235 relations: Accidental (music), Accordion, Ancient Greece, Anthony Braxton, ASCII tab, Aurelian of Réôme, Bali, Balungan, Bar (music), Baroque, Baroque music, Bass drum, Bass guitar, Beat (music), Breath mark, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine music, Canadian Electroacoustic Community, Cantillation, Cantor (Christianity), Catholic Church, Cello, Choir, Chord chart, Chord names and symbols (popular music), Chord progression, Christian Wolff (composer), Chrysanthos of Madytos, Classical music, Classical period (music), Clay tablet, Clef, Colored music notation, Concert band, Conducting, Contemporary classical music, Cornelius Cardew, Country music, Crete, Cuneiform script, De Mensurabili Musica, Delphic Hymns, Diatonic and chromatic, Diatonic scale, Dotted note, Double bass, Drum, Drum kit, Dynamics (music), Earle Brown, ..., East Slavs, Eastern Orthodox Church, Echos, Ekphonetic notation, Equal temperament, Esperanto, Eye movement in music reading, Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Figured bass, Flat (music), Folk music, Franco of Cologne, Fret, Gamelan, Gamelan gender wayang, Gamelan notation, Gardner Read, Geometry, Gerong, Giovanni Battista Doni, Glockenspiel, Gongche notation, Grand Duchy of Moscow, Graphic notation (music), Gregorian chant, Guido of Arezzo, Guitar, Habib Hassan Touma, Hardcore punk, History of music publishing, Holy Spirit in Christianity, Human voice, Iberian Peninsula, Indonesia, Integer, Interval (music), Iraq, Irmologion, Isidore of Seville, Java, Jazz, John Cage, John the Baptist, Kanji, Key (music), Key signature, Kievan Rus', Krzysztof Penderecki, Kunkunshi, Lead sheet, Ledger line, List of musical symbols, List of popular music genres, List of scorewriters, Liturgy, Lombards, Lute, Lyre, Major scale, Manuscript paper, Marquess, Mathcore, Medieval music, Melisma, Melody, Mensural notation, Mesomedes, Metre (music), Microtonal music, Mnemonic, Modern Greek, Modified Stave Notation, Monody, Morton Feldman, Music, Music engraving, Music of ancient Greece, Music technology (mechanical), Musical ensemble, Musical expression, Musical instrument, Musical note, Musical tuning, MusicXML, Nashville number system, Natural (music), Near East, Netherlands, Neume, Nippur, Notation Interchange File Format, Note value, Numbered musical notation, Ohrid, Optical music recognition, Orchestra, Papadic Octoechos, Papyrus, Parchment, Pasindhèn, Patent, Paul the Deacon, Pelog, Percussion notation, Persian traditional music, Photocopier, Piano, Pingala, Pipe organ, Pitch (music), Pitch class, Plainsong, Popular music, Printer (computing), Printing press, Progressive rock, Prostopinije, Pythagorean tuning, Quarter note, Raga, Rastrum, Renaissance music, Rhythm, Rhythm section, Rhythmic mode, Richard Middleton (musicologist), Rock music, Roger Reynolds, Romantic music, Russia, Ryukyu Islands, Sacred Harp, Safi al-Din al-Urmawi, Saint Joseph's University, Sanshin, Sanskrit, Scorewriter, Seikilos epitaph, Sejong the Great, Semasiography, Semitone, Session musician, Shakuhachi, Shape note, Sharp (music), Sheet music, Siffernotskrift, Sight-reading, Simplified music notation, Sing-along, Singing, Slendro, Snare drum, Solfège, Solmization, Songwriter, Southern United States, Sticheron, Sumer, Sundanese script, Surakarta, Svara, Swaralipi, Symbol, Taiko, Tempo, Tie (music), Time signature, Time unit box system, Ton de Leeuw, Tongan music notation, Tonic sol-fa, Tonnetz, Transposition (music), Tuba, Tubular bells, Unison, Ut queant laxis, Veliky Novgorod, Viola, W. W. Norton & Company, Whole note, XML, Yogyakarta, Znamenny chant. Expand index (185 more) »
Accidental (music)
In music, an accidental is a note of a pitch (or pitch class) that is not a member of the scale or mode indicated by the most recently applied key signature.
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Accordion
Accordions (from 19th-century German Akkordeon, from Akkord—"musical chord, concord of sounds") are a family of box-shaped musical instruments of the bellows-driven free-reed aerophone type, colloquially referred to as a squeezebox.
