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187 relations: Action Programme (1968), Alexander Dubček, Alexei Kosygin, Anarchism, Antonín J. Liehm, Antonín Novotný, Arab Spring, Arik Einstein, Army of the Czech Republic, Álvaro Cunhal, Čierna nad Tisou, Beijing Spring, Berlin Wall, Bohemia, Bourgeoisie, Bratislava, Bratislava Declaration, Brezhnev Doctrine, Bucharest, Cambridge University Press, Celtis, Censorship, Central newspapers of the Soviet Union, Civilian-based defense, Cold War, Cold War (1985–1991), Colin Ward, Columbia University Press, Comecon, Communism, Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Communist Party of Finland, Communist Party of Greece, Communist Party of Luxembourg, Communist Party of Slovakia (1939), Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Constantine Menges, Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation, Cornell University Press, Cosy Dens, Counter-revolutionary, Croatian Spring, Czech Social Democratic Party, Czech Socialist Republic, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Czechoslovak Television, Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations, Czechs, De-Stalinization, ..., Decentralization, Democratization, Dissident, Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, Dresden, East Germany, Eastern Bloc, Eurocommunism, Eurovision Song Contest, Federalism, Federation, Filip Renč, Final good, František Kriegel, Fraternization, Freedom of movement, Freedom of religion, Freedom of speech, Freedom of the press, French Communist Party, Glasnost, Government structure of Communist Czechoslovakia, Gustáv Husák, Heavy industry, Heda Margolius Kovály, History of Czechoslovakia (1948–89), Human rights, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Hungary, Ice hockey, Italian Communist Party, Ivan Klíma, Jan Hřebejk, Jan Palach, Jan Procházka (writer), Jaromír Jágr, Jaroslav Seifert, János Kádár, John Waters (columnist), Josef Smrkovský, Joseph Stalin, Karel Husa, Karel Kryl, Klement Gottwald, Lament, Leonid Brezhnev, Liberal democracy, Liberalization, List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia, Luboš Fišer, Ludvík Svoboda, Ludvík Vaculík, Market economy, Marxism–Leninism, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikhail Suslov, Milan Kundera, Military, Mixed economy, Moravian-Silesian Region, Moscow, Moscow Protocol, Music for Prague 1968, Mutual aid (organization theory), Nicolae Ceaușescu, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Podgorny, Nonviolent resistance, Normalization (Czechoslovakia), Oldřich Černík, Ota Šik, Party conference, Pavel Kohout, People's Republic of Bulgaria, Perestroika, Planned economy, Polish People's Republic, Political prisoner, Portuguese Communist Party, Prague, President of Finland, Proletarian internationalism, Radio Prague, Rebelové, Red Army, Reformism, Refugee, Republic, Revolutions of 1989, Right of asylum, Rights, Rock 'n' Roll (play), Routledge, Rudé právo, Satellite state, Secret police, Secretary (title), Self-immolation, Shalom Hanoch, Shirley Temple, Slánský trial, Slovak Socialist Republic, Slovakia, Slovaks, Social Democratic Party of Slovakia, Social imperialism, Soviet Union, Spring Revolutions, The First Post, The Liberators (Suvorov), The New York Times, The Two Thousand Words, The Unbearable Lightness of Being, The Unbearable Lightness of Being (film), The Washington Post, They Can't Stop the Spring, Tom Stoppard, Toronto, United Nations Security Council, Urho Kekkonen, Vasiľ Biľak, Václav Havel, Václav Havel Airport Prague, Velvet Revolution, Viktor Suvorov, Warsaw Pact, Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Władysław Gomułka, Wenceslas Square, World War II, Yakov Malik, Yugoslavia, 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état, 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia, 1968 Red Square demonstration, 68 Publishers. Expand index (137 more) »
Action Programme (1968)
The Action Programme is a political plan, devised by Alexander Dubček and his associates in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), that was published on April 5, 1968.
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Alexander Dubček
Alexander Dubček (27 November 1921 – 7 November 1992) was a Slovak politician who served as the First secretary of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) (de facto leader of Czechoslovakia) from January 1968 to April 1969.
