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126 relations: Accommodation (eye), Acromegaly, Adolescence, African Americans, Alternative medicine, Anatomical terms of location, Ancient Greek, Aristotle, Arthur Jensen, Asia, Astigmatism, Atropine, Australia, Autorefractor, Bates method, Biofeedback, Blinded experiment, Blood sugar level, Blurred vision, Brazil, Cataract, China, Chromatic aberration, Ciliary body, Cohen syndrome, College, Contact lens, Cornea, Corneal ectatic disorders, Corrective lens, Correlation does not imply causation, Cyclopentolate, Daylight, Defocus aberration, Dioptre, Dopamine, Ethnic group, Excimer laser, Exercise, Eye, Eye care professional, Eye examination, Eye strain, Eyeglass prescription, F-number, Far point, Far-sightedness, Floater, Focal length, Fundus (eye), ..., Galen, Genetic linkage, Genitive case, Glasses, Glaucoma, Glucose, Greece, Growth hormone, Headache, Heredity, High school (North America), Instrument myopia, Irvin Borish, Jews, Johannes Kepler, Koine Greek, LASIK, Lattice degeneration, Lens (anatomy), List of ethnic groups of Africa, Macular degeneration, Malaysia, Medication, Metaphor, Microscope, Motivation, Multiplicative inverse, Muscarinic antagonist, Myopia in animals, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Nature (journal), Nuclear sclerosis, Ophthalmology, Ophthalmoscopy, Optical power, Optometry, Orthokeratology, Outdoor recreation, Oxygen toxicity, Pathogenesis, Phoropter, Pigment dispersion syndrome, Pirenzepine, Presbyopia, Progressive lens, Pseudomyopia, Race (human categorization), Refraction, Refractive error, Refractive index, Refractive surgery, Retina, Retinal detachment, Retinoscopy, Sample size determination, Scientific control, Scleral buckle, Scleral reinforcement surgery, Singapore, Social class, Sorbitol, Spasm, Staphyloma, Stewart Duke-Elder, Sulfonamide (medicine), Sunlight, Surgery, The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability, United Kingdom, United States, Value (ethics), Vision therapy, Visionary, Visual field, Visual impairment, Vitamin A deficiency. Expand index (76 more) »
Accommodation (eye)
Accommodation is the process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies.
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Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a disorder that results from excess growth hormone (GH) after the growth plates have closed.
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Adolescence
AdolescenceMacmillan Dictionary for Students Macmillan, Pan Ltd.
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African Americans
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa.
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Alternative medicine
Alternative medicine, fringe medicine, pseudomedicine or simply questionable medicine is the use and promotion of practices which are unproven, disproven, impossible to prove, or excessively harmful in relation to their effect — in the attempt to achieve the healing effects of medicine.--> --> --> They differ from experimental medicine in that the latter employs responsible investigation, and accepts results that show it to be ineffective. The scientific consensus is that alternative therapies either do not, or cannot, work. In some cases laws of nature are violated by their basic claims; in some the treatment is so much worse that its use is unethical. Alternative practices, products, and therapies range from only ineffective to having known harmful and toxic effects.--> Alternative therapies may be credited for perceived improvement through placebo effects, decreased use or effect of medical treatment (and therefore either decreased side effects; or nocebo effects towards standard treatment),--> or the natural course of the condition or disease. Alternative treatment is not the same as experimental treatment or traditional medicine, although both can be misused in ways that are alternative. Alternative or complementary medicine is dangerous because it may discourage people from getting the best possible treatment, and may lead to a false understanding of the body and of science.-->---> Alternative medicine is used by a significant number of people, though its popularity is often overstated.--> Large amounts of funding go to testing alternative medicine, with more than US$2.5 billion spent by the United States government alone.--> Almost none show any effect beyond that of false treatment,--> and most studies showing any effect have been statistical flukes. Alternative medicine is a highly profitable industry, with a strong lobby. This fact is often overlooked by media or intentionally kept hidden, with alternative practice being portrayed positively when compared to "big pharma". --> The lobby has successfully pushed for alternative therapies to be subject to far less regulation than conventional medicine.--> Alternative therapies may even be allowed to promote use when there is demonstrably no effect, only a tradition of use. Regulation and licensing of alternative medicine and health care providers varies between and within countries. Despite laws making it illegal to market or promote alternative therapies for use in cancer treatment, many practitioners promote them.--> Alternative medicine is criticized for taking advantage of the weakest members of society.--! Terminology has shifted over time, reflecting the preferred branding of practitioners.. Science Based Medicine--> For example, the United States National Institutes of Health department studying alternative medicine, currently named National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, was established as the Office of Alternative Medicine and was renamed the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine before obtaining its current name. Therapies are often framed as "natural" or "holistic", in apparent opposition to conventional medicine which is "artificial" and "narrow in scope", statements which are intentionally misleading. --> When used together with functional medical treatment, alternative therapies do not "complement" (improve the effect of, or mitigate the side effects of) treatment.--> Significant drug interactions caused by alternative therapies may instead negatively impact functional treatment, making it less effective, notably in cancer.--> Alternative diagnoses and treatments are not part of medicine, or of science-based curricula in medical schools, nor are they used in any practice based on scientific knowledge or experience.--> Alternative therapies are often based on religious belief, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural energies, pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, or lies.--> Alternative medicine is based on misleading statements, quackery, pseudoscience, antiscience, fraud, and poor scientific methodology. Promoting alternative medicine has been called dangerous and unethical.--> Testing alternative medicine that has no scientific basis has been called a waste of scarce research resources.--> Critics state that "there is really no such thing as alternative medicine, just medicine that works and medicine that doesn't",--> that the very idea of "alternative" treatments is paradoxical, as any treatment proven to work is by definition "medicine".-->.