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Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 13th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (AD 600).
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Anthony Braxton
Anthony Braxton (born June 4, 1945) is an American composer and multi-instrumentalist who is known in the genre of free jazz.
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ASCII tab
ASCII tab is a text file format used for writing guitar, bass guitar and drum tabulatures (a form of musical notation) that uses plain ASCII numbers, letters and symbols.
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Aurelian of Réôme
Aurelian of Réôme (Aurelianus Reomensis) (fl. c. 840 – 850) was a Frankish writer and music theorist.
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Bali
Bali (Balinese:, Indonesian: Pulau Bali, Provinsi Bali) is an island and province of Indonesia with the biggest Hindu population.
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Balungan
The balungan (skeleton,Lindsay (1992), p.48.) is sometimes called the "core melody" or, "skeletal melodic outline," of a Javanese gamelan composition.
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Bar (music)
In musical notation, a bar (or measure) is a segment of time corresponding to a specific number of beats in which each beat is represented by a particular note value and the boundaries of the bar are indicated by vertical bar lines.
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Baroque
The Baroque is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century.
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Baroque music
Baroque music is a style of Western art music composed from approximately 1600 to 1750.
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Bass drum
A bass drum, or kick drum, is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch.
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Bass guitar
The bass guitar (also known as electric bass, or bass) is a stringed instrument similar in appearance and construction to an electric guitar, except with a longer neck and scale length, and four to six strings or courses.
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Beat (music)
In music and music theory, the beat is the basic unit of time, the pulse (regularly repeating event), of the mensural level (or beat level).
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Breath mark
A breath mark or luftpause is a symbol used in musical notation.
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Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).
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Byzantine music
Byzantine music is the music of the Byzantine Empire.
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Canadian Electroacoustic Community
Founded in 1986, La Communauté électroacoustique canadienne / The Canadian Electroacoustic Community (CEC) is Canada’s national electroacoustic / computer music / sonic arts organization and as such is dedicated to promoting this progressive art form in its broadest definition: from “pure” acousmatic and computer music to soundscape and sonic art to hardware hacking and beyond.
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Cantillation
Cantillation is the ritual chanting of readings from the Hebrew Bible in synagogue services.
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Cantor (Christianity)
In Christianity, the cantor, sometimes called the precentor or the protopsaltes (from) is the chief singer, and usually instructor, employed at a church, a cathedral or monastery with responsibilities for the ecclesiastical choir and the preparation of liturgy.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Cello
The cello (plural cellos or celli) or violoncello is a string instrument.
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Choir
A choir (also known as a quire, chorale or chorus) is a musical ensemble of singers.
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Chord chart
A chord chart (or chart) is a form of musical notation that describes the basic harmonic and rhythmic information for a song or tune.
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Chord names and symbols (popular music)
Musicians use various kinds of chord names and symbols in different contexts, to represent musical chords.
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Chord progression
A chord progression or harmonic progression is a succession of musical chords, which are two or more notes, typically sounded simultaneously.
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Christian Wolff (composer)
Christian G. Wolff (born March 8, 1934) is an American composer of experimental classical music.
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Chrysanthos of Madytos
Chrysanthos of Madytos (Χρύσανθος ὁ ἐκ Μαδύτων; c. 1770 – 1846) was a Greek poet, chanter, Archimandrite, and Archbishop, born in Madytos.
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Classical music
Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western culture, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music.
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Classical period (music)
The Classical period was an era of classical music between roughly 1730 to 1820, associated with the style of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.
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Clay tablet
In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ṭuppu(m) 𒁾) were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age.
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Clef
A clef (from French: clef "key") is a musical symbol used to indicate the pitch of written notes.
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Colored music notation
Colored music notation is a technique used to facilitate enhanced learning in young music students by adding visual color to written musical notation.
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Concert band
A concert band, also called wind ensemble, symphonic band, wind symphony, wind orchestra, wind band, symphonic winds, symphony band, or symphonic wind ensemble, is a performing ensemble consisting of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments, along with the double bass or bass guitar.
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Conducting
Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert.
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Contemporary classical music
Contemporary classical music can be understood as belonging to the period that started in the mid-1970s to early 1990s, which includes modernist, postmodern, neoromantic, and pluralist music.
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Cornelius Cardew
Cornelius Cardew (7 May 193613 December 1981) was an English experimental music composer, and founder (with Howard Skempton and Michael Parsons) of the Scratch Orchestra, an experimental performing ensemble.