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Alexei Kosygin
Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin (p; – 18 December 1980) was a Soviet-Russian statesman during the Cold War.
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Anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions.
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Antonín J. Liehm
Antonín Jaroslav Liehm (born March 2, 1924 in Prague) is a Czech-born writer, publisher, translator, and scholar residing in Paris.
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Antonín Novotný
Antonín Josef Novotný (10 December 1904 – 28 January 1975) was General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1953 to 1968, and also held the post of President of Czechoslovakia from 1957 to 1968.
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Arab Spring
The Arab Spring (الربيع العربي ar-Rabīʻ al-ʻArabī), also referred to as Arab Revolutions (الثورات العربية aṯ-'awrāt al-ʻarabiyyah), was a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations, protests, riots, coups, foreign interventions, and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East that began on 18 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution.
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Arik Einstein
Arieh Lieb "Arik" Einstein (אָרִיק אַייְנְשְׁטֵייְן,; 3 January 1939 – 26 November 2013) was an Israeli singer, songwriter, actor, and screenwriter.
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Army of the Czech Republic
The Army of the Czech Republic (Armáda České republiky, AČR), also known as the Czech Army or Czech Armed Forces, is the military service responsible for the defence of the Czech Republic in compliance with international obligations and treaties on collective defence.
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Álvaro Cunhal
Álvaro Barreirinhas Cunhal (10 November 1913 – 13 June 2005) was a Portuguese communist revolutionary and politician.
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Čierna nad Tisou
Čierna nad Tisou (Tiszacsernyő) is a town and municipality in the Trebišov District in the Košice Region of extreme south-eastern Slovakia, near the Tisa (Tisza) river.
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Beijing Spring
The Beijing Spring refers to a brief period of political liberalization in the People's Republic of China (PRC) which occurred in 1978 and 1979.
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Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.
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Bohemia
Bohemia (Čechy;; Czechy; Bohême; Bohemia; Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic.
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Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.
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Bratislava
Bratislava (Preßburg or Pressburg, Pozsony) is the capital of Slovakia.
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Bratislava Declaration
The Bratislava Declaration was the result of the conference held on 3 August 1968 for the representatives of the Communist parties and Worker's parties of Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, the USSR, and Czechoslovakia.
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Brezhnev Doctrine
The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy, first and most clearly outlined by Sergei Kovalev in a September 26, 1968 Pravda article entitled Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries.
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Bucharest
Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.
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Celtis
Celtis, commonly known as hackberries or nettle trees, is a genus of about 60–70 species of deciduous trees widespread in warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, in southern Europe, southern and eastern Asia, and southern and central North America, south to central Africa, and northern and central South America.
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Censorship
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient" as determined by government authorities.
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Central newspapers of the Soviet Union
The following publications were known as central newspapers in the Soviet Union.
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Civilian-based defense
Civilian-based defense, according to Professor Gene Sharp, a scholar of non-violent struggle, is a “policy the whole population and the society’s institutions become the fighting forces.
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Cold War
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).
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Cold War (1985–1991)
The Cold War period of 1985–1991 began with the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev as leader of the Soviet Union.
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Colin Ward
Colin Ward (14 August 1924 – 11 February 2010) was a British anarchist writer.
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Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
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Comecon
The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, or CAME) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of communist states elsewhere in the world.
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Communism
In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.
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Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak: Komunistická strana Československa, KSČ) was a Communist and Marxist–Leninist political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between 1921 and 1992.
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Communist Party of Finland
The Communist Party of Finland (Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue; Finlands Kommunistiska Parti; abbreviated SKP) was a communist political party in Finland.
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Communist Party of Greece
The Communist Party of Greece (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας; Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas, KKE) is a Marxist–Leninist political party in Greece.
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Communist Party of Luxembourg
The Communist Party of Luxembourg (Kommunistesch Partei vu Lëtzebuerg, Parti Communiste Luxembourgeois, Kommunistische Partei Luxemburgs), abbreviated to KPL or PCL, is a communist party in Luxembourg.
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Communist Party of Slovakia (1939)
The Communist Party of Slovakia (Komunistická strana Slovenska, KSS) was a communist party in Slovakia.
