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305 relations: Abdominal pain, Acinus, Ageing, Allele, Amyloidosis, Androgen, Animal testing, Anorexia (symptom), Anti-nuclear antibody, Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies, Antibody, Antigen, Antigen-presenting cell, Antihistamine, Anxiety, Apoptosis, Arthralgia, Artificial cardiac pacemaker, Artificial tears, Atrophy, Autoantibody, Autoimmune disease, Autoimmune thyroiditis, Autoimmunity, B cell, B-cell activating factor, Bacteria, Belimumab, Benign lymphoepithelial lesion, Biobank, Biomarker, Biopsy, Birth defect, Blood test, Blurred vision, Cancer, Carcinogenesis, Carrie Ann Inaba, Caucasian race, CD20, CD22, Cell adhesion molecule, Cell growth, Cell migration, Cell-mediated immunity, Cerebrospinal fluid, Cevimeline, Chemokine, Chewing gum, Chronic condition, ..., Ciclosporin, Clinical trial, Coeliac disease, Cohort study, Complication (medicine), Connective tissue, Connective tissue disease, Consanguinity, Contrast agent, Corticosteroid, Cough, Cryoglobulinemia, Cure, CXCR5, Cyclin D1, Cytokine, Dendritic cell, Dentistry, Diet (nutrition), Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, Distal renal tubular acidosis, Dizziness, DNA, DNA methylation, Downregulation and upregulation, Dry eye syndrome, Ductal cells, Dyspareunia, Dysphagia, Emotional dysregulation, Environmental epidemiology, Environmental factor, Epigenetics, Epistasis, Epithelium, Epratuzumab, Epstein–Barr virus, Estrogen, Ethnic origin, Exocrine gland, Exogeny, Experiment, Eye, Fas ligand, Fas receptor, Fatigue, Fetal circulation, Fibromyalgia, Filter paper, Fluoride therapy, Gene, Gene cluster, Genetic predisposition, Genome-wide association study, Germinal center, Gland, Glossary of gene expression terms, Goggles, Graft-versus-host disease, Greeks, Hair loss, Headache, Heart block, Henrik Sjögren, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatotoxicity, Heredity, Histone acetyltransferase, Histopathology, HIV, HIV/AIDS, HLA-B8, HLA-DQ, HLA-DQ2, HLA-DR, HLA-DR5, Hoarse voice, Homing (hematopoietic), Hormone, Human leukocyte antigen, Human mouth, Human nose, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, Humidity, Humoral immunity, Hydroxychloroquine, Hypoesthesia, Hypoestrogenism, Hypothesis, Ibuprofen, IL12A, Immune tolerance, Immunoglobulin therapy, Immunology, Immunosuppression, Immunosuppressive drug, In situ, Infection, Infiltration (medical), Inflammation, Initiation (chemistry), Innate immune system, Interferon type I, Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, Interleukin-1 family, Interstitial nephritis, Inverse function, IRF5, Isosthenuria, Israelis, Jan Mikulicz-Radecki, Jönköping, Keratoconjunctivitis, Kidney, Lab-on-a-chip, Lacrimal gland, Lesion, Life expectancy, Lifestyle (sociology), Locus (genetics), Lymph node, Lymphatic system, Lymphocyte, Lymphoma, Major histocompatibility complex, Malignancy, MALT lymphoma, Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome, Medical error, Medical Research Council (United Kingdom), Medical test, Methotrexate, Microchimerism, MicroRNA, Microscope, Middle age, Miniaturization, Molar (tooth), Molecular mimicry, Molecule, Monoclonal antibody, Mortality rate, Mouth infection, Multiple sclerosis, Mutation, Myalgia, Nasolacrimal duct, Nausea, Neonatal lupus erythematosus, Non-celiac gluten sensitivity, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Offspring, Organ (anatomy), Parotid duct, Parotid gland, Pathogen, Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, Peripheral neuropathy, Personal lubricant, Pilocarpine, Pilocarpus, Plasma cell, Polymorphism (biology), Pregnancy, Prescription drug, Prevalence, Preventive healthcare, Proinflammatory cytokine, Protein, Proteinuria, Public domain, Pulp (tooth), Punctal plug, Quality of life, Radiation therapy, Receptor antagonist, Rheumatism, Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatoid factor, Risk factor, Rituximab, Root canal, Rose bengal, Saliva, Salivary gland, Sarcoidosis, Schirmer's test, Scintigraphy, Secretion, Self-perpetuation, Serostatus, Sex steroid, Sexual dimorphism, Sexual intercourse, Shannon Boxx, Sialadenitis, Sialography, Sickness behavior, Side effect, Sjögren–Larsson syndrome, Skin gland, Slit lamp, Specialty (medicine), Spondyloarthropathy, STAT4, Sublingual gland, Submandibular gland, Sugar substitute, Sweden, Swelling (medical), Symptomatic treatment, Systemic disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Systemic scleroderma, T cell, T helper cell, Tears, Tennis, Test tube, Thesis, Thyroid disease, TNIP1, Toll-like receptor, Tooth decay, Topical medication, Toxicity, Treatment and control groups, Tuberculosis, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK, Ultrasound, United Kingdom, United States women's national soccer team, Urine, Vaginal lubrication, Venus Williams, Viral disease, Viral protein, Viral replication, Virus, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin D deficiency, Vocal cord dysfunction, Vulva, Vulvodynia, X-ray, Xeroderma, Xerophthalmia, Xerostomia. Expand index (255 more) »
Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain, also known as a stomach ache, is a symptom associated with both non-serious and serious medical issues.
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Acinus
An acinus (plural, acini; adjective, acinar or acinous) refers to any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed "berry", such as a raspberry (acinus is Latin for "berry").
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Ageing
