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246 relations: Adenosine, Adenosine deaminase, Adenosine triphosphate, Algorithm, Allergen, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Alzheimer's disease, Amyloid beta, Anaphase, Andrew Fire, Antioxidant, Antisense RNA, Aquifex aeolicus, Arabidopsis thaliana, Argonaute, Aromaticity, Artificial neural network, Ascomycota, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacteria, Base (chemistry), Base pair, Basidiomycota, Beet armyworm, Beetle, Binding site, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Blood vessel, Caenorhabditis elegans, Cancer, Candida albicans, Carcinogen, Cassava, CCR5, Cell culture, Cell cycle, Cell division, Cell migration, Cell nucleus, Cellular differentiation, Centromere, Chalcone synthase, Chemotherapy, Chilo suppressalis, Chromodomain, Common wheat, Comparative genomics, Complementarity (molecular biology), Computational biology, ..., Conserved sequence, Cotton, Craig Mello, CRISPR interference, Crown group, Cultivar, CXCR4, Cyanide, Cytoplasm, Delta-cadinene synthase, Developmental biology, DGCR8, Dicer, Directional selection, Directionality (molecular biology), Divalent, DNA annotation, DNA methylation, DNA-directed RNA interference, Drosha, Drosophila, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila X virus, Ecological niche, Embryo, Endonuclease, Epigenetics, Escherichia coli, Eukaryote, Eukaryotic initiation factor, Evolution, Evolutionary arms race, Exosome complex, Experimental biology, F-box protein, Flavr Savr, Flower, Functional genomics, Fungus, Gene, Gene expression, Gene knockdown, Gene knockout, Gene regulatory network, Gene silencing, Genetic engineering, Genetically modified crops, Genetics, Genome, Gossypol, Grafting, Gregory Hannon, Helicase, Helicoverpa gelotopoeon, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Herpes simplex virus, Heterochromatin, High-throughput screening, Histone, Histone methylation, HIV, Homology (biology), Human papillomavirus infection, Human parasite, Immune response, In vivo, Innate immune system, Inosine, Insecticide, Intellectual property, Interferon, Intergenic region, International Potato Center, Intron, Ion, Irrigation, Larva, Leishmania major, Lentivirus, Lepidoptera, Lima, Linamarin, Lineage (evolution), List of chemotherapeutic agents, Liver, Macular degeneration, Magnesium, Maize, Maladaptation, Mammal, Mating-type region, Measles virus, Medicine, Messenger RNA, Microarray, Microprocessor complex, MicroRNA, MiRBase, Model organism, Modulation, Molecule, Monsanto, Morphogenesis, Most recent common ancestor, Mutation, Narcotic, Nature (journal), Nematode, Neoplasm, Netherlands, Neurodegeneration, Neurospora crassa, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Non-coding RNA, Nova (TV series), Nucleotide, Oncogene, Oocyte, Organism, Orthomyxoviridae, P-bodies, Pain management, Papaver somniferum, Papaya, Papaya ringspot virus, Parkinson's disease, Pathogenic bacteria, PBS, Petunia, Phases of clinical research, Phosphorylation, Phylogenetics, Pigment, Piwi, Plasmid, Plasmodesma, Polyadenylation, Polyploid, Post-transcriptional modification, Primary transcript, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Proof of concept, Protein (nutrient), Protein domain, Protozoa, Regulation of gene expression, Ribonuclease, Ribonuclease III, RNA, RNA activation, RNA editing, RNA polymerase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA-induced silencing complex, RNA-induced transcriptional silencing, RNAi nanoparticles to target cancer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saliva, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Sense (molecular biology), Sense strand, Sequence (biology), Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Small interfering RNA, Stacking (chemistry), Stem cell, Stem-loop, Substance abuse, Sweet potato, Syngenta, Targeted drug delivery, Terpenoid, The Naked Scientists, The New York Times, Three prime untranslated region, Tobacco, Tomato, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, Transfection, Transgene, Transgenesis, Translation (biology), Transposable element, Transthyretin, Trinucleotide repeat disorder, Trypanosoma cruzi, Tumor suppressor, Tyrosine, United States, Virology, Virus, Western corn rootworm, X-ray crystallography. Expand index (196 more) »
Adenosine
Adenosine is both a chemical found in many living systems and a medication.
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Adenosine deaminase
Adenosine deaminase (also known as adenosine aminohydrolase, or ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism.
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Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.
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Algorithm
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems.
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Allergen
An allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body.
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Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics for genetically defined diseases.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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Amyloid beta
Amyloid beta (Aβ or Abeta) denotes peptides of 36–43 amino acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer patients.
