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265 relations: Abscission, Acacia, Adaptation, Agriculture, Alkaloid, Allomone, Amino acid, Amygdalin, Anatomical terms of location, Anno Domini, Anti-predator adaptation, Antioxidant effect of polyphenols and natural phenols, Antiseptic, Aphrodisiac, Aposematism, Aromaticity, Aspirin, Atropine, Autumn leaf color, Azadirachta indica, Bacillus thuringiensis, Biological pest control, Biopesticide, Bioprospecting, Bird, Butterfly, Caffeine, Calcium carbonate, Calcium oxalate, Calotropis, Camphor, Canavanine, Cannabinoid, Capra (genus), Carbohydrate, Carbon, Caterpillar, Cell membrane, Cell wall, Cellular differentiation, Central nervous system, Charles Valentine Riley, Chemical ecology, Chemotherapy, Childbirth, Chili pepper, Chitin, Chitosan, Cholinergic, Chrysanthemum, ..., Cicuta, Cicutoxin, Cinchona, Citric acid cycle, Citronella oil, Citrus, Clay, Cocaine, Coevolution, Colchicine, Color, Companion planting, Coprolite, Crematogaster, Cretaceous, Cyanide, Cyanogen, Cytochrome c oxidase, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Daniel H. Janzen, Depressant, Derris, Digestive enzyme, Digitalis, Digitoxin, DNA repair, Druse (botany), Ecological succession, Ecology, Endocrine system, Endophyte, Enzyme, Enzyme inhibitor, Epidermis (botany), Ergoline, Essential oil, Evolution, Evolutionary pressure, Fatty acid, Fertilizer, Festuca arundinacea, Fever, Fish, Fitness (biology), Flavonoid, Flowering plant, Fluoroacetic acid, French wine, Frugivore, Fumigation, Fungus, Gall, Gastroenteritis, Gene, Generalist and specialist species, Genus, Glucosinolate, Glycoside, Grafting, Gummosis, Habitat, Handicap principle, Heliconius, Herbivore, Herbivore adaptations to plant defense, Holly, Hydrogen cyanide, Hydroxy group, Hyoscine, Impala, Inducible plant defenses against herbivory, Interspecies communication, Irritation, Isoprene, Japanese beetle, Jesuit's bark, Journal of the Chemical Society, Kairomone, Kudu, Latex, Laticifer, Leaf miner, Lectin, Legume, Lepidoptera, Lignin, Limiting factor, Limonene, List of beneficial weeds, List of companion plants, List of pest-repelling plants, Macaranga, Malaria, Mammal, Mandibulata, Mandragora (genus), Mandragora officinarum, Medication, Medicinal plants, Menthol, Mesozoic, Mimicry, Mimosa pudica, Moa, Morphine, Motion sickness, Mutualism (biology), Nectar, Neotropical realm, Nerve, Nicotine, Nitrogen, Nucleic acid, Nutrient, Oecologia, Opium, Ordovician, Organic farming, Organic horticulture, Osmosis, Oviparity, Paclitaxel, Passiflora, Pathogen, Pelargonium, Peptide, Pesticide, Pharmacology, Phosphodiester bond, Photosynthesis, Phylloxera, Phytoalexin, Phytolith, Pinene, Plant, Plant breeding, Plant disease resistance, Plant perception (physiology), Plant tolerance to herbivory, Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense, Poaceae, Poison, Pollination, Polyphenol, Polyyne, Predation, Proanthocyanidin, Proximate cause, Pulvinus, Pyrethrin, Qualitative property, Quantity, Quinine, Raphide, Rapid plant movement, Recombinant DNA, Red blood cell, Reproduction, Resin, Restoration ecology, Rhododendron, Rhynie chert, Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, Rutgers University, Sand, Saponin, Sargassum, Sea urchin, Secondary metabolite, Seed dormancy, Seed predation, Semiochemical, Silibinin, Silicon, Silicon dioxide, Socioeconomics, Sodium-iodide symporter, Soil, Speciation, Steroid, Sterol, Strychnine, Sue Hartley, Sustainable agriculture, Sustainable gardening, Sustainable landscaping, Sweet pea, Tannin, Taxus brevifolia, Terpene, Terpenoid, Terrestrial plant, The enemy of my enemy is my friend, Thigmonasty, Toxicology, Toxin, Transgene, Trichome, Tritrophic interactions in plant defense, Trophic level, Trypsin, Turbinaria, Turgor pressure, Vacuole, Vegetation, Vertebrate, Vincent Dethier, Vine, Vitamin D, Vitis labrusca, Volatile organic compound, Volatility (chemistry), Wildlife garden, Willow. Expand index (215 more) »
Abscission
Abscission (from Latin ab, "away", and scindere, "to cut'") is the shedding of various parts of an organism, such as a plant dropping a leaf, fruit, flower, or seed.