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Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.
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Constantine Menges
Constantine Menges (September 1, 1939 – July 11, 2004) was an American scholar, author, professor, and Latin American specialist for the White House's US National Security Council and CIA.
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Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation
The Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation (Ústavní zákon o československé federaci, Ústavný zákon o česko-slovenskej federácii) was a constitutional law in Czechoslovakia adopted on 27 October 1968 and in force from 1969 to 1992, by which the unitary Czechoslovak state was turned into a federation.
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Cornell University Press
The Cornell University Press is a division of Cornell University housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.
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Cosy Dens
Cosy Dens (Pelíšky) is a 1999 Czech film directed by Jan Hřebejk.
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Counter-revolutionary
A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part.
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Croatian Spring
The Croatian Spring (Hrvatsko proljeće, also called masovni pokret or MASPOK, for "mass movement") was a cultural and political movement that emerged from the League of Communists of Croatia in the late 1960s which opposed the unitarisation and called for economic, cultural and political reforms in SFR Yugoslavia and therefore more rights for SR Croatia within Yugoslavia.
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Czech Social Democratic Party
The Czech Social Democratic Party (Česká strana sociálně demokratická, ČSSD) is a social-democratic political party in the Czech Republic.
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Czech Socialist Republic
The Czech Socialist Republic (Česká socialistická republika in Czech; abbreviated ČSR) was was from 1969 to 1990 the official name of Czechia.
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Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czech/Slovak: Československá socialistická republika, ČSSR) ruled Czechoslovakia from 1948 until 23 April 1990, when the country was under Communist rule.
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Czechoslovak Television
Czechoslovak Television (ČST) was founded on 1 May 1953 in Czechoslovakia.
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Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia, or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko), was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the:Czech Republic and:Slovakia on 1 January 1993.
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Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations refers to the foreign relations between the former states of Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union.
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Czechs
The Czechs (Češi,; singular masculine: Čech, singular feminine: Češka) or the Czech people (Český národ), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe, who share a common ancestry, culture, history and Czech language.
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De-Stalinization
De-Stalinization (Russian: десталинизация, destalinizatsiya) consisted of a series of political reforms in the Soviet Union after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953, and the ascension of Nikita Khrushchev to power.
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Decentralization
Decentralization is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group.
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Democratization
Democratization (or democratisation) is the transition to a more democratic political regime.
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Dissident
A dissident, broadly defined, is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine, policy, or institution.
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Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
The Dissolution of Czechoslovakia (Rozdělení Československa, Rozdelenie Česko-Slovenska), which took effect on 1 January 1993, was an event that saw the self-determined split of the federal state of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, entities that had arisen before as the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic in 1969 within the framework of Czechoslovak federalisation.
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Dresden
Dresden (Upper and Lower Sorbian: Drježdźany, Drážďany, Drezno) is the capital city and, after Leipzig, the second-largest city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany.
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East Germany
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.
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Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.
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Eurocommunism
Eurocommunism (adherents sometimes referred to as Gramscians) was a revisionist trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties.
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Eurovision Song Contest
The Eurovision Song Contest (Concours Eurovision de la chanson), often simply called Eurovision, is an international song competition held primarily among the member countries of the European Broadcasting Union.
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Federalism
Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system.
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Federation
A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central (federal) government.
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Filip Renč
Filip Renč (born 17 August 1965) is a Czech director, screenwriter and actor.
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Final good
In economics, any commodity which is produced and subsequently consumed by the consumer, to satisfy his current wants or needs, is a consumer good or final good.
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František Kriegel
František Kriegel (10 April 1908 — 3 December 1979) was a Czechoslovak politician, physician, and a member of the Communist Party reform wing of Prague Spring (1968).
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Fraternization
Fraternization (from Latin frater, brother) is "turning people into brothers" by conducting social relations with people who are actually unrelated and/or of a different class (especially those with whom one works) as if they were siblings, family members, personal friends, or lovers.