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Anaphase
Anaphase (from the Greek ἀνά, "up" and φάσις, "stage"), is the stage of mitosis after the metaphase when replicated chromosomes are split and the daughter chromatids are moved to opposite poles of the cell.
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Andrew Fire
Andrew Zachary Fire (born April 27, 1959) is an American biologist and professor of pathology and of genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine.
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Antioxidant
Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules.
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Antisense RNA
Antisense RNA (asRNA), also referred to as antisense transcript, natural antisense transcript (NAT) or antisense oligonucleotide, is a single stranded RNA that is complementary to a protein coding messenger RNA (mRNA) with which it hybridizes, and thereby blocks its translation into protein.
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Aquifex aeolicus
"Aquifex aeolicus" is a rod-shaped bacterium with a length of 2 to 6 micrometers and a diameter of around half a micrometer.
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Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana, the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small flowering plant native to Eurasia and Africa.
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Argonaute
The Argonaute protein family plays a central role in RNA silencing processes, as essential components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).
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Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is used to describe a cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) molecule with a ring of resonance bonds that exhibits more stability than other geometric or connective arrangements with the same set of atoms.
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Artificial neural network
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) or connectionist systems are computing systems vaguely inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains.
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Ascomycota
Ascomycota is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya.
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Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Base (chemistry)
In chemistry, bases are substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change the color of indicators (e.g., turn red litmus paper blue), react with acids to form salts, promote certain chemical reactions (base catalysis), accept protons from any proton donor, and/or contain completely or partially displaceable OH− ions.
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Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.
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Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi.
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Beet armyworm
The beet armyworm or small mottled willow moth (Spodoptera exigua) is one of the best-known agricultural pest insects.
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Beetle
Beetles are a group of insects that form the order Coleoptera, in the superorder Endopterygota.
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Binding site
In biochemistry, a binding site is a region on a protein or piece of DNA or RNA to which ligands (specific molecules and/or ions) may form a chemical bond.
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Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data.
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).
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Blood vessel
The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system, and microcirculation, that transports blood throughout the human body.
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Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living (not parasitic), transparent nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, that lives in temperate soil environments.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Candida albicans
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora.
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Carcinogen
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.
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Cassava
Manihot esculenta, commonly called cassava, manioc, yuca, mandioca and Brazilian arrowroot, is a woody shrub native to South America of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.
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CCR5
C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 or CD195, is a protein on the surface of white blood cells that is involved in the immune system as it acts as a receptor for chemokines.
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Cell culture
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.
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Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.
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Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
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Cell migration
Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
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Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Centromere
The centromere is the specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids (a dyad).
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Chalcone synthase
Chalcone synthase or naringenin-chalcone synthase (CHS) is an enzyme ubiquitous to higher plants and belongs to a family of polyketide synthase enzymes (PKS) known as type III PKS.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
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Chilo suppressalis
Chilo suppressalis, the Asiatic rice borer or striped rice stemborer, is a moth of the family Crambidae.
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Chromodomain
A chromodomain (chromatin organization modifier) is a protein structural domain of about 40–50 amino acid residues commonly found in proteins associated with the remodeling and manipulation of chromatin.
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Common wheat
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum), also known as bread wheat, is a cultivated wheat species.
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Comparative genomics
Comparative genomics is a field of biological research in which the genomic features of different organisms are compared.
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Complementarity (molecular biology)
In molecular biology, complementarity describes a relationship between two structures each following the lock-and-key principle.
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Computational biology
Computational biology involves the development and application of data-analytical and theoretical methods, mathematical modeling and computational simulation techniques to the study of biological, behavioral, and social systems.
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Conserved sequence
In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences) or within a genome (paralogous sequences).
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Cotton
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.
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Craig Mello
Craig Cameron Mello (born October 18, 1960) is an American biologist and professor of molecular medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts.
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CRISPR interference
CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) is a genetic perturbation technique that allows for sequence-specific repression or activation of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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Crown group
In phylogenetics, the crown group of a collection of species consists of the living representatives of the collection together with their ancestors back to their most recent common ancestor as well as all of that ancestor's descendants.
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Cultivar
The term cultivarCultivar has two denominations as explained in Formal definition.
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CXCR4
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR4 gene.
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Cyanide
A cyanide is a chemical compound that contains the group C≡N.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Delta-cadinene synthase
In enzymology, a (+)-delta-cadinene synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate, and two products, (+)-delta-cadinene and diphosphate.
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Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
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DGCR8
The DGCR8 microprocessor complex subunit (DiGeorge syndrome chromosomal region 8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DGCR8 gene.