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Acacia
Acacia, commonly known as the wattles or acacias, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae.
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Adaptation
In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.
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Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.
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Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
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Allomone
An allomone is any chemical substance produced and released by an individual of one species that affects the behaviour of a member of another species to the benefit of the originator but not the receiver.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Amygdalin
Amygdalin (from Ancient Greek: ἀμυγδαλή amygdálē "almond") is a naturally occurring chemical compound, famous for falsely being promoted as a cancer cure.
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Anatomical terms of location
Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.
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Anno Domini
The terms anno Domini (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
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Anti-predator adaptation
Anti-predator adaptations are mechanisms developed through evolution that assist prey organisms in their constant struggle against predators.
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Antioxidant effect of polyphenols and natural phenols
A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of antioxidant containing a polyphenolic substructure and studied in vitro.
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Antiseptic
Antiseptics (from Greek ἀντί anti, "against" and σηπτικός sēptikos, "putrefactive") are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.
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Aphrodisiac
An aphrodisiac or love drug is a substance that increases libido when consumed.
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Aposematism
Aposematism (from Greek ἀπό apo away, σῆμα sema sign) is a term coined by Edward Bagnall PoultonPoulton, 1890.
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Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is used to describe a cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) molecule with a ring of resonance bonds that exhibits more stability than other geometric or connective arrangements with the same set of atoms.
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Aspirin
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.
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Atropine
Atropine is a medication to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate and to decrease saliva production during surgery.
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Autumn leaf color
Autumn leaf color is a phenomenon that affects the normally green leaves of many deciduous trees and shrubs by which they take on, during a few weeks in the autumn season, various shades of red, yellow, purple, black, orange, pink, magenta, blue and brown.
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Azadirachta indica
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, nimtree or Indian lilac, is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae.
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Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide.
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Biological pest control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms.
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Biopesticide
Biopesticides, a contraction of 'biological pesticides', include several types of pest management intervention: through predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships.
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Bioprospecting
Bioprospecting is the process of discovery and commercialization of new products based on biological resources.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Butterfly
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths.
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Caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.
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Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3.
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Calcium oxalate
Calcium oxalate (in archaic terminology, oxalate of lime) is a calcium salt of oxalate with the chemical formula CaC2O4(H2O)x, where x can vary.
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Calotropis
Calotropis is a genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810.
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Camphor
Camphor is a waxy, flammable, white or transparent solid with a strong aroma.
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Canavanine
L-(+)-(S)-Canavanine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in certain leguminous plants.
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Cannabinoid
A cannabinoid is one of a class of diverse chemical compounds that acts on cannabinoid receptors in cells that alter neurotransmitter release in the brain.
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Capra (genus)
Capra is a genus of mammals, the goats, composed of up to nine species, including the wild goat, the markhor, and several species known as ibex.
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Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where m may be different from n).
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Caterpillar
Caterpillars are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths).
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Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
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Cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Charles Valentine Riley
Charles Valentine Riley (18 September 1843 – 14 September 1895) was a British-born American entomologist and artist.
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Chemical ecology
Chemical ecology examines the role of chemical interactions between living organisms and their environment, as the consequences of those interactions on the ethology and evolution of the organisms involved.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
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Childbirth
Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of a pregnancy by one or more babies leaving a woman's uterus by vaginal passage or C-section.