Ageing or aging (see spelling differences) is the process of becoming older.
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Allele
An allele is a variant form of a given gene.
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Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal protein, known as amyloid fibrils, builds up in tissue.
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Androgen
An androgen (from Greek andr-, the stem of the word meaning "man") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.
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Animal testing
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
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Anorexia (symptom)
Anorexia (from Ancient Greek ανορεξία: 'ἀν-' "without" + 'όρεξις', spelled 'órexis' meaning "appetite") is the decreased sensation of appetite.
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Anti-nuclear antibody
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs, also known as antinuclear factor or ANF) are autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus.
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Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies
Anti-SSA autoantibodies (Anti-Sjögren’s-syndrome-related antigen A, also called anti-Ro, or the combination anti-SSA/Ro or anti Ro/SSA autoantibodies) are anti-nuclear autoantibodies that are associated with many autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), SS/SLE overlap syndrome, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), neonatal lupus and primary biliary cirrhosis.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Antigen
In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.
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Antigen-presenting cell
An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces; this process is known as antigen presentation.
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Antihistamine
Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis and other allergies.
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Anxiety
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Arthralgia
Arthralgia (from Greek arthro-, joint + -algos, pain) literally means joint pain; it is a symptom of injury, infection, illnesses (in particular arthritis) or an allergic reaction to medication.
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Artificial cardiac pacemaker
A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device that generates electrical impulses delivered by electrodes to contract the heart muscles and regulate the electrical conduction system of the heart.
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Artificial tears
Artificial tears are lubricant eye drops used to treat the dryness and irritation associated with deficient tear production in keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes).
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Atrophy
Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body.
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Autoantibody
An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins.
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Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.
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Autoimmune thyroiditis
Autoimmune thyroiditis, (or Chronic Autoimmune thyroiditis), is a chronic disease in which the body interprets the thyroid glands and its hormone products T3, T4 and TSH as threats, therefore producing special antibodies that target the thyroid’s cells, thereby destroying it.
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Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues.
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B cell
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.
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B-cell activating factor
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF13B gene.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Belimumab
Belimumab (trade name Benlysta, previously known as LymphoStat-B) is a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits B-cell activating factor (BAFF), also known as B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS).
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Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
Benign lymphoepithelial lesion is a type of benign enlargement of the parotid and/or lacrimal glands.
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Biobank
A biobank is a type of biorepository that stores biological samples (usually human) for use in research.
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Biomarker
A biomarker, or biological marker, generally refers to a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition.
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Biopsy
A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.
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Birth defect
A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause.
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Blood test
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.
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Blurred vision
Blurred vision is an ocular symptom.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
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Carrie Ann Inaba
Carrie Ann Inaba (born January 5, 1968) is an American dancer, choreographer, television dance competition judge, actress, game show host, and singer.
