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323 relations: Absorption (pharmacology), Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, Activities of daily living, Acupuncture, Adeno-associated virus, Alim Louis Benabid, Alpha-synuclein, Alzheimer's disease, Amantadine, American Parkinson Disease Association, Anatomical terms of location, Ancient Egypt, Anticholinergic, Antioxidant, Antiparkinson medication, Antipsychotic, Anxiety, Apathy, Apomorphine, Apoptosis, Armand Trousseau, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, Arvid Carlsson, Aspiration pneumonia, Aspirin, Astrocyte, Attentional control, Auguste François Chomel, Autonomic nervous system, Autopsy, Ayurveda, Balance disorder, Basal ganglia, Benserazide, Bible, Bioavailability, Biochemistry, Blood–brain barrier, Bone fracture, Braak staging, Bradyphrenia, Brain, Bromocriptine, Cabergoline, Caffeine, Calcium channel blocker, Camptocormia, Carbidopa, Cardinal sign (pathology), Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ..., Caregiver, Casimir Funk, Catechol-O-methyltransferase, Cell death, Central nervous system, CHCHD2, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Coenzyme Q10, Coffee, Cognition, Cognitive flexibility, Common carotid artery, COMT inhibitor, Constipation, Corticobasal degeneration, Creatine, CT scan, Cultivar, Cure, Davis Phinney, Davis Phinney Foundation, Deep brain stimulation, Delirium, Delusion, Dementia, Dementia with Lewy bodies, Depression (mood), Desmethylprodine, Diaphragmatic breathing, Differential diagnosis, Diffusion MRI, DNAJC13, Dominance (genetics), Dopamine, Dopamine agonist, Dopamine dysregulation syndrome, Dopaminergic, Dyskinesia, Dysphagia, Dystonia, Emotion, Encephalitis, Entacapone, Environmental factor, Enzyme, Essential tremor, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1, European Parkinson's Disease Association, Excessive daytime sleepiness, Executive dysfunction, Exercise, Fatty acid, Feeding tube, Fetus, First-degree relatives, Food additive, Forebrain, Franciscus Sylvius, Frederic Lewy, Frontal eye fields, Gait abnormality, Galen, Gastroparesis, Gastrostomy, Gene therapy, Generalized anxiety disorder, Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, Globus pallidus, Glucocerebrosidase, Glutamic acid, Grenoble, Growth factor, Hallucination, Head injury, Heiko Braak, Heredity, Hertz, Hieronymus David Gaubius, Hoehn and Yahr scale, Honorary degree, Hospice, Hydrocephalus, Hypodermoclysis, Hypokinesia, Idiopathic disease, Incidence (epidemiology), Induced pluripotent stem cell, Inhibitory control, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Inpatient care, Insomnia, Intestinal pseudo-obstruction, Isradipine, James Parkinson, Jean-Martin Charcot, John Hunter (surgeon), John Q. Trojanowski, Karolinska Institute, Konstantin Tretiakoff, L-DOPA, Lee Silverman voice treatment, Lewy body, Life expectancy, Limbic system, Lisuride, LRRK2, Lysosome, Magnetic resonance imaging, Major depressive disorder, Maneb, Maria Grazia Spillantini, Medical history, Meditation, Mediterranean diet, Medulla oblongata, Meta-analysis, Michael J. Fox, Michel Goedert, Microelectrode, Microglia, Midbrain, Mitochondrion, Modafinil, Model organism, Modified-release dosage, Monoamine oxidase, Monoamine oxidase B, Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, Motor cortex, Motor neuron disease, Motor planning, Motor system, MPTP, Mucuna pruriens, Muhammad Ali, Multiple system atrophy, Muscle tone, Mutation, Narcolepsy, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Parkinson Foundation, Nausea, Neocortex, Neoplasm, Neurodegeneration, Neurofibrillary tangle, Neuroglia, Neuroimaging, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Neurological examination, Neurology, Neuron, Neuroprotection, Neuropsychiatry, Neurostimulation, Neurosurgery, Non-invasive ventilation, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Nursing home care, Nutrient, Obsessive–compulsive disorder, Occupational therapy, Oleh Hornykiewicz, Olfactory bulb, Oligomer, Omigapil, Opiate, Orbitofrontal cortex, Orthostatic hypotension, Oxford University Press, Oxidative stress, Palliative care, Pallidotomy, Panic disorder, Papyrus, Paranoia, Paresthesia, PARK7, Parkin (ligase), Parkinson plus syndrome, Parkinson's disease dementia, Parkinson's Disease Foundation, Parkinsonian gait, Parkinsonism, Pars compacta, Pathology, Pergolide, Pesticide, Physical therapy, Pig, PINK1, Piribedil, Pontine tegmentum, Positron emission tomography, Pramipexole, Precursor (chemistry), Prevalence, Primate, Prodrome, Progressive supranuclear palsy, Proteasome, Protein, Protein (nutrient), Protein aggregation, Punding, Pyramidal tracts, Qigong, Quality of life, Quetiapine, Rapid eye movement sleep, Rasagiline, Recall (memory), Retina, Risk factor, Rolf Hassler, Ropinirole, Rotenone, Rotigotine, Safinamide, Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson, Seborrhoeic dermatitis, Selegiline, Senile plaques, Serous fluid, Side effect, Single-photon emission computed tomography, Sleep disorder, Social anxiety disorder, Somnolence, Spasticity, Speech-language pathology, Standardized mortality ratio, Stem cell, Stem cell controversy, Stereotypy, Stroke, Substantia nigra, Subthalamic nucleus, Susceptibility weighted imaging, Synucleinopathy, Tai chi, Tau protein, Tauopathy, Tea, Thalamus, The Michael J. Fox Foundation, The Movement Disorder Society, Thickening agent, Time (magazine), Tobacco smoking, Tolcapone, Tracheotomy, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Transgene, Tremor, Tulip, Ubiquitin, Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale, United States Congress, Uric acid, Urinary incontinence, Vaccine, Vicia faba, Viral vector, Virus, Vitamin, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, VPS35, Walking, Wilhelm Heinrich Erb, William Gowers (neurologist), Working memory. Expand index (273 more) »
Absorption (pharmacology)
In pharmacology (and more specifically pharmacokinetics), absorption is the movement of a drug from the site of administration to bloodstream.