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Chili pepper
The chili pepper (also chile pepper, chilli pepper, or simply chilli) from Nahuatl chīlli) is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. They are widely used in many cuisines to add spiciness to dishes. The substances that give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin and related compounds known as capsaicinoids. Chili peppers originated in Mexico. After the Columbian Exchange, many cultivars of chili pepper spread across the world, used for both food and traditional medicine. Worldwide in 2014, 32.3 million tonnes of green chili peppers and 3.8 million tonnes of dried chili peppers were produced. China is the world's largest producer of green chillies, providing half of the global total.
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Chitin
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n, a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, is a derivative of glucose.
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Chitosan
Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1→4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and ''N''-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit).
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Cholinergic
In general, the word choline refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the ''N'',''N'',''N''-trimethylethanolammonium cation.
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Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemums, sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae.
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Cicuta
Cicuta, commonly known as water hemlock, is a small genus of four species of highly poisonous plants in the family Apiaceae.
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Cicutoxin
Cicutoxin is a poisonous polyyne and alcohol found in various plants, such as the highly toxic water hemlock (Cicuta species).
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Cinchona
Cinchona is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs.
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Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Citronella oil
Citronella oil Citronella oil is an essential oil obtained from the leaves and stems of different species of Cymbopogon (lemongrass).
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Citrus
Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae.
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Clay
Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3, MgO etc.) and organic matter.
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Cocaine
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug.
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Coevolution
In biology, coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.
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Colchicine
Colchicine is a medication most commonly used to treat gout.
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Color
Color (American English) or colour (Commonwealth English) is the characteristic of human visual perception described through color categories, with names such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or purple.
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Companion planting
Companion planting in gardening and agriculture is the planting of different crops in proximity for any of a number of different reasons, including pest control, pollination, providing habitat for beneficial creatures, maximizing use of space, and to otherwise increase crop productivity.
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Coprolite
A coprolite is fossilized feces.
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Crematogaster
Crematogaster is an ecologically diverse genus of ants found worldwide, which are characterised by a distinctive heart-shaped gaster (abdomen), which gives them one of their common names, the Saint Valentine ant.
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Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period mya.
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Cyanide
A cyanide is a chemical compound that contains the group C≡N.
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Cyanogen
Cyanogen is the chemical compound with the formula (CN)2.
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Cytochrome c oxidase
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV, is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and in eukaryotes in their mitochondria.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Cytoskeleton
A cytoskeleton is present in all cells of all domains of life (archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes).
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Daniel H. Janzen
Daniel Hunt Janzen (born January 18, 1939 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.) is an evolutionary ecologist, biologist, conservationist.
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Depressant
A depressant, or central depressant, is a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain.
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Derris
Derris is genus of leguminous plants found in Southeast Asia and the southwest Pacific islands, including New Guinea.
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Digestive enzyme
Digestive enzymes are a group of enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption by the body.
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Digitalis
Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennials, shrubs, and biennials commonly called foxgloves.
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Digitoxin
Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside.
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DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
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Druse (botany)
A druse is a group of crystals of calcium oxalate, silicates, or carbonates present in plants, and are thought to be a defense against herbivory due to their toxicity.
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Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.
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Ecology
Ecology (from οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.
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Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system consisting of hormones, the group of glands of an organism that carry those hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs, and the feedback loops of homeostasis that the hormones drive.
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Endophyte
An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Enzyme inhibitor
4QI9) An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.
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Epidermis (botany)
The word'epidermis' is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants.
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Ergoline
Ergoline derivatives comprise a diverse group of chemical compounds whose structural skeleton is the alkaloid ergoline.
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Essential oil
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (defined as "the tendency of a substance to vaporize") aroma compounds from plants.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Evolutionary pressure
Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a portion of a population potentially exerts evolutionary pressure, selective pressure or selection pressure.
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Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
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Fertilizer
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
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Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea (syn., Schedonorus arundinaceus and Lolium arundinaceum) is a species of grass commonly known as tall fescue.
