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Nagorno-Karabakh War

Index Nagorno-Karabakh War

The Nagorno-Karabakh War was an ethnic and territorial conflict that took place in the late 1980s to May 1994, in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan. [1]

427 relations: A Story of People in War and Peace, Ağbulaq, Khojaly, Aşağı Əskipara, Abel Aganbegyan, Abkhazia, Abulfaz Elchibey, Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan, Aero L-29 Delfín, Aero L-39 Albatros, Aerodrome, Afghanistan, Agdam, Agdam District, Agent provocateur, Aghasi Khanjian, Aghdara (town), Airlift, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Ammunition, Anatoly Zinevich, Andranik, Andrei Sakharov, Anti-Armenian sentiment, Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia, Antonov An-12, Antonov An-24, Arabs, Archaeology (magazine), Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan, Armenia, Armenian cemetery in Julfa, Armenian diaspora, Armenian General Benevolent Union, Armenian Genocide, Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Armenian-controlled territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenians, Armour, Armoured personnel carrier, Artillery, Artsakh Defense Army, Artur Mkrtchyan, Askeran (town), Askeran clash, Askeran Province, Attack aircraft, Attack helicopter, Ayaz Mutallibov, Azerbaijan, ..., Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force, Azerbaijani Land Forces, Azerbaijani Popular Front Party, Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijanis in Armenia, Bağanis Ayrum, Baghanis, Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh, Baku, Baku pogrom, Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway, Baltic states, Baron, Barxudarlı, Battalion, Batumi, Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bill (law), Bishkek Protocol, Black Garden, Black January, Black market, Black Sea, Blockade, BM-21 Grad, BMP-2, Bolsheviks, Boris Kevorkov, Boris Yeltsin, Brill Publishers, Budapest, Capture of Shusha, Carol I National Defence University, Caroline Cox, Baroness Cox, Caspian Sea, Casus belli, Caucasus, Ceasefire, Central Intelligence Agency, Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, Cəbrayil, Chapar, Azerbaijan, Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Chechens, Chechnya, Chingiz Mustafayev, Christian Solidarity Worldwide, Claude Mutafian, Cold War, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Commonwealth of Independent States, Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union), Conciliation Resources, Conscription, Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 1416 (2005), Council on Foreign Relations, Counter-offensive, Day.az, De facto, Demographics of Afghanistan, Dəhrəz, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Divide and rule, Division (military), Dovşanlı, Eastern Bloc, Enclave and exclave, Ethnic cleansing, Ethnic conflict, Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union, Euronews, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, European Currency Unit, European Economic Community, Federal Research Division, Fighter aircraft, Fighter-bomber, First aid, First Republic of Armenia, First-person shooter, Florida, For Official Use Only, Franklin D. 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E. Sharpe, Maçkalaşen, Mahammad Asadov, Main Intelligence Directorate, Malıbəyli, Man-portable air-defense system, Maraga massacre, Martakert Province, Martuni District (NKAO), Meşəli, Goranboy, Meghri, Memorial (society), Mercenary, Metsamor, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25, Mil Mi-17, Mil Mi-2, Mil Mi-24, Mil Mi-6, Mil Mi-8, Military transport aircraft, Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia), Minority Rights Group International, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Monte Melkonian, Moscow Defense Brief, Moscow Kremlin, Mountain warfare, Mujahideen, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, My Brother's Road, Nagorno-Karabakh, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Nakhichevanik, National Assembly (Artsakh), National Hero of Azerbaijan, NATO, Nezavisimoye Voyennoye Obozreniye, NKVD, Norat Ter-Grigoryants, Nursultan Nazarbayev, Officer (armed forces), OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37, OIC Resolution 10/11, Oil field, OMON, Open letter, OpenDemocracy, Operation Ring, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, OSCE Minsk Group, Ossetia, Ottoman Empire, Pakistan, Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Peacekeeping, People's Commissariat for Nationalities, Perestroika, Pircamal, Pogrom, Politburo, President of the Soviet Union, Private (rank), Public procurator, Qazakh District, Qirmizi Bazar, Quşçu Ayrım, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Rahim Gaziyev, Railroad car, Ramil Safarov, Refugee, Refugees in Azerbaijan, REGNUM News Agency, REN TV, Republic of Artsakh, Republics of the Soviet Union, Return (2018 film), Reuters, Richard G. Hovannisian, Robert Kocharyan, Ruslan Khasbulatov, Russia, Russian Empire, Sadarak District, Safar Abiyev, Samvel Babayan, Sarsang Reservoir, Süleyman Demirel, Secession, Section 907, Self-determination, Sergeant, Serzh Sargsyan, Seyran Ohanyan, Shahumyan Province, Shamil Basayev, Shusha, Shusha massacre, Shuttle diplomacy, Siege of Stepanakert, Silva Kaputikyan, Small arms, Sofulu, Qazakh, South Ossetia, Soviet Army, Soviet ruble, Soviet Union, Soviet Union referendum, 1991, Soviet–Afghan War, Special Purpose Police Unit (Azerbaijan), Spitak, Stabilization (warfare), State of emergency, Stepanakert, Stepanakert Airport, Stepanavan, Stimson Doctrine, Sukhoi Su-17, Sukhoi Su-24, Sukhoi Su-25, Suleyman Aliyarli, Surat Huseynov, Syunik Province, T-72, Tansu Çiller, Tatul Hakobyan, Tatul Krpeyan, Tehran Communiqué, Territorial dispute, The Armenian Review, The Boston Globe, The Daily Telegraph, The National Interest, The New York Times, The New York Times International Edition, The New Yorker, The Seattle Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Thomas de Waal, Thomas Goltz, Time (magazine), Tofig Ismayilov (politician), Toronto Star, Trainer aircraft, Transcaucasia, Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Transnistria, Tribeca Film Festival, Tsvetana Paskaleva, Tupolev Tu-134, Turkey, Ukraine, Union of Sovereign States, United Nations General Assembly, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 62/243, United Nations Security Council, United Nations Security Council Resolution 822, United Nations Security Council Resolution 874, United Nations Security Council Resolution 884, United States Congress, University of Chicago Press, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Uzbekistan, Vardan Hovhannisyan, Vazgen Manukyan, Vazgen Sargsyan, Vremya Novostei, War crime, War in Abkhazia (1992–1993), Wayne State University Press, Weapon, Wiener Zeitung, WikiLeaks, Yagub Mammadov (politician), Yakovlev Yak-40, Yerevan, Yevgeny Shaposhnikov, Yugoslav Wars, Yukhari Askipara, Yuxarı Quşçular, Zangezur National Park, Zheleznovodsk, Zheleznovodsk Communiqué, Zori Balayan, Zoryan Institute, Zulfi Hajiyev, 104th Guards Airborne Division, 11th Army (Soviet Union), 1977 Soviet Constitution, 1988 Armenian earthquake, 1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown, 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, 2008 Mardakert skirmishes, 2010 Mardakert skirmishes, 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes, 4th Army (Soviet Union), 9K32 Strela-2, 9K34 Strela-3, 9K38 Igla. Expand index (377 more) »

A Story of People in War and Peace

A Story of People in War and Peace is a 2007 Armenian documentary film about Armenian filmmaker Vardan Hovhannisyan personal understanding of the human costs of war.

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Ağbulaq, Khojaly

Ağbulaq (also, Agbulag, Agbulak, Aghboulagh, and Aghbulagh) is a village in the Khojali Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Aşağı Əskipara

Aşağı Əskipara (also, Ashagy Aksinara, Ashagy Askipara, Ashagy Eskipara, Нижняя Аскипара ("Nizhnyaya Askepara", Russian), Ներքին Ոսկեպար ("Nerkin Voskepar", Armenian) – all meaning "Lower Askipara") is a destroyed village in the Qazakh Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Abel Aganbegyan

Abel Gyozevich Aganbegyan (Աբել Գյոզի Աղանբեկյան; Абе́л Гёзевич Аганбегя́н; born 8 October 1932) is a leading Soviet and Russian economist of Armenian descent, a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and an honorary doctor of business administration of Kingston University, the founder and first editor of the journal EKO.

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Abkhazia

Abkhazia (Аҧсны́; აფხაზეთი; p) is a territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains, in northwestern Georgia.

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Abulfaz Elchibey

Abulfaz Elchibey, (Əbülfəz Elçibəy; 24 June 1938 in Nakhchivan – 22 August 2000 in Ankara) was an Azerbaijani political figure and a former Soviet dissident.

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Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is administratively divided into the following subdivisions.

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Aero L-29 Delfín

The Aero L-29 Delfín (Dolphin, NATO reporting name: Maya) is a military jet trainer developed and manufactured by Czechoslovakian aviation manufacturer Aero Vodochody.

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Aero L-39 Albatros

The Aero L-39 Albatros is a high-performance jet trainer developed in Czechoslovakia by Aero Vodochody.

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Aerodrome

An aerodrome (Commonwealth English) or airdrome (American English) is a location from which aircraft flight operations take place, regardless of whether they involve air cargo, passengers, or neither.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.

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Agdam

Ağdam (also spelled Agdam or Aghdam) is a ghost town in the southwest part of Azerbaijan and the formal capital of its Agdam District, /nowadays Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh) Republic/.

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Agdam District

Agdam (Ağdam) is a rayon in southwestern Azerbaijan.

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Agent provocateur

An agent provocateur (French for "inciting agent") is a person who commits, or who acts to entice another person to commit an illegal or rash act or falsely implicate them in partaking in an illegal act.