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Caucasian race
The Caucasian race (also Caucasoid or Europid) is a grouping of human beings historically regarded as a biological taxon, which, depending on which of the historical race classifications used, have usually included some or all of the ancient and modern populations of Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia, Central Asia and South Asia.
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CD20
B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 or CD20 is an activated-glycosylated phosphoprotein expressed on the surface of all B-cells beginning at the pro-B phase (CD45R+, CD117+) and progressively increasing in concentration until maturity.
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CD22
CD22, or cluster of differentiation-22, is a molecule belonging to the SIGLEC family of lectins.
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Cell adhesion molecule
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are proteins located on the cell surface involved in binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process called cell adhesion.
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Cell growth
The term cell growth is used in the contexts of biological cell development and cell division (reproduction).
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Cell migration
Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
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Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
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Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.
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Cevimeline
Cevimeline (trade name Evoxac) is a parasympathomimetic and muscarinic agonist, with particular effect on M1 and M3 receptors.
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Chemokine
Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells.
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Chewing gum
Chewing gum is a soft, cohesive substance designed to be chewed without being swallowed.
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Chronic condition
A chronic condition is a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time.
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Ciclosporin
Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is an immunosuppressant medication and natural product.
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Clinical trial
Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research.
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Coeliac disease
Coeliac disease, also spelled celiac disease, is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine.
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Cohort study
A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study that sample a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically those who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation), performing a cross-section at intervals through time.
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Complication (medicine)
Complication, in medicine, is an unfavorable evolution or consequence of a disease, a health condition or a therapy.
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Connective tissue
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
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Connective tissue disease
A connective tissue disease is any disease that has the connective tissues of the body as a target of pathology.
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Consanguinity
Consanguinity ("blood relation", from the Latin consanguinitas) is the property of being from the same kinship as another person.
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Contrast agent
A contrast agent (or contrast medium) is a substance used to increase the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging.
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Corticosteroid
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.
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Cough
A cough is a sudden and often repetitively occurring, protective reflex, which helps to clear the large breathing passages from fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes.
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Cryoglobulinemia
Cryoglobulinemia, cryoglobulinaemia, or cryoglobulinemic disease, is a medical condition in which the blood contains large amounts of cryoglobulins – proteins (mostly immunoglobulins themselves) that become insoluble at reduced temperatures.
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Cure
A cure is a substance or procedure that ends a medical condition, such as a medication, a surgical operation, a change in lifestyle or even a philosophical mindset that helps end a person's sufferings; or the state of being healed, or cured.
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CXCR5
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXC-R5) also known as CD185 (cluster of differentiation 185) or Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1) is a G protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptor for chemokine CXCL13 (also known as BLC) and belongs to the CXC chemokine receptor family.
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Cyclin D1
Cyclin D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCND1 gene.
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Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.
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Dendritic cell
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as accessory cells) of the mammalian immune system.
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Dentistry
Dentistry is a branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.
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Diet (nutrition)
In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism.
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Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL or DLBL) is a cancer of B cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies.
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Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) is a category of otherwise unrelated drugs defined by their use in rheumatoid arthritis to slow down disease progression.
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Distal renal tubular acidosis
Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) or Type 1 renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is the classical form of RTA, being the first described.
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Dizziness
Dizziness is an impairment in spatial perception and stability.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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DNA methylation
DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule.
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Downregulation and upregulation
In the biological context of organisms' production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external stimulus.
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Dry eye syndrome
Dry eye syndrome (DES), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), is the condition of having dry eyes.
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Ductal cells
Ductal cells refer to cells lining the pancreatic duct and are responsible for production of bicarbonate-rich secretion.
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Dyspareunia
Dyspareunia is painful sexual intercourse due to medical or psychological causes.
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Dysphagia
Dysphagia is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty in swallowing.
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Emotional dysregulation
Emotional dysregulation (ED) is a term used in the mental health community to refer to an emotional response that is poorly modulated, and does not fall within the conventionally accepted range of emotive response.
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Environmental epidemiology
Environmental epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology concerned with the discovery of the environmental exposures that contribute to or protect against injuries, illnesses, developmental conditions, disabilities, and deaths; and identification of public health and health care actions to manage the risks associated with harmful exposures.