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Fever
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.
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Fish
Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.
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Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is the quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection within evolutionary biology.
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Flavonoid
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids) (from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites.
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Flowering plant
The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known species.
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Fluoroacetic acid
Fluoroacetic acid is a chemical compound with formula CH2FCOOH.
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French wine
French wine is produced all throughout France, in quantities between 50 and 60 million hectolitres per year, or 7–8 billion bottles.
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Frugivore
A frugivore is a fruit eater.
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Fumigation
Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides—or fumigants—to suffocate or poison the pests within.
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Fungus
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
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Gall
Galls or cecidia are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants or animals.
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Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea, is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract -- the stomach and small intestine.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Generalist and specialist species
A generalist species is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources (for example, a heterotroph with a varied diet).
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Genus
A genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology.
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Glucosinolate
The glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish.
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Glycoside
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond.
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Grafting
Grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together.
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Gummosis
Gummosis is the formation of patches of a gummy substance on the surface of certain plants, particularly fruit trees.
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Habitat
In ecology, a habitat is the type of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives.
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Handicap principle
The handicap principle is a hypothesis originally proposed in 1975 by Israeli biologist Amotz Zahavi to explain how evolution may lead to "honest" or reliable signaling between animals which have an obvious motivation to bluff or deceive each other.
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Heliconius
Heliconius comprises a colorful and widespread genus of brush-footed butterflies commonly known as the longwings or heliconians.
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Herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet.
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Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
Herbivores are dependent on plants for food, and have coevolved mechanisms to obtain this food despite the evolution of a diverse arsenal of plant defenses against herbivory.
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Holly
Ilex, or holly, is a genus of 400 to 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family.
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Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sometimes called prussic acid, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula HCN.
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Hydroxy group
A hydroxy or hydroxyl group is the entity with the formula OH.
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Hyoscine
Hyoscine, also known as scopolamine, is a medication used to treat motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting.
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Impala
The impala; (Aepyceros melampus) is a medium-sized antelope found in eastern and southern Africa.
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Inducible plant defenses against herbivory
Plants and herbivores have co-evolved together for 350 million years.
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Interspecies communication
Interspecies communication is communication between different species of animals, plants, or microorganisms.
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Irritation
Irritation, in biology and physiology, is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell-lining damage.
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Isoprene
Isoprene, or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, is a common organic compound with the formula CH2.
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Japanese beetle
The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) is a common species of beetle.
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Jesuit's bark
Jesuit's Bark, also known as cinchona bark, as Peruvian Bark, and as China Bark, is a former name of the most celebrated specific remedy for all forms of malaria.
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Journal of the Chemical Society
The Journal of the Chemical Society was a scientific journal established by the Chemical Society in 1849 as the Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society.
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Kairomone
A kairomone (a coinage using the Greek καιρός opportune moment, paralleling pheromone "kairomone, n.". OED Online. September 2012. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/241005?redirectedFrom.
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Kudu
The kudus are two species of antelope of the genus Tragelaphus.
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Latex
Latex is a stable dispersion (emulsion) of polymer microparticles in an aqueous medium.
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Laticifer
A laticifer is a type of elongated secretory cell found in the leaves and/or stems of plants that produce latex and rubber as secondary metabolites.
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Leaf miner
A leaf miner is the larva of an insect that lives in and eats the leaf tissue of plants.
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Lectin
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins, macromolecules that are highly specific for sugar moieties of other molecules.
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Legume
A legume is a plant or its fruit or seed in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae).
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Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans).
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Lignin
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form important structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are cross-linked phenolic polymers.
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Limiting factor
A limiting factor is a variable of a system that, if subject to a small change, causes a non-negligible change in an output or other measure of the system.
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Limonene
Limonene is a clear, colorless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene, and is the major component in the oil of citrus fruit peels.
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List of beneficial weeds
This is a list of undomesticated or feral plants, generally considered weeds, yet having some positive effects or uses, often being ideal as companion plants in gardens.
