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211 relations: Accuracy and precision, Acid–base homeostasis, Adduct, Agarose gel electrophoresis, Allergen, Americans, Ammonia, Ammonium persulfate, Ammonium sulfate, Amyloid, Amyloid beta, Amyloid precursor protein, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Analyte, Anode, Aqueous solution, Base (chemistry), Bio-Rad Laboratories, Biochemistry, Bioinorganic chemistry, Biological process, Biological system, Biologist, Biology, Biomarker, Biomolecule, Biopharmaceutical, Blood, Bovine serum albumin, Brain, Buffer solution, Cadmium, Cancer, Catalysis, Cathode, CCS (gene), Cell (biology), Ceruloplasmin, Chaotropic agent, Chaperone (protein), Chemical element, Chemical reaction, Chemical species, Chemical stability, Chromium, Cofactor (biochemistry), Compression (physics), Concentration, Conductivity (electrolytic), Conformational change, ..., Copper, Copper in health, Covalent bond, Cross-link, Curcumin, Cystic fibrosis, Cytochrome c, Cytoplasm, Denaturation (biochemistry), Dissipation, DNA, Efficacy, Electric charge, Electric field, Electrochemistry, Electrophoresis, Elution, Engineering, Enzyme, Exothermic reaction, Experiment, Fenton's reagent, Ferritin, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Fraction (chemistry), Fractionation, Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, Gel electrophoresis, Gel electrophoresis of proteins, Globular protein, Gravity, Health, Helicobacter pylori, High-throughput screening, History of electrophoresis, Hofmeister series, Homeostasis, Homogeneity (physics), Human body, Human genetics, Hydrogen bond, Hydrogen chloride, Hydrolysis, Hydron (chemistry), Hydrophile, Hydroxide, Hydroxyl radical, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Inflammation, Information, Interaction, Internal energy, Ion, Ionization, Iron, Isoelectric focusing, Isoelectric point, Isotachophoresis, Joule heating, Kosmotropic, Lead compound, Life, Liquid biopsy, Lithium (medication), Lithium chloride, Manganese, Mass spectrometry, Matrix metalloproteinase, Münster, Mechanism of action, Medicinal plants, Medicine, Meta-analysis, Metallome, Metalloprotein, Metallothionein, Mixture, Molecular mass, Molecule, Molybdenum, Monomer, N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide, Native state, Neurodegeneration, Neuron, Neutralization (chemistry), Nickel, Nobel Prize, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins, Oligonucleotide, Organ (anatomy), Organism, Orotic acid, Ovalbumin, Palladium, Parts-per notation, Patent, Patient, Peptide, PH, Pharming (genetics), Physical chemistry, Physiology, Phytochelatin, Plasma (physics), Platinum, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Polyacrylic acid, Polymer, Porosity, Power (physics), Prion, Protein, Protein aggregation, Protein biosynthesis, Protein folding, Protein isoform, Protein precipitation, Protein purification, Protein structure, Protein–protein interaction, Proteomics, Radical (chemistry), Redox, RNA, Room temperature, Salt, Sample (material), San Francisco, Scientific technique, Scientist, Scrapie, Separation process, Sequence analysis, Serum (blood), Side effect, SOD1, Sodium azide, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Solution, Stanley B. Prusiner, Structure, Superoxide dismutase, Technical standard, Tetramethylethylenediamine, Three-dimensional space, Tissue (biology), Tobacco mosaic virus, Toxicity, Tris, Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, Unified atomic mass unit, University of California, San Francisco, Valence (chemistry), Van der Waals force, Viscosity, Water, X-ray fluorescence, Zinc, Zwitterion. Expand index (161 more) »
Accuracy and precision
Precision is a description of random errors, a measure of statistical variability.
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Acid–base homeostasis
Acid–base homeostasis is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body's extracellular fluid (ECF).
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Adduct
An adduct (from the Latin adductus, "drawn toward" alternatively, a contraction of "addition product") is a product of a direct addition of two or more distinct molecules, resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all components.
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Agarose gel electrophoresis
Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method of gel electrophoresis used in biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and clinical chemistry to separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as DNA or proteins in a matrix of agarose, one of the two main components of agar.
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Allergen
An allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body.
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Americans
Americans are citizens of the United States of America.
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8.
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Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium sulfate (American English and international scientific usage; ammonium sulphate in British English); (NH4)2SO4, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses.
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Amyloid
Amyloids are aggregates of proteins that become folded into a shape that allows many copies of that protein to stick together forming fibrils.
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Amyloid beta
Amyloid beta (Aβ or Abeta) denotes peptides of 36–43 amino acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer patients.
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Amyloid precursor protein
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND), and Lou Gehrig's disease, is a specific disease which causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles.