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Environmental factor
Environmental factor or ecological factor or eco factor is any factor, abiotic or biotic, that influences living organisms.
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Epigenetics
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence.
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Epistasis
Epistasis is the phenomenon where the effect of one gene (locus) is dependent on the presence of one or more 'modifier genes', i.e. the genetic background.
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Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
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Epratuzumab
Epratuzumab (planned trade name LymphoCide) is a humanized monoclonal antibody.
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Epstein–Barr virus
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
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Estrogen
Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone.
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Ethnic origin
The concept of ethnic origin is an attempt to classify people, not according to their current nationality, but according to commonalities in their social background.
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Exocrine gland
Exocrine glands are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.
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Exogeny
In a variety of contexts, exogeny or exogeneity is the fact of an action or object originating externally.
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Experiment
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
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Eye
Eyes are organs of the visual system.
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Fas ligand
Fas ligand (FasL or CD95L) is a type-II transmembrane protein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family.
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Fas receptor
The first apoptosis signal receptor (Fas or FasR), also known as apoptosis antigen 1 (APO-1 or APT), cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95) or tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAS gene.
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Fatigue
Fatigue is a subjective feeling of tiredness that has a gradual onset.
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Fetal circulation
In animals that give live birth, the fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a fetus.
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Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a medical condition characterised by chronic widespread pain and a heightened pain response to pressure.
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Filter paper
Filter paper is a semi-permeable paper barrier placed perpendicular to a liquid or air flow.
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Fluoride therapy
Fluoride therapy is the use of fluoride for medical purposes.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Gene cluster
A gene family is a set of homologous genes within one organism.
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Genetic predisposition
A genetic predisposition is a genetic characteristic which influences the possible phenotypic development of an individual organism within a species or population under the influence of environmental conditions.
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Genome-wide association study
In genetics, a genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS), also known as whole genome association study (WGA study, or WGAS), is an observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait.
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Germinal center
Germinal centers or germinal centres (GCs) are sites within secondary lymphoid organs – lymph nodes and the spleen where mature B cells proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibody genes (through somatic hypermutation aimed at achieving higher affinity), and switch the class of their antibodies (for example from IgM to IgG) during a normal immune response to an infection.
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Gland
A gland is a group of cells in an animal's body that synthesizes substances (such as hormones) for release into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland).
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Glossary of gene expression terms
No description.
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Goggles
Goggles, or safety glasses, are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes.
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Graft-versus-host disease
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a medical complication following the receipt of transplanted tissue from a genetically different person.
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Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.. Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods. Most ethnic Greeks live nowadays within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.CIA World Factbook on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, Greek Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%. Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture, arts, exploration, literature, philosophy, politics, architecture, music, mathematics, science and technology, business, cuisine, and sports, both historically and contemporarily.
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Hair loss
Hair loss, also known as alopecia or baldness, refers to a loss of hair from part of the head or body.
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Headache
Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck.
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Heart block
Heart block is a disease or inherited condition that causes a fault within the heart's natural pacemaker due to some kind of obstruction (or "block") in the electrical conduction system of the heart.
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Henrik Sjögren
Henrik Samuel Conrad Sjögren (July 23, 1899, Köping – September 17, 1986, Lund) was a Swedish ophthalmologist best known for the eponymous condition Sjögren's syndrome.
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Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.
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Hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae.
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Hepatotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage.
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Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
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Histone acetyltransferase
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form ε-N-acetyllysine.
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Histopathology
Histopathology (compound of three Greek words: ἱστός histos "tissue", πάθος pathos "suffering", and -λογία -logia "study of") refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.
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HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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HLA-B8
HLA-B8 (B8) is an HLA-B serotype.
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HLA-DQ
HLA-DQ (DQ) is a cell surface receptor protein found on antigen presenting cells.
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HLA-DQ2
HLA-DQ2 (DQ2) is a serotype group within HLA-DQ (DQ) serotyping system.
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HLA-DR
HLA-DR is an MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31.
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HLA-DR5
HLA-DR5 (DR5) is a broad-antigen serotype that is further split into HLA-DR11 and HLA-DR12 antigen serotypes.
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Hoarse voice
A hoarse voice, also known as hoarseness or dysphonia, is when the voice involuntarily sounds breathy, raspy, or strained, or is softer in volume or lower in pitch.