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (often abbreviated AChEI) or anti-cholinesterase is a chemical or a drug that inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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Activities of daily living
Activities of daily living (ADLs or ADL) is a term used in healthcare to refer to people's daily self care activities.
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Acupuncture
Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine in which thin needles are inserted into the body.
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Adeno-associated virus
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small virus which infects humans and some other primate species.
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Alim Louis Benabid
Alim Louis Benabid is a French emeritus professor, neurosurgeon and member of the French Academy of Sciences, who has had a global impact in the development of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
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Alpha-synuclein
Alpha-synuclein is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the SNCA gene.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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Amantadine
Amantadine (trade name Symmetrel, by Endo Pharmaceuticals) is a medication that has U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for use both as an antiviral and an antiparkinsonian medication.
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American Parkinson Disease Association
The American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA) is a grassroots advocacy organization for sufferers of Parkinson's disease and their families.
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Anatomical terms of location
Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.
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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River - geographically Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, in the place that is now occupied by the countries of Egypt and Sudan.
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Anticholinergic
An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system.
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Antioxidant
Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules.
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Antiparkinson medication
An antiparkinson medication is a type of drug which is intended to treat and relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
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Antipsychotic
Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Anxiety
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.
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Apathy
Apathy is a lack of feeling, emotion, interest, and concern.
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Apomorphine
Apomorphine (brand names Apokyn, Ixense, Spontane, Uprima) is a type of aporphine having activity as a non-selective dopamine agonist which activates both D2-like and, to a much lesser extent, D1-like receptors.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Armand Trousseau
Armand Trousseau (14 October 1801 – 23 June 1867) was a French internist.
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Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor
An aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, DDCI and AAADI) is a drug which inhibits the synthesis of dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC, AAAD, or DOPA decarboxylase).
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Arvid Carlsson
Arvid Carlsson (25 January 1923 — 29 June 2018) was a Swedish neuropharmacologist who is best known for his work with the neurotransmitter dopamine and its effects in Parkinson's disease.
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Aspiration pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia is a type of lung infection that is due to a relatively large amount of material from the stomach or mouth entering the lungs.
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Aspirin
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.
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Astrocyte
Astrocytes (Astro from Greek astron.
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Attentional control
Attentional control refers to an individual's capacity to choose what they pay attention to and what they ignore.
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Auguste François Chomel
Auguste François Chomel (13 April 1788 in Paris – 9 April 1858 in Morsang-sur-Orge) was a French pathologist.
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Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function of internal organs.
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Autopsy
An autopsy (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.
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Ayurveda
Ayurveda is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent.
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Balance disorder
A balance disorder is a disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady, for example when standing or walking.
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Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) is a group of subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates including humans, which are situated at the base of the forebrain.
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Benserazide
Benserazide (also called Serazide or Ro 4-4602) is a peripherally-acting aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) or DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, which is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier.
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Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, "the books") is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans.
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Bioavailability
In pharmacology, bioavailability (BA or F) is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs.
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Biochemistry
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
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Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Bone fracture
A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of the bone.
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Braak staging
Braak staging refers to two methods used to classify the degree of pathology in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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Bradyphrenia
Bradyphrenia is a neurological term referring to the slowness of thought common to many disorders of the brain.
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Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
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Bromocriptine
Bromocriptine (originally marketed as Parlodel, subsequently under many names) is an ergoline derivative, is a dopamine agonist that is used in the treatment of pituitary tumors, Parkinson's disease (PD), hyperprolactinaemia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.