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Analyte
An analyte, component (in clinical chemistry), or chemical species is a substance or chemical constituent that is of interest in an analytical procedure.
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Anode
An anode is an electrode through which the conventional current enters into a polarized electrical device.
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Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water.
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Base (chemistry)
In chemistry, bases are substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change the color of indicators (e.g., turn red litmus paper blue), react with acids to form salts, promote certain chemical reactions (base catalysis), accept protons from any proton donor, and/or contain completely or partially displaceable OH− ions.
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Bio-Rad Laboratories
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
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Biochemistry
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
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Bioinorganic chemistry
Bioinorganic chemistry is a field that examines the role of metals in biology.
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Biological process
Biological processes are the processes vital for a living organism to live.
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Biological system
A biological system is a complex network of biologically relevant entities.
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Biologist
A biologist, is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology, the scientific study of life.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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Biomarker
A biomarker, or biological marker, generally refers to a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition.
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Biomolecule
A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules and ions that are present in organisms, essential to some typically biological process such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development.
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Biopharmaceutical
A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biologic(al) medical product, biological, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources.
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Blood
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
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Bovine serum albumin
Bovine serum albumin (also known as BSA or "Fraction V") is a serum albumin protein derived from cows.
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Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
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Buffer solution
A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa.
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Cadmium
Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.
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Cathode
A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device.
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CCS (gene)
Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase is a metalloprotein that is responsible for the delivery of Cu to superoxide dismutase (SOD1).
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Ceruloplasmin
Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.
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Chaotropic agent
A chaotropic agent is a molecule in water solution that can disrupt the hydrogen bonding network between water molecules (i.e. exerts chaotropic activity).
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Chaperone (protein)
In molecular biology, molecular chaperones are proteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures.
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Chemical element
A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).
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Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.
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Chemical species
A chemical species is a chemical substance or ensemble composed of chemically identical molecular entities that can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a characteristic or delineated time scale.
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Chemical stability
Chemical stability when used in the technical sense in chemistry, means thermodynamic stability of a chemical system.
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Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24.
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Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.
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Compression (physics)
In mechanics, compression is the application of balanced inward ("pushing") forces to different points on a material or structure, that is, forces with no net sum or torque directed so as to reduce its size in one or more directions.
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Concentration
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
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Conductivity (electrolytic)
Conductivity (or specific conductance) of an electrolyte solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity.
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Conformational change
In biochemistry, a conformational change is a change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors.
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Copper
Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.
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Copper in health
Copper is an essential trace element that is vital to the health of all living things (humans, plants, animals, and microorganisms).
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Covalent bond
A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
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Cross-link
A cross-link is a bond that links one polymer chain to another.
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Curcumin
Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by some plants.
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Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine.
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Cytochrome c
The cytochrome complex, or cyt c is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Denaturation (biochemistry)
Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat.
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Dissipation
Dissipation is the result of an irreversible process that takes place in homogeneous thermodynamic systems.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Efficacy
Efficacy is the ability to get a job done satisfactorily.
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Electric charge
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
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Electric field
An electric field is a vector field surrounding an electric charge that exerts force on other charges, attracting or repelling them.
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Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry that studies the relationship between electricity, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with either electricity considered an outcome of a particular chemical change or vice versa.
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Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis (from the Greek "Ηλεκτροφόρηση" meaning "to bear electrons") is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field.
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Elution
In analytical and organic chemistry, elution is the process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent; as in washing of loaded ion-exchange resins to remove captured ions.
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Engineering
Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction, operation and maintenance of structures, machines, materials, devices, systems, processes, and organizations.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Exothermic reaction
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat.
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Experiment
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
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Fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide with ferrous iron as a catalyst that is used to oxidize contaminants or waste waters.
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Ferritin
Ferritin is a universal intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion.
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Forschungszentrum Jülich
Forschungszentrum Jülich ("Jülich Research Centre") is a member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres and is one of the largest interdisciplinary research centres in Europe.
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Fraction (chemistry)
A fraction in chemistry is a quantity collected from a sample or batch of a substance in a fractionating separation process.
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Fractionation
Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (gas, solid, liquid, enzymes, suspension, or isotope) is divided during a phase transition, into a number of smaller quantities (fractions) in which the composition varies according to a gradient.
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Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, often just aldolase, is an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction that splits the aldol, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, into the triose phosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
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Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
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Gel electrophoresis of proteins
Protein electrophoresis is a method for analysing the proteins in a fluid or an extract.
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Globular protein
Globular proteins or spheroproteins are spherical ("globe-like") proteins and are one of the common protein types (the others being fibrous, disordered and membrane proteins).
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Gravity
Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another.
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Health
Health is the ability of a biological system to acquire, convert, allocate, distribute, and utilize energy with maximum efficiency.
