sidney Joseph "S.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).

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Salon (Paris)

The Salon (Salon), or rarely Paris Salon (French: Salon de Paris), beginning in 1667 was the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris.

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Salon d'Automne

The Salon d'Automne (Autumn Salon), or Société du Salon d'automne, is an annual art exhibition held in Paris, France since 1903; it is currently held on the Champs-Élysées, between the Grand Palais and the Petit Palais, in mid October.

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Salon des Refusés

The Salon des Refusés, French for "exhibition of rejects", is generally an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously used to refer to the Salon des Refusés of 1863.

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Salvador Dalí

Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marquess of Dalí de Púbol (11 May 190423 January 1989), known professionally as Salvador Dalí, was a prominent Spanish surrealist born in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain.

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Sam Gilliam

Sam Gilliam (born November 30, 1933) is a color field painter and lyrical abstractionist artist.

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Samuel Beckett

Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish avant-garde novelist, playwright, theatre director, poet, and literary translator who lived in Paris for most of his adult life.

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Santiago Martínez Delgado

Santiago Martínez Delgado (1906–1954) was a Colombian painter, sculptor, art historian and writer.

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Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism

Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism was an exhibition curated by R. Siva Kumar at the National Gallery of Modern Art in 1997, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of India's Independence.

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Søren Kierkegaard

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian, poet, social critic and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.

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Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to understand reality.

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Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.

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Seagram Building

The Seagram Building is a skyscraper, located at 375 Park Avenue, between 52nd Street and 53rd Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

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Sean Scully

Sean Scully (born 30 June 1945) is an Irish-born American-based painter and printmaker who has twice been named a Turner Prize nominee.

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Section d'Or

The Section d'Or ("Golden Section"), also known as Groupe de Puteaux (or Puteaux Group), was a collective of painters, sculptors, poets and critics associated with Cubism and Orphism.

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Sentinel species

Sentinel species are organisms, often animals, used to detect risks to humans by providing advance warning of a danger.

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Serge Gainsbourg

Serge Gainsbourg (born Lucien Ginsburg;; 2 April 1928 – 2 March 1991) was a French singer, songwriter, pianist, film composer, poet, painter, screenwriter, writer, actor, and director.

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Shape

A shape is the form of an object or its external boundary, outline, or external surface, as opposed to other properties such as color, texture or material composition.

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Sherwood Anderson

Sherwood Anderson (September 13, 1876 – March 8, 1941) was an American novelist and short story writer, known for subjective and self-revealing works.

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Shi Zhecun

Shi Zhecun (December 3, 1905 – November 19, 2003) was a Chinese author and journal editor in Shanghai during the 1930s.

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Sidney Janis

Sidney Janis (July 8, 1896 – November 23, 1989) was a wealthy clothing manufacturer and art collector who opened an art gallery in New York in 1948.

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Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud (born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

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Sinclair Lewis

Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright.

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Skyscraper

A skyscraper is a continuously habitable high-rise building that has over 40 floors and is taller than approximately.

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Slate (magazine)

Slate is an online magazine that covers current affairs, politics, and culture in the United States from a liberal perspective.

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Social realism

Social realism is the term used for work produced by painters, printmakers, photographers, writers and filmmakers that aims to draw attention to the everyday conditions of the working class and to voice the authors' critique of the social structures behind these conditions.

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Socialist realism

Socialist realism is a style of idealized realistic art that was developed in the Soviet Union and was imposed as the official style in that country between 1932 and 1988, as well as in other socialist countries after World War II.

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Société des Artistes Indépendants

The Société des Artistes Indépendants (Society of Independent Artists), Salon des Indépendants was formed in Paris on 29 July 1884.

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Sol LeWitt

Solomon "Sol" LeWitt (September 9, 1928 – April 8, 2007) was an American artist linked to various movements, including Conceptual art and Minimalism.

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Something Else Press

Something Else Press was founded by Dick Higgins in 1963.

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Sound collage

In music, montage (literally "putting together") or sound collage ("gluing together") is a technique where newly branded sound objects or compositions, including songs, are created from collage, also known as montage.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Space Age

The Space Age is a time period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events.