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Freedom of movement
Freedom of movement, mobility rights, or the right to travel is a human rights concept encompassing the right of individuals to travel from place to place within the territory of a country,Jérémiee Gilbert, Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights (2014), p. 73: "Freedom of movement within a country encompasses both the right to travel freely within the territory of the State and the right to relocate oneself and to choose one's place of residence".
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Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance without government influence or intervention.
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Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.
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Freedom of the press
Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely.
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French Communist Party
The French Communist Party (Parti communiste français, PCF) is a communist party in France.
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Glasnost
In the Russian language the word glasnost (гла́сность) has several general and specific meanings.
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Government structure of Communist Czechoslovakia
The government of Czechoslovakia under communism was in theory a democratic one directed by the proletariat.
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Gustáv Husák
Gustáv Husák (10 January 1913 – 18 November 1991) was a Slovak politician, president of Czechoslovakia and a long-term Secretary General of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1969–1987).
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Heavy industry
Heavy industry is industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products; large and heavy equipment and facilities (such as heavy equipment, large machine tools, and huge buildings); or complex or numerous processes.
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Heda Margolius Kovály
Heda Margolius Kovály (15 September 1919 – 5 December 2010 Grimes, William (9 December 2010).. The New York Times.) was a Czech writer and translator.
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History of Czechoslovakia (1948–89)
From the Communist coup d'état in February 1948 to the Velvet Revolution in 1989, Czechoslovakia was ruled by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Czech: Komunistická strana Československa, KSČ).
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Human rights
Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.
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Hungarian People's Republic
The Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Népköztársaság) was a one-party socialist republic (communist state) from 20 August 1949 to 23 October 1989.
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Hungarian Revolution of 1956
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, or Hungarian Uprising of 1956 (1956-os forradalom or 1956-os felkelés), was a nationwide revolt against the Marxist-Leninist government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956.
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Hungary
Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.
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Ice hockey
Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score points.
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Italian Communist Party
The Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) was a communist political party in Italy.
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Ivan Klíma
Ivan Klíma (born 14 September 1931 in Prague, as Ivan Kauders) is a Czech novelist and playwright.
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Jan Hřebejk
Jan Hřebejk (born 27 June 1967) is a Czech film director.
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Jan Palach
Jan Palach (11 August 1948 – 19 January 1969) was a Czech student of history and political economy at Charles University in Prague.
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Jan Procházka (writer)
Jan Procházka (4 February 1929 – 20 February 1971) was a Czechoslovak writer, screenwriter and producer.
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Jaromír Jágr
Jaromír Jágr (born 15 February 1972) is a Czech professional ice hockey right winger who is currently playing for HC Kladno in the 1st Czech Republic Hockey League.
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Jaroslav Seifert
Jaroslav Seifert (23 September 1901 – 10 January 1986) was a Nobel Prize–winning Czechoslovak writer, poet and journalist.
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János Kádár
János Kádár (26 May 1912 – 6 July 1989) was a Hungarian communist leader and the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, presiding over the country from 1956 until his retirement in 1988.
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John Waters (columnist)
John Waters (born 28 May 1955) is an Irish former journalist whose career began in 1981 with the Irish political-music magazine Hot Press.
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Josef Smrkovský
Josef Smrkovský (26 February 1911 – 15 January 1974) was a Czechoslovak politician and a member of the Communist Party reform wing during the 1968 Prague Spring.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.
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Karel Husa
Karel Husa (August 7, 1921 – December 14, 2016) was a Czech-born classical composer and conductor, winner of the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Music and 1993 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition.
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Karel Kryl
Karel Kryl (April 12, 1944 Kroměříž – March 3, 1994 Munich) was an iconic Czechoslovak (Moravian born and Czech speaking) poet, singer-songwriter and performer of many hit protest songs in which he identified and attacked the hypocrisy, stupidity and inhumanity of the Communist and later also the post-communist regimes in his home country.
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Klement Gottwald
Klement Gottwald (23 November 1896 – 14 March 1953) was a Czechoslovak Communist politician, who was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1929 until 1945 and party chairman until his death in 1953.
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Lament
A lament or lamentation is a passionate expression of grief, often in music, poetry, or song form.
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Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (a; Леоні́д Іллі́ч Бре́жнєв, 19 December 1906 (O.S. 6 December) – 10 November 1982) was a Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982 as the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country until his death and funeral in 1982.