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Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium usually found in the stomach.
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High-throughput screening
High-throughput screening (HTS) is a method for scientific experimentation especially used in drug discovery and relevant to the fields of biology and chemistry.
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History of electrophoresis
The history of electrophoresis begins in earnest with the work of Arne Tiselius in the 1931, and new separation processes and chemical analysis techniques based on electrophoresis continue to be developed into the 21st century.
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Hofmeister series
The Hofmeister series or lyotropic series is a classification of ions in order of their ability to salt out or salt in proteins.
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.
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Homogeneity (physics)
In physics, a homogeneous material or system has the same properties at every point; it is uniform without irregularities.
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Human body
The human body is the entire structure of a human being.
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Human genetics
Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings.
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Hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is a partially electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen (H) which is bound to a more electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), and another adjacent atom bearing a lone pair of electrons.
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Hydrogen chloride
The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula and as such is a hydrogen halide.
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.
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Hydron (chemistry)
In chemistry, a hydron is the general name for a cationic form of atomic hydrogen, represented with the symbol.
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Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
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Hydroxide
Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−.
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Hydroxyl radical
The hydroxyl radical, •OH, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OH−).
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Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry which is capable of detecting metals and several non-metals at concentrations as low as one part in 1015 (part per quadrillion, ppq) on non-interfered low-background isotopes.
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Information
Information is any entity or form that provides the answer to a question of some kind or resolves uncertainty.
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Interaction
Interaction is a kind of action that occur as two or more objects have an effect upon one another.
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Internal energy
In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is the energy contained within the system, excluding the kinetic energy of motion of the system as a whole and the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Ionization
Ionization or ionisation, is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Isoelectric focusing
Isoelectric focusing (IEF), also known as electrofocusing, is a technique for separating different molecules by differences in their isoelectric point (pI).
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Isoelectric point
The isoelectric point (pI, pH(I), IEP), is the pH at which a particular molecule carries no net electrical charge or is electrically neutral in the statistical mean.
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Isotachophoresis
Professor David Quayartey- Introduction to Medical Biophysics.
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Joule heating
Joule heating, also known as Ohmic heating and resistive heating, is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat.
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Kosmotropic
Co-solvents (in water solvent) are defined as kosmotropic (order-making) if they contribute to the stability and structure of water-water interactions.
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Lead compound
A lead compound (i.e. a "leading" compound, not to be confused with various compounds of the metallic element lead) in drug discovery is a chemical compound that has pharmacological or biological activity likely to be therapeutically useful, but may nevertheless have suboptimal structure that requires modification to fit better to the target; lead drugs offer the prospect of being followed by back-up compounds.
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Life
Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that do have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate.
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Liquid biopsy
A liquid biopsy, also known as fluid biopsy or fluid phase biopsy, is the sampling and analysis of non-solid biological tissue, primarily blood.
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Lithium (medication)
Lithium compounds, also known as lithium salts, are primarily used as a psychiatric medication.
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Lithium chloride
Lithium chloride is a chemical compound with the formula LiCl.
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Manganese
Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25.
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Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.
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Matrix metalloproteinase
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also known as matrixins, are calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases; other family members are adamalysins, serralysins, and astacins.
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Münster
Münster (Low German: Mönster; Latin: Monasterium, from the Greek μοναστήριον monastērion, "monastery") is an independent city (Kreisfreie Stadt) in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Mechanism of action
In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect.
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Medicinal plants
Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times.
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Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
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Meta-analysis
A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.
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Metallome
In biochemistry, the metallome distribution of free metal ions in every one of cellular compartments.
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Metalloprotein
Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor.
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Metallothionein
Metallothionein (MT) is a family of cysteine-rich, low molecular weight (MW ranging from 500 to 14000 Da) proteins.
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Mixture
In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are mixed.
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Molecular mass
Relative Molecular mass or molecular weight is the mass of a molecule.
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Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42.
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Monomer
A monomer (mono-, "one" + -mer, "part") is a molecule that "can undergo polymerization thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule".
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N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide
N,N-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBAm or MBAA) is a cross-linking agent used during the formation of polymers such as polyacrylamide.
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Native state
In biochemistry, the native state of a protein or nucleic acid is its properly folded and/or assembled form, which is operative and functional.
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Neurodegeneration
Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Neutralization (chemistry)
In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see spelling differences), is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react quantitatively with each other.
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Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize (Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) is a set of six annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes.
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Oligonucleotide
Oligonucleotides are short DNA or RNA molecules, oligomers, that have a wide range of applications in genetic testing, research, and forensics.
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Organ (anatomy)
Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.
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Organism
In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.
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Orotic acid
Orotic acid is a heterocyclic compound and an acid; it is also known as pyrimidinecarboxylic acid.