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List of companion plants
This is a list of companion plants.
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List of pest-repelling plants
This list of pest-repelling plants includes plants believed for their ability to repel insects, nematodes, and other pests.
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Macaranga
Macaranga is a large genus of Old World tropical trees of the family Euphorbiaceae and the only genus in the subtribe Macaranginae.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Mandibulata
Mandibulata, termed "mandibulates", is a clade of arthropods that comprises the extant subphyla Myriapoda (millipedes and others), Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects and others).
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Mandragora (genus)
Mandragora is a plant genus belonging to the nightshade family (Solanaceae).
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Mandragora officinarum
Mandragora officinarum is the type species of the plant genus Mandragora.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Medicinal plants
Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times.
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Menthol
Menthol is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from corn mint, peppermint, or other mint oils.
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Mesozoic
The Mesozoic Era is an interval of geological time from about.
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Mimicry
In evolutionary biology, mimicry is a similarity of one organism, usually an animal, to another that has evolved because the resemblance is selectively favoured by the behaviour of a shared signal receiver that can respond to both.
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Mimosa pudica
Mimosa pudica (from pudica "shy, bashful or shrinking"; also called sensitive plant, sleepy plant, action plant, Dormilones, touch-me-not, shameplant, or shy plant) is a creeping annual or perennial flowering plant of the pea/legume family Fabaceae and Magnoliopsida taxon, often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken, defending themselves from harm, and re-open a few minutes later.
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Moa
The moa were nine species (in six genera) of flightless birds endemic to New Zealand.
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Morphine
Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate variety which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals.
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Motion sickness
Motion sickness is a condition in which a disagreement exists between visually perceived movement and the vestibular system's sense of movement.
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Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism or interspecific cooperation is the way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other.
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Nectar
Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists, which in turn provide antiherbivore protection.
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Neotropical realm
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface.
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Nerve
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (nerve fibers, the long and slender projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system.
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Nicotine
Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic stimulant and an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.
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Nutrient
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.
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Oecologia
Oecologia is an international peer-reviewed English-language journal published by Springer since 1968 (some articles were published in German or French until 1976).
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Opium
Opium (poppy tears, with the scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy (scientific name: Papaver somniferum).
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Ordovician
The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era.
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Organic farming
Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices.
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Organic horticulture
Organic horticulture is the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants by following the essential principles of organic agriculture in soil building and conservation, pest management, and heirloom variety preservation.
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Osmosis
Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
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Oviparity
Oviparous animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother.
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Paclitaxel
Paclitaxel (PTX), sold under the brand name Taxol among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of types of cancer.
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Passiflora
Passiflora, known also as the passion flowers or passion vines, is a genus of about 550 species of flowering plants, the type genus of the family Passifloraceae.
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Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.
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Pelargonium
Pelargonium is a genus of flowering plants which includes about 200 species of perennials, succulents, and shrubs, commonly known as geraniums (in the United States also storksbills).
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Peptide
Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.
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Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.
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Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species).
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Phosphodiester bond
A phosphodiester bond occurs when exactly two of the hydroxyl groups in phosphoric acid react with hydroxyl groups on other molecules to form two ester bonds.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Phylloxera
Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch 1855); family Phylloxeridae, within the order Hemiptera, bugs); originally described in France as Phylloxera vastatrix; equated to the previously described Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, Phylloxera vitifoliae; commonly just called phylloxera (from φύλλον, leaf, and ξηρός, dry) is a pest of commercial grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America.
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Phytoalexin
Phytoalexins are antimicrobial and often antioxidative substances synthesized de novo by plants that accumulate rapidly at areas of pathogen infection.
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Phytolith
Phytoliths (from Greek, "plant stone") are rigid, microscopic structures made of silica, found in some plant tissues and persisting after the decay of the plant.
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Pinene
Pinene (C10H16) is a bicyclic monoterpene chemical compound.
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Plant
Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
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Plant breeding
Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.
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Plant disease resistance
Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways: by pre-formed structures and chemicals, and by infection-induced responses of the immune system.