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Country music
Country music, also known as country and western or simply country, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s.
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Crete
Crete (Κρήτη,; Ancient Greek: Κρήτη, Krḗtē) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica.
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Cuneiform script
Cuneiform script, one of the earliest systems of writing, was invented by the Sumerians.
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De Mensurabili Musica
De Mensurabili Musica (concerning measured music) is a musical treatise from the early 13th century (medieval period, c. 1240) and is the first of two treatises traditionally attributed to French music theorist Johannes de Garlandia; the other is de plana musica (Concerning Plainchant).
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Delphic Hymns
The Delphic Hymns are two musical compositions from Ancient Greece, which survive in substantial fragments.
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Diatonic and chromatic
Diatonic (διατονική) and chromatic (χρωματική) are terms in music theory that are most often used to characterize scales, and are also applied to musical instruments, intervals, chords, notes, musical styles, and kinds of harmony.
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Diatonic scale
In western music theory, a diatonic scale is a heptatonic scale that includes five whole steps (whole tones) and two half steps (semitones) in each octave, in which the two half steps are separated from each other by either two or three whole steps, depending on their position in the scale.
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Dotted note
In Western musical notation, a dotted note is a note with a small dot written after it.
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Double bass
The double bass, or simply the bass (and numerous other names), is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra.
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Drum
The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments.
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Drum kit
A drum kit — also called a drum set, trap set, or simply drums — is a collection of drums and other percussion instruments, typically cymbals, which are set up on stands to be played by a single player, with drumsticks held in both hands, and the feet operating pedals that control the hi-hat cymbal and the beater for the bass drum.
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Dynamics (music)
In music, the dynamics of a piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases.
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Earle Brown
Earle Brown (December 26, 1926 – July 2, 2002) was an American composer who established his own formal and notational systems.
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East Slavs
The East Slavs are Slavic peoples speaking the East Slavic languages.
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Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.
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Echos
Echos (Greek: ἦχος "sound"; pl. echoi ἦχοι, Old Church Slavonic: гласъ "voice, sound") is the name in Byzantine music theory for a mode within the eight mode system (oktoechos), each of them ruling several melody types, and it is used in the melodic and rhythmic composition of Byzantine chant ("thesis of the melos"), differentiated according to the chant genre and according to the performance style ("method of the thesis").
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Ekphonetic notation
Ekphonetic notation consists of symbols added to certain sacred texts, especially lectionary readings of Biblical texts, as a mnemonic device to assist in their cantillation.
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Equal temperament
An equal temperament is a musical temperament, or a system of tuning, in which the frequency interval between every pair of adjacent notes has the same ratio.
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Esperanto
Esperanto (or; Esperanto) is a constructed international auxiliary language.
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Eye movement in music reading
Eye movement in music reading is the scanning of a musical score by a musician's eyes.
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Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire (also called Fall of the Roman Empire or Fall of Rome) was the process of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which it failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities.
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Figured bass
Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of musical notation in which numerals and symbols (often accidentals) indicate intervals, chords, and non-chord tones that a musician playing piano, harpsichord, organ, lute (or other instruments capable of playing chords) play in relation to the bass note that these numbers and symbols appear above or below.
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Flat (music)
In music, flat or bemolle (Italian: "soft B") means "lower in pitch".
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Folk music
Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival.
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Franco of Cologne
Franco of Cologne (fl. mid-13th century) was a German music theorist and possibly a composer.
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Fret
A fret is a raised element on the neck of a stringed instrument.
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Gamelan
Gamelan is the traditional ensemble music of Java and Bali in Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussive instruments.
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Gamelan gender wayang
Gamelan gender wayang is a style of gamelan music played in Bali, Indonesia.
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Gamelan notation
Notation plays a relatively minor role in the oral traditions of Indonesian gamelan but, in Java and Bali, several systems of gamelan notation were devised beginning at the end of the 19th century, initially for archival purposes.
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Gardner Read
Gardner Read (January 2, 1913 in Evanston, Illinois – November 10, 2005 in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts) was an American composer and musical scholar.
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Geometry
Geometry (from the γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.
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Gerong
Gerong is the Javanese verb meaning "to sing in a chorus." Penggerong is the proper name of a member of the chorus, but often the word gerong is used to refer to the unison male chorus that sings with the gamelan.
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Giovanni Battista Doni
Giovanni Battista Doni (c. 1593 – 1647) was an Italian musicologist and humanist who made an extensive study of ancient music.