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Homing (hematopoietic)
Homing is the phenomenon whereby cells migrate to the organ of their origin.
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Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.
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Human leukocyte antigen
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system or complex is a gene complex encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in humans.
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Human mouth
In human anatomy, the mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and produces saliva.
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Human nose
The human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils.
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Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 or human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I), also called the adult T-cell lymphoma virus type 1, is a retrovirus of the human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) family that has been implicated in several kinds of diseases including very aggressive adult T-cell lymphoma (ATL), HTLV-I-associated myelopathy, uveitis, Strongyloides stercoralis hyper-infection and some other diseases.
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Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air.
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Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity or humoural immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides.
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Hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used for the prevention and treatment of certain types of malaria. Specifically it is used for chloroquine-sensitive malaria. Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include vomiting, headache, changes in vision and muscle weakness. Severe side effects may include allergic reactions. It appears to be safe in pregnancy but this use has not been well studied. Hydroxychloroquine is in the antimalarial and 4-aminoquinoline families of medication. Hydroxychloroquine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1955. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about $5.40 to 7.44 per month. In the United Kingdom this dose costs the NHS about £5.15. In the United States a month of treatment typically costs less than $25.
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Hypoesthesia
Hypoesthesia (also spelled as hypesthesia) is a common side effect of various medical conditions which manifests as a reduced sense of touch or sensation, or a partial loss of sensitivity to sensory stimuli.
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Hypoestrogenism
Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen, the primary sex hormone in women.
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Hypothesis
A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
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Ibuprofen
Ibuprofen is a medication in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class that is used for treating pain, fever, and inflammation.
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IL12A
Interleukin-12 subunit alpha (IL-12 p35) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL12A gene.
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Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in given organism.It is induced by prior exposure to that specific antigen.
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Immunoglobulin therapy
Immunoglobulin therapy, also known as normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG), is the use of a mixture of antibodies (immunoglobulins) to treat a number of health conditions.
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Immunology
Immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.
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Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system.
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Immunosuppressive drug
Immunosuppressive drugs or immunosuppressive agents or antirejection medications are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system.
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In situ
In situ (often not italicized in English) is a Latin phrase that translates literally to "on site" or "in position".
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Infection
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.
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Infiltration (medical)
Infiltration is the diffusion or accumulation (in a tissue or cells) of foreign substances or in amounts in excess of the normal.
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Initiation (chemistry)
Chain Initiation: A free radical reaction mechanism step that has no radical reactant (s) and give radical product (s).
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Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms involved in the defense of the host from infection by other organisms.
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Interferon type I
Human type I interferons (IFNs) are a large subgroup of interferon proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system.
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Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1RN gene.
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Interleukin-1 family
The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults.
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Interstitial nephritis
Interstitial nephritis (or tubulo-interstitial nephritis) is a form of nephritis affecting the interstitium of the kidneys surrounding the tubules, i.e., is inflammation of the spaces between renal tubules.
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Inverse function
In mathematics, an inverse function (or anti-function) is a function that "reverses" another function: if the function applied to an input gives a result of, then applying its inverse function to gives the result, and vice versa.
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IRF5
Interferon regulatory factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF5 gene.
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Isosthenuria
Isosthenuria refers to the excretion of urine whose specific gravity (concentration) is neither greater (more concentrated) nor less (more dilute) than that of protein-free plasma, typically 1.008-1.012.
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Israelis
Israelis (ישראלים Yiśraʾelim, الإسرائيليين al-ʾIsrāʾīliyyin) are citizens or permanent residents of the State of Israel, a multiethnic state populated by people of different ethnic backgrounds.
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Jan Mikulicz-Radecki
Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (Johann Freiherr von Mikulicz-Radecki) was a Polish surgeon.
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Jönköping
Jönköping is a city in southern Sweden with 93,797 inhabitants (2015).
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Keratoconjunctivitis
Keratoconjunctivitis is inflammation ("-itis") of the cornea and conjunctiva.
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Kidney
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.
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Lab-on-a-chip
A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a device that integrates one or several laboratory functions on a single integrated circuit (commonly called a "chip") of only millimeters to a few square centimeters to achieve automation and high-throughput screening.