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Cabergoline
Cabergoline (brand names Dostinex and others), an ergot derivative, is a potent dopamine receptor agonist on D2 receptors.
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Caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.
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Calcium channel blocker
Calcium channel blockers (CCB), calcium channel antagonists or calcium antagonists are several medications that disrupt the movement of calcium through calcium channels.
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Camptocormia
Camptocormia, also known as bent spine syndrome (BSS), is a symptom of a multitude of diseases that is most commonly seen in the elderly.
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Carbidopa
Carbidopa (Lodosyn) is a drug given to people with Parkinson's disease in order to inhibit peripheral metabolism of levodopa.
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Cardinal sign (pathology)
In pathology, a cardinal sign or cardinal symptom is the primary or major clinical sign or symptom by which a diagnosis is made.
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest.
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Caregiver
A caregiver or carer is an unpaid or paid member of a person's social network who helps them with activities of daily living.
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Casimir Funk
Kazimierz Funk (February 23, 1884 – November 19, 1967 Casimir Funk A Biographical Sketch (1884–1967). Journal of Nutrition 1972 Sep;102(9):1105–13.. Available from: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/102/9/1105.full.pdf), commonly anglicized as Casimir Funk, was a Polish biochemist, generally credited with being among the first to formulate (in 1912) the concept of vitamins, which he called "vital amines" or "vitamines".
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Catechol-O-methyltransferase
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines (such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), catecholestrogens, and various drugs and substances having a catechol structure.
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Cell death
Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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CHCHD2
Coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHCHD2 gene.
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Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease found in people who have had multiple head injuries.
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Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10, also known as ubiquinone, ubidecarenone, coenzyme Q, and abbreviated at times to CoQ10, CoQ, or Q10 is a coenzyme that is ubiquitous in animals and most bacteria (hence the name ubiquinone).
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Coffee
Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant.
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Cognition
Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".
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Cognitive flexibility
Cognitive flexibility has been described as the mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously.
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Common carotid artery
In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries (carotids) are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood; they divide in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries.
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COMT inhibitor
A COMT inhibitor is a drug that inhibits the action of catechol-O-methyl transferase.
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Constipation
Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass.
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Corticobasal degeneration
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) or corticobasal ganglionic degeneration (CBGD) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease involving the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia.
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Creatine
Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates.
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CT scan
A CT scan, also known as computed tomography scan, makes use of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting.
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Cultivar
The term cultivarCultivar has two denominations as explained in Formal definition.
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Cure
A cure is a substance or procedure that ends a medical condition, such as a medication, a surgical operation, a change in lifestyle or even a philosophical mindset that helps end a person's sufferings; or the state of being healed, or cured.
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Davis Phinney
Davis Phinney (born July 10, 1959 in Boulder, Colorado) is a former professional road bicycle racer from the United States.
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Davis Phinney Foundation
The Davis Phinney Foundation is a non-profit with a mission to help people with Parkinson's live well with the disease.
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Deep brain stimulation
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical procedure involving the implantation of a medical device called a neurostimulator (sometimes referred to as a 'brain pacemaker'), which sends electrical impulses, through implanted electrodes, to specific targets in the brain (brain nuclei) for the treatment of movement and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Delirium
Delirium, also known as acute confusional state, is an organically caused decline from a previously baseline level of mental function.
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Delusion
A delusion is a mistaken belief that is held with strong conviction even in the presence of superior evidence to the contrary.
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Dementia
Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning.
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Dementia with Lewy bodies
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a type of dementia accompanied by changes in behavior, cognition and movement.
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Depression (mood)
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, tendencies, feelings, and sense of well-being.
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Desmethylprodine
Desmethylprodine or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine (MPPP, Ro 2-0718) is an opioid analgesic drug developed in the 1940s by researchers at Hoffmann-La Roche.
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Diaphragmatic breathing
Diaphragmatic breathing, or deep breathing, is breathing that is done by contracting the diaphragm, a muscle located horizontally between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.
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Differential diagnosis
In medicine, a differential diagnosis is the distinguishing of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features.
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Diffusion MRI
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI or DW-MRI) is the use of specific MRI sequences as well as software that generates images from the resulting data, that uses the diffusion of water molecules to generate contrast in MR images.
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DNAJC13
DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 13, also known as DNAJC13, is a human gene.
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Dominance (genetics)
Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus.
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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Dopamine agonist
A dopamine receptor agonist is a compound that activates dopamine receptors.
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Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
Dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) is a dysfunction of the reward system observed in some individuals taking dopaminergic medications for an extended length of time.
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Dopaminergic
Dopaminergic means "related to dopamine" (literally, "working on dopamine"), dopamine being a common neurotransmitter.
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Dyskinesia
Dyskinesia refers to a category of movement disorders that are characterized by involuntary muscle movements, including movements similar to tics or chorea and diminished voluntary movements.
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Dysphagia
Dysphagia is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty in swallowing.
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Dystonia
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder syndrome in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures.