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Liberal democracy
Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism.
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Liberalization
Liberalization (or liberalisation) is a general term for any process whereby a state lifts restrictions on some private individual activities.
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List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia
The President of Czechoslovakia was the head of state of Czechoslovakia, from the creation of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 until the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic in 1992.
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Luboš Fišer
Luboš Fišer (30 September 1935 – 22 June 1999) was a Czech composer, born in Prague.
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Ludvík Svoboda
Ludvík Svoboda (25 November 1895 – 20 September 1979) was a Czechoslovak general and politician.
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Ludvík Vaculík
Ludvík Vaculík (23 July 1926 – 6 June 2015) was a Czech writer and journalist.
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Market economy
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.
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Marxism–Leninism
In political science, Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, of the Communist International and of Stalinist political parties.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, GCL (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and former Soviet politician.
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Mikhail Suslov
Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov (Михаи́л Андре́евич Су́слов; 25 January 1982) was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War.
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Milan Kundera
Milan Kundera (born 1 April 1929) is a Czech-born French writer who went into exile in France in 1975, and became a naturalised French citizen in 1981.
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Military
A military or armed force is a professional organization formally authorized by a sovereign state to use lethal or deadly force and weapons to support the interests of the state.
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Mixed economy
A mixed economy is variously defined as an economic system blending elements of market economies with elements of planned economies, free markets with state interventionism, or private enterprise with public enterprise.
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Moravian-Silesian Region
The Moravian-Silesian Region (Moravskoslezský kraj; Kraj morawsko-śląski; Moravsko-sliezsky kraj), is one of the 14 administrative Regions of the Czech Republic.
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Moscow
Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.
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Moscow Protocol
Moscow Protocol (Moskevský protokol and Moskovský protokol, officially Protocol of the negotiations of the ČSSR and USSR delegations) was a document signed by Czechoslovak political leaders in Moscow, after the Prague Spring.
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Music for Prague 1968
Music for Prague 1968 is a programmatic work written by Czech-born composer Karel Husa for symphonic band and later transcribed for full orchestra, written shortly after the Soviet Union crushed the Prague Spring reform movement in Czechoslovakia in 1968.
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Mutual aid (organization theory)
In organization theory, mutual aid is a voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit.
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Nicolae Ceaușescu
Nicolae Ceaușescu (26 January 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian Communist politician.
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Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (15 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) was a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964.
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Nikolai Podgorny
Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny (p, Микола Вікторович Підгорний; – 12 January 1983) was a Soviet Ukrainian statesman during the Cold War.
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Nonviolent resistance
Nonviolent resistance (NVR or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent.
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Normalization (Czechoslovakia)
In the history of Czechoslovakia, normalization (normalizace, normalizácia) is a name commonly given to the period following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 and up to the glasnost era of liberalization that began in the Soviet Union and its neighboring nations in 1987.
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Oldřich Černík
Oldřich Černík (October 27, 1921 – October 19, 1994) was a Czechoslovak Communist political figure.
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Ota Šik
Ota Šik (11 September 1919 – 22 August 2004) was a Czech economist and politician.
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Party conference
The terms party conference (UK English), political convention (US English), and party congress usually refer to a general meeting of a political party.
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Pavel Kohout
Pavel Kohout (born 20 July 1928) is a Czech and Austrian novelist, playwright, and poet.
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People's Republic of Bulgaria
The People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB; Народна република България (НРБ) Narodna republika Bǎlgariya (NRB)) was the official name of Bulgaria when it was a socialist republic.
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Perestroika
Perestroika (a) was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s until 1991 and is widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform.
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Planned economy
A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment and the allocation of capital goods take place according to economy-wide economic and production plans.
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Polish People's Republic
The Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) covers the history of contemporary Poland between 1952 and 1990 under the Soviet-backed socialist government established after the Red Army's release of its territory from German occupation in World War II.
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Political prisoner
A political prisoner is someone imprisoned because they have opposed or criticized the government responsible for their imprisonment.