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Ovalbumin
Ovalbumin (abbreviated OVA) is the main protein found in egg white, making up approximately 55% of the total protein.
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Palladium
Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46.
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Parts-per notation
In science and engineering, the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities, e.g. mole fraction or mass fraction.
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Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.
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Patient
A patient is any recipient of health care services.
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Peptide
Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Pharming (genetics)
Pharming, a portmanteau of "farming" and "pharmaceutical", refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO).
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Physical chemistry
Physical Chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.
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Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.
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Phytochelatin
Phytochelatins are oligomers of glutathione, produced by the enzyme phytochelatin synthase.
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Plasma (physics)
Plasma (Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek English Lexicon, on Perseus) is one of the four fundamental states of matter, and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s.
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Platinum
Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78.
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Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a technique widely used in biochemistry, forensic chemistry, genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology to separate biological macromolecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, according to their electrophoretic mobility.
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Polyacrylic acid
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA; trade name Carbomer) is a synthetic high-molecular weight polymers of acrylic acid.
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Polymer
A polymer (Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "part") is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.
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Porosity
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%.
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Power (physics)
In physics, power is the rate of doing work, the amount of energy transferred per unit time.
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Prion
Prions are misfolded proteins that are associated with several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein aggregation
Protein aggregation is a biological phenomenon in which mis-folded proteins aggregate (i.e., accumulate and clump together) either intra- or extracellularly.
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Protein biosynthesis
Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export.
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Protein folding
Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner.
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Protein isoform
A protein isoform, or "protein variant" is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences.
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Protein precipitation
Protein precipitation is widely used in downstream processing of biological products in order to concentrate proteins and purify them from various contaminants.
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Protein purification
Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms.
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Protein structure
Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule.
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Protein–protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are the physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by electrostatic forces including the hydrophobic effect.
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Proteomics
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins.
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Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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Room temperature
Colloquially, room temperature is the range of air temperatures that most people prefer for indoor settings, which feel comfortable when wearing typical indoor clothing.
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Salt
Salt, table salt or common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite.
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Sample (material)
In general, a sample is a limited quantity of something which is intended to be similar to and represent a larger amount of that thing(s).
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San Francisco
San Francisco (initials SF;, Spanish for 'Saint Francis'), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California.
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Scientific technique
A scientific technique is any systematic way of obtaining information about a scientific nature or to obtain a desired material or product.
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Scientist
A scientist is a person engaging in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge that describes and predicts the natural world.
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Scrapie
Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease that affects the nervous systems of sheep and goats.
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Separation process
A separation process is a method that converts a mixture or solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures.
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Sequence analysis
In bioinformatics, sequence analysis is the process of subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to any of a wide range of analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution.
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Serum (blood)
In blood, the serum is the component that is neither a blood cell (serum does not contain white or red blood cells) nor a clotting factor; it is the blood plasma not including the fibrinogens.
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Side effect
In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.
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SOD1
Superoxide dismutase also known as superoxide dismutase 1 or SOD1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD1 gene, located on chromosome 21.
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Sodium azide
Sodium azide is the inorganic compound with the formula NaN3.
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Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), synonymously sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), or sodium laurilsulfate, is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11SO4 Na.
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Solution
In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
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Stanley B. Prusiner
Stanley Benjamin Prusiner M.D (born May 28, 1942) is an American neurologist and biochemist.
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Structure
Structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.
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Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O2&minus) radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen (O2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
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Technical standard
A technical standard is an established norm or requirement in regard to technical systems.
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Tetramethylethylenediamine
Tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA or TEMED) is a chemical compound with the formula (CH3)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2.
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Three-dimensional space
Three-dimensional space (also: 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space) is a geometric setting in which three values (called parameters) are required to determine the position of an element (i.e., point).
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Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.
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Tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus, genus tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.
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Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.
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Tris
Tris, or tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, or known during medical use as tromethamine or THAM, is an organic compound with the formula (HOCH2)3CNH2.
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Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, abbreviated as 2-DE or 2-D electrophoresis, is a form of gel electrophoresis commonly used to analyze proteins.
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Unified atomic mass unit
The unified atomic mass unit or dalton (symbol: u, or Da) is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass).
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University of California, San Francisco
The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), is a research university located in San Francisco, California and part of the University of California system.
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Valence (chemistry)
In chemistry, the valence or valency of an element is a measure of its combining power with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules.
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Van der Waals force
In molecular physics, the van der Waals forces, named after Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals, are distance-dependent interactions between atoms or molecules.
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Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays.
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Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
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Zwitterion
In chemistry, a zwitterion, formerly called a dipolar ion, is a molecule with two or more functional groups, of which at least one has a positive and one has a negative electrical charge and the net charge of the entire molecule is zero.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QPNC-PAGE