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Glockenspiel
A glockenspiel (or, Glocken: bells and Spiel: set) is a percussion instrument composed of a set of tuned keys arranged in the fashion of the keyboard of a piano.
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Gongche notation
Gongche notation or gongchepu is a traditional musical notation method, once popular in ancient China.
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Grand Duchy of Moscow
The Grand Duchy or Grand Principality of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское, Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye), also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Moscovia, was a late medieval Russian principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia.
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Graphic notation (music)
Graphic notation (or graphic score) is the representation of music through the use of visual symbols outside the realm of traditional music notation.
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Gregorian chant
Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Guido of Arezzo
Guido of Arezzo (also Guido Aretinus, Guido Aretino, Guido da Arezzo, Guido Monaco, or Guido d'Arezzo, or Guy of Arezzo also Guy d'Arezzo) (991/992 – after 1033) was an Italian music theorist of the Medieval era.
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Guitar
The guitar is a fretted musical instrument that usually has six strings.
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Habib Hassan Touma
Habib Hassan Touma (حبيب حسن توما) (December 12, 1934 – 1998) was a palestinian composer and ethnomusicologist.
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Hardcore punk
Hardcore punk (often abbreviated to hardcore) is a punk rock music genre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s.
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History of music publishing
Music publishing is the business of creating, producing and distributing printed musical scores, parts, and books in various types of music notation, while ensuring that the composer, songwriter and other creators receive credit and royalties or other payment (where applicable).
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Holy Spirit in Christianity
For the majority of Christian denominations, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is the third person (hypostasis) of the Trinity: the Triune God manifested as God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit; each person itself being God.
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Human voice
The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal tract, such as talking, singing, laughing, crying, screaming, etc.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula, also known as Iberia, is located in the southwest corner of Europe.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (or; Indonesian), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia), is a transcontinental unitary sovereign state located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania.
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Integer
An integer (from the Latin ''integer'' meaning "whole")Integer 's first literal meaning in Latin is "untouched", from in ("not") plus tangere ("to touch").
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Interval (music)
In music theory, an interval is the difference between two pitches.
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Iraq
Iraq (or; العراق; عێراق), officially known as the Republic of Iraq (جُمُهورية العِراق; کۆماری عێراق), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.
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Irmologion
Irmologion (τὸ εἱρμολόγιον heirmologion) is a liturgical book of the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite.
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Isidore of Seville
Saint Isidore of Seville (Isidorus Hispalensis; c. 560 – 4 April 636), a scholar and, for over three decades, Archbishop of Seville, is widely regarded as the last of the Fathers of the Church, as the 19th-century historian Montalembert put it in an oft-quoted phrase, "The last scholar of the ancient world." At a time of disintegration of classical culture, and aristocratic violence and illiteracy, he was involved in the conversion of the Arian Visigothic kings to Catholicism, both assisting his brother Leander of Seville, and continuing after his brother's death.
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Java
Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ꦗꦮ; Sundanese) is an island of Indonesia.
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Jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in blues and ragtime.
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John Cage
John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American composer and music theorist.
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John the Baptist
John the Baptist (יוחנן המטביל Yokhanan HaMatbil, Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστής, Iōánnēs ho baptistḗs or Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτίζων, Iōánnēs ho baptízōn,Lang, Bernhard (2009) International Review of Biblical Studies Brill Academic Pub p. 380 – "33/34 CE Herod Antipas's marriage to Herodias (and beginning of the ministry of Jesus in a sabbatical year); 35 CE – death of John the Baptist" ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ or ⲓⲱ̅ⲁ ⲡⲓⲣϥϯⲱⲙⲥ, يوحنا المعمدان) was a Jewish itinerant preacherCross, F. L. (ed.) (2005) Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd ed.
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Kanji
Kanji (漢字) are the adopted logographic Chinese characters that are used in the Japanese writing system.
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Key (music)
In music theory, the key of a piece is the group of pitches, or scale, that forms the basis of a music composition in classical, Western art, and Western pop music.
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Key signature
In musical notation, a key signature is a set of sharp, flat, and rarely, natural symbols placed together on the staff.
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Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' (Рѹ́сь, Рѹ́сьскаѧ землѧ, Rus(s)ia, Ruscia, Ruzzia, Rut(h)enia) was a loose federationJohn Channon & Robert Hudson, Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia (Penguin, 1995), p.16.
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Krzysztof Penderecki
Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki (born 23 November 1933) is a Polish composer and conductor.