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Portuguese Communist Party
The Portuguese Communist Party (Partido Comunista Português,, PCP) is a major political party in Portugal.
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Prague
Prague (Praha, Prag) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 14th largest city in the European Union and also the historical capital of Bohemia.
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President of Finland
The President of the Republic of Finland (Suomen tasavallan presidentti, Republiken Finlands president) is the head of state of Finland.
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Proletarian internationalism
Proletarian internationalism, sometimes referred to as international socialism, is the perception of all communist revolutions as being part of a single global class struggle rather than separate localized events.
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Radio Prague
Radio Prague (Český rozhlas 7 - Radio Praha) is the official international broadcasting station of the Czech Republic.
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Rebelové
Rebelové (international title: Rebels) is a 2001 Czech musical film.
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Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
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Reformism
Reformism is a political doctrine advocating the reform of an existing system or institution instead of its abolition and replacement.
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Refugee
A refugee, generally speaking, is a displaced person who has been forced to cross national boundaries and who cannot return home safely (for more detail see legal definition).
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Republic
A republic (res publica) is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter", not the private concern or property of the rulers.
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Revolutions of 1989
The Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond.
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Right of asylum
The right of asylum (sometimes called right of political asylum, from the Ancient Greek word ἄσυλον) is an ancient juridical concept, under which a person persecuted by his own country may be protected by another sovereign authority, such as another country or church official, who in medieval times could offer sanctuary.
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Rights
Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.
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Rock 'n' Roll (play)
Rock 'n' Roll is a play by British playwright Tom Stoppard that premiered at the Royal Court Theatre, London, in 2006.
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Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
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Rudé právo
Rudé právo (Czech for Red Justice or The Red Truth) was the official newspaper of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
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Satellite state
The term satellite state designates a country that is formally independent in the world, but under heavy political, economic and military influence or control from another country.
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Secret police
The term secret police (or political police)Ilan Berman & J. Michael Waller, "Introduction: The Centrality of the Secret Police" in Dismantling Tyranny: Transitioning Beyond Totalitarian Regimes (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. xv.
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Secretary (title)
Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization.
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Self-immolation
Self-immolation is an act of killing oneself as a sacrifice.
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Shalom Hanoch
Shalom Hanoch (Hebrew: שלום חנוך) (born September 1, 1946) is an Israeli rock singer, lyricist and composer.
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Shirley Temple
Shirley Temple BlackWhile Temple occasionally used "Jane" as a middle name, her birth certificate reads "Shirley Temple".
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Slánský trial
The Slánský trial (officially Proces s protistátním spikleneckým centrem Rudolfa Slánského meaning "Trial of anti-state conspiracy centered around Rudolf Slánský") was a show trial against elements of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) who were thought to have adopted the line of the maverick Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito.
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Slovak Socialist Republic
The Slovak Socialist Republic (Slovenská socialistická republika; abbreviated SSR) was from 1969 to 1990 the official name of Slovakia.
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Slovakia
Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
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Slovaks
The Slovaks or Slovak people (Slováci, singular Slovák, feminine Slovenka, plural Slovenky) are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak the Slovak language.
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Social Democratic Party of Slovakia
The Social Democratic Party of Slovakia (Sociálnodemokratická strana Slovenska, SDSS) was a centre-left political party in Slovakia.
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Social imperialism
Social imperialism (also called imperial socialism and socio-imperialism) can mean either of two types of left-wing phrases.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Spring Revolutions
Spring Revolutions or Spring protests may refer to one of the following.
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The First Post
The First Post was a British daily online news magazine based in London.
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The Liberators (Suvorov)
The Liberators by Viktor Suvorov (original Russian title: Освободитель) is a partly autobiographical description of life in the Soviet Army during the 1960s and 1970s.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The Two Thousand Words
"The Two Thousand Words" (full title: Two Thousand Words that Belong to Workers, Farmers, Officials, Scientists, Artists, and Everybody) is a manifesto written by Czech reformist writer Ludvík Vaculík.
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The Unbearable Lightness of Being
The Unbearable Lightness of Being (Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí) is a 1984 novel by Milan Kundera, about two women, two men, a dog and their lives in the 1968 Prague Spring period of Czechoslovak history.