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Space exploration

Space exploration is the discovery and exploration of celestial structures in outer space by means of evolving and growing space technology.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española),Also known as The Crusade (La Cruzada) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (La Rebelión) or Uprising (Sublevación) among Republicans.

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Spirituality

Traditionally, spirituality refers to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man," oriented at "the image of God" as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world.

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St. Louis

St.

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St. Martin's Press

St.

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Stalag VIII-A

Stalag VIII-A was a German World War II prisoner-of-war camp, located just to the south of the town of Görlitz, Lower Silesia, east of the River Neisse (now Zgorzelec, Poland).

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Standard time

Standard time is the synchronization of clocks within a geographical area or region to a single time standard, rather than using solar time or a locally chosen meridian (longitude) to establish a local mean time standard.

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Statistical mechanics

Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics.

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Stéphane Mallarmé

Stéphane Mallarmé (18 March 1842 – 9 September 1898), whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French poet and critic.

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Steve Paxton

Steve Paxton (born 1939 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an experimental dancer and choreographer.

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Steve Reich

Stephen Michael Reich (born October 3, 1936) is an American composer who, along with La Monte Young, Terry Riley, and Philip Glass, pioneered minimal music in the mid to late 1960s.

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Steven Best

Steven Best (born December 1955) is an American author, total liberation advocate, and associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso.

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Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)

In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind.

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String Quartet No. 5 (Bartók)

The String Quartet No.

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String Quartet No. 6 (Bartók)

The String Quartet No.

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String Quartets (Schoenberg)

The Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg published four string quartets, distributed over his lifetime: String Quartet No.

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Structuralism (architecture)

Structuralism is a movement in architecture and urban planning evolved around the middle of the 20th century.

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Studies on Hysteria

Studies on Hysteria is an 1895 book by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer.

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Subculture

A subculture is a group of people within a culture that differentiates itself from the parent culture to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles.

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Surreal humour

Surreal humour (also known as absurdist humour), or surreal comedy, is a form of humour predicated on deliberate violations of causal reasoning, producing events and behaviours that are obviously illogical.

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Surrealism

Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings.

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Susan Crile

Susan Crile (born 1942) is an American painter and printmaker.

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Syd Barrett

Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett (6 January 1946 – 7 July 2006) was an English singer, songwriter, and musician.

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Symbolism (arts)

Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts.

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Symphony in C (Stravinsky)

The Symphony in C is a work by Russian expatriate composer Igor Stravinsky.

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Symphony in Three Movements

The Symphony in Three Movements is a work by Russian expatriate composer Igor Stravinsky.

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Symphony of Psalms

The Symphony of Psalms is a three-movement choral symphony composed by Igor Stravinsky in 1930 during his neoclassical period.

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Systems art

Systems art is art influenced by cybernetics, and systems theory, that reflects on natural systems, social systems and social signs of the art world itself.

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Systems music

Systems music is a term which has been used to describe the work of composers who concern themselves primarily with sound continua which evolve gradually, often over very long periods of time.

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T. S. Eliot

Thomas Stearns Eliot, (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965), was an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and "one of the twentieth century's major poets".

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Tate Modern

Tate Modern is a modern art gallery located in London.

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Tate Publishing Ltd

Tate Publishing is a publisher of visual arts books, associated with the Tate Gallery in London, England.

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Telegraphy

Telegraphy (from Greek: τῆλε têle, "at a distance" and γράφειν gráphein, "to write") is the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic (as opposed to verbal or audio) messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

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Terry Riley

Terrence Mitchell "Terry" Riley (born June 24, 1935) is an American composer and performing musician associated with the minimalist school of Western classical music, of which he was a pioneer.

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Thames & Hudson

Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) is a publisher of illustrated books on art, architecture, design, and visual culture.

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The Art of This Century gallery

The Art of This Century gallery was opened by Peggy Guggenheim at 30 West 57th Street in Manhattan, New York City on October 20, 1942.

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The Beatles

The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960.

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The Breasts of Tiresias

The Breasts of Tiresias (Les mamelles de Tirésias) is a surrealist play by Guillaume Apollinaire.