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Plant perception (physiology)
Plant perception is the ability of plants to sense and respond to the environment to adjust their morphology, physiology, and phenotype accordingly.
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Plant tolerance to herbivory
Tolerance is the ability of plants to mitigate the negative fitness effects caused by herbivory.
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Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense occurs when endophytic fungi, which live symbiotically with the majority of plants by entering their cells, are utilized as an indirect defense against herbivores.
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Poaceae
Poaceae or Gramineae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants known as grasses, commonly referred to collectively as grass.
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Poison
In biology, poisons are substances that cause disturbances in organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when an organism absorbs a sufficient quantity.
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Pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male part of a plant to a female part of a plant, enabling later fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind.
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Polyphenol
Polyphenols (also known as polyhydroxyphenols) are a structural class of mainly natural, but also synthetic or semisynthetic, organic chemicals characterized by the presence of large multiples of phenol structural units.
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Polyyne
In chemistry, a polyyne is any organic compound with alternating single and triple bonds; that is, a series of consecutive alkynes, with n greater than 1.
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Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a hunting animal) kills and eats its prey (the organism that is attacked).
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Proanthocyanidin
Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols found in a variety of plants.
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Proximate cause
In the law, a proximate cause is an event sufficiently related to an injury that the courts deem the event to be the cause of that injury.
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Pulvinus
A pulvinus (pl. pulvini) is a joint-like thickening at the base of a plant leaf or leaflet that facilitates growth-independent (nyctinastic and thigmonastic) movement.
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Pyrethrin
The pyrethrins are a class of organic compounds normally derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium that have potent insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems of insects.
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Qualitative property
Qualitative properties are properties that are observed and can generally not be measured with a numerical result.
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Quantity
Quantity is a property that can exist as a multitude or magnitude.
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Quinine
Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis.
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Raphide
Raphides are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate as the monohydrate or calcium carbonate as aragonite, found in more than 200 families of plants.
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Rapid plant movement
Rapid plant movement encompasses movement in plant structures occurring over a very short period, usually under one second.
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Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
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Red blood cell
Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
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Reproduction
Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parents".
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Resin
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a "solid or highly viscous substance" of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers.
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Restoration ecology
Restoration ecology is the scientific study supporting the practice of ecological restoration, which is the practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention and action.
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Rhododendron
Rhododendron (from Ancient Greek ῥόδον rhódon "rose" and δένδρον déndron "tree") is a genus of 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae), either evergreen or deciduous, and found mainly in Asia, although it is also widespread throughout the highlands of the Appalachian Mountains of North America.
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Rhynie chert
The Rhynie chert is an Early Devonian sedimentary deposit exhibiting extraordinary fossil detail or completeness (a Lagerstätte).
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Royal Institution Christmas Lectures
The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures are a series of lectures on a single topic each, which have been held at the Royal Institution in London each year since 1825, missing 1939–42 because of the Second World War.
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Rutgers University
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, commonly referred to as Rutgers University, Rutgers, or RU, is an American public research university and is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey.
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Sand
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
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Saponin
Saponins are a class of chemical compounds found in particular abundance in various plant species.
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Sargassum
Sargassum is a genus of brown (class Phaeophyceae) macroalgae (seaweed) in the order Fucales.
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Sea urchin
Sea urchins or urchins are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea.
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Secondary metabolite
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism.
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Seed dormancy
A dormant seed is one that is unable to germinate in a specified period of time under a combination of environmental factors that are normally suitable for the germination of the non-dormant seed.
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Seed predation
Seed predation, often referred to as granivory, is a type of plant-animal interaction in which granivores (seed predators) feed on the seeds of plants as a main or exclusive food source,Hulme, P.E. and Benkman, C.W. (2002) "Granivory", pp.
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Semiochemical
A semiochemical, from the Greek σημεῖον (semeion) meaning "signal", is a chemical substance or mixture that carries a message for purpose of communication.