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Dicer
Dicer, also known as endoribonuclease Dicer or helicase with RNase motif, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DICER1 gene.
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Directional selection
In population genetics, directional selection is a mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype.
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Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid.
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Divalent
In chemistry, a divalent (sometimes bivalent) element, ion, functional group, or molecule has a valence of two.
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DNA annotation
DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of identifying the locations of genes and all of the coding regions in a genome and determining what those genes do.
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DNA methylation
DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule.
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DNA-directed RNA interference
DNA-directed RNA interference (ddRNAi) is a gene-silencing technique that utilizes DNA constructs to activate an animal cell’s endogenous RNA interference (RNAi) pathways.
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Drosha
Drosha is a Class 2 ribonuclease III enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DROSHA (formerly RNASEN) gene.
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Drosophila
Drosophila is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.
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Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.
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Drosophila X virus
Drosophila X virus (DXV) belongs to the Birnaviridae family of viruses.
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Ecological niche
In ecology, a niche (CanE, or) is the fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.
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Embryo
An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.
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Endonuclease
Endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain.
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Epigenetics
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Eukaryotic initiation factor
Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Evolutionary arms race
In evolutionary biology, an evolutionary arms race is a struggle between competing sets of co-evolving genes, traits, or species, that develop adaptations and counter-adaptations against each other, resembling an arms race.
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Exosome complex
The exosome complex (or PM/Scl complex, often just called the exosome) is a multi-protein intracellular complex capable of degrading various types of RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules.
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Experimental biology
Experimental biology is the set of approaches in the field of biology concerned with the conduction of experiments to investigate and understand biological phenomena.
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F-box protein
F-box proteins are proteins containing at least one F-box domain.
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Flavr Savr
Flavr Savr (also known as CGN-89564-2; pronounced "flavor saver"), a genetically modified tomato, was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption.
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Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms).
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Functional genomics
Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data given by genomic and transcriptomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects and RNA sequencing) to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions.
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Fungus
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
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Gene knockdown
Gene knockdown is an experimental technique by which the expression of one or more of an organism's genes are reduced.
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Gene knockout
A gene knockout (abbreviation: KO) is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative ("knocked out" of the organism).
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Gene regulatory network
A gene (or genetic) regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of molecular regulators that interact with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.
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Gene silencing
Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene.
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Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
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Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Gossypol
Gossypol is a natural phenol derived from the cotton plant (genus Gossypium).
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Grafting
Grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together.
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Gregory Hannon
Gregory James Hannon One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: is a professor of molecular cancer biology and director of the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute at the University of Cambridge.
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Helicase
Helicases are a class of enzymes vital to all living organisms.
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Helicoverpa gelotopoeon
Helicoverpa gelotopoeon, the South American bollworm moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.
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Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV).
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Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver.
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Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.
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Herpes simplex virus
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), are two members of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans.
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Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA or condensed DNA, which comes in multiple varieties.
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High-throughput screening
High-throughput screening (HTS) is a method for scientific experimentation especially used in drug discovery and relevant to the fields of biology and chemistry.
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Histone
In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
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Histone methylation
Histone methylation is a process by which methyl groups are transferred to amino acids of histone proteins that make up nucleosomes, which the DNA double helix wraps around to form chromosomes.
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HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.
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Human papillomavirus infection
Human papillomavirus infection is an infection by human papillomavirus (HPV).
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Human parasite
Human parasites include various protozoa and worms which may infect humans that cause parasitic diseases.
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Immune response
The Immune response is the body's response caused by its immune system being activated by antigens.
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In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
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Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms involved in the defense of the host from infection by other organisms.
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Inosine
Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.
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Insecticide
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects.
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Intellectual property
Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect, and primarily encompasses copyrights, patents, and trademarks.
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Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.
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Intergenic region
An Intergenic region (IGR) is a stretch of DNA sequences located between genes.
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International Potato Center
The International Potato Center (known as CIP from its Spanish-language name Centro Internacional de la Papa) is a research facility based in Lima, Peru, that seeks to reduce poverty and achieve food security on a sustained basis in developing countries through scientific research and related activities on potato, sweet potato, other root and tuber crops, and on the improved management of natural resources in the Andes and other mountain areas.
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Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Irrigation
Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals.
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Larva
A larva (plural: larvae) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults.
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Leishmania major
Leishmania major is a species of parasites found in the genus Leishmania, and is associated with the disease zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (also known as Aleppo boil, Baghdad boil, Bay sore, Biskra button, Chiclero ulcer, Delhi boil, Kandahar sore, Lahore sore, Oriental sore, Pian bois, and Uta).