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Lacrimal gland
The lacrimal glands are paired, almond-shaped exocrine glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film.
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Lesion
A lesion is any abnormal damage or change in the tissue of an organism, usually caused by disease or trauma.
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Life expectancy
Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender.
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Lifestyle (sociology)
Lifestyle is the interests, opinions, behaviours, and behavioural orientations of an individual, group, or culture.
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Locus (genetics)
A locus (plural loci) in genetics is a fixed position on a chromosome, like the position of a gene or a marker (genetic marker).
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Lymph node
A lymph node or lymph gland is an ovoid or kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system, and of the adaptive immune system, that is widely present throughout the body.
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Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is part of the vascular system and an important part of the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin, lympha meaning "water") directionally towards the heart.
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Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.
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Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
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Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.
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Malignancy
Malignancy is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse.
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MALT lymphoma
MALT lymphoma (MALToma) is a form of lymphoma involving the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), frequently of the stomach, but virtually any mucosal site can be afflicted.
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Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome
Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome (MSS), sometimes spelled Marinescu–Sjögren syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder.
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Medical error
A medical error is a preventable adverse effect of care, whether or not it is evident or harmful to the patient.
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Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)
The Medical Research Council (MRC) is responsible for co-coordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom.
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Medical test
A medical test is a medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases, disease processes, susceptibility, and determine a course of treatment.
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Methotrexate
Methotrexate (MTX), formerly known as amethopterin, is a chemotherapy agent and immune system suppressant.
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Microchimerism
Microchimerism is the presence of a small number of cells that originate from another individual and are therefore genetically distinct from the cells of the host individual.
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MicroRNA
A microRNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
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Microscope
A microscope (from the μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
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Middle age
Middle age is the period of age beyond young adulthood but before the onset of old age.
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Miniaturization
Miniaturization (Br.Eng.: Miniaturisation) is the trend to manufacture ever smaller mechanical, optical and electronic products and devices.
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Molar (tooth)
The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth.
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Molecular mimicry
Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides.
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Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Monoclonal antibody
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.
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Mortality rate
Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.
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Mouth infection
Mouth infections, also known as oral infections, are a group of infections that occur around the oral cavity.
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Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Myalgia
Myalgia, or muscle pain, is a symptom of many diseases and disorders.
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Nasolacrimal duct
The nasolacrimal duct (sometimes called the tear duct) carries tears from the lacrimal sac of the eye into the nasal cavity.
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Nausea
Nausea or queasiness is an unpleasant sense of unease, discomfort, and revulsion towards food.
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Neonatal lupus erythematosus
Neonatal lupus erythematosus is the occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) symptoms in an infant born from a mother with SLE, most commonly presenting with a rash resembling subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and sometimes with systemic abnormalities such as complete heart block or hepatosplenomegaly.
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Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or gluten sensitivity is defined as "a clinical entity induced by the ingestion of gluten leading to intestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms that improve once the gluten-containing foodstuff is removed from the diet, and celiac disease and wheat allergy have been excluded".
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas.
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a drug class that reduce pain, decrease fever, prevent blood clots and, in higher doses, decrease inflammation.
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Offspring
In biology, offspring are the young born of living organisms, produced either by a single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two organisms.
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Organ (anatomy)
Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.
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Parotid duct
The parotid duct or Stensen duct is a duct and the route that saliva takes from the major salivary gland, the parotid gland into the mouth.
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Parotid gland
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals.
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Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.
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Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of a disease is the biological mechanism (or mechanisms) that leads to the diseased state.
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Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology or physiopathology is a convergence of pathology with physiology.
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Peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is damage to or disease affecting nerves, which may impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function, or other aspects of health, depending on the type of nerve affected.
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Personal lubricant
Personal lubricants (colloquially termed lube) are specialized lubricants used during human sexual acts such as intercourse and masturbation to reduce friction to or between the penis and vagina, anus or other body parts or applied to sex toys to reduce friction or to ease penetration.
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Pilocarpine
Pilocarpine is a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.
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Pilocarpus
Pilocarpus is a genus of about 13 species of plants belonging to the family Rutaceae, native to the neotropics of South America.
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Plasma cell
Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, plasmacytes, or effector B cells, are white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies.
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Polymorphism (biology)
Polymorphism in biology and zoology is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative phenotypes, in the population of a species.