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Silibinin
Silibinin (INN), also known as silybin (both from Silybum, the generic name of the plant from which it is extracted), is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin, isosilibinin, silicristin, silidianin, and others.
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Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.
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Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
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Socioeconomics
Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes.
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Sodium-iodide symporter
A sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), also known as a sodium/iodide cotransporter or solute carrier family 5, member 5 (SLC5A5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC5A5 gene.
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Soil
Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.
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Speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.
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Steroid
A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration.
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Sterol
Sterols, also known as steroid alcohols, are a subgroup of the steroids and an important class of organic molecules.
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Strychnine
Strychnine (also or) is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents.
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Sue Hartley
Sue Hartley is a British ecologist and director of the (YESI), at the University of York.
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Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment.
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Sustainable gardening
Sustainable gardening includes the more specific sustainable landscapes, sustainable landscape design, sustainable landscaping, sustainable landscape architecture, resulting in sustainable sites.
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Sustainable landscaping
Sustainable landscaping encompasses a variety of practices that have developed in response to environmental issues.
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Sweet pea
The sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) is a flowering plant in the genus Lathyrus in the family Fabaceae (legumes), native to Sicily, Cyprus, southern Italy and the Aegean Islands.
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Tannin
Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
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Taxus brevifolia
Taxus brevifolia, the Pacific yew or western yew, is a conifer native to the Pacific Northwest of North America.
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Terpene
Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants, particularly conifers, and by some insects.
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Terpenoid
The terpenoids, sometimes called isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from terpenes.
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Terrestrial plant
A terrestrial plant is a plant that grows on or in or from land.
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The enemy of my enemy is my friend
The enemy of my enemy is my friend is an ancient proverb which suggests that two opposing parties can or should work together against a common enemy.
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Thigmonasty
Thigmonasty or seismonasty is the nastic response of a plant or fungus to touch or vibration.
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Toxicology
Toxicology is a discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.
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Toxin
A toxin (from toxikon) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are thus excluded.
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Transgene
A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.
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Trichome
Trichomes, from the Greek τρίχωμα (trichōma) meaning "hair", are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists.
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Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
Tritrophic interactions as they relate to plant defense against herbivory describe the ecological impacts of three trophic levels on each other: the plant, the herbivore, and its natural enemies, predators of the herbivore.
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Trophic level
The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food chain.
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Trypsin
Trypsin is a serine protease from the PA clan superfamily, found in the digestive system of many vertebrates, where it hydrolyzes proteins.
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Turbinaria
Turbinaria is a genus of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) found primarily in tropical marine waters.
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Turgor pressure
Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.
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Vacuole
A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells.
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Vegetation
Vegetation is an assemblage of plant species and the ground cover they provide.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).
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Vincent Dethier
Vincent Gaston Dethier (20 February 1915 – 8 September 1993) was an American physiologist and entomologist.
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Vine
A vine (Latin vīnea "grapevine", "vineyard", from vīnum "wine") is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas or runners.
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and multiple other biological effects.
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Vitis labrusca
Vitis labrusca, the fox grape, is a species of grapevines belonging to the Vitis genus in the flowering plant family Vitaceae.
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Volatile organic compound
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary room temperature.
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Volatility (chemistry)
In chemistry and physics, volatility is quantified by the tendency of a substance to vaporize.
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Wildlife garden
A wildlife garden (or wild garden) is an environment created by a gardener that serves as a sustainable haven for surrounding wildlife.
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Willow
Willows, also called sallows, and osiers, form the genus Salix, around 400 speciesMabberley, D.J. 1997.
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Redirects here:
Antiherbivory, Carbon Nutrient Balance Model, Chemical defence in plants, Chemical defense in plants, Defence against herbivores, Feeding deterrent, Herbivore-induced plant volatile, Host plant resistance, Host-plant resistance, Plant Defense Against Herbivory, Plant apparency hypothesis, Plant apparency theory, Plant defence against herbivores, Plant defence against herbivory, Plant defences, Plant defences against herbivores, Plant defense against herbivores, Plant defenses, Plant defenses against herbivory, Protectant, Protectants.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory