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Emotion
Emotion is any conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of pleasure or displeasure.
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Encephalitis
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain.
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Entacapone
Entacapone, sold under the brand name Comtan among others, is a medication commonly used in combination with other medications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Environmental factor
Environmental factor or ecological factor or eco factor is any factor, abiotic or biotic, that influences living organisms.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Essential tremor
Essential tremor (ET, also referred to as benign tremor, familial tremor, or idiopathic tremor) is a progressive neurological disorder that is also the most common movement disorder.
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Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF4G1 gene.
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European Parkinson's Disease Association
The European Parkinson's Disease Association (EPDA) is a non-political, non-religious, and non-profit making organisation concerned with the health and welfare of people living with Parkinson's disease (PD) and their families and careers.
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Excessive daytime sleepiness
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is characterized by persistent sleepiness and often a general lack of energy, even during the day after apparently adequate or even prolonged nighttime sleep.
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Executive dysfunction
In psychology and neuroscience, executive dysfunction, or executive function deficit, is a disruption to the efficacy of the executive functions, which is a group of cognitive processes that regulate, control, and manage other cognitive processes.
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Exercise
Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.
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Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
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Feeding tube
A feeding tube is a medical device used to provide nutrition to people who cannot obtain nutrition by mouth, are unable to swallow safely, or need nutritional supplementation.
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Fetus
A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms.
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First-degree relatives
A first-degree relative is one's offspring, sibling or parent.
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Food additive
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste, appearance, or other qualities.
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Forebrain
In the anatomy of the brain of vertebrates, the forebrain or prosencephalon is the rostral-most (forward-most) portion of the brain.
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Franciscus Sylvius
Franciscus Sylvius (15 March 1614 – 19 November 1672), born Franz de le Boë, was a Dutch physician and scientist (chemist, physiologist and anatomist) who was an early champion of Descartes', Van Helmont's and William Harvey's work and theories.
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Frederic Lewy
Frederic Henry Lewey (born Friedrich Heinrich Lewy, January 28, 1885 – October 5, 1950) was a prominent Jewish German-born American neurologist.
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Frontal eye fields
The frontal eye fields (FEF) are a region located in the frontal cortex, more specifically in Brodmann area 8 or BA8, of the primate brain.
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Gait abnormality
Gait abnormality is a deviation from normal walking (gait).
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Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 AD – /), often Anglicized as Galen and better known as Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire.
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Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis (GP also called delayed gastric emptying) is a medical condition consisting of a paresis (partial paralysis) of the stomach, resulting in food remaining in the stomach for an abnormally long time.
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Gastrostomy
Gastrostomy is the creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastric decompression.
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Gene therapy
In the medicine field, gene therapy (also called human gene transfer) is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.
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Generalized anxiety disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry, that is, apprehensive expectation about events or activities.
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Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GDNF gene.
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Globus pallidus
The globus pallidus (Latin for "pale globe") also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, is a subcortical structure of the brain.
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Glucocerebrosidase
β-Glucocerebrosidase (also called acid β-glucosidase, D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, or GCase) is an enzyme with glucosylceramidase activity that is needed to cleave, by hydrolysis, the beta-glucosidic linkage of the chemical glucocerebroside, an intermediate in glycolipid metabolism that is abundant in cell membranes (particularly skin cells).
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Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
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Grenoble
Grenoble is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère.
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Growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation.
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Hallucination
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception.
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Head injury
A head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain.
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Heiko Braak
Heiko Braak (born June 16, 1937) is a German anatomist.
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Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
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Hertz
The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second.
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Hieronymus David Gaubius
Hieronymus David Gaubius (24 February 1705 – 29 November 1780) was a German physician and chemist.
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Hoehn and Yahr scale
The Hoehn and Yahr scale is a commonly used system for describing how the symptoms of Parkinson's disease progress.
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Honorary degree
An honorary degree, in Latin a degree honoris causa ("for the sake of the honor") or ad honorem ("to the honor"), is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived the usual requirements, such as matriculation, residence, a dissertation and the passing of comprehensive examinations.
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Hospice
Hospice care is a type of care and philosophy of care that focuses on the palliation of a chronically ill, terminally ill or seriously ill patient's pain and symptoms, and attending to their emotional and spiritual needs.
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Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain.
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Hypodermoclysis
Hypodermoclysis, which can also be called interstitial infusion or subcutaneous infusion, is the subcutaneous administration of fluids to the body.
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Hypokinesia
Hypokinesia refers to decreased bodily movement.
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Idiopathic disease
An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparently spontaneous origin.
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Incidence (epidemiology)
Incidence in epidemiology is a measure of the probability of occurrence of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time.
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Induced pluripotent stem cell
Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.
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Inhibitory control
Inhibitory control, also known as response inhibition, is a cognitive process that permits an individual to inhibit their impulses and natural, habitual, or dominant behavioral responses to stimuli (prepotent responses) in order to select a more appropriate behavior that is consistent with completing their goals.
