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59 relations: A. J. Ayer, Action (philosophy), Aristotle, Belief, Christine Korsgaard, Common sense, Conservatism, Constructivism (international relations), Crime, Decision theory, Economics, Emotion, Emotivism, Explanation, Family values, Georges Canguilhem, Globalization, Group cohesiveness, Hypothesis, Idealism, Immanuel Kant, International Organization for Standardization, International relations, Is–ought problem, J. L. Mackie, Jürgen Habermas, Law, Liberalism, Linguistic prescription, Marxism, Norm (philosophy), Normality (behavior), Normative economics, Normative ethics, Philosophy, Philosophy of law, Political science, Positive statement, Positivism, Practical reason, Proposition, Realism (international relations), Reality, Reason, Rights, Scientific method, Social norm, Social science, Social structure, Socialization, ..., Sociology, Standardization, Structural functionalism, Tacit assumption, Theory, Thought, Value theory, World view, Wrongdoing. Expand index (9 more) »
A. J. Ayer
Sir Alfred Jules "Freddie" Ayer, FBA (29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989), usually cited as A. J. Ayer, was a British philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956).
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Action (philosophy)
In philosophy, an action is something which is done by an agent.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Belief
Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty.
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Christine Korsgaard
Christine Marion Korsgaard FBA (born April 9, 1952) is an American philosopher and Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University whose main scholarly interests are in moral philosophy and its history; the relation of issues in moral philosophy to issues in metaphysics, the philosophy of mind, and the theory of personal identity; the theory of personal relationships; and in normativity in general.
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Common sense
Common sense is sound practical judgment concerning everyday matters, or a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge that is shared by ("common to") nearly all people.
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Conservatism
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
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Constructivism (international relations)
In international relations, constructivism is the claim that significant aspects of international relations are historically and socially constructed, rather than inevitable consequences of human nature or other essential characteristics of world politics.
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Crime
In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.
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Decision theory
Decision theory (or the theory of choice) is the study of the reasoning underlying an agent's choices.
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Economics
Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
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Emotion
Emotion is any conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of pleasure or displeasure.
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Emotivism
Emotivism is a meta-ethical view that claims that ethical sentences do not express propositions but emotional attitudes.
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Explanation
An explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts.
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Family values
Family values, sometimes referred to as familial values, are traditional or cultural values that pertain to the family's structure, function, roles, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals.
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Georges Canguilhem
Georges Canguilhem (or; 4 June 1904 – 11 September 1995) was a French philosopher and physician who specialized in epistemology and the philosophy of science (in particular, biology).
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Globalization
Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments worldwide.
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Group cohesiveness
Group cohesiveness (also called group cohesion and social cohesion) arises when bonds link members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole.
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Hypothesis
A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
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Idealism
In philosophy, idealism is the group of metaphysical philosophies that assert that reality, or reality as humans can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy.
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International Organization for Standardization
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.
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International relations
International relations (IR) or international affairs (IA) — commonly also referred to as international studies (IS) or global studies (GS) — is the study of interconnectedness of politics, economics and law on a global level.
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Is–ought problem
The is–ought problem, as articulated by Scottish philosopher and historian David Hume (1711–76), states that many writers make claims about what ought to be, based on statements about what is.
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J. L. Mackie
John Leslie Mackie (25 August 1917 – 12 December 1981) was an Australian philosopher, originally from Sydney.
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Jürgen Habermas
Jürgen Habermas (born 18 June 1929) is a German sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism.
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Law
Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.
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Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.
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Linguistic prescription
Linguistic prescription, or prescriptive grammar, is the attempt to lay down rules defining correct use of language.
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Marxism
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.
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Norm (philosophy)
Norms are concepts (sentences) of practical import, oriented to effecting an action, rather than conceptual abstractions that describe, explain, and express.
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Normality (behavior)
Normality is a behavior that can be normal for an individual (intrapersonal normality) when it is consistent with the most common behaviour for that person.
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Normative economics
Normative economics (as opposed to positive economics) is a part of economics that expresses value or normative judgments about economic fairness or what the outcome of the economy or goals of public policy ought to be.
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Normative ethics
Normative ethics is the study of ethical action.
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Philosophy
Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
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Philosophy of law
Philosophy of law is a branch of philosophy and jurisprudence that seeks to answer basic questions about law and legal systems, such as "What is law?", "What are the criteria for legal validity?", "What is the relationship between law and morality?", and many other similar questions.
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Political science
Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior.
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Positive statement
In the social sciences and philosophy, a positive or descriptive statement concerns what "is", "was", or "will be", and contains no indication of approval or disapproval (what should be).
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Positivism
Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain ("positive") knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations.
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Practical reason
In philosophy, practical reason is the use of reason to decide how to act.
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Proposition
The term proposition has a broad use in contemporary analytic philosophy.
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Realism (international relations)
Realism is a school of thought in international relations theory, theoretically formalising the Realpolitik statesmanship of early modern Europe.
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Reality
Reality is all of physical existence, as opposed to that which is merely imaginary.
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Reason
Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying logic, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.
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Rights
Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.
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Scientific method
Scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition, which has characterized the development of natural science since at least the 17th century, involving careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what one observes, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept; formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental testing and measurement of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings.
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Social norm
From a sociological perspective, social norms are informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society.
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Social science
Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society.
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Social structure
In the social sciences, social structure is the patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of the individuals.
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Socialization
In sociology, socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society.
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Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
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Standardization
Standardization or standardisation is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments Standardization can help to maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, or quality.
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Structural functionalism
Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is "a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability".
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Tacit assumption
A tacit assumption or implicit assumption is an assumption that includes the underlying agreements or statements made in the development of a logical argument, course of action, decision, or judgment that are not explicitly voiced nor necessarily understood by the decision maker or judge.
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Theory
A theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking.
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Thought
Thought encompasses a “goal oriented flow of ideas and associations that leads to reality-oriented conclusion.” Although thinking is an activity of an existential value for humans, there is no consensus as to how it is defined or understood.
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Value theory
Value theory is a range of approaches to understanding how, why, and to what degree persons value things; whether the object or subject of valuing is a person, idea, object, or anything else.
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World view
A world view or worldview is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing the whole of the individual's or society's knowledge and point of view.
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Wrongdoing
A wrong (from Old English wrang – crooked) is an act that is illegal or immoral.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative