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Aghasi Khanjian

Aghasi Khanjian (Աղասի Խանջյան; Агаси Гевондович Ханджян, Agasi Gevondovich Khandzhyan) (January 30, 1901 – July 6, 1936) was First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia from May 1930 to July 1936.

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Aghdara (town)

Martakert (Մարտակերտ Martakert, also spelled as Mardakert) or Aghdara (Ağdərə also spelled as Agdere or Aqdara) is the de facto administrative center of Martakert Region of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and a de jure town in the Tartar District of Azerbaijan.

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Airlift

An airlift is the organized delivery of supplies or personnel primarily via military transport aircraft.

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Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Akbar Hāshemī Rafsanjānī or Hashemi Bahramani; 25 August 1934 – 8 January 2017) was an influential Iranian politician, writer and one of the founding fathers of the Islamic Republic who was the fourth President of Iran from 3 August 1989 until 3 August 1997.

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Ammunition

Ammunition (informally ammo) is the material fired, scattered, dropped or detonated from any weapon.

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Anatoly Zinevich

Anatoly Vladimirovich Zinevich (Анатолій Володимирович Зіневич; 20 November 1932 – 1 August 2000) was a Soviet, and later Armenian General-Lieutenant of Ukrainian origin, for whom "Armenia became the second homeland." He was one of the commanders of Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army.

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Andranik

Andranik Ozanian, commonly known as Andranik (Անդրանիկ; 25 February 186531 August 1927) was an Armenian military commander and statesman, the best known fedayi and a key figure of the Armenian national liberation movement.

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Andrei Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (p; 21 May 192114 December 1989) was a Russian nuclear physicist, dissident, and activist for disarmament, peace and human rights.

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Anti-Armenian sentiment

Anti-Armenian sentiment, also known as Anti-Armenianism and Armenophobia, is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, derision and/or prejudice towards Armenians, Armenia, and Armenian culture.

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Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia

The anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia has been mainly rooted in the unresolved territorial conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh.

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Antonov An-12

The Antonov An-12 (Russian: Антонов Ан-12; NATO reporting name: Cub) is a four-engined turboprop transport aircraft designed in the Soviet Union.

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Antonov An-24

The Antonov An-24 (Russian/Ukrainian: Антонов Ан-24) (NATO reporting name: Coke) is a 44-seat twin turboprop transport/passenger aircraft designed in 1957 in the Soviet Union by the Antonov Design BureauGordon, Yefim.

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Arabs

Arabs (عَرَب ISO 233, Arabic pronunciation) are a population inhabiting the Arab world.

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Archaeology (magazine)

Archaeology is a bimonthly magazine for the general public, published by the Archaeological Institute of America.

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Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan

Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan (Արկադի Տեր-Թադևոսյան; Аркадий Тер-Тадевосян; also known by the troops under his command as Komandos (Կոմասնդոս); born May 22, 1939) is a Soviet and Armenian Major General, a military leader of the Armenian forces during the Nagorno-Karabakh War and Armenia's former Deputy Minister of Defense.

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Armenia

Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Armenian cemetery in Julfa

The Armenian cemetery in Julfa (Ջուղայի գերեզմանատուն, Jughayi gerezmanatun) was a cemetery near the town of Julfa (known as Jugha in Armenian), in the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan that originally housed around 10,000 funerary monuments.

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Armenian diaspora

The Armenian diaspora refers to the communities of Armenians outside Armenia and other locations where Armenians are considered an indigenous population.

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Armenian General Benevolent Union

The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU, Հայկական Բարեգործական Ընդհանուր Միություն, ՀԲԸՄ, Haykakan Baregortsakan Endhanur Miutyun) is a non-profit Armenian organization established in Cairo, Egypt, in 1906.

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Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide (Հայոց ցեղասպանություն, Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust, was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire.

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Armenian Revolutionary Federation

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) (classical Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, ՀՅԴ), also known as Dashnaktsutyun (in a short form, Dashnak), is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party founded in 1890 in Tiflis, Russian Empire (now Tbilisi, Georgia) by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian.

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Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

Armenia (translit,; Армения; Armeniya), officially the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Armenian SSR; translit; translit), also commonly referred to as Soviet Armenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union in December 1922 located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Armenian-controlled territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh

The Armenian-controlled territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh are areas formally part of Azerbaijan and situated outside the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, which are since the end of the Karabakh War controlled by the military forces of the de facto Republic of Artsakh supported by Armenia.

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Armenians

Armenians (հայեր, hayer) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian Highlands.

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Armour

Armour (British English or Canadian English) or armor (American English; see spelling differences) is a protective covering that is used to prevent damage from being inflicted to an object, individual or vehicle by direct contact weapons or projectiles, usually during combat, or from damage caused by a potentially dangerous environment or activity (e.g., cycling, construction sites, etc.). Personal armour is used to protect soldiers and war animals.

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Armoured personnel carrier

An armoured personnel carrier (APC) is a type of armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) designed to transport infantry to the battlefield.

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Artillery

Artillery is a class of large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry's small arms.

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Artsakh Defense Army

Արցախի Հանրապետության պաշտպանության բանակ |image.

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Artur Mkrtchyan

Artur Mkrtchyan (Արթուր Մկրտչյան; 16 February 1959 – 14 April 1992) was the First Chairman of Supreme Council of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, elected on January 7, 1992.

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Askeran (town)

Askeran (Ասկերան, Əsgəran; also, Khachen) is a town in the Republic of Artsakh and the administrative center of the Askeran Province which is coextensive with Khojali Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Askeran clash

The Askeran clash on 22—23 February 1988 in the town of Askeran was one of the starting points of Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, which triggered the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

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Askeran Province

Askeran Province (Ասկերան)is a province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh.

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Attack aircraft

An attack aircraft, strike aircraft, or attack bomber, is a tactical military aircraft that has a primary role of carrying out airstrikes with greater precision than bombers, and is prepared to encounter strong low-level air defenses while pressing the attack.

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Attack helicopter

An attack helicopter is an armed helicopter with the primary role of an attack aircraft, with the capability of engaging targets on the ground, such as enemy infantry and armored fighting vehicles.

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Ayaz Mutallibov

Ayaz Niyazi oghlu Muetaellibov (Ayaz Niyazi oğlu Mütəllibov, Ајаз Нијази оғлу Мүтәллибов; Ajaz Nijazovič Mutalibov, born 12 May 1938, Baku) is an Azerbaijani politician who was the last leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, and the first President of independent Azerbaijan from October 1991 until May 1992.

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Azerbaijan

No description.

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Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR; Azərbaycan Demokratik Respublikası), also known as Azerbaijan People's Republic (Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti) or Caucasus Azerbaijan in diplomatic documents, was the third democratic republic in the Turkic world and Muslim world, after the Crimean People's Republic and Idel-Ural Republic.

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Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

Azerbaijan (Азәрбајҹан; Azərbaycan), officially the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR; Азәрбајҹан Совет Сосиалист Республикасы, Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikası, Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Azerbajdžanskaja Sovetskaja Socialističeskaja Respublika) and the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası, Азәрбајҹан Республикасы), also referred to as Soviet Azerbaijan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991.

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Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force

The Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force often referred to as the Azerbaijani Air Force (Azərbaycan hərbi hava qüvvələri) is the air force and air defence force of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.

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Azerbaijani Land Forces

The Azerbaijani Land Forces (Azərbaycan Silahlı Qüvvələri Quru Qoşunları) are the land force component of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.

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Azerbaijani Popular Front Party

The Azerbaijani Popular Front Party (APFP) (Azərbaycan Xalq Cəbhəsi Partiyası) is an opposition political party in Azerbaijan, founded in 1992 by Abulfaz Elchibey.

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Azerbaijanis

Azerbaijanis or Azeris (Azərbaycanlılar آذربایجانلیلار, Azərilər آذریلر), also known as Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan türkləri آذربایجان تورکلری), are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Iranian region of Azerbaijan and the sovereign (former Soviet) Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Azerbaijanis in Armenia

Azerbaijanis in Armenia (lit) were once the largest ethnic minority in the country, but have been virtually non-existent since 1988–1991 when most either fled the country or were pushed out as a result of the Nagorno-Karabakh War and the ongoing conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan.

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Bağanis Ayrum

Bağanis Ayrum (also, Bağanis Ayrım and Baganis Ayrum) is a village in the Qazakh Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Baghanis

Baghanis (Բաղանիս, also Romanized as Baganis) is a town in the Tavush Province of Armenia.

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Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh

Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh (August 16, 1925 – February 13, 2009) was an Azerbaijani poet, dramatist, lyricist and translator as well as a college professor and politician.

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Baku

Baku (Bakı) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region, with a population of 2,374,000.

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Baku pogrom

The Baku pogrom was a pogrom directed against the ethnic Armenian inhabitants of Baku, Azerbaijan SSR.

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Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline

The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline is a long crude oil pipeline from the Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

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Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway

The Baku–Tbilisi–Kars (BTK), or Baku-Tbilisi-Akhalkalaki-Kars railway (BTAK), became operational on October 30, 2017.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states, also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations or simply the Baltics (Balti riigid, Baltimaad, Baltijas valstis, Baltijos valstybės), is a geopolitical term used for grouping the three sovereign countries in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Baron

Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary.

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Barxudarlı

Barxudarlı (also, Barkhudarli, Barkhudarly, and Barkudarly) is an abandoned village in the Qazakh Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Battalion

A battalion is a military unit.

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Batumi

Batumi (ბათუმი) is the second-largest city of Georgia, located on the coast of the Black Sea in the country's southwest.