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Pregnancy
Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.
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Prescription drug
A prescription drug (also prescription medication or prescription medicine) is a pharmaceutical drug that legally requires a medical prescription to be dispensed.
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Prevalence
Prevalence in epidemiology is the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seat-belt use).
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Preventive healthcare
Preventive healthcare (alternately preventive medicine, preventative healthcare/medicine, or prophylaxis) consists of measures taken for disease prevention, as opposed to disease treatment.
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Proinflammatory cytokine
A proinflammatory cytokine or more simply an inflammatory cytokine is a type of signaling molecule (a cytokine) that is excreted from immune cells like helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, and certain other cell types that promote inflammation.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Proteinuria
Proteinuria is the presence of excess proteins in the urine.
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Public domain
The public domain consists of all the creative works to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply.
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Pulp (tooth)
The pulp, or endodontium, is the part in the center of a tooth made up of living connective tissue and cells called odontoblasts.
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Punctal plug
A punctal plug, also known as tear duct plug or lacrimal plug, is a small medical device that is inserted into the tear duct (puncta) of an eye to block the duct.
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Quality of life
Quality of life (QOL) is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life.
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Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy or radiotherapy, often abbreviated RT, RTx, or XRT, is therapy using ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator.
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Receptor antagonist
A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist.
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Rheumatism
Rheumatism or rheumatic disorder is an umbrella term for conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints and/or connective tissue.
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Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints.
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Rheumatoid factor
Rheumatoid factor (RF) is the autoantibody (antibody directed against an organism's own tissues) that was first found in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Risk factor
In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.
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Rituximab
Rituximab, sold under the brand name Rituxan among others, is a medication used to treat certain autoimmune diseases and types of cancer.
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Root canal
A root canal is the naturally occurring anatomic space within the root of a tooth.
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Rose bengal
Rose bengal (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodofluorescein) is a stain.
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Saliva
Saliva is a watery substance formed in the mouths of animals, secreted by the salivary glands.
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Salivary gland
The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts.
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Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps known as granulomas.
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Schirmer's test
Schirmer's test determines whether the eye produces enough tears to keep it moist.
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Scintigraphy
Scintigraphy ("scint", Latin scintilla, spark) is a diagnostic test in nuclear medicine, where radioisotopes attached to drugs that travel to a specific organ or tissue (radiopharmaceuticals) are taken internally and the emitted gamma radiation is captured by external detectors (gamma cameras) to form two-dimensional images in a similar process to the capture of x-ray images.
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Secretion
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e.g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.
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Self-perpetuation
Self-perpetuation, the capability of something to cause itself to continue to exist, is one of the main characteristics of life.
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Serostatus
Serostatus refers to the presence or absence of a serological marker in the blood.
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Sex steroid
Sex steroids, also known as gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors.
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Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs.
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Sexual intercourse
Sexual intercourse (or coitus or copulation) is principally the insertion and thrusting of the penis, usually when erect, into the vagina for sexual pleasure, reproduction, or both.
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Shannon Boxx
Shannon Boxx (born June 29, 1977) is an American retired soccer player and former member of the United States women's national soccer team, playing the defensive midfielder position.
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Sialadenitis
Sialadenitis (sialoadenitis) is inflammation of a salivary gland.
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Sialography
Sialography (also termed radiosialography) is the radiographic examination of the salivary glands.
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Sickness behavior
Ancher, Michael, "The Sick Girl", 1882, Statens Museum for Kunst. Sickness behavior is a coordinated set of adaptive behavioral changes that develop in ill individuals during the course of an infection.
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Side effect
In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.
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Sjögren–Larsson syndrome
Sjögren–Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an autosomal recessive form of ichthyosis apparent at birth.
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Skin gland
Skin glands are structures found in mammals that play roles in thermoregulation and excretion.
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Slit lamp
The slit lamp is an instrument consisting of a high-intensity light source that can be focused to shine a thin sheet of light into the eye.
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Specialty (medicine)
A specialty, or speciality, in medicine is a branch of medical practice.
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Spondyloarthropathy
Spondyloarthropathy or spondyloarthrosis refers to any joint disease of the vertebral column.
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STAT4
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a transcription factor belonging to the STAT protein family.