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Kunkunshi
Kunkunshi is the traditional notation system by which music is recorded in the Ryukyu Islands.
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Lead sheet
A lead sheet is a form of musical notation that specifies the essential elements of a popular song: the melody, lyrics and harmony.
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Ledger line
A ledger line or leger line is used in Western musical notation to notate pitches above or below the lines and spaces of the regular musical staff.
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List of musical symbols
Musical symbols are the marks and symbols, used since about the 13th century in the musical notation of musical scores, styles, and instruments to describe pitch, rhythm, tempo and, to some degree, its articulation (a composition in its fundamentals).
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List of popular music genres
This is a list of the commercially relevant genres in modern popular music.
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List of scorewriters
This is a list of music notation programs (excluding discontinued products) which have articles on Wikipedia.
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Liturgy
Liturgy is the customary public worship performed by a religious group, according to its beliefs, customs and traditions.
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Lombards
The Lombards or Longobards (Langobardi, Longobardi, Longobard (Western)) were a Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774.
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Lute
A lute is any plucked string instrument with a neck (either fretted or unfretted) and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body.
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Lyre
The lyre (λύρα, lýra) is a string instrument known for its use in Greek classical antiquity and later periods.
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Major scale
The major scale (or Ionian scale) is one of the most commonly used musical scales, especially in Western music.
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Manuscript paper
Manuscript paper (sometimes staff paper in U.S. English, or just music paper) is paper preprinted with staffs ready for musical notation.
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Marquess
A marquess (marquis) is a nobleman of hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies.
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Mathcore
Mathcore (sometimes referred to as experimental metalcore) is a style of music characterized by rhythmically complex dissonant riffs and tempo changes, with the speed and aggression of hardcore punk and extreme metal.
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Medieval music
Medieval music consists of songs, instrumental pieces, and liturgical music from about 500 A.D. to 1400.
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Melisma
Melisma (Greek:, melisma, song, air, melody; from, melos, song, melody, plural: melismata) is the singing of a single syllable of text while moving between several different notes in succession.
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Melody
A melody (from Greek μελῳδία, melōidía, "singing, chanting"), also tune, voice, or line, is a linear succession of musical tones that the listener perceives as a single entity.
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Mensural notation
Mensural notation is the musical notation system used for European vocal polyphonic music from the later part of the 13th century until about 1600.
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Mesomedes
Mesomedes of Crete (Μεσομήδης ὁ Κρής) was a Roman-era Greek lyric poet and composer of the early 2nd century AD.
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Metre (music)
In music, metre (Am. meter) refers to the regularly recurring patterns and accents such as bars and beats.
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Microtonal music
Microtonal music or microtonality is the use in music of microtones—intervals smaller than a semitone, also called "microintervals".
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Mnemonic
A mnemonic (the first "m" is silent) device, or memory device, is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval (remembering) in the human memory.
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Modern Greek
Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα "Neo-Hellenic", historically and colloquially also known as Ρωμαίικα "Romaic" or "Roman", and Γραικικά "Greek") refers to the dialects and varieties of the Greek language spoken in the modern era.
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Modified Stave Notation
Modified Stave Notation (MSN) is an alternative way of notating music that was developed in the UK where it is widely used.
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Monody
In poetry, the term monody has become specialized to refer to a poem in which one person laments another's death.
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Morton Feldman
Morton Feldman (January 12, 1926 – September 3, 1987) was an American composer.
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Music
Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time.
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Music engraving
Music engraving is the art of drawing music notation at high quality for the purpose of mechanical reproduction.
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Music of ancient Greece
The music of ancient Greece was almost universally present in ancient Greek society, from marriages, funerals, and religious ceremonies to theatre, folk music, and the ballad-like reciting of epic poetry.
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Music technology (mechanical)
Mechanical music technology is the use of any device, mechanism, machine or tool by a musician or composer to make or perform music; to compose, notate, play back or record songs or pieces; or to analyze or edit music.
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Musical ensemble
A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name.
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Musical expression
Musical expression is the art of playing or singing with a personal response to the music.
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Musical instrument
A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds.
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Musical note
In music, a note is the pitch and duration of a sound, and also its representation in musical notation (♪, ♩).
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Musical tuning
In music, there are two common meanings for tuning.
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MusicXML
MusicXML is an XML-based file format for representing Western musical notation.
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Nashville number system
The Nashville Number System is a method of transcribing music by denoting the scale degree on which a chord is built.