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.
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Inpatient care
Inpatient care is the care of patients whose condition requires admission to a hospital.
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Insomnia
Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.
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Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a clinical syndrome caused by severe impairment in the ability of the intestines to push food through.
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Isradipine
Isradipine (tradenames DynaCirc, Prescal) is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class.
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James Parkinson
James Parkinson FGS (11 April 175521 December 1824) was an English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist, and political activist, who is best known for his 1817 work, An Essay on the Shaking Palsy in which he was the first to describe "paralysis agitans", a condition that would later be renamed Parkinson's disease by Jean-Martin Charcot.
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Jean-Martin Charcot
Jean-Martin Charcot (29 November 1825 – 16 August 1893) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology.
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John Hunter (surgeon)
John Hunter (13 February 1728 – 16 October 1793) was a Scottish surgeon, one of the most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day.
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John Q. Trojanowski
- Director, Institute on Aging - Director, Alzheimer's Disease Core Center - Director, Udall Parkinson's Research Center - Co-director, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Marian S. Ware Alzheimer Drug Discovery Program - Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine - University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine --> John Quinn Trojanowski (born 1946) is a medical researcher specializing in neurodegeneration.
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Karolinska Institute
The Karolinska Institute (KI; Karolinska Institutet; sometimes known as the (Royal) Caroline Institute in English) is a medical university in Solna within the Stockholm urban area of Sweden.
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Konstantin Tretiakoff
Konstantin Nikolaevitch Tretiakoff (December 26, 1892 – 1958) was a Russian neuropathologist.
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L-DOPA
L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, as well as some animals and plants.
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Lee Silverman voice treatment
The Lee Silverman Voice Treatment – LOUD (LSVT LOUD) is a treatment for speech disorders associated with Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Lewy body
Lewy bodies are abnormal aggregates of protein that develop inside nerve cells, contributing to Parkinson's disease (PD), the Lewy body dementias (Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies), and some other disorders.
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Life expectancy
Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender.
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Limbic system
The limbic system is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the cerebrum.
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Lisuride
Lisuride, sold under the brand names Dopergin, Proclacam, and Revanil, is an antiparkinson agent of the iso-ergoline class, chemically related to the dopaminergic ergoline Parkinson's drugs.
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LRRK2
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), also known as dardarin (from the Basque word "dardara" which means trembling), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PARK8 gene.
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Lysosome
A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in nearly all animal cells.
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Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.
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Major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations.
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Maneb
Maneb is a fungicide and a polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand.
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Maria Grazia Spillantini
Maria Grazia Spillantini FMedSci FRS, is Professor of Molecular Neurology in the Department of Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Cambridge.
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Medical history
The medical history or case history of a patient is information gained by a physician by asking specific questions, either of the patient or of other people who know the person and can give suitable information, with the aim of obtaining information useful in formulating a diagnosis and providing medical care to the patient.
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Meditation
Meditation can be defined as a practice where an individual uses a technique, such as focusing their mind on a particular object, thought or activity, to achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm state.
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Mediterranean diet
The Mediterranean diet is a diet inspired by the eating habits of Greece, Southern Italy, and Spain in the 1940s and 1950s.
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Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata (or medulla) is located in the brainstem, anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum.
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Meta-analysis
A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.
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Michael J. Fox
Michael Andrew Fox (born June 9, 1961), known professionally as Michael J. Fox, is a Canadian-American actor, author, producer, and activist with a film and television career spanning from the 1970s.
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Michel Goedert
Michel Goedert FRS, FMedSci is a Luxembourgish-British neuroscientist and former Head of Neurobiology, at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology.
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Microelectrode
This article about application of microelectrodes in electrophysiology.
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Microglia
Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord.
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Midbrain
The midbrain or mesencephalon (from Greek mesos 'middle', and enkephalos 'brain') is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Modafinil
Modafinil, sold under the brand name Provigil among others, is a medication to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In OSA continuous positive airway pressure is the preferred treatment. While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer, evidence for any benefit is lacking. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include headache, anxiety, trouble sleeping, and nausea. Serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, abuse, or hallucinations. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe. The amount of medication used may need to be adjusted in those with kidney or liver problems. It is not recommended in those with an arrhythmia, significant hypertension, or left ventricular hypertrophy. How it works is not entirely clear. One possibility is that it may affect the areas of the brain involved with the sleep cycle. Modafinil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998. In the United States it is classified as a schedule IV controlled substance due to concerns about addiction. In the United Kingdom it is a prescription only medication. It is avaliable as a generic medication. In the United Kingdom it costs the NHS about £105.21 a month as of 2018. In the United States the wholesale cost per month is about 34.20 USD as of 2018.
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Model organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
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Modified-release dosage
Modified-release dosage is a mechanism that (in contrast to immediate-release dosage) delivers a drug with a delay after its administration (delayed-release dosage) or for a prolonged period of time (extended-release dosage) or to a specific target in the body (targeted-release dosage).