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Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies

The Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies (BESA Center) is an independent, non-partisan Israeli think tank conducting policy-relevant research on Middle Eastern and global strategic affairs, particularly as they relate to the national security and foreign policy of Israel and regional peace and stability.

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Bill (law)

A bill is proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature.

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Bishkek Protocol

The Bishkek Protocol is a provisional ceasefire agreement, signed by representatives of Armenia (Parliament Speaker Babken Ararktsian), Republic of Azerbaijan (First Deputy Parliament Speaker Afiyaddin Jalilov), the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh (chairman of NKR parliament Karen Baburian), and Russia's representative to the CSCE Minsk Group Vladimir Kazimirov on May 5, 1994 in Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan.

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Black Garden

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War is a 2003 book by Thomas de Waal, based on the study of Armenia and Azerbaijan, two former Soviet republics, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

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Black January

Black January (Qara Yanvar), also known as Black Saturday or the January Massacre, was a violent crackdown in Baku on 19–20 January 1990, pursuant to a state of emergency during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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Black market

A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or transaction that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia.

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Blockade

A blockade is an effort to cut off supplies, war material or communications from a particular area by force, either in part or totally.

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BM-21 Grad

The BM-21 "Grad" (БМ-21 "Град"), is a Soviet truck-mounted 122 mm multiple rocket launcher.

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BMP-2

The BMP-2 (Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty,, literally "infantry combat vehicle") is a second-generation, amphibious infantry fighting vehicle introduced in the 1980s in the Soviet Union, following on from the BMP-1 of the 1960s.

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Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Boris Kevorkov

Boris Sarkisovich Kevorkov (Բորիս Կևորկով) (1932–1998) was the Secretary of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast from 1973 until his dismissal in February 1988.

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Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (p; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.

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Brill Publishers

Brill (known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill Academic Publishers) is a Dutch international academic publisher founded in 1683 in Leiden, Netherlands.

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Budapest

Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary, and one of the largest cities in the European Union.

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Capture of Shusha

The Capture of Shusha, referred to by Armenians as the Liberation of Shushi (Shushii azatagrum) and by Azerbaijanis as the Occupation of Shusha (Şuşanın işğalı) was the first significant military victory by Armenian forces during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

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Carol I National Defence University

The Carol I National Defence University (Universitatea Naţională de Apărare "Carol I" (UNAp)) is an institution of higher education, located in Bucharest, Romania.

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Caroline Cox, Baroness Cox

Caroline Anne Cox, Baroness Cox, FRCN (née McNeill Love; born 6 July 1937) is a cross-bench member of the British House of Lords.

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Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.

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Casus belli

Casus belli is a Latin expression meaning "an act or event that provokes or is used to justify war" (literally, "a case of war").

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Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region located at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.

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Ceasefire

A ceasefire (or truce), also called cease fire, is a temporary stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).

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Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies

The Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies (CAST) is an independent, for-profit Russian think tank located in downtown Moscow.

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Cəbrayil

Cəbrayil (also spelt Cäbrayil, Jabrayil, Jebrayil, Jebrail, Jabrail, Jäbrayyl, Jebraiele, Djebrail, Dzhebrail, Džebrail), Jrakan, is a city currently administrated by ethnic Armenian forces from Nagorno-Karabakh since 25 August 1993, and now is part of Hadrut province of the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh.

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Chapar, Azerbaijan

Chapar (Չափար) is a village in the Martakert Province of de facto Nagorno-Karabakh.

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Chechen Republic of Ichkeria

The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (Nóxçiyn Paçẋalq Içkeri noχtʃʰiːn pʰɑtʃʜɑlq nɔχtʃɪtʃʰy̯ø, Cyrillic: Нохчийн Пачхьалкх Ичкери; Чеченская Республика Ичкерия; abbreviated as "ChRI" or "CRI") is the unrecognized secessionist government of the Chechen Republic.

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Chechens

Chechens (Нохчий; Old Chechen: Нахчой Naxçoy) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples originating in the North Caucasus region of Eastern Europe.

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Chechnya

The Chechen Republic (tɕɪˈtɕɛnskəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə; Нохчийн Республика, Noxçiyn Respublika), commonly referred to as Chechnya (p; Нохчийчоь, Noxçiyçö), is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia.

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Chingiz Mustafayev

Chingiz Mustafayev (Çingiz Fuad oğlu Mustafayev; August 29, 1960 – June 15, 1992) was one of the most notable independent Azerbaijani journalists, who was posthumously bestowed by state order as National Hero of Azerbaijan.

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Christian Solidarity Worldwide

Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW) is a human rights organisation which specialises in religious freedom and works on behalf of those persecuted for their Christian beliefs, persecuted for other religious belief or persecuted for lack of belief.

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Claude Mutafian

Armen (Claude) Z. Moutafian (Կլոդ Մութաֆյան; born July 21, 1942) is a mathematician and a historian who specializes in Armenian history.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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Collective Security Treaty Organization

The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO; Организация Договора о Коллективной Безопасности, Organizacija Dogovora o Kollektivnoj Bezopasnosti, ODKB) is an intergovernmental military alliance that was signed on 15 May 1992.

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Commonwealth of Independent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS; r), also nicknamed the Russian Commonwealth (in order to distinguish it from the Commonwealth of Nations), is a political and economic intergovernmental organization of nine member states and one associate member, all of which are former Soviet Republics located in Eurasia (primarily in Central to North Asia), formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union)

The Communist Party of Armenia (Հայաստանի կոմունիստական կուսակցություն, Коммунистическая партия Армении) was a branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union within Armenian SSR, and as such, the sole ruling party in Armenian SSR.

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Conciliation Resources

Conciliation Resources is an independent organisation working with people in conflict to prevent violence and build peace, providing advice, support and practical resources.

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Conscription

Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.

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Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 1416 (2005)

Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) Resolution 1416 (2005), titled “The conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference”, is a resolution of PACE about the situation on occupied territories currently in the possession of Azerbaijan by Armenian military forces, adopted by PACE on January 25, 2005.

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Council on Foreign Relations

The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), founded in 1921, is a United States nonprofit think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs.

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Counter-offensive

A counter-offensive is the term used by the military to describe large-scale, usually strategic offensive operations by forces that had successfully halted the enemy's offensive, while occupying defensive positions.

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Day.az

Day.az is an Azerbaijani news portal established in 2003 by MP Anar Mammadkhanov, trading as the Day.Az Media Company.

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De facto

In law and government, de facto (or;, "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised by official laws.

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Demographics of Afghanistan

The population of Afghanistan is around 33 million as of 2016, which includes the roughly 3 million Afghan citizens living as refugees in both Pakistan and Iran.

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Dəhrəz

Dəhrəz (also, Dagraz, Dahrav, and Dahraz Դահրազ) is a village in the Khojali Rayon of Azerbaijan, or Askeran province of the Republic of Artsakh.

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on December 26, 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union.

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Divide and rule

Divide and rule (or divide and conquer, from Latin dīvide et imperā) in politics and sociology is gaining and maintaining power by breaking up larger concentrations of power into pieces that individually have less power than the one implementing the strategy.

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Division (military)

A division is a large military unit or formation, usually consisting of between 10,000 and 20,000 soldiers.

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Dovşanlı

Dovşanlı (also, Araçadzor, Arachadzor, Aratchadzor, Archadzor, Arrach’adzor, and Arrajadzor) is a village in the Kalbajar Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.

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Enclave and exclave

An enclave is a territory, or a part of a territory, that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state.

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Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or racial groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, often with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous.

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Ethnic conflict

An ethnic conflict is a conflict between two or more contending ethnic groups.

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Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union

There are many different ethnic groups present in Russia and the countries of the former Soviet Union today.

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Euronews

Euronews is a multilingual news media service, headquartered in Lyon, France.

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European Commission against Racism and Intolerance

European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) is the Council of Europe’s independent human rights monitoring body specialised in combating antisemitism, discrimination, racism, religious intolerance, and xenophobia.

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European Currency Unit

The European Currency Unit (₠ or ECU) was a basket of the currencies of the European Community member states, used as the unit of account of the European Community before being replaced by the euro on 1 January 1999, at parity.

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European Economic Community

The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation which aimed to bring about economic integration among its member states.

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Federal Research Division

The Federal Research Division (FRD) is the research and analysis unit of the United States Library of Congress.

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Fighter aircraft

A fighter aircraft is a military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat against other aircraft, as opposed to bombers and attack aircraft, whose main mission is to attack ground targets.

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Fighter-bomber

A fighter-bomber is a fighter aircraft that has been modified, or used primarily, as a light bomber or attack aircraft.

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First aid

First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery.

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First Republic of Armenia

The First Republic of Armenia, officially known at the time of its existence as the Republic of Armenia (classical Հայաստանի Հանրապետութիւն), was the first modern Armenian state since the loss of Armenian statehood in the Middle Ages.

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First-person shooter

First-person shooter (FPS) is a video game genre centered around gun and other weapon-based combat in a first-person perspective; that is, the player experiences the action through the eyes of the protagonist.

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Florida

Florida (Spanish for "land of flowers") is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States.

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For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only (FOUO) is an information security designation used by governments throughout the world.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr. (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

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Friendly fire

Friendly fire is an attack by a military force on non-enemy, own, allied or neutral, forces while attempting to attack the enemy, either by misidentifying the target as hostile, or due to errors or inaccuracy.

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Fuel

A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases energy as heat energy or to be used for work.