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Natural (music)
In music theory, a natural is an accidental which cancels previous accidentals and represents the unaltered pitch of a note.
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Near East
The Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.
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Neume
A neume (sometimes spelled neum) is the basic element of Western and Eastern systems of musical notation prior to the invention of five-line staff notation.
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Nippur
Nippur (Sumerian: Nibru, often logographically recorded as, EN.LÍLKI, "Enlil City;": Vol. 1, Part 1. Accessed 15 Dec 2010. Akkadian: Nibbur) was among the most ancient of Sumerian cities.
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Notation Interchange File Format
Notation Interchange File Format (NIFF) is a music notation file format used primarily for transferring music notation between different scorewriters.
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Note value
In music notation, a note value indicates the relative duration of a note, using the texture or shape of the note head, the presence or absence of a stem, and the presence or absence of flags/beams/hooks/tails.
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Numbered musical notation
The numbered musical notation, is a musical notation system widely used in music publications in China (not to be confused with the integer notation).
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Ohrid
Ohrid (Охрид) is a city in the Republic of Macedonia and the seat of Ohrid Municipality.
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Optical music recognition
Optical music recognition (OMR) or Music OCR is the application of optical character recognition to interpret sheet music or printed scores into editable or playable form.
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Orchestra
An orchestra is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which mixes instruments from different families, including bowed string instruments such as violin, viola, cello and double bass, as well as brass, woodwinds, and percussion instruments, each grouped in sections.
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Papadic Octoechos
Oktōēchos (here transcribed "Octoechos"; Greek: ὁ Ὀκτώηχος, pronounced in Constantinopolitan:; from ὀκτώ "eight" and ἦχος "sound, mode" called echos; Slavonic: Осмогласие, Osmoglasie from о́смь "eight" and гласъ "voice, sound") is the name of the eight mode system used for the composition of religious chant in Byzantine, Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, Latin and Slavic churches since the Middle Ages.
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Papyrus
Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface.
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Parchment
Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats.
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Pasindhèn
A pasindhèn (informally sindhèn; also called waranggana) is a female solo singer who sings with a gamelan.
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Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.
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Paul the Deacon
Paul the Deacon (720s 13 April 799 AD), also known as Paulus Diaconus, Warnefridus, Barnefridus, Winfridus and sometimes suffixed Cassinensis (i.e. "of Monte Cassino"), was a Benedictine monk, scribe, and historian of the Lombards.
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Pelog
Pelog is one of the two essential scales of gamelan music native to Bali and Java, in Indonesia.
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Percussion notation
Percussion notation is a type of musical notation indicating notes to be played by percussion instruments.
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Persian traditional music
Persian traditional music or Iranian traditional music, also known as Persian classical music or Iranian classical music, refers to the classical music of Iran (also known as Persia).
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Photocopier
A photocopier (also known as a copier or copy machine) is a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply.
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Piano
The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented in Italy by Bartolomeo Cristofori around the year 1700 (the exact year is uncertain), in which the strings are struck by hammers.
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Pingala
Pingala (Devanagari: पिङ्गल) (c. 3rd/2nd century BC) was an ancient Indian mathematician who authored the (also called Pingala-sutras), the earliest known treatise on Sanskrit prosody.
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Pipe organ
The pipe organ is a musical instrument that produces sound by driving pressurized air (called wind) through organ pipes selected via a keyboard.
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Pitch (music)
Pitch is a perceptual property of sounds that allows their ordering on a frequency-related scale, or more commonly, pitch is the quality that makes it possible to judge sounds as "higher" and "lower" in the sense associated with musical melodies.
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Pitch class
In music, a pitch class (p.c. or pc) is a set of all pitches that are a whole number of octaves apart, e.g., the pitch class C consists of the Cs in all octaves.
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Plainsong
Plainsong (also plainchant; cantus planus) is a body of chants used in the liturgies of the Western Church.
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Popular music
Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry.
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Printer (computing)
In computing, a printer is a peripheral device which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper.
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Printing press
A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.
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Progressive rock
Progressive rock (shortened as prog; sometimes called art rock, classical rock or symphonic rock) is a broad genre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid to late 1960s.
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Prostopinije
Prostopinije (meaning Plain Chant in Rusyn) is a type of monodic church chant, closely related to Znamenny Chant.
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Pythagorean tuning
Pythagorean tuning is a system of musical tuning in which the frequency ratios of all intervals are based on the ratio 3:2.