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Monoamine oxidase
L-Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines.
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Monoamine oxidase B
Monoamine oxidase B, also known as MAOB, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOB gene.
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B).
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Motor cortex
The motor cortex is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.
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Motor neuron disease
A motor neuron disease (MND) is any of several neurodegenerative disorders that selectively affect motor neurons, the cells that control voluntary muscles of the body.
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Motor planning
In psychology and neuroscience, motor planning is a set of processes related to the preparation of a movement that occurs during the reaction time (the time between the presentation of a stimulus to a person and that person's initiation of a motor response).
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Motor system
The motor system is the part of the central nervous system that is involved with movement.
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MPTP
MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is a prodrug to the neurotoxin MPP+, which causes permanent symptoms of Parkinson's disease by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain.
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Mucuna pruriens
Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume native to Africa and tropical Asia and widely naturalized and cultivated.
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Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer, activist, and philanthropist.
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Multiple system atrophy
Multiple system atrophy (MSA), also known as Shy–Drager syndrome, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, slow movement, muscle rigidity, and postural instability (collectively known as parkinsonism) due to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, and ataxia.
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Muscle tone
In physiology, medicine, and anatomy, muscle tone (residual muscle tension or tonus) is the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, or the muscle's resistance to passive stretch during resting state.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles.
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is a part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH).
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National Parkinson Foundation
The National Parkinson Foundation (NPF), founded in 1957, is a national organization whose mission is to make life better for people with Parkinson's through expert care and research.
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Nausea
Nausea or queasiness is an unpleasant sense of unease, discomfort, and revulsion towards food.
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Neocortex
The neocortex, also called the neopallium and isocortex, is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.
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Neoplasm
Neoplasia is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
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Neurodegeneration
Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons.
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Neurofibrillary tangle
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that are most commonly known as a primary marker of Alzheimer's disease.
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Neuroglia
Neuroglia, also called glial cells or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system.
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Neuroimaging
Neuroimaging or brain imaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function/pharmacology of the nervous system.
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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening reaction that occasionally occurs in response to neuroleptic or antipsychotic medication.
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Neurological examination
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired.
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Neurology
Neurology (from νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Neuroprotection
Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function.
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Neuropsychiatry
Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system.
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Neurostimulation
Neurostimulation is the purposeful modulation of the nervous system's activity using invasive (e.g. microelectrodes) or non-invasive means (e.g. transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial electric stimulation, tES, such as tDCS or transcranial alternating current stimulation, tACS).
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Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery, or neurological surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.
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Non-invasive ventilation
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is the use of airway support administered through a face (nasal) mask instead of an endotracheal tube.
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a drug class that reduce pain, decrease fever, prevent blood clots and, in higher doses, decrease inflammation.
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Nursing home care
Nursing homes are a type of residential care that provide around-the-clock nursing care for elderly people.
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Nutrient
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.
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Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder where people feel the need to check things repeatedly, perform certain routines repeatedly (called "rituals"), or have certain thoughts repeatedly (called "obsessions").
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Occupational therapy
Occupational therapy (OT) is the use of assessment and intervention to develop, recover, or maintain the meaningful activities, or occupations, of individuals, groups, or communities.
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Oleh Hornykiewicz
Oleh Hornykiewicz (born 17 November 1926) is an Austrian biochemist.
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Olfactory bulb
The olfactory bulb (bulbus olfactorius) is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell.
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Oligomer
An oligomer (oligo-, "a few" + -mer, "parts") is a molecular complex of chemicals that consists of a few monomer units, in contrast to a polymer, where the number of monomers is, in principle, infinite.
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Omigapil
Omigapil (TCH346 or CGP3466) is a drug that was developed by Novartis and tested in clinical trials for its ability to help treat Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Opiate
Opiate is a term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium.
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Orbitofrontal cortex
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making.
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Orthostatic hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, occurs when a person's blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up from a lying or sitting position.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
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Palliative care
Palliative care is a multidisciplinary approach to specialized medical and nursing care for people with life-limiting illnesses.
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Pallidotomy
Pallidotomy is a neurosurgical procedure whereby a tiny electrical probe is placed in the globus pallidus (one of the basal nuclei of the brain), which is then heated to for 60 seconds, to destroy a small area of brain cells.
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Panic disorder
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks.
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Papyrus
Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface.
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Paranoia
Paranoia is an instinct or thought process believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of delusion and irrationality.
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Paresthesia
Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation such as tingling, tickling, pricking, numbness or burning of a person's skin with no apparent physical cause.
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PARK7
Protein deglycase DJ-1, also known as Parkinson disease protein 7, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PARK7 gene.
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Parkin (ligase)
Parkin is a 465-residue E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a critical role in ubiquitination- the process whereby molecules are covalently labelled with ubiquitin (Ub) and directed towards degradation in proteasomes or lysosomes.