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Anatomical terms of location
Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Arthur Jensen
Arthur Robert Jensen (August 24, 1923 – October 22, 2012) was an American psychologist and author.
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Asia
Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres.
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Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a type of refractive error in which the eye does not focus light evenly on the retina.
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Atropine
Atropine is a medication to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate and to decrease saliva production during surgery.
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Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.
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Autorefractor
An autorefractor or automated refractor is a computer-controlled machine used during an eye examination to provide an objective measurement of a person's refractive error and prescription for glasses or contact lenses.
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Bates method
The Bates method is an alternative therapy aimed at improving eyesight.
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Biofeedback
Biofeedback is the process of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions primarily using instruments that provide information on the activity of those same systems, with a goal of being able to manipulate them at will.
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Blinded experiment
A blind or blinded-experiment is an experiment in which information about the test is masked (kept) from the participant, to reduce or eliminate bias, until after a trial outcome is known.
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Blood sugar level
The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals.
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Blurred vision
Blurred vision is an ocular symptom.
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Brazil
Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.
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Cataract
A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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Chromatic aberration
In optics, chromatic aberration (abbreviated CA; also called chromatic distortion and spherochromatism) is an effect resulting from dispersion in which there is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same convergence point.
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Ciliary body
The ciliary body is a part of the eye that includes the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens, and the ciliary epithelium, which produces the aqueous humor.
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Cohen syndrome
Cohen syndrome (also known as Pepper syndrome or Cervenka syndrome, named after Michael Cohen, William Pepper and Jaroslav Cervenka, who researched the illness) is a genetic disorder.
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College
A college (Latin: collegium) is an educational institution or a constituent part of one.
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Contact lens
A contact lens, or simply contact, is a thin lens placed directly on the surface of the eye.
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Cornea
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.
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Corneal ectatic disorders
Corneal ectatic disorders or corneal ectasia are a group of uncommon, noninflammatory, eye disorders characterised by bilateral thinning of the central, paracentral, or peripheral cornea.
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Corrective lens
A corrective lens is a lens typically worn in front of the eye to improve vision.
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Correlation does not imply causation
In statistics, many statistical tests calculate correlations between variables and when two variables are found to be correlated, it is tempting to assume that this shows that one variable causes the other.
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Cyclopentolate
Cyclopentolate is a medication commonly used during pediatric eye examinations that dilates the eye (mydriatic), prevents accommodation of the eye to different distances (cycloplegic), and blocks specific receptors called muscarinic receptors (muscarinic antagonist).
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Daylight
Daylight, or the light of day, is the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight during the daytime.
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Defocus aberration
In optics, defocus is the aberration in which an image is simply out of focus.
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Dioptre
A dioptre (British spelling) or diopter (American spelling) is a unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens or curved mirror, which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in metres.
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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Ethnic group
An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or nation.
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Excimer laser
An excimer laser, sometimes more correctly called an exciplex laser, is a form of ultraviolet laser which is commonly used in the production of microelectronic devices, semiconductor based integrated circuits or "chips", eye surgery, and micromachining.