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Fuzuli District

Fuzuli or Fizuli is a rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Ganja, Azerbaijan

Ganja (Gəncə) is Azerbaijan's second largest city, with a population of around 331,400.

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Garegin Nzhdeh

Garegin Ter-Harutyunyan (Գարեգին Տէր-Յարութիւնեան) better known by his nom de guerre Garegin Nzhdeh (Գարեգին Նժդեհ) (1 January 1886 – 21 December 1955) was an Armenian statesman and military strategist.

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Gülüstan, Goranboy

Gülüstan (Գյուլիստան, Gyulistan) is a village in the Goranboy District of Azerbaijan, which is part of the municipality of Buzluq.

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Geneva Conventions

Original document as PDF in single pages, 1864 The Geneva Conventions comprise four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish the standards of international law for humanitarian treatment in war.

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George H. W. Bush

George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Georgi Petrosian

Georgi Petrosian is a politician in the Republic of Artsakh.

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Georgia (country)

Georgia (tr) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Gerard Libaridian

Gerard Jirair Libaridian (Ժիրայր Լիպարիտեան, born 1945 in Beirut, Lebanon) is an Armenian American historian and politician.

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Glasnost

In the Russian language the word glasnost (гла́сность) has several general and specific meanings.

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Gomidas Institute

The Gomidas Institute (GI; ԿԻ) is an independent academic institution "dedicated to modern Armenian and regional studies." Its activities include research, publications and educational programmes.

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Goranboy District

Goranboy is a rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Grey Wolves (organization)

The Grey Wolves (Bozkurtlar), officially known as Ülkü Ocakları ("Idealist Clubs/Hearths"), is a Turkish ultranationalist organization.

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Guerrilla warfare

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

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Gugark (village)

Gugark (Գուգարք), formerly known as Meghrut and Yagublu, is a major village in the Lori Province of Armenia, named for the province of Gugark in Greater Armenia.

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Gulbuddin Hekmatyar

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (ګلبدين حکمتيار; گلبدین حکمتیار; born 1 August, 1949) is an Afghan politician and former warlord.

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Gunship

A gunship is a military aircraft armed with heavy guns, primarily intended for attacking ground targets.

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Gurgen Dalibaltayan

Gurgen Dalibaltayan (Գուրգեն Դալիբալթայան; 5 June 1926 – 1 September 2015) was an Armenian military commander.

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Gurgen Margaryan

Gurgen Margaryan (Գուրգեն Մարգարյան; 26 September 1978 – 19 February 2004) was a lieutenant in the Armenian army who was murdered in Budapest, Hungary, on 19 February 2004 by Ramil Safarov, a lieutenant in the Azerbaijani army.

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Gyumri

Gyumri (Գյումրի), is an urban municipal community and the second largest city in Armenia, serving as the administrative centre of Shirak Province in the northwestern part of the country.

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Hürriyet Daily News

The Hürriyet Daily News, formerly Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review and Turkish Daily News, is the oldest current English-language daily in Turkey, founded in 1961.

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Helsinki Watch

Helsinki Watch was a private American NGO established by Robert L. Bernstein in 1978, designed to monitor the former Soviet Union’s compliance with the 1975 Helsinki Accords.

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Heydar Aliyev

Heydar Alirza oghlu Aliyev, also spelled Gaydar Aliev (Heydər Əlirza oğlu Əliyev; Гейда́р Али́евич Али́ев Geydar Aliyevich Aliyev; 10 May 1923 – 12 December 2003), was the third President of Azerbaijan who served from October 1993 to October 2003.

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Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin

The Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (حزب اسلامی گلبدین; abbreviated HIG), also referred to as Hezb-e-Islami or Hezb-i-Islami Afghanistan (HIA), is an Afghan political party and former militia, founded and led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.

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Hors de combat

Hors de combat, literally meaning "outside the fight", is a French term used in diplomacy and international law to refer to persons who are incapable of performing their ability to wage war.

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Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

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Human wave attack

The human wave attack, also known as the human sea attack, is an offensive infantry tactic in which an attacker conducts an unprotected frontal assault with densely concentrated infantry formations against the enemy line, intended to overrun the defenders by engaging in melee combat.

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Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower.

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Ilham Aliyev

Ilham Aliyev (İlham Heydər oğlu Əliyev; born 24 December 1961) is the fourth and current President of Azerbaijan, in office since 2003.

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Ilyushin Il-76

The Ilyushin Il-76 (Илью́шин Ил-76; NATO reporting name: Candid) is a multi-purpose four-engine turbofan strategic airlifter designed by the Soviet Union's Ilyushin design bureau.

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Infantry fighting vehicle

An infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), also known as a mechanized infantry combat vehicle (MICV), is a type of armoured fighting vehicle used to carry infantry into battle and provide direct-fire support.

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Institute for War and Peace Reporting

Institute for War & Peace Reporting (or IWPR for short) is an independent not-for profit organisation that works with media and civil society to promote positive change in conflict zones, closed societies, and countries in transition around the world.

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Intelligentsia

The intelligentsia (/ɪnˌtelɪˈdʒentsiə/) (intelligentia, inteligencja, p) is a status class of educated people engaged in the complex mental labours that critique, guide, and lead in shaping the culture and politics of their society.

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Internally displaced person

An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders.

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International Campaign to Ban Landmines

The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) is a coalition of non-governmental organizations whose stated objective is a world free of anti-personnel mines and cluster munitions, where mine and cluster munitions survivors see their rights respected and can lead fulfilling lives.

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International Committee of the Red Cross

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland, and a three-time Nobel Prize Laureate.

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International Institute for Strategic Studies

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) is a British research institute (or think tank) in the area of international affairs.

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Iran

Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).

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Iran–Iraq War

The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq, beginning on 22 September 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran, and ending on 20 August 1988, when Iran accepted the UN-brokered ceasefire.

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Iranian Azerbaijanis

Iranian Azerbaijanis (ایران آذربایجانلیلاری – İran azərbaycanlıları), also known as Iranian Azeris, Iranian Turks, Persian Turks, Azeri Turks, Azerbaijani Turks or Persian Azerbaijanis, are Iranians of Azerbaijani ethnicity who speak the Azerbaijani language as their first language.

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Iraq

Iraq (or; العراق; عێراق), officially known as the Republic of Iraq (جُمُهورية العِراق; کۆماری عێراق), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.

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Isa Gambar

Isa Yunis oglu Qambar (Azerbaijani: İsa Yunis oğlu Qəmbər), also known as Isa Gambar or Isa Qambar (born February 24, 1957), is a prominent Azerbaijani politician and leader of the Equality Party (Müsavat), the largest opposition block in Azerbaijan.

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Isgandar Hamidov

İsgender Hamidov (İsgəndər Məcid oğlu Həmidov) (also transliterated as Iskender Majid oglu Hamidov or Iskander Medjid oglu Hamidov) (born April 10, 1948 in Bağlıpəyə village, Kalbajar rayon) is a former Minister of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan who served in the Popular Front government of 1992-1993.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.

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Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)

Julfa (Culfa, Ҹулфа, جولفا), formerly Jugha (Ջուղա, sometimes transliterated as Djugha) and also rendered as Djulfa, Dzhul’fa, Jolfa, Dzhulfa, Džulfa, Jolfā, Jolfā-ye Nakhjavān (جلفای نخجوان), is the administrative capital of the Julfa Rayon administrative region of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan.

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Kalbajar

Kalbajar (Kəlbəcər, Քարվաճառ), also spelled as Kelbajar, Kälbäjär, Kelbadzhar, Kelbadshar, Kelbadjar, Kelbadžar; is a town and the provincial capital of Shahumyan Region of the de facto independent but unrecognized Republic of Artsakh (de jure Azerbaijan).

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Kalbajar District

Kalbajar District (Kəlbəcər, Kelbecer, Քարվաճառի) is a district of Azerbaijan.

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Kapan

Kapan (Կապան), is a town at the southeast of Armenia, serving as the administrative centre of the urban community of Kapan as well as the provincial capital of Syunik Province.

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Karabakh Committee

Liberty Square, Yerevan --> Karabakh Committee (Ղարաբաղ կոմիտե) was a group of Armenian intellectuals recognized by many Armenians as the de facto leaders in the late 1980s.

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Karakend (Nagorno-Karabakh)

Qarakənd (Բերդաշեն, Berdashen) (also Kara Kana, and Karakend) is a village in the Martuni Province of Nagorno-Karabakh and Khojavend Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Karki, Azerbaijan

Karki (also Kərki, Kiarki, Kyarki) or Tigranashen is a village that is de jure an exclave of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan,; kəzɐxˈstan), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of.

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Key West

Key West (Cayo Hueso) is an island and city in the Straits of Florida on the North American continent, at the southwesternmost end of the roadway through the Florida Keys in the state of Florida, United States.

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Kərkicahan

Kərkicahan (also, Kərgicahan, Kirdidzhan, Kirkidzhan, and Krkzhan) was a village in the Khojali Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Khachkar

A khachkar, also known as an Armenian cross-stone (խաչքար,, խաչ xačʿ "cross" + քար kʿar "stone") is a carved, memorial stele bearing a cross, and often with additional motifs such as rosettes, interlaces, and botanical motifs.

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Khatchig Mouradian

Khatchig Mouradian is the Program Coordinator of the Armenian Genocide Program at the Center for the Study of Genocide, Conflict Resolution, and Human Rights at Rutgers University, where he also teaches in the History and Sociology departments.

