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86 relations: Adenine, Adenosine diphosphate, Adenosine monophosphate, Adenosine triphosphate, Alternative splicing, Archaea, Biomolecular structure, Chemical synapse, Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor, Cleavage factor, Cleavage stimulation factor, CPEB, CSTF2, Cyanobacteria, Cytoplasm, Cytosine, Degradosome, Directionality (molecular biology), DNA, DNA methylation, Domain (biology), Embryogenesis, Enzyme, Eukaryote, Eukaryotic initiation factor, Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S), Exosome complex, Five-prime cap, Gene, Gene expression, Germline, GLD-2, Guanine, Haloferax, Histone, Histone 3' UTR stem-loop, Intron, Last universal common ancestor, Lipopolysaccharide, Long non-coding RNA, Long-term potentiation, Lysozyme, Macrophage, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Messenger RNA, MicroRNA, Mitochondrion, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Neuron, Non-coding RNA, ..., Nucleotide, Oocyte, Oocyte activation, PABPN1, Plastid, Poly(A)-binding protein, Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease, Polymerase, Polynucleotide adenylyltransferase, Polynucleotide phosphorylase, Precursor mRNA, Processivity, Protein complex, PUM1, Pyrophosphate, Regulation of gene expression, Ribosomal RNA, RNA, RNA polymerase II, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal (SVLPA), Small nuclear RNA, Small nucleolar RNA, Somatic cell, Spliceosome, Three prime untranslated region, TRAMP complex, Transcription (biology), Transfer RNA, Translation (biology), TRNT1, Trypanosomatida, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Uracil, X-inactivation, XIST. Expand index (36 more) »
Adenine
Adenine (A, Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative).
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Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells.
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Adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide.
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Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.
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Alternative splicing
Alternative splicing, or differential splicing, is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins.
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Archaea
Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.
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Biomolecular structure
Biomolecular structure is the intricate folded, three-dimensional shape that is formed by a molecule of protein, DNA, or RNA, and that is important to its function.
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Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be exchanged to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.
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Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor
Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) is involved in the cleavage of the 3' signaling region from a newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) molecule in the process of gene transcription.
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Cleavage factor
Cleavage factors are two closely associated protein complexes involved in the cleavage of the 3' untranslated region of a newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule in the process of gene transcription.
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Cleavage stimulation factor
Cleavage stimulatory factor or cleavage stimulation factor (CstF or CStF) is a heterotrimeric protein, made up of the proteins CSTF1 (55kDa), CSTF2 (64kDa) and CSTF3 (77kDa), totalling about 200 kDa.
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CPEB
CPEB, or cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein, is a highly conserved RNA-binding protein that promotes the elongation of the polyadenine tail of messenger RNA.
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CSTF2
Cleavage stimulation factor 64 kDa subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSTF2 gene.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Cytosine
Cytosine (C) is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
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Degradosome
The degradosome is a multiprotein complex present in most bacteria that is involved in the processing of ribosomal RNA and the degradation of messenger RNA and is regulated by Non-coding RNA.
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Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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DNA methylation
DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule.
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Domain (biology)
In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist.
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Embryogenesis
Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo forms and develops.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Eukaryotic initiation factor
Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation.
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Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S)
The eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S) is the smaller subunit of the eukaryotic 80S ribosomes, with the other major component being the large ribosomal subunit (60S).
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Exosome complex
The exosome complex (or PM/Scl complex, often just called the exosome) is a multi-protein intracellular complex capable of degrading various types of RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules.
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Five-prime cap
In molecular biology, the five-prime cap (5′ cap) is a specially altered nucleotide on the 5′ end of some primary transcripts such as precursor messenger RNA.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
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Germline
In biology and genetics, the germline in a multicellular organism is the population of its bodily cells that are so differentiated or segregated that in the usual processes of reproduction they may pass on their genetic material to the progeny.
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GLD-2
GLD-2 (which stands for Germ Line Development 2) is a cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase (cytoPAPs) which adds successive AMP monomers to the 3’ end of specific RNAs, forming a poly(A) tail, which is a process known as polyadenylation.
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Guanine
Guanine (or G, Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
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Haloferax
In taxonomy, Haloferax is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae or Haloferacaceae.
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Histone
In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
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Histone 3' UTR stem-loop
The histone 3' UTR stem-loop is an RNA element involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport of the histone mRNAs, and in the regulation of stability and of translation efficiency in the cytoplasm.
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Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product.