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The Brothers Karamazov

The Brothers Karamazov (Бра́тья Карама́зовы, Brat'ya Karamazovy), also translated as The Karamazov Brothers, is the final novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky.

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The Cantos

The Cantos by Ezra Pound is a long, incomplete poem in 116 sections, each of which is a canto.

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The Communist Manifesto

The Communist Manifesto (originally Manifesto of the Communist Party) is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

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The Crystal Palace

The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass structure originally built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851.

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The Cultural Creatives

The Cultural Creatives: How 50 Million People Are Changing the World is a nonfiction social sciences and sociology book by sociologist Paul H. Ray and psychologist Sherry Ruth Anderson (born 1942), The authors introduced the term "Cultural Creatives" to describe a large segment in Western society who since about 1985 have developed beyond the standard paradigm of modernists or progressives versus traditionalists or conservatives.

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The Death of Virgil

The Death of Virgil (Der Tod des Vergil) is a 1945 novel by the Austrian author Hermann Broch.

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The First Moderns

The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought is a book on Modernism by historian William Everdell, published in 1997 by the University of Chicago Press.

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The Great Exhibition

The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations or The Great Exhibition, sometimes referred to as the Crystal Palace Exhibition in reference to the temporary structure in which it was held, was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from 1 May to 15 October 1851.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.

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The Kinks

The Kinks are an English rock band formed in Muswell Hill, North London, in 1964 by brothers Ray and Dave Davies.

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The Literature of Exhaustion

The Literature of Exhaustion is a 1967 essay by the American novelist John Barth sometimes considered to be the manifesto of postmodernism.

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The Living Theatre

The Living Theatre is an American theatre company founded in 1947 and based in New York City.

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The Myth of Sisyphus

The Myth of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe) is a 1942 philosophical essay by Albert Camus.

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The New School for Social Research

The New School for Social Research (NSSR) is an educational institution that is part of The New School in New York City, USA.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The New Yorker

The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry.

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The Nose (opera)

The Nose, Op. 15, (translitThe title in Russian (Нос, Nos) is the reverse of the Russian word for "dream" (Son).), is Dmitri Shostakovich's first opera, a satirical work completed in 1928 based on Nikolai Gogol's story of the same name (1836).

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The Portrait of a Lady

The Portrait of a Lady is a novel by Henry James, first published as a serial in The Atlantic Monthly and Macmillan's Magazine in 1880–81 and then as a book in 1881.

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The Rite of Spring

The Rite of Spring (Le Sacre du printemps; sacred spring) is a ballet and orchestral concert work by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky.

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The Rolling Stones

The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London, England, in 1962.

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The Son (play)

The Son (Der Sohn) is a five-act Expressionist play by the German playwright Walter Hasenclever.

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The Sound and the Fury

The Sound and the Fury is a novel written by the American author William Faulkner.

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The Waste Land

The Waste Land is a long poem by T. S. Eliot, widely regarded as one of the most important poems of the 20th century and a central work of modernist poetry.

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The Who

The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964.

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The World as Will and Representation

The World as Will and Representation (WWR; Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, WWV) is the central work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer.

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Theatre of the Absurd

The Theatre of the Absurd (théâtre de l'absurde) is a post–World War II designation for particular plays of absurdist fiction written by a number of primarily European playwrights in the late 1950s, as well as one for the style of theatre which has evolved from their work.

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Thomas Hart Benton (painter)

Thomas Hart Benton (April 15, 1889 – January 19, 1975) was an American painter and muralist.

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Thomas Mann

Paul Thomas Mann (6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate.

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Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion

Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion is a 1944 triptych painted by the Irish-born British artist Francis Bacon.

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Tom Otterness

Tom Otterness (born 1952) is an American sculptor best known as one of America’s most prolific public artists.

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Tom Stoppard

Sir Tom Stoppard (born Tomáš Straussler; 3 July 1937) is a Czech-born British playwright and screenwriter.

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Tom Wesselmann

Thomas K. Wesselmann (February 23, 1931 – December 17, 2004) was an American artist associated with the Pop Art movement who worked in painting, collage and sculpture.

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Tonality

Tonality is the arrangement of pitches and/or chords of a musical work in a hierarchy of perceived relations, stabilities, attractions and directionality.