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Khojaly (village)

Khojali (Xocalı) or Ivanyan (Իվանյան), also known as Ay-Khodzhaly, Khodgalou, Khodzhalv, Khodzhaly, Khojalu, Khozhali or Ivanian, is a village in the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh (formerly Nagorno-Karabakh Republic), located some northeast of its capital Stepanakert.

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Khojaly Massacre

The Khojaly Massacre, also known as the Khojaly tragedy, was the killing of at least 161 ethnic Azerbaijani civilians from the town of Khojaly on 26 February 1992.

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Khojavend (town)

Khojavend (Xocavənd), or Martuni (Մարտունի) is a town and the provincial capital of Martuni Region of the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh.

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Khosrov bey Sultanov

Khosrov bey Pasha bey oglu Sultanov (Xosrov bəy Sultanov Paşa bəy oğlu; 1879 – 1947), also spelled as Khosrow Sultanov, was an Azerbaijani statesman, General Governor of Karabakh and Minister of Defense of Azerbaijani Democratic Republic.

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Kocaeli University

The University of Kocaeli (KOU) is a state university in Kocaeli, Turkey.

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Kommersant

Kommersant (Коммерса́нтъ,, The Businessman, often shortened to Ъ) is a nationally distributed daily newspaper published in Russia mostly devoted to politics and business.

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Kristapor Ivanyan

Kristapor Ivanyan (Քրիստափոր Իվանյանի; 20 December 1920 – 30 August 1999) was a Soviet and Armenian lieutenant general.

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Kurdistan Workers' Party

The Kurdistan Workers' Party or PKK (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê) is an organization based in Turkey and Iraq.

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Kurds

The Kurds (rtl, Kurd) or the Kurdish people (rtl, Gelî kurd), are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan).

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L'Humanité

L'Humanité ("Humanity"), is a French daily newspaper.

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Lachin

Lachin (Laçın, literally "hawk") or Berdzor (Բերձոր), formerly Abdallyar, Datschin) is a town internationally recognized de jure as part of Azerbaijan, but currently controlled by the de facto independent Artsakh. Since 1992 the area has been under the control of Artsakh, which has renamed the town Berdzor, and acts as the capital of Kashatagh Region. The government of Azerbaijan considers it to be the regional center of its Lachin Rayon. The town and its surrounding region serve as the strategic Lachin corridor connecting the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic with Armenia.

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Lachin corridor

The Lachin corridor (Լաչինի միջանցք Lachini mijantsk) is a mountain pass within the de jure borders of Azerbaijan, forming the shortest route between Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

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Lavrentiy Beria

Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (p; tr,; 29 March 1899 – 23 December 1953) was a Soviet politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and promoted to deputy premier under Stalin from 1941.

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Legitimate military target

Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, Article 52, provides for the general protection of civilian objects, hindering attacks to military objectives.

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Leonard Petrosyan

Leonard Petrosyan (Լեոնարդ Պետրոսյան; 13 October 1952 – 27 October 1999) was the second President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic for almost 6 months (20 March 1997 to 8 September 1997).

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Levon Ter-Petrosyan

Levon Hagopi Ter-Petrosyan (Լևոն Հակոբի Տեր-Պետրոսյան; born 9 January 1946), also known by his initials LTP, is an Armenian politician.

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Lieutenant colonel

Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel.

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List of states with limited recognition

A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as de jure sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such.

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List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Four UN Security Council Resolutions have been passed during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

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Logistics

Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.

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M. E. Sharpe

M.E. Sharpe, Inc., an academic publisher, was founded by Myron Sharpe in 1958 with the original purpose of publishing translations from Russian in the social sciences and humanities.

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Maçkalaşen

Maçkalaşen (also, Machkalashen and Matchkalashen) is a village in the Khojavend Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Mahammad Asadov

Mahammad Asadov Nabi oglu (Məhəmməd Əsədov Nəbi oğlu) (December 5, 1941 - November 20, 1991) was the State Advisor to the President of Azerbaijan and Minister of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan Republic.

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Main Intelligence Directorate

Main Intelligence Directorate (p), abbreviated GRU (p), is the foreign military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (formerly the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union).

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Malıbəyli

Malıbəyli (also, Malibeyli and Malybeyli) or Ajapnyak (Աջափնյակ) is a village located de facto in Shushi Province of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and de jure in the Shusha Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Man-portable air-defense system

Man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS or MPADS) are shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles (SLSAMs).

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Maraga massacre

The Maraga massacre (translit) was the mass murder of Armenian civilians in the village of Maraga (Maragha) by Azerbaijani troops, which had captured the village on April 10, 1992, in the course of the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

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Martakert Province

Martakert Province (Մարտակերտ) is a province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh.

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Martuni District (NKAO)

Martuni District was one of the five (raions) or administrative districts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (AzSSR).

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Meşəli, Goranboy

Meşəli (known as Xarxaput until 1998) is a village in the municipality of Aşağı Ağcakənd in the Goranboy Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Meghri

Meghri (Մեղրի), is a town and the centre of the urban community in of Meghri, in Syunik Province at the south of Armenia, near the border with Iran.

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Memorial (society)

Memorial (Мемориа́л) is a Russian historical and civil rights society that operates in a number of post-Soviet states.

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Mercenary

A mercenary is an individual who is hired to take part in an armed conflict but is not part of a regular army or other governmental military force.

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Metsamor

Metsamor (Մեծամոր), is a town and urban municipal community in the Armavir Province of Armenia.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, GCL (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and former Soviet politician.

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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 (Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-21; NATO reporting name: Fishbed) is a supersonic jet fighter and interceptor aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau in the Soviet Union.

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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 (Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-23; NATO reporting name: Flogger) is a variable-geometry fighter aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich design bureau in the Soviet Union.

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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 (Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-25; NATO reporting name: Foxbat) is a supersonic interceptor and reconnaissance aircraft that was among the fastest military aircraft to enter service.

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Mil Mi-17

The Mil Mi-17 (NATO reporting name: Hip) is a Russian helicopter in production at two factories in Kazan and Ulan-Ude.

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Mil Mi-2

The Mil Mi-2 (NATO reporting name Hoplite) is a small, lightly armored turbine-powered transport helicopter that could also provide close air support when armed with 57 mm rockets and a 23 mm cannon.

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Mil Mi-24

The Mil Mi-24 (Миль Ми-24; NATO reporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship, attack helicopter and low-capacity troop transport with room for eight passengers.

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Mil Mi-6

The Mil Mi-6 (NATO reporting name Hook), given the article number izdeliye 50 and company designation V-6, was a Soviet/Russian heavy transport helicopter that was designed by the Mil design bureau.

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Mil Mi-8

The Mil Mi-8 (Ми-8, NATO reporting name: Hip) is a medium twin-turbine helicopter, originally designed by the Soviet Union, and now produced by Russia.

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Military transport aircraft

Military transport aircraft or military cargo aircraft are typically fixed wing and rotary wing cargo aircraft which are used to airlift troops, weapons and other military equipment by a variety of methods to any area of military operations around the surface of the planet, usually outside the commercial flight routes in uncontrolled airspace.

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Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)

The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (MOI, Министерство внутренних дел, МВД, Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del, MVD) is the interior ministry of Russia.

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Minority Rights Group International

Minority Rights Group International (MRG) is an international human rights organisation founded with the objective of working to secure rights for ethnic, national, religious and linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples around the world.

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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi–Soviet Pact,Charles Peters (2005), Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie!" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World, New York: PublicAffairs, Ch.

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Monte Melkonian

Monte Melkonian (classical Մոնթէ Մելքոնեան; reformed: Մոնթե Մելքոնյան; November 25, 1957 – June 12, 1993) was an Armenian revolutionary, left-wing nationalist militant and commander.

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Moscow Defense Brief

Moscow Defense Brief is an English-language defense magazine published by Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies (CAST), an independent defense think-tank located in Moscow, Russia.

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Moscow Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin (p), usually referred to as the Kremlin, is a fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and the Alexander Garden to the west.

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Mountain warfare

Mountain warfare refers to warfare in the mountains or similarly rough terrain.

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Mujahideen

Mujahideen (مجاهدين) is the plural form of mujahid (مجاهد), the term for one engaged in Jihad (literally, "holy war").

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 (conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938.

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My Brother's Road

My Brother's Road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia is a biography and memoir about the American-born Armenian, Monte Melkonian (1957–1993).

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Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh, meaning "Mountainous Karabakh," also known as Artsakh, is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, within the mountainous range of Karabakh, lying between Lower Karabakh and Zangezur, and covering the southeastern range of the Lesser Caucasus mountains.

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Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was an autonomous oblast within the borders of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, mostly inhabited by ethnic Armenians.

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Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is a territorial and ethnic conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and seven surrounding districts, which are de facto controlled by the self-declared Republic of Artsakh, but are internationally recognized as de jure part of Azerbaijan.

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Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact

The Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact (շփման գիծ, shp’man gits, təmas xətti) is a militarized area that separates the Armenian forces (namely the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army) and the Azerbaijan Armed Forces in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

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Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic

The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası) is a landlocked exclave of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

The Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijani: italics; Нахичеванская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика), abbreviated as Nakhichevan ASSR (Azerbaijani: Нахчыван МССР; Нахичеванская АССР), was an autonomous republic within the Azerbaijan SSR, itself a republic within the Soviet Union.