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Last universal common ancestor
The last universal common ancestor (LUCA), also called the last universal ancestor (LUA), cenancestor, or (incorrectlyThere is a common misconception that definitions of LUCA and progenote are the same; however, progenote is defined as an organism “still in the process of evolving the relationship between genotype and phenotype”, and it is only hypothesed that LUCA is a progenote.) progenote, is the most recent population of organisms from which all organisms now living on Earth have a common descent.
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Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans and endotoxins, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core and inner core joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Long non-coding RNA
Long non-coding RNAs (long ncRNAs, lncRNA) are defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into protein.
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Long-term potentiation
In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.
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Lysozyme
Lysozyme, also known as muramidase or N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system.
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Macrophage
Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).
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Mayo Clinic Proceedings
Mayo Clinic Proceedings is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier and sponsored by the Mayo Clinic.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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MicroRNA
A microRNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a bacterium belonging to the class Mollicutes and the family Mycoplasmataceae.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Non-coding RNA
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.
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Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
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Oocyte
An oocyte, oöcyte, ovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.
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Oocyte activation
Oocyte (or ovum/egg) activation is a series of processes that occur in the oocyte during fertilization.
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PABPN1
Polyadenylate-binding protein 2 (PABP-2) also known as polyadenylate-binding nuclear protein 1 (PABPN1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PABPN1 gene.
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Plastid
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a double-membrane organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.
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Poly(A)-binding protein
Poly(A)-binding protein (PAB or PABP) is a RNA-binding protein which binds to the poly(A) tail of mRNA.
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Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease
Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN), also known as polyadenylate-specific ribonuclease or deadenylating nuclease (DAN), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PARN gene.
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Polymerase
A polymerase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) that synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids.
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Polynucleotide adenylyltransferase
In enzymology, a polynucleotide adenylyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and RNA, whereas its two products are pyrophosphate and RNA with an extra adenosine nucleotide at its 3' end.
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Polynucleotide phosphorylase
Polynucleotide Phosphorylase (PNPase) is a bifunctional enzyme with a phosphorolytic 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity and a 3'-terminal oligonucleotide polymerase activity.
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Precursor mRNA
Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) is an immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA).
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Processivity
In molecular biology and biochemistry, processivity is an enzyme's ability to catalyze "consecutive reactions without releasing its substrate".
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Protein complex
A protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains.
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PUM1
Pumilio homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PUM1 gene.
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Pyrophosphate
In chemistry, a pyrophosphate is a phosphorus oxyanion.
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Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation.
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Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast.
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Simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal (SVLPA)
The simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal (SVLPA) is an RNA element which promotes efficient polyadenylation.
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Small nuclear RNA
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA), also commonly referred to as U-RNA, is a class of small RNA molecules that are found within the splicing speckles and Cajal bodies of the cell nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
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Small nucleolar RNA
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of small RNA molecules that primarily guide chemical modifications of other RNAs, mainly ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs and small nuclear RNAs.
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Somatic cell
A somatic cell (from the Greek σῶμα sôma, meaning "body") or vegetal cell is any biological cell forming the body of an organism; that is, in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell.
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Spliceosome
A spliceosome is a large and complex molecular machine found primarily within the splicing speckles of the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
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Three prime untranslated region
In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3'-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon.
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TRAMP complex
TRAMP complex (Trf4/Air2/Mtr4p Polyadenylation complex) is a multiprotein, heterotrimeric complex having distributive polyadenylation activity and identifies wide varieties of RNAs produced by polymerases.It was originally discovered in ''Saccharomyces'' ''cerevisiae'' by LaCava et al., Vanacova et al.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Transfer RNA
A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Translation (biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.
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TRNT1
tRNA-nucleotidyltransferase 1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TRNT1 gene.
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Trypanosomatida
Trypanosomatida is a group of kinetoplastid excavates distinguished by having only a single flagellum.
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.
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Uracil
Uracil (U) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. The others are adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
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X-inactivation
X-inactivation (also called lyonization) is a process by which one of the copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated.
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XIST
Xist (X-inactive specific transcript) is an RNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as a major effector of the X inactivation process.
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AAUAAA, Deadenylation, Poly A, Poly A tail, Poly a, Poly a tail, Poly adenine tail, Poly(A), Poly(A) tail, Poly(A+), Poly-A, Poly-A Tail, Poly-A tail, Poly-Adenine Tail, Poly-adenosine tail, Poly-adenylated tail, PolyA, PolyA tail, PolyA+, PolyA-tail, Polyadenation, Polyadenine, Polyadenine tail, Polyadenosine, Polyadenosine tail, Polyadenylate, Polyadenylated, Rna 3' polyadenylation signals, TTATT.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyadenylation