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Quarter note
A quarter note (American) or crotchet (British, from the sense 'hook') is a note played for one quarter of the duration of a whole note (or semibreve).
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Raga
A raga or raaga (IAST: rāga; also raag or ragam; literally "coloring, tingeing, dyeing") is a melodic framework for improvisation akin to a melodic mode in Indian classical music.
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Rastrum
A rastrum (or raster) is a five-pointed writing implement used in music manuscripts to draw parallel staff lines when drawn horizontally across a blank piece of sheet music.
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Renaissance music
Renaissance music is vocal and instrumental music written and performed in Europe during the Renaissance era.
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Rhythm
Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός, rhythmos, "any regular recurring motion, symmetry") generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions".
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Rhythm section
A rhythm section (also called a backup band) is a group of musicians within a music ensemble or band who provide the underlying rhythm, harmony and pulse of the accompaniment, providing a rhythmic and harmonic reference and "beat" for the rest of the band.
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Rhythmic mode
In medieval music, the rhythmic modes were set patterns of long and short durations (or rhythms).
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Richard Middleton (musicologist)
Richard Middleton FBA is Emeritus Professor of Music at Newcastle University in Newcastle upon Tyne.
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Rock music
Rock music is a broad genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the early 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and in the United States.
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Roger Reynolds
Roger Lee Reynolds (born July 18, 1934) is a Pulitzer prize-winning American composer.
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Romantic music
Romantic music is a period of Western classical music that began in the late 18th or early 19th century.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Ryukyu Islands
The, also known as the or the, are a chain of islands annexed by Japan that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yonaguni the southernmost.
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Sacred Harp
Sacred Harp singing is a tradition of sacred choral music that originated in New England and was later perpetuated and carried on in the American South of the United States.
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Safi al-Din al-Urmawi
Safi al-Din al-Urmawi al-Baghdadi (صفی الدین اورموی) or Safi al-Din Abd al-Mu'min ibn Yusuf ibn al-Fakhir al-Urmawi al-Baghdadi (born c. 1216 AD in Urmia, died in 1294 AD in Baghdad) was a renowned musician and writer on the theory of music, possibly of Persian origin.
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Saint Joseph's University
Saint Joseph's University (also referred to as SJU or St. Joe's) is a private, coeducational Roman Catholic Jesuit university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Sanshin
The sanshin (三線, literally "three strings") is an Okinawan musical instrument and precursor of the mainland Japanese (and Amami Islands) shamisen (三味線).
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Sanskrit
Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism; a philosophical language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism; and a former literary language and lingua franca for the educated of ancient and medieval India.
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Scorewriter
A scorewriter, or music notation program is software used with a computer for creating, editing and printing sheet music.
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Seikilos epitaph
The Seikilos epitaph is the oldest surviving complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world.
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Sejong the Great
Sejong the Great (7 May 1397 – 8 April 1450) was the fourth king of Joseon-dynasty Korea.
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Semasiography
Semasiography (from σημασία (semasia) "signification, meaning" and γραφία (graphia) "writing") is "writing with signs", a non-phonetic based technique to "communicate information without the necessary intercession of forms of speech." It means written symbols and languages that are not based on spoken words.
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Semitone
A semitone, also called a half step or a half tone, is the smallest musical interval commonly used in Western tonal music, and it is considered the most dissonant when sounded harmonically.
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Session musician
Session musicians, studio musicians, or backing musicians are musicians hired to perform in recording sessions or live performances.
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Shakuhachi
The is a Japanese longitudinal, end-blown bamboo-flute.
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Shape note
Shape notes are a music notation designed to facilitate congregational and community singing.
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Sharp (music)
In music, sharp, dièse (from French), or diesis (from Greek) means higher in pitch.
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Sheet music
Sheet music is a handwritten or printed form of music notation that uses modern musical symbols to indicate the pitches (melodies), rhythms or chords of a song or instrumental musical piece.
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Siffernotskrift
Siffernotskrift ("numerical note writing") or sifferskrift is a form of numbered musical notation in which numerals are given which correspond to musical notes on given instruments.
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Sight-reading
Sight-reading, also called a prima vista (Italian meaning "at first sight"), is the reading and performing of a piece of music or song in music notation that the performer has not seen before.
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Simplified music notation
Simplified music notation is an alternative form of music notation designed to make sight-reading easier.
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Sing-along
Sing-along, also called community singing or group singing, is an event of singing together at gatherings or parties, less formally than choir singing.
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Singing
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques.