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Nakhichevanik

Nakhichevanik (Նախիջևանիկ, Nakhijevanik; Нахичеваник) is a village in the Askeran province of Artsakh and de jure of the Khojali Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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National Assembly (Artsakh)

The National Assembly of the Republic of Artsakh (Armenian: Արցախի Հանրապետության Ազգային ժողով, Artsakhi Hanrapetut'yan Azgayin zhoghov or simply Ազգային ժողով, ԱԺ, Azgayin zhoghov, AZh) is the legislative branch of the government of the Republic of Artsakh.

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National Hero of Azerbaijan

The National Hero of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan milli qəhrəmanı) is the highest national title in the Republic of Azerbaijan.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries.

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Nezavisimoye Voyennoye Obozreniye

Nezavisimoye Voyennoye Obozreniye, NVO (Независимое военное обозрение, Independent Military Review) is a Russian weekly newspaper supplement to Nezavisimaya Gazeta dedicated to military posture, military science, activity of secret services, military technology, weapons, military history of Russia, as well as of other countries.

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NKVD

The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union.

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Norat Ter-Grigoryants

Norat Grigoryevich Ter-Grigoryants (Նորատ Տեր-Գրիգորյանց, Нора́т Григо́рьевич Тер-Григорья́нц; born 16 July 1936) is a retired Soviet and Armenian lieutenant-general who played a leading role in developing the Armed Forces of Armenia during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1992-1995.

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Nursultan Nazarbayev

Nursultan Ábishuly Nazarbayev (born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh statesman serving as President of Kazakhstan since the office was created on April 24, 1990.

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Officer (armed forces)

An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority.

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OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37

Organisation of the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37, titled "The aggression of the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan", is a set of three Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) resolutions on Nagorno-Karabakh conflict adopted at the 37th annual session of Foreign Ministers of OIC member states on May 18–20, 2010 held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan.

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OIC Resolution 10/11

Organisation of the Islamic Conference Resolution 10/11, titled "The aggression of the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan", is an Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Resolution on Nagorno-Karabakh conflict adopted by its member states on March 13–14, 2008 during the OIC summit in Dakar, Senegal.

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Oil field

An "oil field" or "oilfield" is a region with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below ground.

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OMON

OMON (ОМОН — Отряд Мобильный Особого Назначения, previously Отряд Милиции Особого Назначения, Otryad Militsii Osobogo Naznacheniya, Special Purpose Police Unit) is a system of special police units of Federal Police within the National Guard of Russia, and previously Soviet and Russian Ministries of Internal Affairs.

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Open letter

An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally.

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OpenDemocracy

openDemocracy is a United Kingdom-based political website.

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Operation Ring

Operation Ring (translit; «Օղակ» գործողություն, Oghak gortsoğut'yun), known in Azerbaijan as the Chaykend Operation (Çaykənd əməliyyatı) was the codename for the May 1991 military operation conducted by Soviet Internal Security Forces and OMON units in the Armenian populated regions of Western Azerbaijan in the Lesser Caucasus mountains, the Shusha, Martakert and Hadrut regions of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, and along the northwestern border of the Armenian SSR in Noyemberyan, Goris and Tavush.

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Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; منظمة التعاون الإسلامي; Organisation de la coopération islamique) is an international organization founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states, with a collective population of over 1.3 billion as of 2009 with 47 countries being Muslim Majority countries.

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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization.

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OSCE Minsk Group

The OSCE Minsk Group was created in 1992 by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE, now Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)) to encourage a peaceful, negotiated resolution to the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh.

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Ossetia

Ossetia (Ir, Iryston; Osetiya; ოსეთი, translit. Oseti) is an ethnolinguistic region located on both sides of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, largely inhabited by the Ossetians.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Pakistan

Pakistan (پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia.

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Paris Peace Conference, 1919

The Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.

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Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) is the parliamentary arm of the Council of Europe, a 47-nation international organisation dedicated to upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law.

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Peacekeeping

Peacekeeping refers to activities intended to create conditions that favour lasting peace.

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People's Commissariat for Nationalities

The People's Commissariat of Nationalities (abbreviation transliterated as Narkomnats), an organisation functioning from 1917 to 1924 in the early Soviet period of Russian and Soviet history, dealt with non-Russian nationalities.

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Perestroika

Perestroika (a) was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s until 1991 and is widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform.

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Pircamal

Pircamal (also, Pirdgamal, Pirdzhamal, and Pirjamal) is a village in the Khojali Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Pogrom

The term pogrom has multiple meanings, ascribed most often to the deliberate persecution of an ethnic or religious group either approved or condoned by the local authorities.

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Politburo

A politburo or political bureau is the executive committee for communist parties.

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President of the Soviet Union

The President of the Soviet Union (Президент Советского Союза, Prezident Sovetskogo Soyuza), officially called President of the USSR (Президент СССР) or President of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (Президент Союза Советских Социалистических Республик), was the head of state of the Soviet Union from 15 March 1990 to 25 December 1991.

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Private (rank)

A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank (equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in).

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Public procurator

A public procurator is an officer of a state charged with both the investigation and prosecution of crime.

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Qazakh District

Gazakh (Qazax; also known as Kazakh or Qazakh) is a rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Qirmizi Bazar

Girmizi Bazar (Azerbaijani: Qırmızı Bazar; Armenian: Կարմիր Շուկա, Karmir Shuka or Karmir Shouka, Russian Красный Базар, all meaning "Red Market") is a village in the Khojavend Rayon of the Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan (de facto Artsakh Republic).

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Quşçu Ayrım

Quşçu Ayrım (also, Kushchi-Ayrum and Kushchu Ayrum) is a village in the Qazakh Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a broadcasting organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East where it says that "the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed".

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Rahim Gaziyev

Rahim Hasan oglu Gaziyev (Rəhim Qazıyev Həsən oğlu; born 1943, in Shaki) was Azerbaijani Defense Minister in 1992–1993, in the turmoil of the Nagorno-Karabakh War, and later a political prisoner.

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Railroad car

A railroad car or railcar (American and Canadian English), railway wagon or railway carriage (British English and UIC), also called a train car or train wagon, is a vehicle used for the carrying of cargo or passengers on a rail transport system (a railroad/railway).

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Ramil Safarov

Ramil Sahib oglu Safarov (Ramil Sahib oğlu Səfərov); born August 25, 1977) is an officer of the Azerbaijani Army who was convicted of the 2004 murder of Armenian Army Lieutenant Gurgen Margaryan. During a NATO-sponsored training seminar in Budapest, Safarov broke into Margaryan's dormitory room at night and axed Margaryan to death while he was asleep. In 2006, Safarov was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in Hungary with a minimum incarceration period of 30 years. After his request under the Strasbourg Convention, he was extradited on August 31, 2012 to Azerbaijan, where he was greeted as a hero, pardoned by Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev despite contrary assurances made to Hungary, promoted to the rank of major and given an apartment and over eight years of back pay. According to Azerbaijani authorities, Safarov was pardoned in compliance with Article 12 of the convention. Following Safarov's pardon, Armenia severed diplomatic relations with Hungary and immediate protests broke out in Yerevan. The extradition was widely condemned by international organizations and governments of many countries, including the US, Russia and France.

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Refugee

A refugee, generally speaking, is a displaced person who has been forced to cross national boundaries and who cannot return home safely (for more detail see legal definition).

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Refugees in Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani SSR was one of the first republic of Soviet Union that faced the problem of refugees and internally displaced persons.

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REGNUM News Agency

REGNUM News Agency is a Russian non-governmental, nationwide online news service disseminating news from Russia and abroad from its own correspondents, affiliate agencies and partners.

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REN TV

REN TV (РЕН ТВ) is one of the largest private federal TV channels in Russia.

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Republic of Artsakh

The Republic of Artsakh (Արցախի Հանրապետություն Arts'akhi Hanrapetut'yun), or simply Artsakh, commonly known by its former name of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic between 1991 and 2017, is a state with limited recognition in the South Caucasus internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.

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Republics of the Soviet Union

The Republics of the Soviet Union or the Union Republics (r) of the Soviet Union were ethnically based proto-states that were subordinated directly to the Government of the Soviet Union.

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Return (2018 film)

Return (Dönüş), is a 2018 full length Azerbaijani biographic documentary film directed by Rufat Asadov and written by Orkhan Fikratoglu.

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Reuters

Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

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Richard G. Hovannisian

Richard Gable Hovannisian (Ռիչարդ Հովհաննիսյան, born November 9, 1932) is an Armenian American historian and professor emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles.

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Robert Kocharyan

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Ruslan Khasbulatov

Ruslan Imranovich Khasbulatov (Русла́н Имранович Хасбула́тов, Хасбола́ти Имра́ни кIант Руслан) (born November 22, 1942) is a Russian economist and politician and the Chairman of Parliament of Russia of Chechen descent who played a central role in the events leading to the 1993 constitutional crisis in the Russian Federation.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Sadarak District

Sadarak (Sədərək) is a rayon of Azerbaijan in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.

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Safar Abiyev

Colonel General Safar Akhundbala oglu Abiyev (Səfər Axundbala oğlu Əbiyev; born January 27, 1950) was the Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan from 1995 to 2013.

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Samvel Babayan

Samvel Babayan (Սամվել Բաբայան; born 5 March 1965 Charencavan) is an Armenian military commander and politician.

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Sarsang Reservoir

The Sarsang Reservoir (Սարսանգի ջրամբար; Sərsəng su anbarı) is a large reservoir located in the Martakert Region of the unrecognised Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (de jure part of Azerbaijan), formed by a hydroelectric dam.

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Süleyman Demirel

Sami Süleyman Gündoğdu Demirel (1 November 1924 – 17 June 2015) was a Turkish statesman and political leader who served as the 9th President of Turkey from 1993 to 2000.