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The Unbearable Lightness of Being (film)
The Unbearable Lightness of Being is a 1988 American film adaptation of the novel of the same name by Milan Kundera, published in 1984.
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The Washington Post
The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.
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They Can't Stop the Spring
"They Can't Stop the Spring" is a song by Irish band Dervish.
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Tom Stoppard
Sir Tom Stoppard (born Tomáš Straussler; 3 July 1937) is a Czech-born British playwright and screenwriter.
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Toronto
Toronto is the capital city of the province of Ontario and the largest city in Canada by population, with 2,731,571 residents in 2016.
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United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter.
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Urho Kekkonen
Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (3 September 1900 – 31 August 1986) was a Finnish politician who served as the eighth and longest-serving President of Finland (1956–82).
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Vasiľ Biľak
RSDr.
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Václav Havel
Václav Havel (5 October 193618 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, writer and former dissident, who served as the last President of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992 and then as the first President of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003.
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Václav Havel Airport Prague
Václav Havel Airport Prague (Letiště Václava Havla Praha), formerly Prague Ruzyně International Airport (Mezinárodní letiště Praha-Ruzyně),, is the international airport of Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.
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Velvet Revolution
The Velvet Revolution (sametová revoluce) or Gentle Revolution (nežná revolúcia) was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, occurring from 17 November to 29 December 1989.
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Viktor Suvorov
Vladimir Bogdanovich Rezun, Влади́мир Богда́нович Резу́н, born April 20, 1947, in Barabash, Primorsky Krai, and known as Viktor Suvorov (Ви́ктор Суво́ров), is a Russian writer and a former Soviet military intelligence officer who defected to the United Kingdom.
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Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War.
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Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, officially known as Operation Danube, was a joint invasion of Czechoslovakia by five Warsaw Pact nations – the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland – on the night of 20–21 August 1968.
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Władysław Gomułka
Władysław Gomułka (6 February 1905 – 1 September 1982) was a Polish communist politician.
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Wenceslas Square
Wenceslas Square (Czech:, colloquially Václavák) is one of the main city squares and the centre of the business and cultural communities in the New Town of Prague, Czech Republic.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Yakov Malik
Yakov Alexandrovich Malik (Яков Александрович Малик) (11 February 1980) was a Soviet diplomat.
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Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija/Југославија; Jugoslavija; Југославија; Pannonian Rusyn: Югославия, transcr. Juhoslavija)Jugosllavia; Jugoszlávia; Juhoslávia; Iugoslavia; Jugoslávie; Iugoslavia; Yugoslavya; Югославия, transcr. Jugoslavija.
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1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
The 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état (often simply the Czech coup) (Únor 1948, Február 1948, both meaning "February 1948") – in Marxist historiography known as "Victorious February" (Vítězný únor, Víťazný február) – was an event late that February in which the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, with Soviet backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia, marking the onset of four decades of communist rule in the country.
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1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia
The Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Ústava Československé socialistické / Československej socialistickej republiky in Czech / Slovak), promulgated on 11 July 1960 as the constitutional law 100/1960 Sb., was the third constitution of Czechoslovakia, and the second of the Communist era.
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1968 Red Square demonstration
The 1968 Red Square demonstration (Демонстра́ция 25 а́вгуста 1968 го́да) took place on 25 August 1968 at Red Square, Moscow, Soviet Union, to protest the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, that occurred during the night of 20–21 August 1968, crushing the Prague spring, a set of de-centralization reforms promoted by Alexander Dubček.
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68 Publishers
68 Publishers, also called Sixty-Eight Publishers, Sixtyeight Publishers, or even Nakladatelství 68 ('nakladatelství' is Czech for 'publisher'), was a publishing house formed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1971 by Czech expatriate Josef Škvorecký and his wife Zdena Salivarová.
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Redirects here:
Czech Spring, Czechoslovakia War, Czechoslovakia-USSR war, Praga Spring, Prague Spring reforms, Prague spring, Praha Spring, Prazska jar, Prazske jaro, Pražské jaro, Spring of Prague, Spring of prague, The Prague Spring.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Spring