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Trench warfare

Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of military trenches, in which troops are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.

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Triptych

A triptych (from the Greek adjective τρίπτυχον "triptukhon" ("three-fold"), from tri, i.e., "three" and ptysso, i.e., "to fold" or ptyx, i.e., "fold") is a work of art (usually a panel painting) that is divided into three sections, or three carved panels that are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open.

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TriQuarterly

TriQuarterly is an American literary magazine published twice a year at Northwestern University that features fiction, nonfiction, poetry, drama, literary essays, reviews, a blog, and graphic art.

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Trisha Brown

Trisha Brown (November 25, 1936 – March 18, 2017) was an American choreographer and dancer, and one of the founders of the Judson Dance Theater and the postmodern dance movement.

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Twelve-tone technique

Twelve-tone technique—also known as dodecaphony, twelve-tone serialism, and (in British usage) twelve-note composition—is a method of musical composition devised by Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) and associated with the "Second Viennese School" composers, who were the primary users of the technique in the first decades of its existence.

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Twentieth-century English literature

This article is focused on English-language literature rather than the literature of England, so that it includes writers from Scotland, Wales, and the whole of Ireland, as well as literature in English from former British colonies.

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Ulysses (novel)

Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce.

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Umberto Boccioni

Umberto Boccioni (19 October 1882 – 17 August 1916) was an influential Italian painter and sculptor.

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Umberto Eco

Umberto Eco (5 January 1932 – 19 February 2016) was an Italian novelist, literary critic, philosopher, semiotician, and university professor.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris.

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University of Chicago

The University of Chicago (UChicago, U of C, or Chicago) is a private, non-profit research university in Chicago, Illinois.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States.

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University of Manchester

The University of Manchester is a public research university in Manchester, England, formed in 2004 by the merger of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and the Victoria University of Manchester.

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University of Minnesota Press

The University of Minnesota Press is a university press that is part of the University of Minnesota.

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Urinal

A urinal is a sanitary plumbing fixture for urination only, predominantly used by males.

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Vaudeville

Vaudeville is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment.

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Václav Havel

Václav Havel (5 October 193618 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, writer and former dissident, who served as the last President of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992 and then as the first President of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003.

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Victorian era

In the history of the United Kingdom, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901.

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Victory over the Sun

Victory over the Sun (Победа над Cолнцем, Pobeda nad Solntsem) is a Russian Futurist opera premiered in 1913 at the Luna Park in Saint Petersburg.

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Video art

Video art is an art form which relies on using video technology as a visual and audio medium.

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Vienna

Vienna (Wien) is the federal capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria.

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Vincent van Gogh

Vincent Willem van Gogh (30 March 185329 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art.

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Violin Concerto (Berg)

Alban Berg's Violin Concerto was written in 1935 (the score is dated 11 August 1935).

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Violin Concerto (Schoenberg)

The Violin Concerto (Op. 36) by Arnold Schoenberg dates from Schoenberg's time in the United States, where he had moved in 1933 to escape the Nazis.

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Virginia Woolf

Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 188228 March 1941) was an English writer, who is considered one of the most important modernist 20th-century authors and a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device.

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Visual art of the United States

Visual art of the United States or American art is visual art made in the United States or by American artists.

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Visual arts

The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, and architecture.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Vorticism

Vorticism was a short-lived modernist movement in British art and poetry of the early 20th century,West, Shearer (general editor), The Bullfinch Guide to Art History, page 883, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, United Kingdom, 1996.

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W. H. Auden

Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973) was an English-American poet.

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Waiting for Godot

Waiting for Godot is a play by Samuel Beckett, in which two characters, Vladimir (Didi) and Estragon (Gogo), wait for the arrival of someone named Godot who never arrives, and while waiting they engage in a variety of discussions and encounter three other characters.

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Wallace Stevens

Wallace Stevens (October 2, 1879 – August 2, 1955) was an American Modernist poet.

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Walt Whitman

Walter "Walt" Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, and journalist.

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Walter Benjamin

Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (15 July 1892 – 26 September 1940) was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic and essayist.

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Walter Darby Bannard

Walter Darby Bannard (September 23, 1934 – October 2, 2016) was an American abstract painter.