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Secession

Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio) is the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity, but also from any organization, union or military alliance.

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Section 907

Section 907 of the United States Freedom Support Act bans any kind of direct United States aid to the Azerbaijani government.

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Self-determination

The right of people to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter's norms.

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Sergeant

Sergeant (abbreviated to Sgt and capitalized when used as a named person's title) is a rank in many uniformed organizations, principally military and policing forces.

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Serzh Sargsyan

Serzh Sargsyan (Սերժ Սարգսյան,; born 30 June 1954).

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Seyran Ohanyan

Seyran Ohanyan (Սեյրան Օհանյան; born 1 July 1962) is a former Defence Minister of Armenia.

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Shahumyan Province

Shahumyan Province (Շահումյան) is a province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh.

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Shamil Basayev

Shamil Salmanovich Basayev (Шамиль Басаев, Шамиль Салманович Басаев; 14 January 1965 – 10 July 2006) was a Chechen General militant Islamist and a leader of the Chechen movement.

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Shusha

Shusha (Şuşa; Шуша), or Shushi (Շուշի), is a city in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh in the South Caucasus.

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Shusha massacre

The Shusha massacre (Շուշիի ջարդեր – Shushii charder) was the mass killing of the Armenian population of Shusha and the destruction of the Armenian half of the city that followed the suppression of the Armenian revolt against the authorities of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1920.

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Shuttle diplomacy

In diplomacy and international relations, shuttle diplomacy is the action of an outside party in serving as an intermediary between (or among) principals in a dispute, without direct principal-to-principal contact.

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Siege of Stepanakert

During the Nagorno-Karabakh War, Stepanakert, the largest city in Nagorno-Karabakh, was sieged by Azerbaijani forces.

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Silva Kaputikyan

Silva Kaputikyan (help); 20 January 1919 – 25 August 2006) was an Armenian poet and political activist. One of the best-known Armenian writers of the twentieth century, she is recognized as "the leading poetess of Armenia" and "the grand lady of twentieth century Armenian poetry". Although a member of the Communist Party, she was a noted advocate of Armenian national causes. Her first collection of poems were published in the mid-1940s. By the 1950s she had established herself as a significant literary figure in Soviet Armenia. Besides Armenian she also wrote in Russian and many of her works were translated to other languages. In the later Soviet period she frequently addressed political and other issues.

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Small arms

Small arms include handguns (revolvers and pistols) and long guns, such as rifles, carbines, shotguns, submachine guns, assault rifles, personal defense weapons, and light machine guns.

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Sofulu, Qazakh

Sofulu (Armenian: Սոֆուլու) is an exclave village of Azerbaijan's Qazakh District.

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South Ossetia

South Ossetia or Tskhinvali Region, is a disputed territory in the South Caucasus, in the northern part of the internationally recognised Georgian territory.

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Soviet Army

The Soviet Army (SA; Советская Армия, Sovetskaya Armiya) is the name given to the main land-based branch of the Soviet Armed Forces between February 1946 and December 1991, when it was replaced with the Russian Ground Forces, although it was not taken fully out of service until 25 December 1993.

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Soviet ruble

The Soviet ruble (рубль; see below for other languages of the USSR) was the currency of the Soviet Union.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Soviet Union referendum, 1991

A referendum on the future of the Soviet Union was held on 17 March 1991.

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Soviet–Afghan War

The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989.

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Special Purpose Police Unit (Azerbaijan)

The Special Purpose Police Unit (Xüsusi Təyinatlı Polis Dəstəsi (XTPD); Отряд милиции особого назначения - initially OMON) or OPON (Otryad Politsii Osobogo Naznacheniya) was a special forces detachment unit within the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan in the early 1990s formed during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

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Spitak

Spitak (Սպիտակ), is a town and urban municipal community in the northern Lori Province of Armenia.

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Stabilization (warfare)

Stabilization is a dynamic to stabilize a region deemed unstable, as part of counter-insurgency in a war.

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State of emergency

A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to perform actions that it would normally not be permitted.

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Stepanakert

Stepanakert (Ստեփանակերտ Step'anakert; Eastern), Khankendi (Xankəndi) and originally called Vararakn (Վարարակն), is the capital and the largest city of the de facto Republic of Artsakh.

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Stepanakert Airport

Stepanakert Airport (Ստեփանակերտի Օդանավակայան), is an airport in Khojaly, near Stepanakert, the capital city of the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh (NKR) which is an internationally recognized part of Azerbaijan.

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Stepanavan

Stepanavan (Ստեփանավան), is a town and municipal community in the Lori Province of Armenia.

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Stimson Doctrine

The Stimson Doctrine is the policy of nonrecognition of states created as a result of aggression.

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Sukhoi Su-17

The Sukhoi Su-17 (NATO reporting name: Fitter) is a Soviet variable-sweep wing fighter-bomber developed from the Sukhoi Su-7.

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Sukhoi Su-24

The Sukhoi Su-24 (NATO reporting name: Fencer) is a supersonic, all-weather attack aircraft developed in the Soviet Union.

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Sukhoi Su-25

The Sukhoi Su-25 Grach (Грач (rook); NATO reporting name: Frogfoot) is a single-seat, twin-engine jet aircraft developed in the Soviet Union by Sukhoi.

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Suleyman Aliyarli

Suleyman Aliyarli (in Azerbaijani Süleyman Sərdar oğlu Əliyarı; 18 December 1930 – 16 January 2014) was an Azerbaijani historian, who wrote on a wide range of topics regarding the History of Azerbaijan; Professor of History at Baku State University.

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Surat Huseynov

Surat Davud oglu Huseynov (Surət Davud oğlu Hüseynov; born 12 February 1959 in Ganja) is an Azerbaijani colonel and ex-Prime Minister of Azerbaijan, who rose to prominence during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

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Syunik Province

Syunik (Սյունիք), is the southernmost province of Armenia.

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T-72

The T-72 is a Soviet second-generation main battle tank that entered production in 1971.

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Tansu Çiller

Tansu Çiller (born 24 May 1946) is a Turkish academic, economist, and politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Turkey from 1993 to 1996.

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Tatul Hakobyan

Tatul Hakobyan (Թաթուլ Հակոբյան; born December 29, 1969) is an Armenian reporter and an independent political analyst.

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Tatul Krpeyan

Tatul Krpeyan (Թաթուլ Կրպեյան; 21 April 1965 – 30 April 1991) was an Armenian commander.

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Tehran Communiqué

The Tehran Communiqué, also known as the Joint statement of the heads of state in Tehran is the joint communiqué mediated by Iranian President, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and signed by the acting President of Azerbaijan, Yagub Mammadov and President of Armenia, Levon Ter-Petrossian on May 7, 1992 with an intention to end the four-year-long hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, a former autonomous oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR.

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Territorial dispute

A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more territorial entities or over the possession or control of land, usually between a new state and the occupying power.

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The Armenian Review

The Armenian Review is an academic journal that has been published in Watertown, Massachusetts since 1948.

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The Boston Globe

The Boston Globe (sometimes abbreviated as The Globe) is an American daily newspaper founded and based in Boston, Massachusetts, since its creation by Charles H. Taylor in 1872.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The National Interest

The National Interest (TNI) is an American bimonthly international affairs magazine published by the Center for the National Interest.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The New York Times International Edition

The New York Times International Edition is an English-language newspaper printed at 38 sites throughout the world and sold in more than 160 countries and territories.

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The New Yorker

The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry.

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The Seattle Times

The Seattle Times is a daily newspaper serving Seattle, Washington, United States.

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The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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Thomas de Waal

Thomas Patrick Lowndes de Waal (born 1966) is a British journalist and writer on the Caucasus.

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Thomas Goltz

Thomas Goltz (born October 11, 1954) is an American author and journalist best known for his accounts of conflict in the Caucasus region during the 1990s.

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Time (magazine)

Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.

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Tofig Ismayilov (politician)

Tofig Ismayilov Kazym oglu (Tofiq İsmayılov Kazım oğlu; June 21, 1933 – November 20, 1991) was born in Baku, Azerbaijan and served as the first Secretary of State of Azerbaijan.

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Toronto Star

The Toronto Star is a Canadian broadsheet daily newspaper.

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Trainer aircraft

A trainer is a class of aircraft designed specifically to facilitate flight training of pilots and aircrews.

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Transcaucasia

Transcaucasia (Закавказье), or the South Caucasus, is a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

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Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic

The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR; Закавказская демократическая Федеративная Республика (ЗКДФР); Zakavkazskaya Demokraticheskaya Federativnaya Respublika (ZKDFR); 22 April28 May 1918), also known as the Transcaucasian Federation, was a short-lived South Caucasian state extending across what are now the modern-day countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, plus parts of Eastern Turkey as well as Russian border areas.

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Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936.

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Transnistria

Transnistria, the self-proclaimed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR; Приднестровская Молдавская Республика, ПМР; Republica Moldovenească Nistreană, RMN; Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ; Придністровська Молдавська Республіка), and also called Transdniester, Trans-Dniestr, Transdniestria, or Pridnestrovie, is a non-recognized state which controls part of the geographical region Transnistria (the area between the Dniester river and Ukraine) and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank.

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Tribeca Film Festival

The Tribeca Film Festival is a prominent film festival held in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan, showcasing a diverse selection of independent films.

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Tsvetana Paskaleva

Tsvetana Paskaleva (Цветана Паскалева; Ցվետանա Պասկալևա, born January 22, 1960 in Nova Zagora, Bulgaria) is an Armenian-Bulgarian journalist, documentary filmmaker, and a member of the International Documentary Association (Los Angeles).