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Sublingual gland
The paired sublingual glands are major salivary glands in the mouth.
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Submandibular gland
The paired submandibular glands (historically known as submaxillary glands) are major salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth.
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Sugar substitute
A sugar substitute is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy.
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Sweden
Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.
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Swelling (medical)
In medical parlance, swelling, turgescence or tumefaction is a transient abnormal enlargement of a body part or area not caused by proliferation of cells.
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Symptomatic treatment
Symptomatic treatment is any medical therapy of a disease that only affects its symptoms, not its cause, i.e., its etiology.
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Systemic disease
A systemic disease is one that affects a number of organs and tissues, or affects the body as a whole.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also known simply as lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body.
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Systemic scleroderma
Systemic scleroderma, also called diffuse scleroderma or systemic sclerosis, is an autoimmune disease of the connective tissue.
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T cell
A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
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T helper cell
The T helper cells (Th cells) are a type of T cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system.
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Tears
Tearing, lacrimation, or lachrymation is the secretion of tears, which often serves to clean and lubricate the eyes in response to an irritation of the eyes.
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Tennis
Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles).
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Test tube
A test tube, also known as a culture tube or sample tube, is a common piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a finger-like length of glass or clear plastic tubing, open at the top and closed at the bottom.
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Thesis
A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.
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Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland (the endocrine organ found at the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones).
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TNIP1
TNFAIP3-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNIP1 gene.
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Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system.
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Tooth decay
Tooth decay, also known as dental caries or cavities, is a breakdown of teeth due to acids made by bacteria.
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Topical medication
A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body.
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Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.
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Treatment and control groups
In the design of experiments, treatments are applied to experimental units in the treatment group(s).
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.
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Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues
Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues or haematopoietic and lymphoid malignancies are tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow, lymph, and lymphatic system.
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Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK
Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK also known as B lymphocyte kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BLK gene.
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Ultrasound
Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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United States women's national soccer team
The United States women's national soccer team (USWNT) represents the United States in international women's soccer.
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Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many animals.
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Vaginal lubrication
Vaginal lubrication is a naturally produced fluid that lubricates a woman's vagina.
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Venus Williams
Venus Ebony Starr Williams (born June 17, 1980) is an American professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No.
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Viral disease
A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.
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Viral protein
A viral protein is both a component and a product of a virus.
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Viral replication
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids (most notably beta-carotene).
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and multiple other biological effects.
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Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency, or hypovitaminosis D, most commonly results from inadequate sunlight exposure (in particular sunlight with adequate ultraviolet B rays).
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Vocal cord dysfunction
Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a pathology affecting the vocal folds, commonly referred to as the vocal cords.
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Vulva
The vulva (wrapper, covering, plural vulvae or vulvas) consists of the external female sex organs.
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Vulvodynia
Vulvodynia is a chronic pain syndrome that affects the vulvar area and occurs without an identifiable cause.
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X-ray
X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation.
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Xeroderma
Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for "dry skin", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers.
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Xerophthalmia
Xerophthalmia (from Ancient Greek xērós (ξηρός) meaning dry and ophthalmos (οφθαλμός) meaning eye) is a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears.
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Xerostomia
Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth and dry mouth syndrome, is dryness in the mouth, which may be associated with a change in the composition of saliva, or reduced salivary flow, or have no identifiable cause.
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Anti-La, Anti-La antibodies, Anti-SS-B, Anti-la, La (antigen), Miculicz syndrome, Mikulicz' Disease, Mikulicz' disease, Secondary Sjogren's, Secondary Sjogren’s, Sicca syndrome, Sicca syndrome (Sjoegren), Sicca syndrome (Sjogren), Sicca syndrome (Sjögren), Sjoegren syndrome, Sjoegren's, Sjoegren's Syndrome, Sjoegren's disease, Sjoegren's syndrome, Sjoegrens syndrome, Sjogren syndrome, Sjogren's, Sjogren's Syndrome, Sjogren's disease, Sjogren's syndrome, Sjogrens, Sjogrens syndrome, Sjorgren's syndrome, Sjsgren's disease, Sjögren's, Sjögren's Syndrome, Sjögren's disease, Sjögren's syndrome, Sjögrens syndrome, Sjögren’s syndrome, Sjšgren's disease.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjögren_syndrome