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Exercise
Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.
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Eye
Eyes are organs of the visual system.
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Eye care professional
An eye care professional (ECP) is an individual who provides a service related to the eyes or vision.
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Eye examination
An eye examination is a series of tests performed by an ophthalmologist (medical doctor), optometrist, or orthoptist assessing vision and ability to focus on and discern objects, as well as other tests and examinations pertaining to the eyes.
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Eye strain
Eye strain, also known as asthenopia (from Greek asthen-opia, ἀσθεν-ωπία, "weak-eye-condition"), is an eye condition that manifests through nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache, and occasional double vision.
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Eyeglass prescription
An eyeglass prescription is an order written by an eyewear prescriber, such as an optometrist or ophthalmologist, that specifies the value of all parameters the prescriber has deemed necessary to construct and/or dispense corrective lenses appropriate for a patient.
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F-number
The f-number of an optical system (such as a camera lens) is the ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil.
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Far point
In visual perception, the far point is the point at which an object must be placed along the optical axis of the eye for its image to be focused on the retina when the eye is not accommodating.
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Far-sightedness
Far-sightedness, also known as hyperopia, is a condition of the eye in which light is focused behind, instead of on, the retina.
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Floater
Floaters are deposits of various size, shape, consistency, refractive index, and motility within the eye's vitreous humour, which is normally transparent.
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Focal length
The focal length of an optical system is a measure of how strongly the system converges or diverges light.
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Fundus (eye)
The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of the eye opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole.
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Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 AD – /), often Anglicized as Galen and better known as Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire.
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Genetic linkage
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
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Genitive case
In grammar, the genitive (abbreviated); also called the second case, is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun.
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Glasses
Glasses, also known as eyeglasses or spectacles, are devices consisting of glass or hard plastic lenses mounted in a frame that holds them in front of a person's eyes, typically using a bridge over the nose and arms which rest over the ears.
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Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.
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Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.
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Greece
No description.
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Growth hormone
Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin (or as human growth hormone in its human form), is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals.
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Headache
Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck.
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Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
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High school (North America)
High school is a term primarily used in the United States to describe the level of education students receive from approximately 14 to 18 years old, although there is some variation.
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Instrument myopia
Instrument myopia, sometimes called microscope myopia, is a form of myopia that occurs when someone is looking into an optical instrument such as a microscope.
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Irvin Borish
Irvin M. Borish (January 21, 1913 - March 3, 2012) is widely considered the ‘Father of Modern Optometry’.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.
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Koine Greek
Koine Greek,.
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LASIK
LASIK or Lasik (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis), commonly referred to as laser eye surgery or laser vision correction, is a type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.
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Lattice degeneration
Lattice degeneration is a disease of the human eye wherein the peripheral retina becomes atrophic in a lattice pattern and may develop tears, breaks, or holes, which may further progress to retinal detachment.
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Lens (anatomy)
The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.
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List of ethnic groups of Africa
The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, with each population generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture.
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Macular degeneration
Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field.
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Malaysia
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Metaphor
A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another for rhetorical effect.
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Microscope
A microscope (from the μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
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Motivation
Motivation is the reason for people's actions, desires, and needs.
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Multiplicative inverse
In mathematics, a multiplicative inverse or reciprocal for a number x, denoted by 1/x or x−1, is a number which when multiplied by x yields the multiplicative identity, 1.
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Muscarinic antagonist
A muscarinic receptor antagonist (MRA) is a type of anticholinergic agent that blocks the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
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Myopia in animals
Some animals suffer from shortsightedness and have poor eyesight.
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Natal, Rio Grande do Norte
Natal ("Christmas") is the capital and largest city of the state Rio Grande do Norte, located in northeastern Brazil.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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Nuclear sclerosis
Nuclear sclerosis is an age-related change in the density of the crystalline lens nucleus that occurs in all older animals.
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Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine and surgery (both methods are used) that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eyeball and orbit.
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Ophthalmoscopy
Ophthalmoscopy, also called funduscopy, is a test that allows a health professional to see inside the fundus of the eye and other structures using an ophthalmoscope (or funduscope).
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Optical power
Optical power (also referred to as dioptric power, refractive power, focusing power, or convergence power) is the degree to which a lens, mirror, or other optical system converges or diverges light.
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Optometry
Optometry is a health care profession which involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease.
