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44 relations: Adaptive evolution in the human genome, Alanine, Allele, Amino acid, Balancing selection, Charles Darwin, Coalescent theory, Codon degeneracy, Directional selection, DNA replication, Effective population size, Emile Zuckerkandl, Evolution, Fitness (biology), Fixation (population genetics), Genetic code, Genetic drift, Genetic hitchhiking, Genetic linkage, Genetic variation, Genome, Jack Lester King, Linus Pauling, Masatoshi Nei, McDonald–Kreitman test, Molecular biology, Molecular clock, Molecular evolution, Motoo Kimura, Mutation, Natural selection, Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution, Negative selection (natural selection), Neutral mutation, Nucleic acid sequence, Phenotype, Polymorphism (biology), Population genetics, Proportionality (mathematics), Synonymous substitution, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Thomas H. Jukes, Tomoko Ohta, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity.
Adaptive evolution in the human genome
Adaptive evolution results from the propagation of advantageous mutations through positive selection.
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Alanine
Alanine (symbol Ala or A) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Allele
An allele is a variant form of a given gene.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Balancing selection
Balancing selection refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles (different versions of a gene) are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies larger than expected from genetic drift alone.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
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Coalescent theory
Coalescent theory is a model of how gene variants sampled from a population may have originated from a common ancestor.
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Codon degeneracy
Degeneracy of codons is the redundancy of the genetic code, exhibited as the multiplicity of three-base pair codon combinations that specify an amino acid.
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Directional selection
In population genetics, directional selection is a mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype.
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DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
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Effective population size
The effective population size is "the number of individuals in a population who contribute offspring to the next generation," or all the breeding adults in that population.
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Emile Zuckerkandl
Émile Zuckerkandl (July 4, 1922 – November 9, 2013) was an Austrian-born French biologist considered one of the founders of the field of molecular evolution.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is the quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection within evolutionary biology.
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Fixation (population genetics)
In population genetics, fixation is the change in a gene pool from a situation where there exists at least two variants of a particular gene (allele) in a given population to a situation where only one of the alleles remains.
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Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.
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Genetic drift
Genetic drift (also known as allelic drift or the Sewall Wright effect) is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms.
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Genetic hitchhiking
Genetic hitchhiking, also called genetic draft or the hitchhiking effect, is when an allele changes frequency not because it itself is under natural selection, but because it is near another gene that is undergoing a selective sweep and that is on the same DNA chain.
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Genetic linkage
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
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Genetic variation
Genetic variation means that biological systems – individuals and populations – are different over space.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Jack Lester King
Jack Lester King (March 9, 1934 – June 29, 1983) was an American evolutionary biologist best known for co-authoring (with Thomas H. Jukes) a seminal paper on the neutral theory of molecular evolution, "Non-Darwinian Evolution".
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Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, educator, and husband of American human rights activist Ava Helen Pauling.
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Masatoshi Nei
is a population geneticist currently affiliated with the Department of Biology at Temple University as a Carnell Professor.
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McDonald–Kreitman test
The McDonald–Kreitman test is a statistical test often used by evolution and population biologists to detect and measure the amount of adaptive evolution within a species by determining whether adaptive evolution has occurred, and the proportion of substitutions that resulted from positive selection (also known as directional selection).
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Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.
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Molecular clock
The molecular clock is a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.
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Molecular evolution
Molecular evolution is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations.
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Motoo Kimura
(November 13, 1924 – November 13, 1994) was a Japanese biologist best known for introducing the neutral theory of molecular evolution in 1968, in collaboration with Tomoko Ohta.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution
The nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution is a modification of the neutral theory of molecular evolution that accounts for the fact that not all mutations are either so deleterious such that they can be ignored, or else neutral.
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Negative selection (natural selection)
In natural selection, negative selection or purifying selection is the selective removal of alleles that are deleterious.
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Neutral mutation
Neutral mutations are changes in DNA sequence that are neither beneficial nor detrimental to the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce.
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Nucleic acid sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.
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Phenotype
A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest).
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Polymorphism (biology)
Polymorphism in biology and zoology is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative phenotypes, in the population of a species.
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Population genetics
Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.
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Proportionality (mathematics)
In mathematics, two variables are proportional if there is always a constant ratio between them.
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Synonymous substitution
A synonymous substitution (often called a silent substitution though they are not always silent) is the evolutionary substitution of one base for another in an exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid sequence is not modified.
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The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution is an influential monograph written in 1983 by Japanese evolutionary biologist Motoo Kimura.
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Thomas H. Jukes
Thomas Hughes Jukes (August 26, 1906 – November 1, 1999) was a British-American biologist known for his work in nutrition, molecular evolution, and for his public engagement with controversial scientific issues, including DDT, vitamin C and creationism.
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Tomoko Ohta
is a Japanese scientist working on population genetics/molecular evolution.
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Unified neutral theory of biodiversity
The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography (here "Unified Theory" or "UNTB") is a hypothesis and the title of a monograph by ecologist Stephen Hubbell.
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Redirects here:
Neutral allele theory, Neutral evolution, Neutral mutation theory, Neutral theory of evolution, Neutralism.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution