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Lentivirus
Lentivirus (lente-, Latin for "slow") is a genus of retroviruses that cause chronic and deadly diseases characterized by long incubation periods, in the human and other mammalian species.
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Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans).
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Lima
Lima (Quechua:, Aymara) is the capital and the largest city of Peru.
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Linamarin
Linamarin is a cyanogenic glucoside found in the leaves and roots of plants such as cassava, lima beans, and flax.
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Lineage (evolution)
An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of organisms, populations, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendent.
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List of chemotherapeutic agents
This is a list of chemotherapeutic agents (also known as cytotoxic agents) that are known to be of use in chemotherapy for cancer.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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Macular degeneration
Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field.
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Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
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Maize
Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.
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Maladaptation
A maladaptation is a trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful, in contrast with an adaptation, which is more helpful than harmful.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Mating-type region
The mating-type region is a specialized region in the genomes of some yeast and other fungi, usually organized into heterochromatin and possessing unique histone methylation patterns.
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Measles virus
Measles virus (MeV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped (non-segmented) RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae.
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Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Microarray
A microarray is a multiplex lab-on-a-chip.
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Microprocessor complex
The Microprocessor complex is a protein complex involved in the early stages of processing microRNA (miRNA) in animal cells.
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MicroRNA
A microRNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
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MiRBase
In bioinformatics, miRBase is a biological database that acts as an archive of microRNA sequences and annotations.
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Model organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
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Modulation
In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal that typically contains information to be transmitted.
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Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Monsanto
Monsanto Company was an agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation.
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Morphogenesis
Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation, literally, "beginning of the shape") is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape.
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Most recent common ancestor
In biology and genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA, also last common ancestor (LCA), or concestor) of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms are directly descended.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Narcotic
The term narcotic (from ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "to make numb") originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with sleep-inducing properties.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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Nematode
The nematodes or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes).
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Neoplasm
Neoplasia is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.
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Neurodegeneration
Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons.
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Neurospora crassa
Neurospora crassa is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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Non-coding RNA
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.
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Nova (TV series)
Nova (stylized NOVΛ) is an American popular science television series produced by WGBH Boston.
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Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
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Oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
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Oocyte
An oocyte, oöcyte, ovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.
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Organism
In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.
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Orthomyxoviridae
The Orthomyxoviruses (ὀρθός, orthós, Greek for "straight"; μύξα, mýxa, Greek for "mucus") are a family of RNA viruses that includes seven genera: Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, Influenza virus C, Influenza virus D, Isavirus, Thogotovirus and Quaranjavirus.
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P-bodies
Processing bodies (P-bodies) are distinct foci within the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell consisting of many enzymes involved in mRNA turnover.
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Pain management
Pain management, pain medicine, pain control or algiatry, is a branch of medicine employing an interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those living with chronic pain The typical pain management team includes medical practitioners, pharmacists, clinical psychologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, physician assistants, nurses.
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Papaver somniferum
Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy, or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae.
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Papaya
The papaya (from Carib via Spanish), papaw, or pawpaw is the plant Carica papaya, one of the 22 accepted species in the genus Carica of the family Caricaceae.
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Papaya ringspot virus
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae which primarily infects the papaya tree.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.
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Pathogenic bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease.
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PBS
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor.
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Petunia
Petunia is genus of 20 species of flowering plants of South American origin.
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Phases of clinical research
The phases of clinical research are the steps in which scientists do experiments with a health intervention in an attempt to find enough evidence for a process which would be useful as a medical treatment.
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Phosphorylation
In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.
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Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον – phylé, phylon.
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Pigment
A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption.
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Piwi
Piwi (or PIWI) genes were identified as regulatory proteins responsible for stem cell and germ cell differentiation.
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Plasmid
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
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Plasmodesma
Plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them.
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Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA.
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Polyploid
Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.
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Post-transcriptional modification
Post-transcriptional modification or Co-transcriptional modification is the process in eukaryotic cells where primary transcript RNA is converted into mature RNA.
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Primary transcript
A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) is the official scientific journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915.
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Proof of concept
Proof of concept (PoC) is a realization of a certain method or idea in order to demonstrate its feasibility, or a demonstration in principle with the aim of verifying that some concept or theory has practical potential.
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Protein (nutrient)
Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body.
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Protein domain
A protein domain is a conserved part of a given protein sequence and (tertiary) structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain.
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Protozoa
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
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Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation.
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Ribonuclease
Ribonuclease (commonly abbreviated RNase) is a type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components.