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Orthokeratology
Orthokeratology (also referred to as Ortho-K, Overnight Vision Correction, Corneal Refractive Therapy and CRT), refers to the creation of gas permeable contact lenses that temporarily reshape the cornea to reduce refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism.
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Outdoor recreation
Outdoor recreation or outdoor activity refers to leisure pursuits engaged in the outdoors, often in natural or semi-natural settings out of town.
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Oxygen toxicity
Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen at increased partial pressures.
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Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of a disease is the biological mechanism (or mechanisms) that leads to the diseased state.
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Phoropter
Phoropter is a common name for an ophthalmic testing device, also called a refractor.
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Pigment dispersion syndrome
Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) is an affliction of the eye that can lead to a form of glaucoma known as pigmentary glaucoma.
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Pirenzepine
Pirenzepine (Gastrozepin), an M1 selective antagonist, is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, as it reduces gastric acid secretion and reduces muscle spasm.
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Presbyopia
Presbyopia is a condition associated with the aging of the eye that results in progressively worsening ability to focus clearly on close objects.
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Progressive lens
Progressive lenses, also called multifocal lenses, progressive addition lenses (PAL), varifocal lenses, progressive power lenses, graduated prescription lenses, or progressive spectacle lenses are corrective lenses used in eyeglasses to correct presbyopia and other disorders of accommodation.
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Pseudomyopia
Pseudomyopia refers to an intermittent and temporary shift in refractive error of the eye towards myopia, in which the focusing of light in front of the retina is due to a transient spasm of the ciliary muscle causing an increase in the refractive power of the eye.
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Race (human categorization)
A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.
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Refraction
Refraction is the change in direction of wave propagation due to a change in its transmission medium.
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Refractive error
Refractive error, also known as refraction error, is a problem with focusing light accurately onto the retina due to the shape of the eye.
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Refractive index
In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction of a material is a dimensionless number that describes how light propagates through that medium.
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Refractive surgery
Refractive eye surgery is any eye surgery used to improve the refractive state of the eye and decrease or eliminate dependency on glasses or contact lenses.
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Retina
The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
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Retinal detachment
Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina separates from the layer underneath.
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Retinoscopy
Retinoscopy (Ret) is a technique to obtain an objective measurement of the refractive error of a patient's eyes.
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Sample size determination
Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample.
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Scientific control
A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable.
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Scleral buckle
A scleral buckle is one of several ophthalmologic procedures that can be used to repair a retinal detachment.
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Scleral reinforcement surgery
Scleral reinforcement is a surgical procedure used to reduce or stop further macular damage caused by high myopia, which can be degenerative.
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Singapore
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia.
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Social class
A social class is a set of subjectively defined concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes.
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Sorbitol
Sorbitol, less commonly known as glucitol, is a sugar alcohol with a sweet taste which the human body metabolizes slowly.
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Spasm
A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ such as the heart.
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Staphyloma
A staphyloma is an abnormal protrusion of the uveal tissue through a weak point in the eyeball.
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Stewart Duke-Elder
Sir William Stewart Duke-Elder (22 April 1898 – 27 March 1978), a Scottish ophthalmologist who was a dominant force in his field for more than a quarter of a century.
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Sulfonamide (medicine)
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs.
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Sunlight
Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light.
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Surgery
Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.
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The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability
The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability is a 1998 book by psychologist Arthur Jensen.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Value (ethics)
In ethics, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining what actions are best to do or what way is best to live (normative ethics), or to describe the significance of different actions.
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Vision therapy
Vision therapy (also known as vision training, or VT) is used to improve vision skills such as eye movement control, eye coordination, contrast sensitivity, and perception.
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Visionary
Defined broadly, a visionary is one who can envision the future.
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Visual field
The visual field is the "spatial array of visual sensations available to observation in introspectionist psychological experiments".
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Visual impairment
Visual impairment, also known as vision impairment or vision loss, is a decreased ability to see to a degree that causes problems not fixable by usual means, such as glasses.
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Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) or hypovitaminosis A is a lack of vitamin A in blood and tissues.
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Redirects here:
Miopia, Myopia, Myopia as metaphor, Myopia, severe, Myopic, Near sight, Near sighted, Near sightedness, Near vision, Near-sighted, Nearsighted, Nearsightedness, Night myopia, Short sight, Short sighted, Short sightedness, Short-sighted, Short-sightedness, Shortsighted, Shortsightedness.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-sightedness