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Parkinson plus syndrome
Parkinson-plus syndromes, also known as disorders of multiple system degeneration, is a group of neurodegenerative diseases featuring the classical features of Parkinson's disease (tremor, rigidity, akinesia/bradykinesia, and postural instability) with additional features that distinguish them from simple idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Parkinson's disease dementia
Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) is dementia that is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Parkinson's Disease Foundation
The Parkinson’s Disease Foundation is a nonprofit organization that conducts research, education, and public advocacy related to Parkinson's disease.
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Parkinsonian gait
Parkinsonian gait (or festinating gait, from Latin festinare) is the type of gait exhibited by patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.
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Pars compacta
The pars compacta is a portion of the substantia nigra, located in the midbrain.
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Pathology
Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering" and -logia (-λογία), "study of") is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research, concerned mainly with the causal study of disease, whether caused by pathogens or non-infectious physiological disorder.
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Pergolide
Pergolide (trade names Permax, Prascend) is an ergoline-based dopamine receptor agonist used in some countries for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.
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Physical therapy
Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is one of the allied health professions that, by using mechanical force and movements (bio-mechanics or kinesiology), manual therapy, exercise therapy, and electrotherapy, remediates impairments and promotes mobility and function.
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Pig
A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae.
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PINK1
PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) is a mitochondrial serine/threonine-protein kinase encoded by the PINK1 gene.
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Piribedil
Piribedil (trade names Pronoran, Trivastal Retard, Trastal, Trivastan, Clarium and others) is an antiparkinsonian agent and piperazine derivative which acts as a D2 and D3 receptor agonist.
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Pontine tegmentum
The pontine tegmentum, or dorsal pons, is located within the brainstem, and is one of two parts of the pons, the other being the ventral pons or basilar part of the pons.
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Positron emission tomography
Positron-emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body as an aid to the diagnosis of disease.
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Pramipexole
Pramipexole (Mirapex, Mirapexin, Sifrol) is a dopamine agonist of the non-ergoline class indicated for treating Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS).
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Precursor (chemistry)
In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.
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Prevalence
Prevalence in epidemiology is the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seat-belt use).
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Primate
A primate is a mammal of the order Primates (Latin: "prime, first rank").
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Prodrome
In medicine, a prodrome is an early sign or symptom (or set of signs and symptoms), which often indicate the onset of a disease before more diagnostically specific signs and symptoms develop.
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Progressive supranuclear palsy
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP; or the Steele–Richardson–Olszewski syndrome, after the doctors who described it in 1963) is a degenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain.
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Proteasome
Proteasomes are protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein (nutrient)
Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body.
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Protein aggregation
Protein aggregation is a biological phenomenon in which mis-folded proteins aggregate (i.e., accumulate and clump together) either intra- or extracellularly.
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Punding
Punding is a term that was coined originally to describe complex prolonged, purposeless, and stereotyped behaviour in phenmetrazine and chronic amphetamine users, by Swedish forensic psychiatrist G. Rylander, in 1968.
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Pyramidal tracts
The pyramidal tracts include both the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract.
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Qigong
Qigong, qi gong, chi kung, or chi gung is a holistic system of coordinated body posture and movement, breathing, and meditation used in the belief that it promotes health, spirituality, and martial arts training.
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Quality of life
Quality of life (QOL) is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life.
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Quetiapine
Quetiapine, marketed as Seroquel among other names, is an atypical antipsychotic used for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.
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Rapid eye movement sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep, REMS) is a unique phase of sleep in mammals and birds, distinguishable by random/rapid movement of the eyes, accompanied with low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream vividly.
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Rasagiline
Rasagiline (Azilect, TVP-1012, N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan) is an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-B used as a monotherapy to treat symptoms in early Parkinson's disease or as an adjunct therapy in more advanced cases.
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Recall (memory)
Recall in memory refers to the mental process of retrieval of information from the past.
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Retina
The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
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Risk factor
In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.
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Rolf Hassler
Rolf Hassler (1914–1984) was a German pathologist who made important discoveries on the pathophisiology and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Ropinirole
Ropinirole (INN; trade names Requip, Repreve, Ronirol, Adartrel) is a dopamine agonist of the non-ergoline class of medications.
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Rotenone
Rotenone is an odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, piscicide, and pesticide.
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Rotigotine
Rotigotine (Neupro) is a dopamine agonist of the non-ergoline class of medications indicated for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS).
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Safinamide
Safinamide (INN; brand name Xadago) is a drug used as an add-on treatment for Parkinson's disease during "off" episodes; it has multiple modes of action, including the inhibition of monoamine oxidase B. See for updates.
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Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson
Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (December 6, 1878 – May 12, 1937) was an American-born British neurologist.
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Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Seborrhoeic dermatitis, also known as seborrhoea, is a long-term skin disorder.
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Selegiline
Selegiline, also known as L-deprenyl, is a substituted phenethylamine.
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Senile plaques
Senile plaques (also known as neuritic plaques) are extracellular deposits of amyloid beta in the grey matter of the brain.