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Ribonuclease III
Ribonuclease III (RNase III or RNase C)(BRENDA) is a type of ribonuclease that recognizes dsRNA and cleaves it at specific targeted locations to transform them into mature RNAs.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA activation
RNA activation (RNAa) is a small RNA-guided and Argonaute (Ago)-dependent gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter-targeted short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) induce target gene expression at the transcriptional/epigenetic level.
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RNA editing
RNA editing is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase.
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RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase (ribonucleic acid polymerase), both abbreviated RNAP or RNApol, official name DNA-directed RNA polymerase, is a member of a family of enzymes that are essential to life: they are found in all organisms (-species) and many viruses.
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RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), (RDR), or RNA replicase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template.
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RNA-induced silencing complex
The RNA-induced silencing complex, or RISC, is a multiprotein complex, specifically a ribonucleoprotein, which incorporates one strand of a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragment, such as microRNA (miRNA), or double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA).
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RNA-induced transcriptional silencing
RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) is a form of RNA interference by which short RNA molecules – such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) – trigger the downregulation of transcription of a particular gene or genomic region.
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RNAi nanoparticles to target cancer
Cancer treatments may vary depending on what type of cancer is being targeted, but one challenge remains in all of them: it is incredibly difficult to target without killing good cells.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast.
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Saliva
Saliva is a watery substance formed in the mouths of animals, secreted by the salivary glands.
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Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, also called "fission yeast", is a species of yeast used in traditional brewing and as a model organism in molecular and cell biology.
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Sense (molecular biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of nucleic acid molecules (often DNA or RNA) is the nature of their roles and their complementary molecules' nucleic acid units' roles in specifying amino acids.
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Sense strand
In genetics, a sense strand, or coding strand, is the segment within double-stranded DNA that runs from 5' to 3', and which is complementary to the antisense strand of DNA, or template strand, which runs from 3' to 5'.
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Sequence (biology)
A sequence in biology is the one-dimensional ordering of monomers, covalently linked within a biopolymer; it is also referred to as the primary structure of the biological macromolecule.
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Single-nucleotide polymorphism
A single-nucleotide polymorphism, often abbreviated to SNP (plural), is a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population (e.g. > 1%).
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Small interfering RNA
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA molecules, 20-25 base pairs in length, similar to miRNA, and operating within the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway.
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Stacking (chemistry)
In chemistry, pi stacking (also called π–π stacking) refers to attractive, noncovalent interactions between aromatic rings, since they contain pi bonds.
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Stem cell
Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.
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Stem-loop
Stem-loop intramolecular base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA.
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Substance abuse
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of substance-related disorder.
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Sweet potato
The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae.
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Syngenta
Syngenta AG is a global company agribusiness that produces agrochemicals and seeds.
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Targeted drug delivery
Targeted drug delivery, sometimes called smart drug delivery, is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in some parts of the body relative to others.
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Terpenoid
The terpenoids, sometimes called isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from terpenes.
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The Naked Scientists
The Naked Scientists is a one-hour audience-interactive science radio talk show broadcast live by the BBC in the East of England, nationally by BBC Radio 5 Live and internationally on ABC Radio National, Australia; it is also distributed globally as a podcast.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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Three prime untranslated region
In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3'-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon.
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Tobacco
Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them.
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Tomato
The tomato (see pronunciation) is the edible, often red, fruit/berry of the plant Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as a tomato plant.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
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Transfection
Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells.
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Transgene
A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.
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Transgenesis
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene—called a transgene—into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring.
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Translation (biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.
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Transposable element
A transposable element (TE or transposon) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.
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Transthyretin
Transthyretin (TTR) is a transport protein in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid that carries the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) and retinol-binding protein bound to retinol.
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Trinucleotide repeat disorder
Trinucleotide repeat disorders (also known as trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders, triplet repeat expansion disorders or codon reiteration disorders) are a set of genetic disorders caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion, a kind of mutation where trinucleotide repeats in certain genes or intronsDavid W. Sanders & Clifford P. Brangwynne (2017), Nature, 546, 215–216 (08 June 2017) exceed the normal, stable threshold, which differs per gene.
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Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic euglenoids.
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Tumor suppressor
A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer.
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Tyrosine
Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Virology
Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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Western corn rootworm
The Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, is one of the most devastating corn rootworm species in North America, especially in the midwestern corn-growing areas such as Iowa.
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X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
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Redirects here:
Co-suppression, PTGS, Post transcriptional gene silencing, Post-transcriptional gene silencing, Posttranscriptional gene silencing, Quelling, RNA Interference, RNA inactivation, RNA interference machinery, RNAi, RNAi therapy, Regulatory RNA, Rna interference, Rna, small interfering, Rnai, VIGS, Virus-induced gene silencing.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference