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Walter Hasenclever

Walter Hasenclever (8 July 1890 – 22 June 1940) was a German Expressionist poet and playwright.

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Wassily Kandinsky

Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky (Vasily Vasilyevich Kandinsky) (– 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist.

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Well-made play

The well-made play (la pièce bien faite, pronounced) is a dramatic genre from nineteenth-century theatre first codified by French dramatist Eugène Scribe.

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Western canon

The Western canon is the body of Western literature, European classical music, philosophy, and works of art that represents the high culture of Europe and North America: "a certain Western intellectual tradition that goes from, say, Socrates to Wittgenstein in philosophy, and from Homer to James Joyce in literature".

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Western world

The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.

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Will to power

The will to power (der Wille zur Macht) is a prominent concept in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.

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Willem de Kooning

Willem de Kooning (April 24, 1904 – March 19, 1997) was a Dutch abstract expressionist artist.

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William Carlos Williams

William Carlos Williams (September 17, 1883 – March 4, 1963) was an American poet and physician closely associated with modernism and imagism.

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William Everdell

William Romeyn Everdell is an American teacher and author.

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William Faulkner

William Cuthbert Faulkner (September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi.

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Winesburg, Ohio

Winesburg, Ohio (full title: Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life) is a 1919 short story cycle by the American author Sherwood Anderson.

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Wole Soyinka

Akinwande Oluwole Babatunde Soyinka (Yoruba: Akinwándé Oluwo̩lé Babátúndé S̩óyinká,; born 13 July 1934), known as Wole Soyinka, is a Nigerian playwright, poet and essayist.

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Wolf Vostell

Wolf Vostell (14 October 1932 – 3 April 1998) was a German painter and sculptor, considered one of the early adopters of video art and installation art and pioneer of Happening and Fluxus.

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World of Art

World of Art is a long established series of art books from the publisher Thames & Hudson, now comprising over 150 titles.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Wozzeck

Wozzeck is the first opera by the Austrian composer Alban Berg.

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Wyndham Lewis

Percy Wyndham Lewis (18 November 1882 – 7 March 1957) was an English writer, painter and critic (he dropped the name "Percy", which he disliked).

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Yale University Press

Yale University Press is a university press associated with Yale University.

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Yasunari Kawabata

was a Japanese novelist and short story writer whose spare, lyrical, subtly-shaded prose works won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968, the first Japanese author to receive the award.

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Yayoi Kusama

is a Japanese contemporary artist who works primarily in sculpture and installation, but is also active in painting, performance, film, fashion, poetry, fiction, and other arts.

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Yoko Ono

Yoko Ono (小野 洋子, born February 18, 1933) is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter, and peace activist who is also known for her work in performance art and filmmaking.

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Yves Klein

Yves Klein (28 April 1928 – 6 June 1962) was a French artist considered an important figure in post-war European art.

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Yvonne Rainer

Yvonne Rainer (born November 24, 1934) is an American dancer, choreographer, and filmmaker, whose work in these disciplines is regarded as challenging and experimental.

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Zeitgeist

The Zeitgeist is a concept from 18th to 19th-century German philosophy, translated as "spirit of the age" or "spirit of the times".

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Zeno's Conscience

Zeno's Conscience (La coscienza di Zeno) is a novel by Italian writer Italo Svevo.

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20th-century classical music

20th-century classical music describes art music that was written nominally from 1901 to 2000.

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4′33″

4′33″ (pronounced "Four minutes, thirty-three seconds" or just "Four thirty-three"Solomon 1998/2002.) is a three-movement compositionPritchett, Kuhn, Grove.

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Redirects here:

Anti-Modernism, Anti-modern, Anti-modernism, Antimodern, Antimodernism, Antimodernist, Criticism of Modernism, Criticisms of modernism, French Modernism, French modernism, German modernism, Italian modernism, MODERNISTS, Moderate modernist, Modern Movement, Modern movement, Modernismus, Modernist, Modernist Painting, Modernist art movements, Modernist movement, Modernist painter, Modernist project, Modernist revolution, Modernists, Ultramodern, Western modernism.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism

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