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Slendro
Slendro (called salendro by the Sundanese) is a pentatonic scale, the older of the two most common scales (laras) used in Indonesian gamelan music, the other being pélog.
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Snare drum
A snare drum or side drum is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head is struck with a drum stick, due to the use of a series of stiff wires held under tension against the lower skin.
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Solfège
In music, solfège or solfeggio, also called sol-fa, solfa, solfeo, among many names, is a music education method used to teach pitch and sight singing of Western music.
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Solmization
Solmization is a system of attributing a distinct syllable to each note in a musical scale.
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Songwriter
A songwriter is a professional who is paid to write lyrics for singers and melodies for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music.
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Southern United States
The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America.
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Sticheron
A sticheron (Greek: στιχηρόν "set in verses"; plural: stichera; Greek: στιχηρά) is a hymn of a particular genre that has to be sung during the morning (Orthros) and evening service (Hesperinos) of the Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite.
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Sumer
SumerThe name is from Akkadian Šumeru; Sumerian en-ĝir15, approximately "land of the civilized kings" or "native land".
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Sundanese script
Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda) is a writing system which is used by the Sundanese people.
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Surakarta
Surakarta (ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ, often called Solo or less common spelling Sala) is a city in Central Java.
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Svara
Swara (Hindi स्वर), also spelled swara, is a Sanskrit word that connotes a note in the successive steps of the octave.
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Swaralipi
Swaralipi (Akar Matrik Swaralipi স্বরলিপি বা আকারমাত্রিক স্বরলিপি) is any system used in sheet music in order to represent aurally perceived music through the use of written notes for Indian classical music.
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Symbol
A symbol is a mark, sign or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship.
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Taiko
are a broad range of Japanese percussion instruments.
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Tempo
In musical terminology, tempo ("time" in Italian; plural: tempi) is the speed or pace of a given piece.
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Tie (music)
In music notation, a tie is a curved line connecting the heads of two notes of the same pitch and name, indicating that they are to be played as a single note with a duration equal to the sum of the individual notes' values.
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Time signature
The time signature (also known as meter signature, metre signature, or measure signature) is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats (pulses) are to be contained in each measure (bar) and which note value is equivalent to one beat.
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Time unit box system
Time Unit Box System (TUBS) is a simple system for notating events that happen over a period.
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Ton de Leeuw
Antonius Wilhelmus Adrianus de Leeuw (born Rotterdam, 16 November 1926; died Paris, 31 May 1996) was a Dutch composer.
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Tongan music notation
The Tuungafasi or Tongan music notation is a subset of the standard music notation, originally developed by the missionary James Egan Moulton in the 19th century for singing church hymns in Tonga.
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Tonic sol-fa
Tonic sol-fa (or tonic sol-fah) is a pedagogical technique for teaching sight-singing, invented by Sarah Ann Glover (1785–1867) of Norwich, England and popularised by John Curwen who adapted it from a number of earlier musical systems.
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Tonnetz
In musical tuning and harmony, the Tonnetz (tone-network) is a conceptual lattice diagram representing tonal space first described by Leonhard Euler in 1739.
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Transposition (music)
In music transposition refers to the process, or operation, of moving a collection of notes (pitches or pitch classes) up or down in pitch by a constant interval.
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Tuba
The tuba is the largest and lowest-pitched musical instrument in the brass family.
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Tubular bells
Tubular bells (also known as chimes) are musical instruments in the percussion family.
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Unison
In music, unison is two or more musical parts sounding the same pitch or at an octave interval, usually at the same time.
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Ut queant laxis
"" or "" is a Latin hymn in honour of John the Baptist written in Horatian Sapphics and traditionally attributed to Paulus Diaconus, the eighth-century Lombard historian.
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Veliky Novgorod
Veliky Novgorod (p), also known as Novgorod the Great, or Novgorod Veliky, or just Novgorod, is one of the most important historic cities in Russia, which serves as the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast.
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Viola
The viola is a string instrument that is bowed or played with varying techniques.
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W. W. Norton & Company
W.
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Whole note
In music, a whole note (American) or semibreve (British) is a note represented by a hollow oval note head and no note stem.
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XML
In computing, Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.
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Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta (also Jogja or Jogjakarta; ꦛꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ; formerly Dutch: Djokjakarta/Djocjakarta or Djokja) is a city on the island of Java in Indonesia.
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Znamenny chant
Znamenny Chant (Знаменное пение, знаменный распев) is a singing tradition used in the Russian Orthodox Church.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_notation