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Serous fluid
In physiology, the term serous fluid or serosal fluid (originating from the Medieval Latin word serosus, from Latin serum) is any of various body fluids resembling serum, that are typically pale yellow and transparent and of a benign nature.
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Side effect
In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.
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Single-photon emission computed tomography
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, or less commonly, SPET) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays.
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Sleep disorder
A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal.
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Social anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by a significant amount of fear in one or more social situations, causing considerable distress and impaired ability to function in at least some parts of daily life.
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Somnolence
Somnolence (alternatively "sleepiness" or "drowsiness") is a state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (compare hypersomnia).
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Spasticity
Spasticity is a feature of altered skeletal muscle performance with a combination of paralysis, increased tendon reflex activity, and hypertonia.
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Speech-language pathology
Speech-language pathology is a field of expertise practiced by a clinician known as a speech-language pathologist (SLP), also sometimes referred to as a speech and language therapist or a speech therapist. SLP is considered a "related health profession" along with audiology, optometry, occupational therapy, clinical psychology, physical therapy, and others.
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Standardized mortality ratio
In epidemiology, the standardized mortality ratio or SMR, is a quantity, expressed as either a ratio or percentage quantifying the increase or decrease in mortality of a study cohort with respect to the general population.
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Stem cell
Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.
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Stem cell controversy
The stem cell controversy is the consideration of the ethics of research involving the development, use, and destruction of human embryos.
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Stereotypy
A stereotypy is a repetitive or ritualistic movement, posture, or utterance.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Substantia nigra
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.
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Subthalamic nucleus
The subthalamic nucleus is a small lens-shaped nucleus in the brain where it is, from a functional point of view, part of the basal ganglia system.
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Susceptibility weighted imaging
Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), originally called BOLD venographic imaging, is an MRI sequence that is exquisitely sensitive to venous blood, hemorrhage and iron storage.
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Synucleinopathy
Synucleinopathies (also called α-Synucleinopathies) are neurodegenerative diseases characterised by the abnormal accumulation of aggregates of alpha-synuclein protein in neurons, nerve fibres or glial cells.
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Tai chi
Tai chi (taiji), short for T'ai chi ch'üan, or Taijiquan (pinyin: tàijíquán; 太极拳), is an internal Chinese martial art practiced for both its defense training and its health benefits.
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Tau protein
Tau proteins (or τ proteins, after the Greek letter with that name) are proteins that stabilize microtubules.
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Tauopathy
Tauopathy belongs to a class of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the pathological aggregation of tau protein in neurofibrillary or gliofibrillary tangles in the human brain.
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Tea
Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub (bush) native to Asia.
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Thalamus
The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
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The Michael J. Fox Foundation
The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research is dedicated to finding a cure for Parkinson's disease (PD) through funded research and ensuring the development of improved therapies for those living with Parkinson's today.
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The Movement Disorder Society
The International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) is a professional society of clinicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals who are interested in movement disorders.
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Thickening agent
A thickening agent or thickener is a substance which can increase the viscosity of a liquid without substantially changing its other properties.
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Time (magazine)
Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.
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Tobacco smoking
Tobacco smoking is the practice of smoking tobacco and inhaling tobacco smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases).
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Tolcapone
Tolcapone (brand name Tasmar) is a drug used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Tracheotomy
Tracheotomy, or tracheostomy, is a surgical procedure which consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (windpipe).
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method in which a changing magnetic field is used to cause electric current to flow in a small region of the brain via electromagnetic induction.
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Transgene
A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.
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Tremor
A tremor is an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation involving oscillations or twitching movements of one or more body parts.
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Tulip
Tulips (Tulipa) form a genus of spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes (having bulbs as storage organs).
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Ubiquitin
Ubiquitin is a small (8.5 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e. it occurs ''ubiquitously''.
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Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale
The unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) is used to follow the longitudinal course of Parkinson's disease.
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United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.
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Uric acid
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.
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Urinary incontinence
Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine.
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Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
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Vicia faba
Vicia faba, also known as the broad bean, fava bean, faba bean, field bean, bell bean, or tic bean, is a species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae.
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Viral vector
Viral vectors are tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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Vitamin
A vitamin is an organic molecule (or related set of molecules) which is an essential micronutrient - that is, a substance which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism - but cannot synthesize it (either at all, or in sufficient quantities), and therefore it must be obtained through the diet.
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Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.
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Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of eight compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.
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VPS35
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS35 gene.
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Walking
Walking (also known as ambulation) is one of the main gaits of locomotion among legged animals.
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Wilhelm Heinrich Erb
Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (30 November 1840 – 29 October 1921) was a German neurologist.
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William Gowers (neurologist)
Sir William Richard Gowers (20 March 1845 – 4 May 1915) was a British neurologist, described by Macdonald Critchley in 1949 as "probably the greatest clinical neurologist of all time".
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Working memory
Working memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding information available for processing.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson's_disease