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Tupolev Tu-134

The Tupolev Tu-134 (NATO reporting name: Crusty) is a twin-engined, narrow-body, jet airliner built in the Soviet Union from 1966 to 1989.

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Turkey

Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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Union of Sovereign States

The Union of Sovereign States (Soyuz Suverennykh Gosudarstv (SSG)) was the proposed name of a reorganization of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics into a new confederal entity.

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United Nations General Assembly

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; Assemblée Générale AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), the only one in which all member nations have equal representation, and the main deliberative, policy-making and representative organ of the UN.

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United Nations General Assembly Resolution 62/243

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 62/243, titled "The Situation in the Occupied Territories of Azerbaijan", is a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly about the situation in Nagorno-Karabakh, which was adopted on March 14, 2008 at the 62nd session of the General Assembly.

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United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter.

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United Nations Security Council Resolution 822

United Nations Security Council resolution 822, adopted unanimously on 30 April 1993, after expressing concern at the deterioration of relations between the Armenia and Azerbaijan, and the subsequent escalation of armed hostilities and humanitarian situation in the region, the Council demanded the immediate cessation of hostilities and the immediate withdrawal of Armenian occupying forces in the Kalbajar district near Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.

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United Nations Security Council Resolution 874

United Nations Security Council resolution 874, adopted unanimously on 14 October 1993, after reaffirming resolutions 822 (1993) and 853 (1993), the Council expressed its concern at the continuing conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh, in addition to the inviolability of international borders and the inadmissibility of the use of force for the acquisition of territory, and called upon the parties to observe the ceasefire agreed with by the Government of Russia and OSCE Minsk Group.

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United Nations Security Council Resolution 884

United Nations Security Council resolution 884, adopted unanimously on 12 November 1993, after reaffirming resolutions 822 (1993), 853 (1993) and 874 (1993), the Council expressed its concern at the continuing conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh and condemned violations of the ceasefire between the parties, particularly the occupation of the Zəngilan district and city of Goradiz.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States.

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Uppsala Conflict Data Program

The Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) is a data collection project on organized violence housed at Uppsala University in Sweden that has been collecting information on armed conflict since 1946 and making it publicly available through its annual report, States in Armed Conflict. Beginning in Since 2004, the constantly-updated UCDP is also publicly available.

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan (Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi), is a doubly landlocked Central Asian Sovereign state.

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Vardan Hovhannisyan

Vardan Hovhannisyan is an Armenian director and producer.

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Vazgen Manukyan

Vazgen Mikaeli Manukyan (Armenian: Վազգեն Միքայելի Մանուկյան, born 13 February 1946) was the first Prime Minister of Armenia, from 1990 to 1991.

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Vazgen Sargsyan

Vazgen Sargsyan (Վազգեն Սարգսյան,; 5 March 1959 – 27 October 1999) was an Armenian military commander and politician.

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Vremya Novostei

Vremya Novostei (Время новостей, translated as News Time) was a Russian business socio-political daily newspaper based in Moscow.

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War crime

A war crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility.

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War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)

The War in Abkhazia from 1992 to 1993 was fought between Georgian government forces for the most part, and Abkhaz separatist forces, Russian armed forces and North Caucasian militants.

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Wayne State University Press

Wayne State University Press (or WSU Press) is a university press that is part of Wayne State University.

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Weapon

A weapon, arm or armament is any device used with intent to inflict damage or harm.

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Wiener Zeitung

Wiener Zeitung is an Austrian newspaper.

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WikiLeaks

WikiLeaks is an international non-profit organisation that publishes secret information, news leaks, and classified media provided by anonymous sources.

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Yagub Mammadov (politician)

Yaqub Javad oglu Mammadov (Yaqub Cavad oğlu Məmmədov; born 3 March 1941, Əliismayıllı, Gadabay Rayon, Azerbaijan), also spelled as Yagub Mammadov, was the Acting President of Azerbaijan from 6 March to 14 May and from 18 to 19 May 1992.

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Yakovlev Yak-40

The Yakovlev Yak-40 (Яковлев Як-40; NATO reporting name: Codling) is a small, three-engined jet airliner.

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Yerevan

Yerevan (Երևան, sometimes spelled Erevan) is the capital and largest city of Armenia as well as one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities.

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Yevgeny Shaposhnikov

Yevgeny Ivanovich Shaposhnikov (Евгений Иванович Шапошников; born 3 February 1942) is a Russian military leader and business figure, Marshal of Aviation (1991).

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Yugoslav Wars

The Yugoslav Wars were a series of ethnic conflicts, wars of independence and insurgencies fought from 1991 to 1999/2001 in the former Yugoslavia.

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Yukhari Askipara

Yukhari Askipara (also Okari-Eskipara, Վերին Ոսկեպար Verin Voskepar – all meaning "Upper Askipara") is a destroyed village within the Tavush Marz of Armenia.

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Yuxarı Quşçular

Yuxarı Quşçular (also, Yuxarı Kuşçular and Yukhary Kushchular) is a village in the Shusha Rayon of Artsakh Republic.

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Zangezur National Park

Zangezur National Park (Zəngəzur Milli Parkı) — is a national park of Azerbaijan.

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Zheleznovodsk

Zheleznovodsk (Железново́дск) is a town in Stavropol Krai, Russia.

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Zheleznovodsk Communiqué

The Zheleznovodsk Communiqué, also known as the Zheleznovodsk Declaration or Zheleznovodsk Accords, is the joint peace communiqué mediated by Russian President, Boris Yeltsin and Kazakh President, Nursultan Nazarbayev in Zheleznovodsk, Russia on September 23, 1991 with an intention to end the three-year-long hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, still an autonomous oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR.

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Zori Balayan

Zori Balayan (Զորի Բալայան, born February 10, 1935 in Stepanakert) is an Armenian novelist, journalist, sports doctor, traveler and sports expert.

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Zoryan Institute

The is a non-profit organization and registered charity in both the United States and Canada that serves the cause of scholarship and public awareness relating to issues of universal human rights, genocide and diaspora-homeland relations.

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Zulfi Hajiyev

Zulfi Hajiyev Saleh oglu (Zülfü Hacıyev Saleh oğlu; 1935 – 1991) was Member of Azerbaijani Parliament and Deputy Prime Minister of Azerbaijan until his death on November 20, 1991.

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104th Guards Airborne Division

The 104th Guards Airborne Division was an airborne division of the Red Army during the Cold War.

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11th Army (Soviet Union)

The 11th Army was an army of the Red Army, formed four times.

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1977 Soviet Constitution

At the 7th (Special) Session of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union Ninth Convocation on October 7, 1977, the third and last Soviet Constitution, also known as the Brezhnev Constitution, was unanimously adopted.

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1988 Armenian earthquake

The 1988 Armenian earthquake, also known as the Spitak earthquake (Սպիտակի երկրաշարժ Spitaki yerkrašarž), occurred on December 7 at with a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X (Devastating).

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1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown

The 1991 Azerbaijan MI-8 helicopter shootdown, also known as the Karakend tragedy in Azerbaijan, occurred on November 20, 1991, when an Azerbaijani MI-8 military helicopter, carrying a peacekeeping mission team consisting of 13 Azerbaijani government officials, 2 Russian and 1 Kazakhstani Ministry of Internal Affairs officials, 3 Azerbaijani journalists and 3 helicopter crew was shot down amidst heavy fighting near the Karakend village of Khojavend district in Nagorno-Karabakh.

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1993 Russian constitutional crisis

The constitutional crisis of 1993 was a political stand-off between the Russian president Boris Yeltsin and the Russian parliament that was resolved by using military force.

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2008 Mardakert skirmishes

The 2008 Mardakert skirmishes began on March 4 after the 2008 Armenian election protests.

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2010 Mardakert skirmishes

The 2010 Mardakert skirmishes were a series of violations of the Nagorno-Karabakh War ceasefire.

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2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes

The Four-Day War or April War, began along the Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact on 1 April 2016 with the Artsakh Defense Army, backed by the Armenian Armed Forces, on one side and the Azerbaijani Armed Forces on the other.

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4th Army (Soviet Union)

The 4th Army was a Soviet field army of World War II that served on the Eastern front of World War II and in the Caucasus during the Cold War.

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9K32 Strela-2

The 9K32 Strela-2 (Cтрела, "arrow"; NATO reporting name SA-7 Grail) is a man-portable, shoulder-fired, low-altitude surface-to-air missile system (MANPADS) with a high explosive warhead and passive infrared homing guidance.

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9K34 Strela-3

The 9K34 Strela-3 (9К34 «Стрела-3»; arrow) is a man-portable air defence missile system (MANPADS) developed in the Soviet Union as a response to the poor performance of the earlier 9K32 Strela 2 (SA-7 Grail) system.

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9K38 Igla

The 9K38 Igla (Игла́, "needle", NATO reporting name SA-18 Grouse) is a Russian/Soviet man-portable infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM).

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Redirects here:

Armenia-Azerbaijan War, Artsakh War, Artsakh war, Conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, Karabakh War, Karabakh conflict, Karabakh war, Liberation of artsakh, Nagarno-Karabakh War, Nagorno Karabakh War, Nagorno Karabakh problem, Nagorno-Karabakh war, Nkr war, UN Security Council Resolution 822, UN Security Council Resolution 853, UN Security Council Resolution 874, UN Security Council Resolution 884.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_War

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